Mul icul u al Educa ion
Volume 11, Issue 11, 2025
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Types And Causes O E o s In Essay W i ing: E o Analysis O
S uden s’ Essays A SSC And O-Le el In Pakis an
A ab Hussain, Na eed Kha ak
A icle In o
Abs ac
A icle His o y
Recei ed:
Augus 17,2025
Codeswi ching in he con ex o single o mul iple con e sa ions has been a
my h o language expe s. Ma ix language amewo k (MLF) model
p oposed by Mye s Sco on (1993) has become e y popula o he
analysis o language pai s, and is in luen ial in de e mining ma ix
language in di e en language pai s. The aim o his s udy is o iden i y
ma ix and embedded language in U du-English da a se s o heal h and
science heme. MLF model is applied o an o iginal a icle on Co id-19.
Da a se s include language pai s om a published a icle on he na u e o
co ona i us. A quali a i e design was ollowed o a ange da a se s,
language pai s we e iden i ied, ansc ibed and coded ca e ully acco ding
o he Canonical T ilinea Rep esen a ion. Th ee laye s o da a wi h he
i s laye o oman U du, he second laye o gloss and he hi d laye o
English ansla ion we e u he analyzed syn ac ically and
mo phosyn ac ically o show how hey g amma ically occu in he bilingual
complemen ise ph ases. The indings o his s udy e eal ha code-
swi ching was pe missible e en when i led o s uc u al asymme y.
English inse ions ecei ed di e en U du ma ke s o gende and numbe
whe e e equi ed. U du adjec i es played a signi ican ole in ealizing
nouns. Some da a se s allowed English inse ions wi hou U du ma ke s.
Mo eo e , he da a suppo ed ma ix language ame, mo pheme o de
p inciple and sys em mo pheme p inciple and no coun e example
appea ed agains MLF model. Thus, he p esen s udy is a signi ican
con ibu ion in he ela ed a ea.
Accep ed:
No embe 20 ,2025
Keywo ds :
Asymme ical S uc u e,
Code-Swi ching, Con en
Mo phemes, Sys em
Mo phemes, Ma ix
Language F ame Model,
U du-English
Codeswi ching
DOI:
10.5281/zenodo.17663516
In oduc ion
The al e na ion o wo languages inside and ou side o sen ences –codeswi ching (CS he ea e ) has been s udied
mainly om wo pe spec i es, i.e. G amma ical/syn ac ic and p agma ic/discou se (Romaine, 1995; Jake, 1994).
Al hough hese wo aspec s a e ela ed and a knowledge o one helps unde s and he o he (Jake & Mye s-
Sco on, 1997; Mye s-Sco on, 2002; Hebble hwai e, 2010). A numbe o esea che s ha e p oposed desc ip i e
g amma ical cons ain s in CS, a he han heo e ical. Poplack’s s udy on Spanish/English bilinguals (1980)
was one o he mos in luen ial s udies.He s udy is speci ically based on syn ac ically close languages, i.e.
English / Spanish, bu coun e examples can be ound in syn ac ically dis an languages. In he 1980s some o he
models we e p oposed o de ine g amma ical cons ain , e.g. Chomskians’ Go e nmen Binding model by Di
Sciullo, Muysken and Singh (1986). Mye s-Sco on and he associa e Azuma de eloped a model based on
speech p oduc ion heo y, i.e. Azuma’s ame-con en hypo hesis (1993) and Mye s-Sco on’s Ma ix Language
F ame (MLF) model (1993). Mye s-Sco on’s MLF model is an abs ac heo e ical model, bu i has been
employed o examine con ac phenomenon among a a ie y o languages since he 90s. He MLF model was
e ised in Mye s-Sco on, 1997 and ex ended sub-models we e p oposed (Jake & Mye s-Sco on, 2002; Mye s-
Sco on & Jake, 2017; Kniaź & Zaw o na, 2020).
The concep o he MLF model is in luenced by psycholinguis ic heo ies. The mos signi ican o he h ee a e
he di e en ial ac i a ion o base language and gues language (G osjean,1988 quo ed in Mye s-Sco on, 1993),
he di e en e ie al p ocess o closed class i ems and open i ems in Ga e ’s speech e o s udy (1975 quo ed
in Mye s-Sco on, 1993), and lemmas in he men al lexicon linking concep ual in o ma ion and g amma ical
unc ion in Le el ’s language p oduc ion model (1989 ci ed in Mye s-Sco on, 1993). U du-English code
swi ching is e iden in heal h and science ela ed da a se s. Recen co id-19 pandemic has p o ed ha ce ain
da a se s a e being p oduced e e y day. F equen use o English con en wo ds in U du bilingual speech helps in
ealizing po en ials and cons ain s o bo h languages. In a single con e sa ion, he e is always a mu ual
unde s anding be ween he speake and in e locu o s. The speake is in he mode o communica ing while
conside ing seman ic, p agma ic and socio-p agma ic aspec s o in e locu o s (Mye s-Sco on 1996; Jake &
Mye s-Sco on, 2009). Bo h languages in connec ion ha e de ini e oles and MLF model explains hese in
in e p e a ions.Mye s-Sco on (1993a, 1997, p. 82) p oposed Sys em Mo pheme P inciple (SMP) along wi h
65
Mo pheme O de P inciple (MOP) o p esen an a gumen on bilingual cons i uen s o pa icipa ing languages.
In his a gumen , Ma ix language (ML) p o ides mo phosyn ac ic ame, whe eas lexical i ems such as nouns
and e bs a e inse ed om Embedded language (EL). This analysis is ocused on U du-English da a se s. These
da a se s we e con e ed in o hei English ansla ion and hen oman U du e sion. Da a is a ailable online
a he BBC U du websi e (h ps://www.bbc.com/u du/science-54677744). The a icle was w i en o p o ide
in o ma ion abou he na u e o he i us and he e y na u al low o he ex made i highly sui able o his
analysis. The lack o he “obse e 's pa adox” (Labo , 1972, p. 79). Code mixing deno es a phenomenon whe e
wo languages a e obse ed in a single sen ence ca ying lexical and g amma ical ea u es om bo h languages.
Howe e , he e a e se ules o he inse ion o he i ems. These inse ions a e o en unconscious, ab up and
unplanned bu almos all p oduc ions seem o ollow he same c i e ia. Muysken (2011) discusses code mixing
wi h e e ence o language mix u e. U du-English code swi ching can be in a-sen en ial o in e -sen en ial. CS
can be s uc u ally di ided in o in e -sen en ial CS and in a-sen en ial CS. The in e -sen en ial CS has been
b oadly s udied in he sociolinguis ic ield, bu g amma ical cons ain s a e no a majo ocus he e. Wi h he
in a-sen en ial CS, g amma ical cons ain s di ec ly a ec he beha iou o wo, o mo e pa icipa ing languages
(Yousse , 2017). The MLF model is de ised o explain in a-sen en ial CS as bo h U du and English a e
ex ensi ely used in o mal educa ion, public sec o and indus y. Though bo h languages a e used in he
exp essions, code-swi ching con i ms ha U du is he only language ha p o ides mo phosyn ac ic ame o he
clause in da a se s as p oposed by Mye s Sco on (2005). Language p oduc ion a he abs ac le el con i ms
bilingual cons i uen s a he su ace le el o da a se s and his is discussed in MLF p inciples. This da a se
con ains U du-English da a wi h an in a-sen en ial code swi ching. Clyne (2003) and Muysken (2000) bo h
a gued ha he cogni i e aspec s in language de elopmen and p ocessing need ca e ul sc u iny on he pa o
esea che s.
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Au ho In o ma ion
A ab Hussain
Na eed Kha ak
