Role o glacie s on zooplank on and
ich hyoplank on in Wes G eenland jo ds
Ca oline Boucha d, Aga he Cha bogne and Lo enz Mei e
Technical Repo no. 121
G eenland Ins i u e o Na u al Resou ces
3 Janua y 2022
2
Ti le: Role o glacie s on zooplank on and ich hyoplank on in Wes
G eenland jo ds
Au ho s: Ca oline Boucha d
Aga he Cha bogne
Lo enz Mei e
Publishe : G eenland Ins i u e o Na u al Resou ces
Da e o publica ion: 2022
Financial suppo : G eenland Ins i u e o Na u al Resou ces
G eenland Resea ch Council
Swiss Pola Ins i u e
Co e pho o: The sailboa ATKA in G eenland in 2019. Copy igh : ATKA
media
ISSN: 1397-3657
ISBN: 978-87-972977-4-2
EAN: 9788797297742
Web: h p://www.na u .gl/publika ione / ekniske appo e
Ci a ion: Boucha d C, Cha bogne A, Mei e L (2022) Role o glacie s on
zooplank on and ich hyoplank on in Wes G eenland jo ds,
Technical epo no. 121, G eenland Ins i u e o Na u al
Resou ces, G eenland. ISBN: 978-87-972977-4-2.
3
English Summa y
The G eenland ice shee is apidly mel ing, and e ea ing glacie s a e ans o ming jo ds
ecosys ems. A ecen s udy hypo hesised ha highe p ima y p oduc ion in jo ds in luenced
by ma ine- e mina ing glacie s compa ed o jo ds in luenced by land- e mina ing glacie s
migh cascade up o bene i G eenland halibu (Reinha d ius hippoglossoides) and i s ishe y
in coas al G eenland. A s udy designed o documen some o he mechanisms unde lying his
hypo hesis was conduc ed in Wes G eenland onboa d he sailboa ATKA be ween 5 July and
24 Augus 2019. The su ey was designed o compa e jo ds in luenced by land- e mina ing
glacie wi h jo ds in luenced by ma ine- e mina ing glacie in i e egions along a la i udinal
g adien om 73° (nea Upe na ik) o 62°N (nea Paamiu ). He e, we epo su ace salini y
and empe a u e, zooplank on biomass, and abundances and sizes o la al ish including pola
cod (Bo eogadus saida) and capelin (Mallo us illosus) a 33 s a ions dis ibu ed in ele en
Wes G eenland jo ds. We ound some di e ences be ween jo ds in luenced by ma ine-
e mina ing glacie s and jo ds in luenced by land- e mina ing glacie s, bu could no conclude
whe he a ype o jo d is mo e a o able o zooplank on o ish la ae.
4
G eenlandic Summa y - Kalaallisu Naalisa neqa ne a
Kalaallisu imaqa niliaq
Kalaalli Nunaanni se me suaq aakkia upiloo poq, se millu isule iisa ilo pa alu uinna ne isa
kange lunni uumassuseqaqa igiinneq sunniu eqa igaa . Misissuine i nu aa pasina sisippaa
se mip isuli ii imaaniikkaanga a, se mip isuli ia a nunamiinne inu sanilliullugi imaani
isuli ilinni kange lui uumaneqa ne usa u , aamaa oqa ne alu qale aleqa ne anu
(Reinha d ius hippoglossoides) nuna alu ki aani aalisa ne mu iluaqu aane usa oq.
Taamaa oqa ne soq uppe na saa issa sio nia lugu 2019-imi 5. juulimii 24. aggus ip
ungaanu angalla ATKA a o lugu misissuisoqa poq. Ilumullumi se mi imaani isuli illi
nunami isuli ilinninnga nik uumaneqa ne ule si sisa ne su paasinia lugu ullua sakkamik
misissuisoqa poq. Nunap immikkoo uini allimani assa 73°N (Upe na iup eqqaanii ) 62°N
(Paamiu eqqaa) angullugu misissuisoqa poq. Immap qaa a a a ajoqassusia kissassusia,
ippio anna u plank oni oqimassusinngo lugu peqassusia , qullugiaaqqallu
aalisagaa anngo ussa angissusii, eqalukkanik (Bo eogadus saida) ammassannillu (Mallo us
illosus) peqassuseqa ne a misissui iusuni ka illugi 33-iusuni nuna a ki aani kange lunni
aqqanilinnik ame lassusilinni misissuisoqa poq. Se me suup imaanu isuli igisaani
kange lunni kange lunnilu se me suup nunamu isuli igisaanii uni assigiinngissuseqa oq
akusinnaa a pu , inaa u aasumilli oqaa igisinnaanngila pu kange lui so leqqissaa imaani
plank on’inik aalisagaa anngo ussanillu uuma igissallugi piukkunna ne une su .
5
Danish Summa y - Dansk O e sig
Den g ønlandske indlandsis smel e med høj has ighed, og jo denes økosys eme o and es a
de igende gle sje e. E s udie ha o nylig ops ille en eo i om, a jo de, som på i kes a
gle sje e med udløb i ha e , ha s ø e p oduk ion a plank on (p imæ p oduk ion)
sammenligne med jo de, som på i kes a gle sje e, de munde ud på land. Den s ø e
p imæ p oduk ion kan mulig is ga ne helle isk (Reinha d ius hippoglossoides) og gi e bed e
iske i a helle isk i disse jo de.
I pe ioden a den 5. juli il den 24. augus 2019 ble de a sejlskibe ATKA ud ø en
unde søgelse, som ha de il o mål a dokumen e e nogle a de unde liggende mekanisme bag
denne eo i. Unde søgelsen sammenlignede jo de, som på i kes a gle sje e, de munde ud
på land, med jo de, som på i kes a gle sje e med udløb i ha e , i em om åde a 73°N (næ
Upe na ik) il 62°N (næ Paamiu ). He appo e e i om o e lade ande s sal holdighed og
empe a u , mængden a dy eplank on (zooplank onbiomasse) sam mængden a iskeyngel og
ynglens s ø else, he unde pola o sk (Bo eogadus saida) og lodde (Mallo us illosus), på 33
s a ione o del o e 11 es g ønlandske jo de. Vi obse e ede nogle o skelle mellem de o
ype jo de, men a ikke i s and il a konklude e, h o id en bes em jo d ype e me e
guns ig o zooplank on elle iskela e .
6
Table o Con en s
English Summa y ....................................................................................................................... 3
G eenlandic Summa y - Kalaallisu Naalisa neqa ne a ............................................................. 4
Danish Summa y - Dansk O e sig ........................................................................................... 5
Lis o Figu es ............................................................................................................................ 7
1. In oduc ion ............................................................................................................................ 8
2. Ma e ials and Me hods ........................................................................................................... 9
2.1. S udy a ea ........................................................................................................................ 9
2.2. Field sampling ................................................................................................................. 9
2.3. Labo a o y analyses....................................................................................................... 11
2.4. Da a analysis ................................................................................................................. 11
3. Resul s .................................................................................................................................. 12
3.1. Physical en i onmen .................................................................................................... 12
3.2. Mesozooplank on and mac ozooplank on ..................................................................... 15
3.3. Ich hyoplank on ............................................................................................................. 17
4. Discussion ............................................................................................................................ 20
5. Con ibu ions .......................................................................................................................21
6. Re e ences ............................................................................................................................ 22
7
Lis o Figu es
Figu e 1. Ba hyme ic map o he s udy a ea in wes G eenland, di ided in o ou egions: a)
Upe na ik, b) Uummannaq and Ilulissa , c) Sisimiu and d) Paamiu . S a s: owns ............. 10
Figu e 2. SST in jo ds in luenced by ma ine- e mina ing glacie (MT) and jo ds in luenced
by land- e mina ing glacie (LT) in he egions o a) Upe na ik, b) Uummannaq and Ilulissa ,
c) Sisimiu and d) Paamiu ..................................................................................................... 13
Figu e 3. SSS in jo ds in luenced by ma ine- e mina ing glacie (MT) and jo ds in luenced
by land- e mina ing glacie (LT) in he egions o a) Upe na ik, b) Uummannaq and Ilulissa ,
c) Sisimiu and d) Paamiu ..................................................................................................... 14
Figu e 4. Biomass (Concen a ion, in g m-3) o mesozooplank on and mac ozooplank on in
jo ds in luenced by ma ine- e mina ing glacie (MT) and jo ds in luenced by land-
e mina ing glacie (LT) in he egions o a) Upe na ik, b) Uummannaq and Ilulissa , c)
Sisimiu and d) Paamiu ........................................................................................................... 16
Figu e 5. Abundances (Abondance, in ind. 1000 m-3) o la al B. saida, A. glacialis, G. mo hua
and M. illosus in jo ds in luenced by ma ine- e mina ing glacie (MT) and jo ds in luenced
by land- e mina ing glacie (LT) in he egions o a) Upe na ik, b) Uummannaq and Ilulissa ,
c) Sisimiu and d) Paamiu ....................................................................................................... 18
Figu e 6. S anda d leng h (Taille, in mm) o la al B. saida, A. glacialis, G. mo hua and M.
illosus in jo ds in luenced by ma ine- e mina ing glacie (MT) and jo ds in luenced by land-
e mina ing glacie (LT) in he egions o a) Upe na ik, b) Uummannaq and Ilulissa , c)
Sisimiu and d) Paamiu ........................................................................................................... 19
8
1. In oduc ion
Rapid mel ing o he G eenland ice shee leads o glacie e ea and h ea ens se e al ma ine-
e mina ing glacie s o become land- e mina ing glacie s. Fjo ds in luenced by ma ine-
e mina ing glacie s show a highe p ima y p oduc ion compa ed o jo ds in luenced by land-
e mina ing glacie s, and ha e been hypo hesised o suppo he ecosys em up o G eenland
halibu (Reinha d ius hippoglossoides), which coas al ishe y con ibu es o a la ge ac ion o
he G eenland economy (Mei e e al. 2017).
G eenland halibu is a p eda o y ish eeding no ably on pola cod (Bo eogadus saida) and
capelin (Mallo us illosus), wo plank i o ous ish highly abundan and playing a key ole in
Wes G eenland ecosys ems. A he la al s age, bo h pola cod and capelin ely hea ily on
Calanoid copepods as sou ce o ene gy (Boucha d and Fo ie 2020, Malanski e al. 2020). A
likely mechanism unde lying he link be ween inc eased p ima y p oduc ion in Wes G eenland
jo d in luenced by ma ine- e mina ing glacie s and inc eased G eenland halibu p oduc ion in
he nea by egions sugges ed by Mei e e al. (2017) is hence ha high p oduc i i y bene i he
zooplank on, which in u n inc ease he eeding success o pola cod and capelin a he la al
and adul s ages, inc easing ec ui men and popula ion sizes o hese wo species. La ge
popula ions o pola cod and capelin would hen cons i u e an inc eased in ood a ailabili y o
G eenland halibu , leading o la ge popula ions o his ish.
In his s udy, we documen ed he su ace salini y, su ace empe a u e, mesozooplank on
biomass, mac ozooplank on biomass, and he abundance and size o la al ish including pola
cod (Bo eogadus saida) and capelin (Mallo us illosus) in ele en Wes G eenland jo ds. The
s udy design include a leas one jo d in luenced by ma ine- e mina ing glacie s and one jo d
in luenced by land- e mina ing glacie s in each o he i e s udy egions. The physical
en i onmen , zooplank on biomass and la al ish abundances and size a e compa ed among
jo d ypes in all egions, wi hin a same egion, and also wi hin indi idual jo d along a h ee-
s a ions ansec . No he n jo ds (Upe na ik, Uummannaq and Ilulissa egions) a e aslo
compa ed wi h sou he n jo ds (Sisimiu and Paamiu egions).
9
2. Ma e ials and Me hods
2.1. S udy a ea
The wa e s o wes G eenland a e cha ac e ized by he deep basins o Ba in Bay, Da is S ai
and he Lab ado Sea. The con inen al shel is be ween 40 km o 250 km wide and cha ac e ized
by nume ous coas al a eas o shallow dep h c ossed by deep channels. The coas is also
cha ac e ized by many jo ds whe e esh wa e om he ice shee low in o he ocean. The
no he n pa o he shel is gene ally co e ed wi h sea ice om No embe o Decembe . The
ice b eakup begins in ea ly sp ing in he sou h and mo es no hwa ds in he summe un il he
en i e a ea becomes ice ee by he end o July. The sou he n po ion o he shel (la i ude below
68 °N) gene ally emains ice- ee h oughou he yea .
2.2. Field sampling
The s udy a ea co e ed ele en jo ds along he wes coas o G eenland be ween 73 and 62 °N.
Fi e jo ds we e in luenced by a leas one land- e mina ing glacie and six jo ds we e
in luenced by a leas one ma ine- e mina ing glacie . This wo ypes o jo ds a e he ea e
e e ed o as ʺ jo d wi h land- e mina ing glacie sʺ and ʺ jo d wi h ma ine- e mina ing glacie sʺ
ega dless o he numbe o glacie s in luencing a speci ic jo d (Figu e 1). In each jo d, a
ansec o h ee s a ions loca ed in he ou e jo d (s a ion A), mid- jo d (s a ion B) and inne
jo d (s a ion C) was sampled. The s udy a ea was di ided in o i e egions, om No h o
Sou h: Upe na ik, Uummannaq, Ilulissa , Sisimiu and Paamiu .
The sampling was ca ied ou in Wes G eenland in July and Augus 2019 du ing he expedi ion
o he sailboa ATKA (Aebische 2020). A each s a ion, a empe a u e and salini y p o ile was
ob ained wi h an RBR Conce o® CTD. Zooplank on and ich hyoplank on we e sampled using
a bongo sample ca ying wo ne s o 0.6 m in diame e wi h a mesh size o 335 µm and 500
µm. A 10 cm opening, 50-µm mesh ne was a ached o he bongo ame o sample he
mic ozooplank on. A KC Denma k® lowme e was ins alled in on o each ne . The bongo
was owed obliquely om he su ace o a maximum sampling dep h o 100 m a a essel speed
o 1-3 kno s. The a ge dep h o 100 m was es ima ed and adjus ed du ing each deploymen
using he leng h o he cable and i s angle o he ho izon, and a S a -Oddi® mini-CTD a ached
o he sample p o ided he ac ual sampling dep h a pos e io i.
Onboa d, whole samples con aining zooplank on and ich hyoplank on we e s o ed in 96%
e hanol. The mic ozooplak on samples om he 50-µm mesh ne we e p ese ed in 4% bo ax-
bu e ed o maldehyde seawa e solu ion. Due o he limi ed s o age space onboa d he
sailboa , some samples we e spli using a Folsom Wilko® cylind ical zooplank on spli e and
only hal o a qua e o he sample was e ained. Fo o he logis ical easons ( ime cons ain ,
limi ed expe ise onboa d, uns able pla o m), he la ae we e no so ed om he zooplank on
samples be o e being di ided. These ac iona ions we e aken in o accoun in he calcula ion
o la al ish abundances.
16
Figu e 4. Biomass (Concen a ion, in g m-3) o mesozooplank on and mac ozooplank on in
jo ds in luenced by ma ine- e mina ing glacie (MT) and jo ds in luenced by land-
e mina ing glacie (LT) in he egions o a) Upe na ik, b) Uummannaq and Ilulissa , c)
Sisimiu and d) Paamiu .
17
3.3. Ich hyoplank on
A o al o 699 age-0 ish we e collec ed du ing he su ey. The dis ibu ion o he mos
abundan species and he maximum densi y o each species by egion, is p esen ed in Boucha d
e al. (2021).
Bo eogadus saida and M. illosus we e he mos abundan species (Figu e 5). In gene al, M.
illosus was mo e p esen in jo ds wi h land- e mina ing glacie s han in jo ds wi h ma ine-
e mina ing glacie s, wi h abundances gene ally inc easing om he ou e jo d o he inne
jo d. Gadus mo hua and A. glacialis we e p esen only in jo ds wi h land- e mina ing glacie s
whe eas Bo eogadus saida was p esen in bo h ypes o jo ds.
In some cases, ich hyoplank on assemblages di e ed impo an ly be ween jo ds wi hin a
egion (Figu e 5). Fo example in Upe na ik, he assemblages o LT1 and MT1 we e s ikingly
di e en . In Uummannaq, M. illosus was p esen in LT2 bu absen in MT2. In Ilulissa , M.
illosus was p esen in bo h ypes o jo ds. In Sisimiu , M. illosus was p esen in bo h ypes
o jo ds bu much mo e abundan in MT5 han in LT4. Howe e in Paamiu , he opposi e was
obse ed wi h highe abundances in he jo d wi h land- e mina ing glacie s (LT5) han in he
jo d wi h ma ine- e mina ing glacie s (MT6).
In gene al, M. illosus la ae we e la ge in he inne jo d han a he mid- jo d and ou e jo d
s a ions (Figu e 6). Bo eogadus saida was o simila size a s a ions. Gadus mo hua we e la ge
in he sou h (LT5-A) han in he no h (LT1-C). The size o B. saida and M. illosus we e
simila ega dless o he ype o jo ds in which hey we e ound (Figu e 6).
18
Figu e 5. Abundances (Abondance, in ind. 1000 m-3) o la al B. saida, A. glacialis, G. mo hua
and M. illosus in jo ds in luenced by ma ine- e mina ing glacie (MT) and jo ds in luenced
by land- e mina ing glacie (LT) in he egions o a) Upe na ik, b) Uummannaq and Ilulissa ,
c) Sisimiu and d) Paamiu .
19
Figu e 6. S anda d leng h (Taille, in mm) o la al B. saida, A. glacialis, G. mo hua and M.
illosus in jo ds in luenced by ma ine- e mina ing glacie (MT) and jo ds in luenced by land-
e mina ing glacie (LT) in he egions o a) Upe na ik, b) Uummannaq and Ilulissa , c)
Sisimiu and d) Paamiu .
20
4. Discussion
G eenland is s ongly impac ed by clima e change. Global wa ming induces he mel ing o he
G eenland ice shee po en ially leading o he e ea o ma ine- e mina ing glacie s and
ans o ma ion in o land- e mina ing glacie s. This ans o ma ion could po en ially lead o
changes in G eenland jo d ecosys ems wi h cascading e ec s up o highe ophic le els
including G eenland halibu (Reinha d ius hippoglossoides), a comme cially impo an species
(Mei e e al. 2017). In his s udy we compa ed mesozooplank on biomass, mac ozooplank on
biomass, ich hyoplank on assemblages and size s uc u e, in jo ds in luenced by ma ine-
e mina ing glacie and jo ds in luenced by land- e mina ing glacie s along he Wes
G eenland coas .
We obse ed a high le el o he e ogenei y in he habi a s o zooplank on and ich hyoplank on
in Wes G eenland jo ds along a la i udinal g adien , be ween ypes o jo ds, and along a
ansec wi hin each jo d. Di e ences in SST and SSS be ween he no he n and he sou he n
egions mos likely e lec di e en ial hea ing along he la i udinal g adien , di e ences in hea
abso p ion due o u bidi y and p esence o di e en wa e masses and ci cula ion. In jo ds
wi h land- e mina ing glacie s, SST inc eased om he ou e jo d o he inne jo d, while in
jo ds wi h ma ine- e mina ing glacie s, he opposi e was obse ed. In gene al, SST and SSS
we e lowe in he inne jo ds han in he ou e jo ds, due o mel ing o he ice and he uno
o wa e con ibu ing o cold and esh wa e inside he jo ds (e.g. Mei e e al. 2017, Rigno e
al. 2010).
The biomass o mesozooplank on and mac ozooplank on we e highe in he no he n jo ds
(Upe na ik, Uummannq and Ilulissa ) han in he sou he n ones (Pede sen and Smid 2000)
and could po en ially explain he highe abundance o age-0 ish in hese egions. Howe e ,
he biomass o mesozooplank on and mac ozooplank on did no di e be ween jo ds wi h
land- e mina ing glacie s and jo ds wi h ma ine- e mina ing glacie s. We can hypo hesise ha
he highe p ima y p oduc ion obse ed in jo ds in luenced by ma ine- e mina ing glacie s
compa ed o jo ds wi h land- e mina ing glacie s (Kanna e al. 2018, Mei e e al. 2017) is
ei he : 1) no di ec ly ans e ed o seconda y p oduce s, 2) ans e ed mos ly o small
zooplank on (< 335 µm), no quan i ied in he cu en s udy, o 3) ans e ed only o ce ain
zooplank on axa wi hin he mesozooplank on o mac ozooplank on. Taxonomic analyses o
he mic ozooplank on, mesozooplank on and mac ozooplank on collec ed du ing he s udy is
needed o add ess his hypo hesis. Ano he possibili y is ha he con ibu ion o ma ine-
e mina ing glacie s o seconda y p oduc ion occu s on a ela i ely la ge scale (e.g. Disko Bay,
Uummannaq Bay) a he han a he scale o indi idual jo d. As age-0 ish we e nei he mo e
abundan no la ge in jo ds wi h ma ine- e mina ing glacie s (M. illosus was in ac mo e
abundan in jo ds wi h land- e mina ing glacie s), we could no conclude whe he a ype o
jo d is mo e a ou able o la al ish ec ui men . Local en i onmen , in e ms o SST and
SSS o he la ae, bu also in e ms o habi a s o he adul s age o each species, may be mo e
impo an han he ype o jo d. Fo pola cod la ae, which a e highly sensi i e o empe a u e
abo e 5°C, some jo ds wi h ma ine- e mina ing glacie s may cons i u e a e uge agains wa m
summe SST (Boucha d e al. 2021). The indi idual ea u es o each jo d seems indeed an
impo an ac o , as a linea ela ionship was ound be ween he amoun o mel wa e uno
o igina ing om he ma ine- e mina ing glacie s in a jo d and G eenland halibu ca ches in he
egion close o ha jo d (Mei e e al. 2017). Ou s udy design includes jo ds ecei ing a wide
ange o mel wa e uno in bo h jo d ypes, bu his pa ame e was no conside ed in da a
analyses. Mo e in-dep h analyses o ou da ase wi h de ailed uno in o ma ion could lead o
21
di e en conclusions. Ou esul s a e no suppo ing he hypo hesis ha inc eased p ima y
p oduc ion in jo ds in luenced by ma ine- e mina ed glacie s cascade up he ood webs o
bene i seconda y p oduc ion, la al ish ec ui men and biomass o a G eenland halibu , bu
hey a e no con adic ing i ei he . The p esen s udy clea ly shows a g ea e need o s udies
u he es ing his hypo hesis.
5. Con ibu ions
Con ibu ed o concep ion and design: CB, LM
Con ibu ed o acquisi ion o da a: CB, AC
Con ibu ed o analysis and in e p e a ion o da a: CB, AC, LM
D a ed and/o e ised he epo : CB, AC, LM
App o ed published e sion: CB, LM
This epo is based on he in e nship epo en i led ʺZooplanc on e ich yoplanc on dans
deux ypes de io ds su la cô e oues du G oenlandʺ p epa ed by Aga he Cha bogne as a
equi emen o he comple ion o a Mas e 's deg ee in Ma ine Sciences - concen a ion
Biological Oceanog aphy and Ma ine Ecology a Obse a oi e des sciences de l'Uni e s -
Ins i u Py héas, Aix-Ma seille Uni e si é, 2019-2020, 41 pp., a ailable upon eques (in
F ench).
22
6. Re e ences
Aebische S. 2020. ATKA 2019, Expedi ion epo Wes G eenland. ATKA média, 52 pp.
h ps://a ka. /wp-con en /uploads/2020/09/ATKA_Rappo Science_Edi ion_VF.pd
Boucha d, C., Molla d, S., Suzuki, K., Robe , D. and Fo ie , L. 2016. Con as ing he ea ly
li e his o ies o sympa ic A c ic gadids Bo eogadus saida and A c ogadus glacialis in he
Canadian Beau o Sea. Pola Biol. 39: 1005-1022. doi: h p://dx.doi.o g/10.1007/s00300-
014-1617-4.
Boucha d, C. and Fo ie , L. 2020. The impo ance o Calanus glacialis o he eeding
success o young pola cod: a ci cumpola syn hesis. Pola Biol. 43: 1095-1107. doi:
h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/s00300-020-02643-0.
Boucha d, C., Cha bogne, A., Baumga ne , F. and Maes, S.M. 2021. Wes G eenland
ich hyoplank on and how mel ing glacie s could allow A c ic cod la ae o su i e ex eme
summe empe a u es. A c ic Science 7: 217-239. doi: h ps://doi.o g/10.1139/as-2020-0019.
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