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Online a : h ps:// esea ch endsjou nal.com ISSN No: 2584-282X
Indexed Jou nal Pee Re iewed Jou nal
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TRENDS IN EMERGING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Volume 3; Issue 5; 2025; Page No. 94-98
Recei ed: 05-07-2025
Accep ed: 13-09-2025
Published: 16-10-2025
Encoun e s wi h Fi een Women o F eemasons - Ques ions and answe s
D . Sebök Fe enc Ödön
Ins i u e o Ag icul u al Economics and De elopmen , Chinese Academy o Ag icul u al Sciences, Beijing, China
DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.5281/zenodo.17486544
Co esponding Au ho : D . Sebök Fe enc Ödön
Abs ac
Ve y li le esea ch exis s on he pe cep ions o women o F eemasons ega ding F eemason y and wha hey hink abou hei husbands'
ac i i ies.
This wo k has gi en he wi es o F eemasons he oppo uni y o exp ess hemsel es and sha e hei pe cep ions and poin s o iew.
Thi y- ou people we e in e iewed on condi ion o anonymi y. Wha do hey hink o F eemason y? How do hey eel abou hei spouses
being membe s o a Masonic lodge? Has F eemason y had any in luence on hei ma ied li e? Do hey see any bene i s in hei husbands
becoming F eemasons?.
Keywo ds: F eemason y, F eemason an h opology, Social sciences
In oduc ion
Ta ge popula ion and numbe o women in e iewed
Pe iod: 2017-2018
To al: 15 wi es o F eemasons in e iewed
Masonic Eas s and numbe o people in e iewed
G and Lodge o F ance (1894) – 8 Rue Louis Pu eaux,
74017 Pa is: 2
Uni ed G and Lodge o F ance (1994) – 11 Rue Ma beu ,
75008 Pa is: 0
G and Lodge o Belgium (1959) - Place Simonis 19, 1081
B ussels: 1
G and Eas o Belgium (1833) - Rue de Laeken 79, 1000
B ussels: 2
Regula G and Lodge o Belgium (1979) – ue Royale, 265,
1030, B ussels: 3
G ande Loge Na ionale ançaise (1913) – ue Ch is ine-de-
Pisan, 12, 75017, Pa is: 2
Uni ed G and Lodge o England 1717) –London WC2 G ea
Queen S ee , 60, London, WC2B 5AZ: 1
G ande Loge symbolique de Hong ie: 2
F ench G and Lodge o Mis aïm: 0
G and Lodge o Sco land: 0
G and Eas o he Ne he lands: 1
Belgian Fede a ion o Human Righ s: 0
F ench Fede a ion o Human Righ s (1921): 1
Ze o means ha he e was no posi i e esponse o he
p oposal o pa icipa e.
Special condi ions
Spouses o pa ne s ha e been membe s o a Masonic Lodge
o a leas h ee yea s o ha e become Mas e Masons.
Anonymi y gua an eed a hei eques .
The women I me and who ag eed o be in e iewed we e
awa e ha I mysel am a F eemason.
Sample cons i u ion
I was necessa y o con ac 28 wi es o F eemasons o
ob ain a sample o 15 women who ag eed o es i y.
The 8 ques ions ha we e asked: (Q1 o 8)
1. Wha do you hink o F eemason y?
2. Does you husband o pa ne alk o you abou wha
happens in his lodge?
3. Has you husband/pa ne becoming a F eemason been
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bene icial o you ela ionship?
4. Has you husband/pa ne 's beha iou changed since he
became a F eemason?
5. Ha e you e e hough abou becoming a F eemason
you sel ?
6. Do you hink ha you husband becoming a F eemason
has had a posi i e impac on him?
7. Do you a end he Tenues Blanches (whi e mee ings)?
Do you a end he celeb a ions i pa ne s a e in i ed?
8. A e you happy ha you husband/pa ne is a
F eemason?
Answe s o ques ions (Q1 o Q8) – T1 o T15 a e he
women in e iewed
Ques ions and answe s
1. Wha do you hink o F eemason y?
Answe s
T1: My pa ne ells me e y li le abou i . Especially
abou wha goes on he e. Howe e , he in i es me o
hei pa y e e y summe . I 's an oppo uni y o ge o
know his iends... o a he , his b o he s! Fo me, i 's a
philosophy li ed ou be ween people. They use i uals
like a play.
T2: I did some esea ch, because he doesn' alk o me
much abou i . I 's like a a e ni y o a bi like Ro a y.
Bu hey a e mo e sec e i e. I seems like a nice ideal,
bu I ha e doub s abou how i wo ks in p ac ice.
T3: I 's like an associa ion o people who like each o he
and wo k oge he in ellec ually on social and human
igh s issues, bu hey don' ge in ol ed in poli ics o
eligion.
T4: My husband some imes alks o me abou i in posi i e
e ms. He old me ha F eemason y is an ideal o
peace and sha ed esea ch so ha e e yone can
p og ess.
T5: My husband once asked me i I wan ed o join, bu I
said no. I can' see mysel si ing wi h women ci cling
a candle and e lec ing on hings ha seem e y
abs ac o me. Bu i 's an associa ion he enjoys, and
ha 's wha ma e s. Fo me, i 's a place whe e people
mee o hink abou humani y and pe sonal and
spi i ual de elopmen .
T6: The lodge is a disc ee place whe e men and women
mee o alk abou spi i ual ma e s and human alues,
and o imp o e hemsel es.
T7: F eemason y is a a e nal mo emen ha da es back o
he 18 h cen u y. An ancien i ual is used a each
mee ing, bu hey ha e deco a ions ha a e beau i ul,
bu make me laugh a li le. Bu I don' ell him ha .
T8: I is an associa ion whe e only men o only women
mee . The e is also a mixed associa ion, bu I don'
eally know he di e ences. All I know is ha my
husband is in an associa ion whe e men do esea ch o
imp o e hemsel es spi i ually. In p ac ical e ms, he's
been going o h ee yea s and I don' see ha he's
changed.
T9: My pa ne alks o me abou i qui e o en. I 's a
beau i ul ideal o peace and b o he hood and spi i ual
de elopmen , bu ankly I ha e my doub s, because a
he same ime he ells me abou ensions be ween
b o he s, a b o he who doesn' dese e o be pa o
F eemason y.
T10: He o en alks o me abou ‘b o he ly spi i ’ in a chain
o union, abou imp o ing onesel h ough
in ospec ion, and lo s o hings like ha . Bu in eali y,
when I mee his iends, whom he calls ‘b o he s’, I
don' eally eel a ue spi i o b o he hood. We ha e
iends who a e no F eemasons whom we can ely on
much mo e, I belie e.
T11: These a e men and women who mee in lodges
belonging o an Eas . So i 's py amidal. I i 's
py amidal, whe e's he eedom? They ha e
deco a ions, alues such as ai h, cha i y and hope. He
old me ha he e a e also business lodges whe e he
opics discussed a e mo e poli ical. The e a e mixed
lodges ha deal wi h social issues.
T12: A i ual is used each ime wi h a ce emony and
assigned oles. The e a e o ice s, a Wo ship ul Mas e
and o he s. Bu I don' know much mo e abou wha
happens he e because he doesn' ell me. Some imes
he comes back be ween 11 p.m. and midnigh , which
some imes annoys me.
T13: The p inciple seems in e es ing, b o he ly lo e, he
ideal o peace, human igh s, bu I ind i a bi limi ed
compa ed o wha I' e ead be o e. The e a e
appa en ly mo e philosophical eas , I hink, whe e he
conce ns a e nei he poli ical no socie al. He ells me
a lo abou his and would like o change and go o he
G and Lodge o Belgium. He doesn' like i whe e he is
now, because he e a e appa en ly ensions be ween
b o he s.
T14: I 's a global o ganiza ion, I belie e, whe e he e a e
wo endencies: hose who a e in a ou o secula ism
and hose who a e close o he English and ancien
adi ions. He old me abou ‘landma ks’. Bu i seems
complica ed, because in ac he e a e di e en Eas s. I
looked in o i a li le on he in e ne , bu I ind i all
a he u opian.
T15: F eemason y sounds wonde ul in wo ds, bu when I
hea ha he e a e a lo o dispu es in his lodge and ha
he wan s o join ano he one, I wonde abou he alues
o he b o he hood and equali y. I seems ha some
people a e chasing powe in he lodges! I ha e doub s
abou he since i y o a e nal mu ual aid and
b o he ly lo e.
Re lec i e dis ance
Wi es and pa ne s seem o ha e limi ed knowledge o wha
F eemason y is. Some seem o ha e doub s abou he
since i y o he wo ds used in F eemason y. F eemason y is
pe cei ed as being di ided in o wo camps: hose who a e
philosophe s and hink only o sel -imp o emen , and hose
who a e commi ed and sensi i e o socio-poli ical and
cul u al conce ns.
Some know ha a i ual is used in lodges. Se e al a e awa e
ha he e a e lodges o men o women, bu also mixed
lodges. F eemason y is pe cei ed as a u opia o di icul o
achie e. One o hem says ha o p ac ical help, non-
Masonic iends a e he e. Some ha e sea ched he in e ne
o ind ou mo e. I appea s ha husbands o pa ne s do no
sha e much abou hei expe iences in F eemason y. One o
hem complains ha he husband o en comes home
be ween 11 p.m. and midnigh . One o hem wonde s i
F eemason y is py amid-shaped in i s o ganiza ion, whe e is
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he eedom? One ques ions he pa ne when he complains
abou a gumen s in he lodge. Ul ima ely, he pe cep ion o
F eemason y seems unclea ; he e o e, i is no su p ising
ha he commen s ga he ed do no show en husiasm.
2. Does you husband o pa ne alk o you abou wha
happens in his lodge?
T1: No eally. A leas no enough o me o know wha
eally goes on he e.
T2: He alks o me abou i om ime o ime, especially o
ell me abou some hing in e es ing he hea d du ing a
Masonic mee ing. Bu he also ells me abou some
b o he s who a en' e y nice, and ha upse s him. I' e
asked him why he doesn' lea e his lodge i he
a mosphe e is so bad.
T3: He some imes asks me o my opinion o eelings
abou a special e en , such as a whi e mee ing whe e
wi es and pa ne s can a end. Bu when i comes o
he con en o a Masonic mee ing, he emains e y
disc ee . And ankly, I p e e no o ge oo in ol ed
in ha .
T4: He sha es wi h me wha happens he e, bu I ne e
o ce him o alk abou i . He's he one who b ings up
he subjec . In any case, being ou side o i all, how
could I ha e an objec i e opinion?
T5: He seems in e es ed in s aying, bu he can' s and some
o he people who a e appa en ly boo licke s. In he
end, hey' e jus men wi h hei aul s, a en' hey?
T6: He o en alks o me abou he opics ha ha e been
discussed and asks wha I hink abou hem. He once
old me ha , o him, I was ‘a mason wi hou an ap on’!
He has sugges ed se e al imes ha I join, bu I old
him ha based on wha he has old me abou his
b o he s, I am no e y mo i a ed. Pe sonally, I p e e
o a end a con e ence o a deba e wi hou belonging o
a co po a ion o associa ion. F eedom, eedom!
T7: No, he ne e alks o me abou i , and i 's us a ing
when he ells me i 's oo complica ed o me.
O he wise, we ge along well, bu i 's his ‘p i a e
domain’.
T8: Some imes! He's qui e sec e i e abou wha goes on
he e. The eil is li ed a li le when he e a e pa ies
whe e wi es and pa ne s a e in i ed. In ac , I ha e
o med iendships wi h some o he wi es and
pa ne s.
T9: He doesn' alk o me abou i , and I old him ha I
didn' ha e a posi i e imp ession o F eemason y a e
eading abou i on he in e ne and lea ning ha he e
we e ensions be ween some membe s o he lodge.
T10: He alks o me abou i egula ly, and I lis en o him
mo e han I alk o him abou i . Basically, i he likes
i , why no ? And hen, when he goes o he lodge, I
also ha e ime o mysel .
T11: He ells me abou he wo k p esen ed, which is
some imes in e es ing, and some imes asks o my
opinion. I don' always ag ee wi h him, bu we don'
a gue abou i , e en hough appa en ly he e can be
a gumen s in lodges abou he oles o be played o
because wo o h ee b o he s a e in con lic .
T12: He o en alks o me abou i and I'm qui e cu ious. We
discuss i , bu i 's no my main conce n. The child en
come i s . I wonde i I shouldn' ake he plunge and
join oo, bu wi h wo child en o look a e , i would
be di icul o me because I don' ha e he ime. And
hen he comes home la e, so i I did he same hing,
who would look a e he child en?
T13: No, he keeps quie abou i and he knows I'm no e y
in e es ed.
T14: He alks o me abou i , bu mos ly when he e a e
unny hings o ell. I ell him he's a d eame and ha
he Masonic ideal canno be ealized. I 's u opian.
T15: He knows ha when he alks o me abou p oblems in
his lodge, i bo he s me, and I ell him ha i he
complains and s ays he e, i means ha hings a en' so
bad! F om wha he ells me, i 's o en jus pompous
alk. I has no hing o do wi h e e yday eali y.
Re lec i e dis ance
Husbands and pa ne s seem o be ai ly disc ee abou wha
goes on in he lodge. Wi es and pa ne s a e gene ally
willing o lis en. One pe son says she is conside ed a
‘F eemason wi hou an ap on’, no doub because she sha es
wi h him. Wha bo he s some women a e he ensions and
a gumen s in he lodge; lis ening o his can be di icul o
accep . The amoun o ime spen in he lodge can also be
dis u bing.
3. Has he ac ha you husband/pa ne became a
F eemason been bene icial o you ela ionship?
T1: I hasn' changed much in ou ela ionship.
T2: No, i hasn' had any impac .
T3: We ge on well and F eemason y has no hing o do
wi h i .
T4: No, excep ha he likes going he e. I don' wan o
ake away his desi e o go, as long as i 's no mo e han
once a week, o example.
T5: I hasn' had any posi i e o nega i e impac on ou
ela ionship.
T6: I has en iched ou con e sa ions, bu i hasn' had any
impac on ou ela ionship.
T7: I hink he's away oo o en and i 's s a ing o annoy
me. The child en need him oo, don' hey? I ell him:
amily comes be o e F eemason y. Bu he doesn'
always unde s and ha .
T8: No, I ha e a neu al opinion on he subjec .
T9: No, hings a e qui e compa men alized, and I hink
ha 's much be e . Howe e , i he alks o me abou i ,
I lis en.
T10: I hasn' magically ans o med ou ela ionship!
T11: Ou ela ionship hasn' changed, bu i seems o me ha
he asks himsel mo e exis en ial ques ions since he
became a F eemason.
T12: Some imes I exp ess my dissa is ac ion when he
comes home oo la e. Some imes he d inks a li le oo
much and i bo he s me. Why do his ‘b o he s’ le him
d ink?
T13: Ou ela ionship hasn' changed a all because o his.
T14: No, no hing has changed in ou ela ionship.
T15: Ou ela ionship hasn' changed because he became a
F eemason! Howe e , I ha e o s op him when he
s a s saying bad hings abou one o his ‘b o he s’. I
ask him i ha 's wha b o he hood is all abou . In any
case, I ell him ha I'm no a punching bag! He old me
ha he e we e ensions in se e al lodges. O en, hese
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would be animosi ies be ween people, o ganiza ional
ensions, compe i ion o a posi ion, e c.
Re lec i e dis ance
The ac ha he husband o pa ne has become a
F eemason does no seem o ha e an impac on he couple's
li e. Bu a gumen s in he lodge a e dis u bing, as is he ac
ha he husband comes home oo chee ul because o a
Masonic mee ing whe e oo much alcohol was consumed!
One wi e clea ly s a es he choices o be made: amily
be o e Masonic ac i i y.
4. Has you husband/pa ne 's beha iou changed since
he became a F eemason?
T1: Yes, he likes o alk abou Masonic alues, and
because o his he seems mo e open o he u u e o
humani y, bu o he wise he has emained he same.
T2: No, ankly, he hasn' changed.
T3: No, no undamen ally.
T4: He o en alks o me abou Masonic alues and he
bonds be ween b o he s, bu I can see ha i is a
socie y o men wi h he same laws as people who
ha e no been ini ia ed. He hasn' changed o me.
T5: Absolu ely no , he is he same man.
T6: No, bu he is mo e conce ned abou o he s, abou
some o his b o he s.
T7: Yes, he is mo e in e es ed in deepe , spi i ual
ma e s.
T8: Yes, he is mo e in e es ed in wha is happening in he
wo ld: inequali y, po e y and injus ice, o example.
T9: Yes, I hink ha despi e he ensions in his lodge, he
is a man who ques ions himsel mo e.
T10: No, he's he same man; he hasn' changed.
T11: No, he hasn' changed, e en hough he's mo e
in e es ed in he wo k in his lodge, wi h in e es ing
exchanges wi h me.
T12: No, he hasn' changed a all.
T13: No, he has emained he same wi h me and he
child en.
T14: No, no wi h me, bu he has become mo e g umpy
because o one o his b o he s. His b o he has no
been ai o him.
T15: I don' hink so, unless I don' know e e y hing,
because i 's qui e a closed associa ion.
Re lec i e dis ance
A majo i y o he women ques ioned answe ed ‘no’ o he
ques ion. Thei husbands o pa ne s ha e emained he
same since becoming F eemasons. O he s ga e nuanced
‘yes’ answe s.
5. Ha e you e e hough abou becoming a F eemason
you sel ?
T1: I wonde i I shouldn' ake he plunge and join ei he ,
bu wi h wo child en o look a e , i would be
di icul o me because I don' ha e he ime. And he
comes home la e, so i I did he same, who would look
a e he child en?
T2: No, no a all.
T3: No, I'm no in e es ed.
T4: I ha e be e hings o do han go o an “i o y owe ”
o hink!
T5: No.
T6: I hough abou i , bu ha 's o e now. I 's oo ime-
consuming.
T7: No, i 's like a play, wi h all hei i uals and se s. I
doesn' appeal o me.
T8: I'm no in e es ed.
T9: I alue my eedom oo much o join a lodge whe e
he e a e ules o ollow. Ul ima ely, wha is eedom?
T10: I' e hough abou i , bu i didn' wo k ou . I akes oo
much ime, and in he e enings oo!
T11: No.
T12: No.
T13: I'm no eady o join, because I ha e oo much o do. I
wo k, I ha e my housewo k and a child whom I end up
looking a e mo e han he does, e en hough he's a
ca ing a he .
T14: No, no in e es ing.
T15: Wha would I do he e? I p e e o ead a good book
and ge some esh ai . And when he's no he e, I ake
he oppo uni y o ha e a li le ime o mysel .
Re lec i e dis ance
Women o wi es do no seem a ac ed o he idea o joining
F eemason y. Se e al say ha i would be impossible o
hem due o lack o ime and amily esponsibili ies. One
pe son says ha she akes ad an age o he ime he husband
spends a lodge mee ings ha ing some ime o he sel . One
o hem e en e e s o an "i o y owe " when hinking
abou he ac i i ies o he lodge he husband a ends.
6. Do you hink ha you husband becoming a
F eemason has had a bene icial impac on him?
T1: Yes, he is mo e hough ul
T2: Yes, he ques ions hings and ies o sha e his opinion
wi h me.
T3: Yes, he is calme , mo e ‘Zen’, I hink.
T4: Yes, because he is in luenced by some iendly
b o he s. O he s a e less iendly.
T5: I can' answe ha .
T6: A i s , yes, bu I hink he has los his ‘sac ed i e’ and
is much mo e demanding in e ms o he de ini ion o
b o he hood.
T7: No, I don' hink so, bu I'd a he no alk abou i .
T8: Yes, he has a mo e open and ole an mind.
T9: Yes, pe haps. I ha en' asked mysel ha ques ion.
T10: Ce ainly, because he willingly a ends lodge mee ings,
e en i e e y hing doesn' seem pe ec .
T11: I don' hink so, because he is e y c i ical and
appa en ly exp esses doub s abou he a e nal spi i
o some people when he alks o me.
T12: Yes, I hink he has ound ul ilmen in e ms o
e lec ion and his in ellec ual hi s .
T13: Despi e he p oblems he ells me abou , I hink so.
T14: I don' hink he e is any bene icial impac on him.
T15: A bene icial impac on him? I don' know. In any case,
I ha en' ound any so a .
Re lec i e dis ance
A majo i y o women answe ‘yes’ o he ques ion.
Howe e , se e al answe s a e nuanced. On he o he hand,
se e al answe s a e mo e ese ed abou he posi i e impac
o F eemason y on he husband o pa ne .
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7. Do you pa icipa e in Whi e Mee ings? In pa ies
whe e pa ne s a e in i ed?
T1: A i s , yes, bu no anymo e, because he
ela ionships a e a i icial.
T2: Yes, o suppo him.
T3: No all he ime.
T4: Yes, a ce ain pa ies whe e wi es a e in i ed.
T5: Yes, I mee up wi h a ew iends.
T6: Yes, because i 's es i e and I ge o see some o he
people he spends ime wi h.
T7: Yes, i allows me o mee b o he s and hei pa ne s.
T8: Yes, I qui e enjoy i , bu I ind ha no e e yone is
iendly.
T9: No, I didn' eel com o able he e wice, so I s opped
going.
T10: Yes, o accompany him and ge o know his b o he s.
T11: Yes, i 's e y good.
T12: Yes, I'm happy o go.
T13: No, because ankly, he e a e some people who a e
un iendly and concei ed.
T14: Yes, hey a e celeb a ions whe e ela ionships a e
iendly a ha momen , a leas .
T15: Yes, bu I don' hink hey happen o en enough.
Re lec i e dis ance
A majo i y o wi es o pa ne s pa icipa e. Howe e , he e
a e nega i e and neu al opinions. Some wi es o pa ne s
pa icipa e o please hei spouse, ou o cu iosi y, o o ge
o know he b o he s hei spouse associa es wi h be e .
8. A e you sa is ied ha you husband/pa ne is a
F eemason?
T1: I don' ha e a pa icula opinion. He is ee and i he
likes being he e, ha 's ine, as long as i doesn'
a ec he amily.
T2: I don' ca e! I 's his decision. I'm happy being a
membe o a i ness club.
T3: He has always been in e es ed in heosophy,
Buddhism and e en spi i ualism. So i he inds
happiness he e, why no ?
T4: Yes, because he alks o me abou i a lo and we
ha e in e es ing con e sa ions.
T5: Yes, because I can sense his passion, bu some imes
he ge s disappoin ed abou ce ain hings.
T6: Yes, because I' e also been able o mee people, bu
hey' e no all in e es ing.
T7: No, because he's away oo o en.
T8: I don' know how o answe ha . He is he one who
mus ind sa is ac ion in i i s and o emos .
T9: I hink ha i i makes him happy, ha 's he main
hing. F ankly, i 's no o me o say.
T10: No, because he alks o me mo e abou p oblems han
abou being happy in eali y. I wonde why he wan s
o s ay he e.
T11: No, and I don' wan o add any hing o ha .
T12: Yes, o him.
T13: No, because I eel ha he e a e mo e nega i es han
posi i es, in my opinion.
T14: No, because i doesn' eally b ing me any happiness.
T15: I he likes i , good o him, bu I can' encou age him
because I don' pa icula ly bene i om i .
Re lec i e pe spec i e
A mino i y o he women in e iewed answe ed yes. P ide,
o example, did no eme ge om he esponses. One
woman men ioned he husband's equen absences. O he s
men ioned a ce ain unease due o ensions wi hin he lodge
hei husbands a ended. Some women ga e a neu al
esponse.
Conclusions
This esea ch does no allow o he gene aliza ion gi en he
small numbe o people ques ioned. Howe e , his esea ch
has he me i o li ing he eil on he opinions o 15 women
o F eemasons, allowing us o ques ion he esponses and
encou aging u he esea ch.
The impo an hing in his esea ch was o immedia ely
cap u e he esponses o i een women o F eemasons. I is
also wo h no ing he esponse o women who conside ha ,
o hem, F eemason y emains a socie y o men and
women, wi h hei quali ies and hei aul s. I will conclude
wi h he ollowing wo ds: ‘Nihil No i sub Sole’, om he
book o Ecclesias es (Vulga e) o he Heb ew Bible
Qohéle h.
Re e ences
1. Jacob MC. F eemason y, Women, and he Pa adox o
he Enligh enmen . Women & His o y. 1984;3(9):69-
93.
2. Bu ke JM. Lea ing he Enligh enmen : women
eemasons a e he e olu ion. Eigh een h-Cen u y
S udies. 2000;33(2):255-265.
3. Hodapp C. F eemasons o dummies. John Wiley &
Sons; c2021.
4. Bu ke JM, Jacob MC. F ench eemason y, women, and
eminis schola ship. The Jou nal o Mode n His o y.
1996;68(3):513-549.
5. B uno CL, Swick III JS, Li e ski NS. Me hod In ini e:
F eemason y and he Mo mon Res o a ion. G eg
Ko o d Books; c2022.
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