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Online a : h ps:// esea ch endsjou nal.com ISSN No: 2584-282X
Indexed Jou nal Pee Re iewed Jou nal
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TRENDS IN EMERGING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Volume 3; Issue 4; 2025; Page No. 144-148
Recei ed: 18-05-2025
Accep ed: 27-06-2025
The Fo es Flo a/Vege a ions in Di e en Seasons o Selec ed A eas o
Chha a pu Fo es o Sample Collec ion o Fungi
1Akansha Kha e and 2D . Kaleshwa P asad Singh
1Resea ch Schola , Sh i K ishna Uni e si y, Chha a pu , Madhya P adesh, India
2P o esso , Depa men o Mic obiology, Sh i K ishna Uni e si y, Chha a pu , Madhya P adesh, India
DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.5281/zenodo.17340446
Co esponding Au ho : Akansha Kha e
Abs ac
The s udy del es in o he mo phological adap a ions o ungi, such as he de elopmen o hyphae, hizomo phs, and spo es, which aid in
nu ien acquisi ion and su i al du ing nu ien -sca ce pe iods. Signi ican ly, he hesis highligh s he c i ical ole ungi play in nu ien
cycling, hei in e ac ions wi h o he o ganisms, and hei con ibu ion o he ecological balance by ac ing as na u al decompose s. I also
examines he impac o ungi on ag icul u e and indus y, no ing hei po en ial in bio emedia ion and as sou ces o pha maceu icals due o
hei complex seconda y me aboli es.
Keywo ds: Mo phological, ungi, adap a ions, seconda y me aboli es, nu ien acquisi ion
In oduc ion
The p ima y ole o he ungi in na u e has been i ingly
desc ibed in he p ophe ic s a emen o B.O. Dodge (1939)
[13]. The ungi a e no degene a e o ganisms which a e on
hei way ou in a scheme o e olu ion and so o li le
economic impo ance and scien i ic in e es . The ungi, on
he con a y, a e p og essi e, e e changing and e ol ing
apidly in hei own way so ha hey a e capable o
becoming eadily adap ed o e e y condi ion o li e. We
may es assu ed ha as g een plan s and animals disappea
one by one om he ace o he globe, some o he ungi
will always be p esen o dispose o he las emains.
The mos impo an ole o he ungi in he economy o
na u e is o ac as aL sca enge s in disposing o dead and
allen ege a ion. In his way he biologically essen ial
elemen s a e eleased o euse, and he balance o na u e is
main ained. Howe e , hese a e no he only unc ions o he
ungi which a e o in e es and impo ance o man. Since he
beginning o ag icul u e ungi ha e been used o p epa e
b ead and o he oods, as well as e men ed be e ages.
Some ungi cause diseases o plan s and animals.
Knowledge o hei ole as he causal agen s o plan
diseases long an eda ed he ecogni ion o bac e ial diseases.
While yeas s ha e long been used o p oduce alcohol, he
as po en iali ies o o he species o he indus ial
p oduc ion o o ganic acids and an ibio ics ha e been
ecognised mo e ecen ly. An unde s anding o li e
p ocesses o he ungi is essen ial whe he one wishes o
con ol he ungi which cause disease o employ hem in
indus y o o use hem in he labo a o y o unlock he
sec e s o na u e.
The domains o physiology a e he s udy o unc ions o li e
p ocesses. Fungal physiology is he s udy o li ing ungi,
hei unc ions and ac i i ies, how hey a ec hei
en i onmen and how he en i onmen a ec s hem like
o he b anches o science. Fungal physiology has ou
phases o de elopmen .
1. Finding and con i ming ac s, which a e he bed ock o
all scien i ic disciplines.
2. Pu ing all o his in o ma ion in o a logical and
consis en amewo k.
3. The dissemina ion o newly disco e ed ac s and
Fo mula ing concep s based on bo h known and eshly
ound ac s.
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4. Fo mula ing concep s based on bo h know and eshly
ound ac s.
Fungi a e g ea model o ganisms o s udying he mys e ies
o na u e because hey a e e y sensi i e o hei
su oundings. I is some imes impossible o assess he
impac o a single a iable when dealing wi h en i onmen al
and die a y a iables due o hei complexi y. In he lab,
p ecise ques ions may be asked by manipula ing he
ci cums ances in which a ungus is cul u ed. Mode n
me hods and he insa iable cu iosi y o he in es iga o a e,
in ac , he only cons ain s on he b ead h and dep h o
inqui ies ha may be posed o ungus.
Concep o pa asi ism and esis ance. Knowledge o ungal
physiology also imp o es comp ehension o ela ed
domains. In o de o s udy pa asi ic ungi in hei na u al
habi a , plan pa hologis s o en need o isola e he o ganism
om i s hos and amilia ize hemsel es wi h i s cul u e
echniques and nu i ional needs. Physiological app oaches
a e necessa y o he in es iga ion o he many unanswe ed
ques ions ha mycologis s and plan pa hologis s con on .
This is one o he ickies aspec s o g owing obliga o y
pa asi e ungus on syn he ic medium wi h a known o mula.
In he meanwhile, Un o una ely, i is no possible o
asce ain he p ecise die a y needs o hese mush ooms.
Ha ing his kind o in o ma ion would de ini ely esul in a
supe io
Li e a u e e iew
Ash a , Mehboob associa ed wi h (2021) [1] ungus in
aqua ic en i onmen s is c ucial o he b eakdown o aqua ic
ash. In ligh o he signi icance o aqua ic ungus,
esea che s in India's Madhya P adesh examined he a ie y
o hese c ea u es in wo ma shy habi a s Khu ji Nala and
he Gau Ri e , close o Jabalpu . In his in es iga ion, 34
species o ungi and 6 species o ch omis a we e ound on
subs a es ha we e b eaking down. The subme ged li e
samples o Dend oclamuss ic us and Tec ona g andis
included he highes numbe o ungus species. Di e en
ungal species ha colonies ee li e ha e hei maximum
pe cen age equencies documen ed as well. Clus e ing has
shown ha an abundance o di e si y is seen ac oss ungal
communi ies ound on di e en plan hos s.
Bah am, Mohammad e al. (2021) [2]. P e y much
e e ywhe e Ea h's ecosys ems• Fungal play an impo an
and a ied ole. They ange in size om mic oscopic o
mac oscopic, and They display a di e se a ay o unc ional
a ie y and dispe sion s a egies. The assembly pa e ns and
p ocesses o ungi a e dis inc om hose o bac e ia and
o he mic obes, as well as om plan s and o he
mic oo ganisms, as has become mo e appa en as ou
unde s anding o mic obial biogeog aphy has expanded. The
capaci y o ungus o a e se se e al no o he collec ions o
o ganisms can ma ch in e ms o he complexi y o hei
spa ial, empo al, and biological in e ac ions, and i is his
quali y ha allows hem o h i e and impac he
en i onmen . Mo e and mo e esea ch sugges s ha ungi
media e in e ac ions be ween a ious ecosys em
componen s, which may ha e an impac on he
mac oecology and e olu iona y ajec o y o he animals
in ol ed. The ac ha ungal in e ac ions link he
en i onmen and ecosys em unc ioning o a ious on he
ecological and biological hie a chy o he o ganisms ha
suppo hem, i als, and hei opponen s implies ha hese
in e ac ions cons i u e a d i ing o ce in ecology. By
concen a ing wi h o he g oups ega ding he dynamics o
in e ac ions be ween ungi wi h o he g oups o o ganisms
ac oss di e en habi a s, we e alua e hese new lines o
e idence. Ou esea ch leads us o belie e ha ungus play
an essen ial media ing unc ion in Ea h's ecosys ems
because o wha happened in ica e con inuously e ol ing
ecological ela ionships in which hey a e in ol ed.
Bae loche , Felix e al. (2015) [3]. Au och honous p ima y
p oduce s, such as mac ophy es, usually suppo e es ial
ecosys ems, while alloch honous ees and sh ubs p o ide
he bulk o he ood o smalle bodies o wa e . The
de elopmen o plank onic bac e ia and algae is also
acili a ed by open seas. Because mac ophy es a e e y a e,
aqua ic ungal endophy es, myco hizas, and diseases ha e
been unable o e ol e and es ablish hemsel es. Te es ial
habi a s suppo a much g ea e a ie y o ungi han aqua ic
ones, as expec ed (a leas acco ding o adi ional, cul u e-
based es ima ion me hods). The ne downs eam
displacemen ha occu s in unning i e s is due o he
unidi ec ional low o wa e and he mo emen o o ganic
ma e ials. Wi h he excep ion o lake sedimen s, whe e
ungal de elopmen is no suppo ed by anae obic
condi ions, his s ops he g adual buildup o lea es and
wigs. The o ma ion o hizomo phs and o he pe manen
explo ing s uc u es has been impeded by he lack ia
p edic able o ganic e use a p og essi ely wo sening
de e io a ion s ages. Passi ely dissemina ed asexual conidia
mos ly accoun o dispe sal wi hin empe a e s eams
lowing h ough deciduous woods; he quan i y o hese
conidia closely acks seasonal changes in he numbe as
hey meande h ough deciduous o es s in empe a e
s eams o impo ed lea es. Fungi ha li e in wa e ha e a
e y small empe a u e ange, and aqua ic c ea u es a e
mo e esis an o sudden changes in empe a u e han hei
e es ial coun e pa s. Aqua ic ungus does no ha e wa e
as a limi ing elemen un il he e is a d ough . Bo h o al
mois u e (sa u a ed soils, subs a a) and lack o mois u e
(desicca ion) may p e en he g ow h o ungi in e es ial
se ings; howe e , in he la e si ua ion, oxygen de iciency
expec ed o ake pa in he deciding ole. The solubili y o
oxygen in wa e is low and dec eases as he empe a u e
ises. I may apidly dec ease o le els ha signi ican ly
supp ess ungal g ow h when exposed o o ganic chemicals
ha deg ade swi ly, such as pollu ion. The p esence o
wa e cu en s may pa ially make up o deple ed oxygen
le els, jus as hey do o nu ien s like N o P. Fungi,
whe he hey li e in wa e o on land, media e in e ac ions
be ween plan s uc u es and he animals ha eed on plan
deb is. Typically, when ungi colonies plan deb is, he
ca bon: ni ogen and ca bon: phospho us a ios dec ease.
Mac oscopic ungal s uc u es, such as hizomo phs and big
ui bodies, a e almos nonexis en in aqua ic en i onmen s,
which has hinde ed he de elopmen o mac oin e eb a es
ha a e exclusi ely mycophagous.
Sido o a, I.I. e al. (2020) [7]. Fungi a e an icipa ed o be
impac ed by global change in wo ways: di ec ly and ia
ela ed species. Fungi a e ubiqui ous and play mul i- ace ed
unc ions in ecosys ems; as a esul , hei eac ions o
clima e change, se e e wea he , inc eased ca bon dioxide
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and ni ogen le els, and o he ad e se s esses a e c ucial.
The eno mous di e si y among o ganisms o ungus and
guilds, in addi ion o pe sis ence o knowledge gaps in yeas
in ec ion geog aphy and ecology, make i di icul o
dis inguish be ween ungal and non-clima ic eac ions o
clima e change a iables. We gi e a e iew o new da a on
se e al kinds o e es ial ungus, including sap o ophic,
myco hizal, and pa hogenic ungi, and hei iews on
clima e change. We also explo e po en ial p ocesses ha
migh explain he obse ed o expec ed consequences o his
shi .
Wang, Yan o he people. (2023) [8]. The a ie y he kingdom
o ungi is es ima ed o be second o none, hanks o hei
millions o yea s o e olu ion. Many c ea u es' e olu iona y
pa hs ha e been in luenced by ungi because o hei c oss-
kingdom in e ac ions. When i comes o unde s anding
changing om ungus mo ing om he wa e o he land
habi a s, zygomyce e ungi ha e a signi ican impac on
ungal ee o li e. Based on hei e olu iona y ela ionships,
zygomyce e ungi ha e spli in o wo ca ego ies: he plan -
associa ed Muco omyco a and he animal-associa ed
Zoopagomyco a. In e ac ions be ween hese ungi and many
o ganisms, including plan s, mammals, bac e ia, and o he
mic oo ganisms, may ha e in luenced gene ic componen s
ha caused hese lineages o di e ge and imp o e in i ness.
In o de o del e in o his, we used ou newly gene a ed
collec ion o zygomyce e genomes-which includes nine
genomes speci ically designed o his s udy- o conduc
compa ing gene ic s udies o he wo zygomyce e clades
wi hin he amewo k o Kingdom Fungi. We ound gene ic
ma e ial ha is exclusi e o a ce ain lineage, which would
explain why hese zygomyce es ha e such di e en biology.
Ou esea ch unco e ed p e iously unknown a ia ion in he
Muco mycosis pa hogenici y ac o Co H, which was
p esen in a wide di e si y o zygomyce es. Reconcilia ion
s udy e ealed a ise in he numbe o copies o Co H and
many duplica ion e en s in he lineages o
Neocallimas igomyco a, Basidiobolus, Mo ie ellomyco ina,
and Muco omyco ina. Fu he mo e, a phylogenomic s udy
a he kingdom le el unco e ed new e olu iona y links
among he Muco omyco a and Zoopagomyco a subphyla.
Basidiobolus was iden i ied as a sis e o o he lineages o
Zoopagomyco a, and he sis e -clade connec ion be ween
Glome omyco ina and Mo ie ellomyco ina was con i med
by hese associa ions.
Ma e ials and Me hods
This is DESeq2. By using DESeq2 ( e sion 1.10.1), we
we e able o asce ain i he e we e s a is ically signi ican
a ia ions in he ela i e abundances o ASV ac oss
ea men s. Based on he me hods employed by Pelikan e
al., we adjus ed he p ocedu e p esen ed in conjunc ion wi h
DeSeq2, du ing he phyloseq addi ion and pu i in o
p ac ice. No ASV was e ained unless i had i e o mo e
eadings and was ound in i e o mo e samples om each
en i onmen . In o de o eed he ASV able om phyloseq
in o DESeq2, we needed o con e all o he 0s o 1. I he
p- alue a e adjus ing o alse-disco e y a es (FDRs) was
less han 0.05, he indings we e deemed s a is ically
signi ican . The command used o ex ac hese da a was
esul s (cooks Cu o = FALSE, con as = c ("ecosys em","
e es ial", "oceanic").
The isualiza ion and accessibili y o da a. E e y single
igu e was made in R wi h he help o ggplo , hen me ged
using he open-sou ce and ee p og am Inkscape, and hen
expo ed as s g iles.
Resul s
Cda in S u m Deu schlands Flo a 3:41 (1831-1832)
Colle o ichum casea iaensis sp. no . Pla e 1
Da k b own o black lea spo s is epigene ically p oduced,
and hey a e pe sis en , do -like s uc u es ha appea on he
op su ace o he whole lea in a egula pa e n. Colony
epiphyllous, ound, b own o black in colou . B anching,
in e io mycelium. Ce ula and cu icula conidioma a wi h
une en dehiscence 38–162 × 35–159µm in diame e .
Inconspicuous da k b own scle o ia ha a e o en con luen
and se ose; conidioma a ha e se ae and scle o ia ha e ewe
se ae. The se ae de elop om any loca ion whe e
conidioma a a e p esen ; hey may be sho o long, s aigh
o cu ed, enla ged a he base and na owing owa ds he
ip; he ip is sha p; hey a e a ound 14.5-139 × 1.5-11µm in
leng h, and hey a e sep a e. Made up o cells om he
conidioma a, conidiopho es a e o en ague, anspa en ,
and segmen ed. Cells ha p oduce conidia a e en e oblas ic,
phialidic, hyaline, de e mina e, and homogeneous. The
conidia a e anspa en , asep a e, one-celled, ound o o al,
and smoo h. 11.7–17.5 × 8.5–15.5µm.
TYPE: Based on specimens collec ed in Decembe 2014
om he Badamaleh a Sou h Fo es in Chha a pu , Madhya
P adesh, India, on he li e lea es o he Salicaceae plan
(Casea ia omen osa Roxb., holo ype AMH-9785, iso ype S.
U. He b No. Bo . RK-16).
E ymology: The La in wo d casea iaensis comes om he
hos genus's name.
Pla e 1: Mic opho og aph o Colle o ichum Caesa iensis
(holo ype, AMH- 9785); a-d - Symp oms; e- - Conidioma a The
scale ba s include he ollowing: a-d= 20mm, e- = 100µm, g -h=
100µm, i-j= 20µm, and Se ae (g-h).
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Fig 1: Came a lucida d awing o Colle o ichum casea iaensis
(holo ype, AMH- 9785); a- Symp oms; b- c) Conidioma a, which
ha e se ae; d) Conidia, which ha e a single se a; Ba s ep esen ing
scale: a= 10 mm, b-d = 50 µm, and e = 20 µm.
Table 1: Compa a i e s udy o Colle o ichum casea iaensis sp.
no . wi h allied species.
Acco ding o a comp ehensi e li e a u e e iew, ou
collec ion has only been compa ed o wo o he species,
Colle o ichum c assipes and C. gloeospo ioides (Table-1).
Acco ding o he s a is ics, he sugges ed ax is qui e di e se
in e ms o he s uc u e, size, and symp oms o a numbe o
axonomic ai s.
Also, so ye , he hos genus has no yielded any
Colle o ichum species. F om wha we can see, i seems o
be a new species ha is being disca ded.
Conclusion
The s udy ocus Subs a um di e ences be ween he A c ic
and An a c ica a e a majo con ibu o o he pola egions'
di e gen ungal species ichness. Fungi de ec ion
echnologies a e no e y good a seeing biodi e si y, hus
i 's bes o ake a holis ic iew. I should be app oached wi h
ca e when asse ing ha ce ain ungi a e endemic o he
pola a eas o bo h poles, since he majo i y o ungal
species ound a e cosmopoli an and he e is li le e idence
o endemic species in pola egions. Wi h espec o
mic obes, we hink he ema k "E e y hing is e e ywhe e,
bu he en i onmen selec s" (Baas Becking, 1934) would be
applicable o almos a hund ed yea s. "Fungi a e
e e ywhe e bu he en i onmen selec s hose ha can
become es ablished." A li le weak o he o iginal ema k
on ungus.
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