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Online a : h ps:// esea ch endsjou nal.com ISSN No: 2584-282X
Indexed Jou nal Pee Re iewed Jou nal
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TRENDS IN EMERGING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Volume 2; Issue 6; 2024; Page No. 246-251
Recei ed: 14-09-2024
Accep ed: 23-10-2024
G een Chemis y App oaches in Hyd ogenic Syn hesis
1Thanne u Su esh and 2D . A Vinay Chand a
1Resea ch Schola , Depa men o Chemis y, P.K. Uni e si y, Shi pu i, Madhya P adesh, India
2P o esso , Depa men o Chemis y, P.K. Uni e si y, Shi pu i, Madhya P adesh, India
DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.5281/zenodo.17100456
Co esponding Au ho : Thanne u Su esh
Abs ac
The p esence o he e ocyclic compounds in i amins, ho mones, medicines, and pigmen s highligh s hei widesp ead p esence in na u e and
hei signi ican impac on human exis ence. An abundance o sul u -, ni ogen-, and oxygen-con aining he e ocyclic compounds exhibi
biological ac i i y and se e as c ucial componen s o he syn hesis o molecules ha o ganic chemis s ind in iguing om a biological o
medical pe spec i e. He e ocyclic compounds like he mos impo an ones include 4-H py an, hiadiazoles, couma in, and imidazo[1,2-a]
py idines. building blocks o some physiologically impo an moie ies. Thesis opics include "G een App oaches o he Syn hesis o Some
Biologically Rele an He e ocyclic Compounds" and hei di e se me hods o syn hesis. Many businesses and academic ins i u ions a e now
concen a ing on g een chemis y. Reducing eac ion empe a u es while inc easing eac ion speeds is an impo an objec i e o "g een
chemis y," which also seeks o ind mo e ecologically iendly eac ion condi ions. By implemen ing a ge ed, long- e m ini ia i es, "g een
chemis y" aspi es o lessen chemical exposu e and i s nega i e e ec s on human heal h while simul aneously e adica ing pollu ion om he
en i onmen .
Keywo ds: De elopmen s, En i onmen ally, g ow h, p oduc ion, G een Chemis y
In oduc ion
"Human beings a e a he Cen e o conce ns o sus ainable
de elopmen s- hey a e en i led o a heal hy and p oduc i e
li e in ha mony wi h na u e" is Acco ding o he Rio
Decla a ion's i s p inciple, "sus ainable de elopmen ," we
a e all aced wi h he ask o de ining and achie ing his
goal. En i onmen ally iendly g ow h seeks in o de o
lessen he nega i e impac o he chemicals ha we use and
manu ac u e.
Fo he u u e p oduc ion o ene gy, chemicals, and
ma e ials o be sa e o he en i onmen han he one we
ha e now, chemis y plays a key ole. Chemical p ocesses
and p oduc s ha a e kind o he en i onmen a e in high
demand ac oss he globe., he e is an immedia e need o
c ea i e and economical me hods o lowe ing pollu ion
le els. The e m "G een Chemis y" desc ibes an app oach
o chemical p oduc design, manu ac u ing, and use ha
seeks o educe o do away wi h chemical use by using
known ca cinogens. Rega ding en i onmen ally iendly
chemis y, i is among he mos allu ing concep s. Keep in
mind ha he apid inc ease Recognizing he long- e m cos -
e ec i eness o en i onmen ally sensi i e goods and
ac i i ies ga e ise o he no ion o G een Chemis y.
The use o less ha m ul, ecologically a o able sol en s in
a o o adi ional, po en ially ha m ul ones is a
undamen al ene o G een Chemis y. Mo e and mo e,
non-con en ional sol en s including wa e , ionic and
luo ous liquids, supe c i ical media, and mix u es o hese
a e inding use in scien i ic esea ch. Ca alysis is s ill a
majo a ea o G een Chemis y since i sol es se e al key
indus ial issues in an ene gy-e icien , selec i e, and a om-
cos -e ec i e me hod.
G een Chemis y
"G een chemis y" e e s o app oaches o chemical p oduc
and p ocess design ha aim o minimize o e adica e he
p oduc ion and use o ha m ul compounds. Fo he las 30
yea s, "g een chemis y" has been making eal s ides
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owa d a mo e sus ainable u u e. Signi ican changes in
how we use ene gy and esou ces a e equi ed o a socie y
o p og ess owa ds sus ainabili y, which has been widely
an icipa ed. T ans ma e ializa ion and dema e ializa ion a e
wo sides o he same coin ha mus happen o sca ce
esou ces o be used e ec i ely. Changing om using
esou ces ha a e ha m ul and non- enewable o using
esou ces ha a e sa e and/o enewable o ecyclable is
known as ans ma e ializa ion. Chemical, physical, and
oxicological cha ac e is ics ha enable sa e handling and
disposal should cha ac e ize o hcoming compounds and
ad ancemen s. To his end, g een chemis s ha e de eloped
a amewo k o p inciples and measu emen s ha , when
applied o chemical and p ocess design, should lead o less
en i onmen al impac . I g een chemis y is o ealize i s ull
po en ial, a coo dina ed e olu ion in se e al sphe es o
socie y, go e nmen , economy, and echnology is equi ed.
This iew p omo es he de elopmen o new echnologies
ha embody sus ainabili y ideals ia mul idisciplina y
design and ad ancemen .
When i comes o syn hesizing po en ial sca olds, G een
Chemis y is all abou inding mo e e icien ways o do
chemis y while also minimizing ad e se consequences on
ecological sys ems and human well-being. This includes
using biodeg adable ca alys s and sol en s and aw
ma e ials sou ced om enewable sou ces [1]. G een
chemis y is a e y e ec i e s a egy o lowe ing pollu ion
le els because i p o ides a sys ema ic, c ea i e answe o a
eal-wo ld en i onmen al p oblem. Resea ch in o "G een
Chemis y" has become an ac i e ield o s udy, and his has
p omp ed he de elopmen o no el en i onmen ally
iendly echnology and he enhancemen o cu en
chemical p ocesses o educe hei en i onmen al impac .
Twel e p inciples we e laid down by P. Anas as and J. C.
Wa ne in hei wo k on G een Chemis y. In "G een
Chemis y" manu ac u ing, oxic chemicals and sol en s a e
no used; ins ead, enewable aw ma e ials a e p io i ized,
and was e is minimized o elimina ed al oge he . A new a ea
o chemical syn hesis known as "g een chemis y" has
ecen ly g own in p ominence, wi h suppo om bo h he
chemical indus y and uni e si ies. Despi e ha , G een
Chemis y has b ough oge he en i onmen al p o ec ion
and human wellness. The inco po a ion o g een
app oaches, such as he building o chemical sca olds and
ecologically iendly ways o pollu ion a oidance, has been
a majo con ibu o o his ad ancemen , albei hese
ins i u ions ha e dis inc pu poses. Chemis s ha e used
using he Twel e Eco-F iendly P inciples o Chemis y o
de elop en i onmen ally iendly p ocesses using bo h
adi ional and uncon en ional ma e ials. The need o educe
he unin en ional pollu ion o conce ns o en i onmen al
con amina ion and i s e ec s on human heal h as a esul o
dange ous chemicals mo i a ed he imp o emen o ideas in
his con ex . U ilizing a a ie y o media such as using sola
ene gy, ionic liquids, wa e , ul asonica ion, and ca alys s
de i ed om biological sou ces, he ideas ha e been used in
enginee ing o ganic syn hesis o o e a cen u y.
Li e a u e Re iew
Sha ma, Suhani & Gangal, S. & Rau , Abdul. (2008) [1].
Due o he g ea di e si y o biological ac i i ies shown by
hese compounds, se e al pape s pe aining o he syn hesis
o he eocycles con aining ni ogen, oxygen, and sul u ha e
su aced in h oughou he p e ious many decades. A deluge
o a icles has been published. in ecen yea s. de ailing he
syn hesis o he e ocycles using mic owa e i adia ion in he
absence o sol en s and wi h eac an s immobilized on solid
suppo s. Ou s udy ocuses on he bene i s and signi icance
o using sol en - ee condi ions in conjunc ion wi h
mic owa e ac i a ion o he o mula ing T iazines, 1, 2, 4-
iazoles, benzimidazoles, benzoxazoles, 1, 3, 4-oxadiazoles,
1, 2, 4-oxazdiazoles, benzo hiazoles, and imidazole’s. Using
non-co osi e and a o dable eagen s is only one o many
bene i s o using mic owa e i adia ion. O he bene i s
include he mone a y and ecological e ec s using sa e,
en i onmen ally accep able chemical p ocedu es chemicals.
Fa as ami, A ani. (2024) [2]. The disco e y o medicinal
medicines, especially when i comes o con olling ype 2
diabe es, elies hea ily on he e ocyclic compounds.
Howe e , he e a e majo en i onmen al p oblems
associa ed wi h he ypical syn he ic p ocedu es o hese
subs ances since hey o en equi e haza dous eagen s, non-
enewable esou ces, and se e e en i onmen s. Using
ha mless sol en s, sus ainable eeds ocks, and mild eac ion
empe a u es a e some o he g een chemis y concep s
co e ed in his s udy, which aims o examine cu en
de elopmen s in en i onmen ally iendly eac ions o
he e ocyclic molecules. These echniques imp o e he
e icacy and sa e y o he p oduced medica ions while
simul aneously dec easing he ecological impac o
chemical syn hesis. Fu he mo e, he a icle del es in o he
opic o how new d ug deli e y sys ems (NDDS) and
c ea i e pha maceu ical o mula ions migh enhance he
he apeu ic e ec i eness o hese subs ances. I speci ically
highligh s hei po en ial use o e he cou se o managing
ype 2 diabe es.
Sup i a, & Singh, Raj i & Sangwan, Suman & Gula i,
Susheel. (2017) [3]. The ad ancemen o en i onmen ally
iendly chemis y p esen ed many obs acles o hose
wo king in he ields o medical, educa ion, and esea ch
ha use chemis y. In esponse o moun ing conce ns abou
he po en ial ha m ha syn he ic ma e ials and hei
p oduc ion p ocesses pose o bo h humans and he
en i onmen , a new ield known as "g een chemis y" has
eme ged. Syn hesizing compounds using ca alys s and
sol en s ha a e gen le, non oxic, epea able, and
en i onmen ally iendly is he gold s anda d o g een
chemis y.
Bhaga , De idas & Cha an, Vilas & Pansa e, Da a aya &
Tho a , Bapu & Shelke, Rohini & Sa ka e, Anike . (2024)
[4]. The o ganic ans o ma ions communi y's ocus shi ed
signi ican ly owa d g een syn hesis o bioac i e
he e ocycles. In The e has o be an u gen de elopmen o
inno a i e eco- iendly solu ions o educe pollu ion's
ha m ul e ec s on people and he plane . Fo bo h one-po
and mul i-componen syn hesis, he e a e a numbe o g een
op ions a ailable in he li e a u e. eac ions. These me hods
include ionic liquid, phase ans e ca alys , he e ogeneous
ca alys , wa e soluble ca alys , wa e media ed, and enzyme
ca alyzed syn hesis. Many bioac i e pha maceu ical
medica ions and na u al p oduc s a e de i ed om
he e ocyclic s uc u al a chi ec u es ha a e a ached o a
b oad ange o he e ocycles wi h biological ac i i ies. This
chap e p o ides a concise o e iew o some o he g een
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echniques ha ha e been desc ibed in o de o accomplish
he g een chemis y based on wel e p inciples. Recen ly,
chemical indus ies ha e begun o apply a i icial
in elligence (AI) applica ions has sky ocke ed. A i icial
in elligence is use ul o ca aloging he many pa en s and
a icles on sus ainable g een chemis y. AI has signi ican
po en ial in he pha maceu ical indus y.
Mohammed, Tasneem & Nas een, Aayesha & Alqah ani,
Yahya & Shaikh, Ib ahim & Iqubal, Syed & Fa hima, Shaik
& Khan, Aejaz. (2023) [5]. Inco po a ing "g een chemis y"
p ac ices in o chemical design, p oduc ion, and use educes
po en ial ha m. This me hod imp o es ene gy e iciency and
a om economy while dec easing en i onmen al pollu ion ia
he use o cleane sol en s, ca alys s, and eac ion
condi ions. A g ea deal o ha m ul and undesi able
chemicals, gasses, o o he con aminan s a e being eleased
in o he en i onmen because o he as de elopmen o
indus ies and ci ies. We need o unlock he mys e ies o
na u e and i s was e p oduc s i we wan o imp o e and
expand he syn hesis o molecules wi h impo an
physiological oles. Ca dio ascula , an i ube cula ,
an imic obial, an icon ulsan , analgesic, and an i ube cula
ac ions a e only a ew o he many pha macological e ec s
ha ha e been obse ed in he e ocyclic compounds and
hei de i a i es. Because o his, hey ha e he po en ial o
become an a senal o ea ing illnesses and a e excellen
candida es o u u e pha maceu ical de elopmen . F om
2002 o 2022, Eco- iendly and en i onmen ally iendly
syn he ic echnologies we e used in a b oad ange. o build
he e ocyclic sca olds wi h impo an physiological oles.
Inspi ing u he p og ess in eac ion c ea ion wi hin his
ascina ing ield o inqui y, his collec ion o ele an
ma e ial is expec ed o be o g ea ele ance and p ac ical
use o o ganic and pha maceu ical domain chemis s.
Analy ical Me hods o Enhancing Reac ion
Sus ainabili y
Resea ch in analy ical chemis y is inc easingly linked o
en i onmen al p o ec ion, wi h a ocus on de eloping
chemical subs ances, as well as me hods o o ecas ing
hei usage ha educe hei manu ac u ing and disposal.
G een chemis y seeks o p o ide me hods o e alua ion ha
do no ha m ei he people o he en i onmen ia he use o
en i onmen ally iendly chemicals while p oducing he
leas amoun o ash possible. Think abou how you
designs will a ec he en i onmen choices when designing
p ocesses o p oduc sys ems. To eplace con en ional
echnologies, chemis s ha e adop ed g een analy ical
p ocedu es h oughou hei analy ical li espan. Au oma ed
dilu ion sys ems a e an example o g een analy ical
chemis y, which educes exposu e and sol en use by using
less sol en and p oduc olumes. One-way g een analy ical
chemis y can enhance he en i onmen al e ec o
labo a o y ac i i ies is by enhancing he sample p epa a ion
p ocess. Reusing sample ex ac ion ins umen s, in oducing
samples wi h minimal p epa a ion, and a oiding ha m ul
o ganic sol en s a e all ways so ha we may educe ou
ecological oo p in and cu down on was e. Two ypes o
ex ac ion me hods, Soxhle and liquid-liquid ex ac ion, a e
wo sample p epa a ion p ocedu es ha ha e been
ee alua ed due o hei non-con o mi y wi h g een
analy ical chemis y p inciples. Some mo e en i onmen ally
iendly ex ac ion p ocesses include ul asound-assis ed
ex ac ion (UAE), p essu ized luid ex ac ion (PFE), solid-
phase mic oex ac ion (SPME), also known as he GAPI, o
G een Analy ical P ocedu e Index.
A om economy
I is ecommended ha syn he ic p ocedu es be de eloped in
a way ha allows o he maximum inclusion o all p ocess
ing edien s in o he end esul .
The second ene o g een chemis y is o maximize ma e ial
assimila ion in o he end p oduc while minimizing was e
and op imizing he p ocess. I examines all a ailable me ics
o his pu pose. Mo e en i onmen ally iendly and long-
las ing me hods a e he esul o hese measu es, which
assess he e iciency o a gene ic syn he ic p ocess. Fo
hese sus ainabili y c i e ia o gain global accep ance, hey
need o be easily quan i iable.
In ecen yea s, he idea o a om economics has eme ged as
a na u al p og ession om es ablished me ics like p oduc
yield. This la e is how much he eac an s' molecula
weigh is di ided by how much he inal p oduc 's molecula
weigh is:
AE, a chemical echnique, conside s e e y a om
con ibu ing o he inal p oduc bu is only used o a single
eac ion s ep, igno ing o he subs ances like sol en s and
ca alys s. By cu ing down on he amoun o eac ion s eps,
a s ep-economy s a egy may imp o e he p ocess's
e iciency. Compu e -aided o ganic syn hesis (CAOS) can
op imize he eac ion's unde lying mechanism while
imp o ing he a om-and s ep-economy. CAOS enhances
eac ion ne wo ks while a oiding undesi ed byp oduc s
h ough a e osyn he ic echnique. Using AE, one may
de e mine he po en ial p oduc yield while using eagen s in
s oichiome ic p opo ions, wi hou he need o
expe imen s. AE may be used as an eco- iendly me ic by
es ima ing he e icacy o a chemical eac ion acco ding o
he a omic mass and was e c ea ed. A pe ec AE alue is
100%.
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Fig 1: (A) Theo e ical calcula ions o he a omic economy ha e examples. (B) The Claisen ea angemen eac ion's a omic economics
Syn hesis o He e ocyclic Compounds
Objec i e 1: Syn hesis o 1,2,4- hiadiazoles and 1,2,4-
selenodiazoles by he dime iza ion o p ima y hioamides
and selenoamides
The e has been a lo o in e es in sul u and selenium based
o ganic compounds in many sec o s in he las se e al
decades displays he p esence o 1Acco ding o a ple ho a o
esea ch, 2,4- hiadiazole is a majo he e ocyclic sca old
p esen in a wide a ie y o pha maceu icals, medicinal
chemicals, and consume p oduc s. 1,2,4-Thiadiazoles a e
p i ileged building blocks in he syn hesis o many
bioac i e molecules o he ea men o human leukaemia
(Romagnoli e al. 2007) [6], as ca hepsin B inhibi o s (Leung
e al. 2003) [7], allos e ic modula o s (Van e al. 2004) [8],
ac o XIIIa inhibi o s (Leung e al. 2005) [9], non-ATP
compe i i e glycogen syn hase kinase inhibi o s (Ma inez
e al. 2002) [10], dual 5-lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase
inhibi o s (Unangs e al. 1992) [11]. To be mo e p ecise,
d ugs wi h hiadiazole sca olds (Leung e al. 2005) [9], G-
p o ein coupled ecep o s, and he bicides and ungicides
(e.g., E idiazole, Figu e 1). Syn hesizing o ganic
compounds ha ing hiadiazoles and mebendazoles moie y
has emained an a ea o s udy o decades, acco ding o
a ious esea ch.
Fig 2: Biologically ac i e hiadiazoles.
Resul s and Discussion
A oom empe a u e, 1.1 equi . o TBN was i s
in es iga ed o dime iza ion p ocess op imiza ion wi h
hiobenzamide (1a). A yield o 69% was achie ed while
p oducing he dime ized p oduc 2a, en y 1. in ace ic acid.
Wa e , iso-p opanol, me hanol, e -bu anol, and iso-
p opanol a e among he pola p o ic sol en s ha , in 30 o
60 minu es, p oduced he a ge p oduc wi h a yield o 65 o
90%.
En ies 7–12 shows ha dime iza ion was easily
accomplished quickly a isop opyl alcohol, chlo o o m,
ace oni ile, e ahyd o u an, benzene, and oluene a oom
empe a u e. The desi ed compound, 3,5-diphenyl-1,2,4-
hiadiazole (2a), was e icien ly p oduced in a ound 5
minu es wi h a 95% yield, en y 7. O he alkyl ni i es, such
iso-amyl ni i e (IAN) and n-bu yl ni i e (NBN), we e used
o u he op imiza ion a ambien empe a u e, en ies 13
and 14, show ha bo h eagen s p oduced he in ended
p oduc in high yield, al hough i ook a li le longe -15
minu es- o comple e he emo ional esponse. The p oduc ion
o is indica ed by he 1H and 13C NMR spec a, model
compound 2a.
Mechanis ic s udies and con ol expe imen
Scheme 1. shows a possible mechanism o he dime iza ion
p ocess media ed by TBN. When -bu oxy and ni oso
adicals a e p oduced du ing adical dissocia ion o TBN,
hey ha e he po en ial o combine wi h hiobenzamide o
p oduce in e media e A. In addi ion, his in e media e has
he po en ial o dime ize by emo ing dini ogen e oxide
(N2O4), esul ing in he o ma ion o s age B, which migh
se e as a coun e poin o s age C. The in ended end-use
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i em also D may be ob ained by eleasing hyd ogen sul ide
(H2S) om he in e media e C.
Scheme 1: The TBN-induced dime iza ion p ocess and i s
p oposed mechanism
Ou mechanis ic explana ion was suppo ed by empi ical
da a om he dime iza ion p ocess ha included he 2,2,6,6-
e ame hyl-1-pipe idinyloxyl, and he adical apping
eagen TEMPO. A oom empe a u e, using 2 equi . o
TEMPO in dichlo ome hane, he expe imen was ca ied ou
unde op imal ci cums ances (Scheme 2). A ound 10% less
o he a ge compound (3,5-diphenyl-1,2,4- hiadiazole) was
de ec ed when TEMPO was used o p e en he
dime iza ion p ocess, as p edic ed.
Fig 3: TEMPO con ol expe imen .
Expe imen s In Mechanisms and Con ol Using Tempo
A con ol expe imen using (2,2,6,6- e ame hylpipe idin-1-
yl) oxyl (TEMPO) as a adical apping agen did no
succeed in s opping he p ocess. Scheme 2. p oposes a
nucleophilic pa hway; hence his eac ion does no include a
adical in e media e.
Scheme 2: Expe imen al se up using TEMPO.
Acco ding o he indings o he p oduc analysis, a
chlo anil-assis ed dime isa ion o p ima y hiobenzamide is
shown in Scheme 2. Following he oxida i e addi ion o
hioamide 1a o chlo anil, in e media e A dime izes o yield
in e media e B. In e media e cyclisa ion B esul s in p oduc
2a.
Scheme 3: The 1,2,4- hiadiazoles p oduc ion pa hway as p oposed
by chlo anil.
Objec i e 2: De elopmen o a scalable ou e o he
syn hesis o imidazole [1,2-a] py idines unde me al and
sol en ee condi ions
O e he pas decade, nume ous s udies ha e ocused on
de eloping me hods o di ec ly c ea e C-C, C-N, C-S, and
C-O bonds h ough unc ionaliza ion o C-H bonds. The
objec i e o hese e o s has been o syn hesize bioac i e
he e ocyclic compounds and na u al p oduc s. In a wide
a ie y o pha maceu icals and o ganic azo hiazoles,
ni ogen-con aining b idgehead he e ocyclic compounds,
use ul ma e ials py idines a e e y signi ican g oups o
compounds wi h mul iple ac i i ies, bo h na u ally occu ing
and syn hesized.
Resea che s ha e ocused mos ly on imidazo [1,2-a]
py idines because o hei many biological ac ions, an i-
in lamma o y, an i-cance , an i-ulce , an i i al, and
an ibac e ial and o he p ope ies desc ibed by by h e al.
(1999) [12] and by h e al. (2004) [13]. On op o ha , i has
been shown o engage GABA and benzodiazepine ecep o s
and o block nonpep ide B2 ecep o s. An an i-HIV d ug
olp inone zolpidem and zolimidine a e among he no able
medicinal compounds comp ised o he e ocycles ha ha e
been disco e ed in ecen yea s.
Fig 4: Medica ions ha include imidazo [1,2-a] componen o
py idines.
In e na ional Jou nal o T ends in Eme ging Resea ch and De elopmen h ps:// esea ch endsjou nal.com
251
h ps:// esea ch endsjou nal.com
Due o hei use ulness, Imp o ed echniques o
manu ac u ing imidazo[1,2-a] py idines, which a e bicyclic
ing sys ems, ha e been he ocus o much esea ch. In o de
o c ea e imidazo[1,2-a] py idine sca olds, many echniques
ha e been de ised. One o hem in ol es eac ing 2-
aminopy idine wi h a ious subs a es, including me hyl
a yl ke one, -halo ke ones, alkynes de i a i es, and o he s.
Me al ca alys s such as Cu, Fe, Zn, o Ag a e o en used in
many o hese eac ions (Liu e al., 2011; He e al., 2012) [14,
15]. Acco ding o he plan (4.1a). The me hod whe eby
iodine is used o p oduce imidazo[1,2-a] py idine was
de ailed in a 2012 pape by S asyuk. Among hese s eps was
he p esence o a base du ing he eac ion o 2-
aminopy idine wi h a yl me hyl ke ones. and he G oebke-
Blackbu n-Bienelayme eac ion (a mul icomponen eac ion
combining 2-aminopy idines, isoni iles, and aldehydes)
ha e all shown he syn hesis o imidazo[1,2-a] py idine.
Al hough hese me hods wo k well wi h many subs a es,
hey do ha e a ew d awbacks, such as equi ing an acid o
base, p oducing a poo yield, and a ime-consuming wo kup
p ocess.
Conclusions
The widesp ead misconcep ion ha g een(e ) app oaches
make i ha de o medicinal chemis s o syn hesis new
compounds quickly and easily is, in ou opinion, he
p ima y explana ion o he cu en pauci y o g een
chemis y applica ions in medicinal chemis y. The e o e,
sus ainabili y and en i onmen al iendliness a e no gi en
much hough in he lab. Medicinal chemis y expe s should
be awa e o his g owing ield, and his e iew aims o do
jus ha by showcasing some o he many ascina ing,
o iginal, and o wa d- hinking app oaches o d ug c ea ion
ha include g een hinking and p ac ices. Hence, going back
o whe e we s a ed, how can medical chemis s help comba
pollu ion and clima e change, wo o he mos p essing
issues o ou day, and disp o e he seeming con adic ion
be ween medicinal and g een chemis y? To illus a e how
e e y one o he wel e Eco-F iendly Chemical P inciples
may be used, we looked a many po en ial ins ances. These
examples show how a syn hesis ou e can be made g eene
while also imp o ing i s leng h, yield, sa e y, and, in some
cases, eac ion condi ions. The ecen me eo ic ise o low
chemis y is a p ime illus a ion o his end. Se e al
sepa a ion and pu i ica ion p ocesses a e o en skipped in
his s yle o ope a ion because ewe s eps a e in ol ed in
he esponse. 145 The quan i y and olume o sol en s and
o he poisonous o ecologically dange ous compounds a e
also d ama ically educed, which g ea ly imp o es sa e y.
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