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The E ec o A mosphe ic Va iabili y in Measu ed
Spec al Ul a iole Radia ion in A hens, G eece,
Du ing he ASPIRE Campaign
To ci e his a icle: Dimi a Kouklaki
e al
2025
IOP Con . Se .: Ea h En i on. Sci.
1522 012037
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In e na ional Radia ion Symposium 2024 (IRS 2024)
IOP Con . Se ies: Ea h and En i onmen al Science 1522 (2025) 012037
IOP Publishing
doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1522/1/012037
1
The E ec o A mosphe ic Va iabili y in Measu ed
Spec al Ul a iole Radia ion in A hens, G eece,
Du ing he ASPIRE Campaign
Dimi a Kouklaki1,2*, Ilias Foun oulakis3, S elios Kazadzis4, Ioannis-
Panagio is Rap is5, And eas Kazan zidis6, Apos olos Kapoulas3, Ky iakoula
Papach is opoulou4, Nikolaos Papadimi iou3,6, Vassilis Ami idis1, Ch is os
S. Ze e os3,7,8,9, Kos as Ele he a os2,7
1 Ins i u e o As onomy, As ophysics, Space Applica ions and Remo e Sensing
(IAASARS), Na ional Obse a o y o A hens, A hens, 15236, G eece
2 Labo a o y o Clima ology and A mosphe ic En i onmen , Depa men o Geology and
Geoen i onmen , Na ional and Kapodis ian Uni e si y o A he ns, 15784 A hens G eece
3 Resea ch Cen e o A mosphe ic Physics and Clima ology, Academy o A hens, 10680
A hens, G eece
4 Physikalisch-Me eo ologisches Obse a o ium Da os, Wo ld Radia ion Cen e
(PMOD/WRC), Da os 7260, Swi ze land
5 Ins i u e o En i onmen al Resea ch and Sus ainable De elopmen , Na ional
Obse a o y o A hens, Palaia Pen eli, 152 36 A hens, G eece
6 Depa men o Physics, Uni e si y o Pa as, Pa as, G eece
7 Biomedical Resea ch Founda ion o he Academy o A hens, 11527 A hens, G eece
8 Na a ino En i onmen al Obse a o y (N.E.O.), 24001 Messenia, G eece;
9 Ma iolopoulos-Kanaginis Founda ion, A hens, G eece
*E-mail: [email protected]
Abs ac . Accu a e ul a iole (UV) adia ion moni o ing is c ucial o heal h, en i onmen al
applica ions, as well as o op imizing modelling echniques and p edic ions. Howe e ,
unde s anding he in e ac ions be ween UV adia ion and a mosphe ic componen s like
clouds and ae osols em ains complex due o hei di e se p ope ies and impac s. Amongs
hem, ozone, he p ima y egula o o UV-B i adiance, has shown no signi ican ends in
A hens o e 16 yea s, bu he impac s o ae osols and clouds a e less es ablished. The p esen
s udy aims o link he a o emen ioned aspec s unde di e en a mosphe ic composi ion cases
wi h s ola UV adia i on om e ie als ga he ed du ing he one-yea ASPIRE (A mosphe ic
pa ame e s a ec ing SPec al sola IR adiance and sola Ene gy) campaign in A hens, s a ing
in Decembe 2020. The s udy in eg a es g ound-based measu emen s and Radia i e T ans e
(RT) simula ions in o de o exam ine daily da ase s and assess he combined e ec s on UV
adia ion a g ound le el, including in es iga ing he enhancemen o adia ion caused by he
p esence o clouds, which is explo ed h ough a speci ic case s udy. The analysis o he case
s udy e eals a highe enhancemen in PAR (Pho osyn he ically Ac i e Radia i on) han in UVI
(Ul a iole Index) unde b oken cloud condi ions, while mos o he enhancemen cases
linked o clouds we e obse ed in PAR compa ed o UV adia ion.
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1. In oduc ion
Accu a e sola UV adi a ion m oni o ing is c i ical o many human heal h - ela ed and
en i onmen al applica ions, as well as in op imizing modeling echniques and p edic ions.
Ne e heless, unde s anding he in e ac ions be ween UV adia ion and some o he key
a mosphe ic componen s such as clouds and ae osols emains challenging (e.g., Be nha d e al.,
2023). Fo example, while he ela ionship be ween o al ozone and UV adia ion is well
es ablished, his is no he case o ae osols and clouds (e.g., Rap is e al., 2018). The di e se
na u e o hese ac o s (e.g., Logo he is e al., 2020) and hei p ojec ed changes d i en by
an h opogenic ac i i ies and clima e change (e.g., Ze e os e al., 2023), as well as he lack o
concu en obse a ions o bo h ae osol and cloud p ope ies c ea e he need o u he
in es iga ion. Dedica ed g ound-based measu emen s o he main ac o s con olling UV
adia ion le els can p o ide essen ial insigh s and can con ibu e o educing he unce ain ies
and enhance ou unde s anding o he complex in e ac ions a ec ing UV adia ion (Foun oulakis
e al., 2020). Subsequen ly, hey can be aluable o es ima e u u e changes in UV adia ion unde
a ying a mosphe ic condi ions.
S a osphe ic Ozone is amongs he mos si gni ican egula o s o he le els o he UV-Β
i adiance ha eaches he Ea h’s su ace. P e ious s udies ha exploi ed g ound-based o al
ozone measu emen s in he ci y o A hens did no e eal signi ican ends o e a 16-yea pe iod
(Ele he a os e al., 2021), while he dec ease o ae osols in ec en yea s (Rap is e al., 2020) and,
in u n, he imp o emen in ai quali y has esul ed in highe UV le els. Fu he mo e, due o i s
loca ion, opog aphy and u ban s uc u e, A hens is subjec o unique me eo ological condi ions.
The combina ion o local emissions (an h opogenic) and egional dus anspo (e.g., Saha an
dus ) ia ai masses om A ica (Ge asopoulos e al. , 2011) con ibu es o complex ae osol and
cloud beha iou , also in e ms o spa ial and empo al a iabili y (e.g., Rap is e al., 2020; Ami idis
e al., 2024). This makes A hens a pa icula ly in e es ing a ea o examine how a iabili y a ec s
adia ion and, u he mo e, he clima e.
In his s udy, in iew o a be e unde s anding o he ac o s ha a ec U V, he se ies o he
UV index (UVI) has been econs uc ed using ancilla y measu emen s and compa ed wi h he
measu ed UVI. Then, we in es iga e he in e ac ions o ae osols and c louds wi h sola UV
adia ion om e ie als ga he ed du ing he one-yea ASPIRE expe imen al campaign in A hens,
G eece (Ele he a os e al., 2023).
2. Da a and me hodology
To in es iga e he a iabili y in UV wi h espec o o he a mosphe ic ac o s we analyzed spec al
UV i adiance measu ed in A hens , G eece, du ing an in ensi e campaign, when mo e ancilla y
measu emen s ela i e o egula ope a ion condi ions a e a ailable.
Highly ac cu a e moni o ing o he spec al sola UV i adiance has been pe o med in A hens
(37.99° N; 23.78° E; ~ 180 m a.s.l.) since 2003. Mo e p ecisely, spec al UV measu emen s a e
pe o med in A hens , by a MKIV single monoch oma o B ewe spec o adiome e wi h se ial
numbe 001 (he eina e B ewe #001) (Ele he a os e al., 2021) a he Biomedical Resea ch
Founda ion o he Academy o A hens (BRFAA). Regula calib a ions and sys ema ic quali y
con ol/quali y as su ance ensu e he high quali y o he used spec a (e.g., Masoom e al., 2023).
Apa om UV adia ion measu emen s, o al ozone and ae osol op ical p ope ies measu emen s
we e also conduc ed a he same si e o he unde -s udy pe iod.
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2.1 The ASPIRE p ojec
The aim o he ASPIRE p ojec was o in es iga e in e disciplina y ac o s in luencing sola
adia ion by examining how a mosphe ic elemen s, such as clouds, ae osols, wa e apo , o al
ozone, and ace gases, a ec he Spec al Sola I adiance (SSI) eaching Ea h’s su ace.
As pa o he p ojec , a comp ehensi e expe imen al campaign ook place in A hens om
Decembe 2020 o No embe 2021. Du ing his pe iod, a ious sola adia ion ins umen s,
including high-p ecision spec o adiome e s, pho ome e s, and a sky came a (see Figu e1),
collec ed con i nuous measu emen s a he a o e-men ioned s i es.
Figu e 1. The ins umen a ion (le ) and he Ins i u es ( igh ) ha collabo a ed in he ame o he ASPIRE
p ojec in A h ens, G eece (h ps://aspi e.geol.uoa.g ).
2.2 Me hodology
To close in es iga e he in e ac ions be ween ae osols, clouds, and sola UV adia ion, we
employed syne gis ic m easu emen s ga he ed du ing he ASPIRE campaign, alongside Radia i e
T ans e Modeling (RTM). The RT simula ions we e hen compa ed wi h he espec i e measu ed
i adiances.
Speci ically, o assess he ae osol e ec , we compa ed measu ed i adiances unde cloudless
sky condi ions wi h c o esponding modeled i adiances, which we e simula ed assuming an
ae osol- ee a mosphe e. Respec i ely, o es ima e he cloud e ec , we compa ed measu ed
i adiances unde all-sky condi ions wi h RT simula ions pe o med o ealis ic a mosphe ic
ae osol concen a ion alues. T he di e en sky condi ions we e e alua ed based on sun
obscu a ion and cloud co e age in o ma ion de i ed om he sky came a da a. This compa ison
was conduc ed o bo h, ae osol and cloud e ec s ac oss ou wa eleng h egions: UV305 (302.5–
307.5 nm a e age), UV320 (317.5–322.5 nm a e age), E y hemal, and Pho osyn he ically Ac i e
Radia ion (PAR; wa eleng h ange: 400–700 nm). The a o e-men ioned e ec s (R) we e inally
calcula ed on a mon hly basis using he ollowing o m ula:
𝑅 = ∫𝐼𝑅𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠 −∫𝐼𝑅𝑅𝑇𝑀 (1)
Whe e IR s ands o he di e en i adiances (UV305, UV320, E y hemal and PAR) and
meas e e s o he espec i e measu ed i adiances:
– Fo he ae osol e ec : measu ed unde cloud- ee condi ions
– Fo he cloud e ec : measu ed unde all sky condi ions
Finally, RTM e e s o he simula ed i adiances:
– Fo he ae osol e ec : simula ed o p is ine (ae osol- ee and cloud- ee) sky
– Fo he cloud e ec : simula ed o ealis ic ae osol load in he a mosphe e
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IOP Con . Se ies: Ea h and En i onmen al Science 1522 (2025) 012037
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A mo e de ailed desc ip ion o he speci ica ions o he RT simula ions is p o ided in Sec ion
2.3.2, as well as in Masoom e al., 2023.
Finally, a comp ehensi e analysis o adia ion enhancemen due o he p esence o clouds
was conduc ed. Mo e p ecisely, he ocus was gi en on cases whe e clouds we e loca ed nea he
sun bu did no obscu e he sola disk. These clouds ha e he po en ial o enhance he UVI a he
su ace by edi ec ing a po ion o he di use i adiance downwa d. To iden i y hese
enhancemen cases, he measu ed i adiances we e compa ed wi h he modeled i adiances
unde cloudless sky condi i ons, in conjunc ion wi h he obse ed cloud co e age.
2.3 Da ase s
In o de o analyze he UV a iabili y and, u he mo e, assess he impac o a ious ac o s
ha a ec he i adiance a 305 nm and 320 nm, he E y hemal and PAR we used bo h sa elli e
and g ound-based measu emen s as well as RT simula ions, as desc ibed in he ollowing sec ions
(2.3.1.-2.3.2)
2.3.1 Μeasu emen s
The g ound-based measu emen s ha we e employed in he ame o his s udy a e he
ollowing:
• Spec al UV measu emen s om B ewe #001 we e used o he s udy. B ewe #001 measu es
in he ange 290 – 325 nm. To conside wa eleng hs longe han 325 nm o he calcula i on o
he UVI he me hodology desc ibed in Fiole o e al., (2003) was used. The e ec i e spec um
by Webb e al., (2011) was used o he UVI calcula ion. The a e age UVI ha was measu ed
wi hin ± 30 minu es a ound he local noon (i.e., he minimum sola zeni h angle o he day) is
conside ed o be he a e age UVI. The i adiances a 305 nm and 320 nm we e calcula ed as
he a e age o he co esponding ± 1.5 nm wid hs.
• To al ozone om he B ewe #001.
• Le el 2.0 (cloud sc eened and quali y-assu ed; Holben e al., 2006) Ae osol Op ical Dep h
(AOD) a 440 nm om AERONET (Holben e al., 1998) ha was measu ed a he Ac inome ic
S a ion o he Na ional Obse a o y o A hens (ATHENS_NOA s a ion) (37.97∘ N, 23.72∘ E;
107 m a.s.l.; ~4 km om B ewe #001).
• Hemisphe ical images o he s ky om a sky came a ha we e a ailable du ing he ASPIRE
campaign. The Q24M Mobo ix All-Sky Image (ASI) was ins alled o obse ing he cloud
condi ions ha ing a empo al esolu ion o 10 s. Such ype o ASIs can be employed o
pe o ming cloud de ec ion and cha ac e iza ion, p o iding in o ma ion abou Cloud ac ion
and sun occlusion. The au oma ic es ima ion o o al cloud co e age and classi ica ion is
desc ibed in mo e de ail in Kazan zidis e al. (2012) and Tzoumanikas e al. (2016).
• PAR was de i ed by a high-p ecision sola spec o adiome e (PSR). PSR is a p o o ype
spec o adiome e , de eloped and calib a ed in he Wo ld Radia ion Cen e (WRC, Da os,
Swi ze land), ha is able o p o ide spec ally esol ed global ho izon al (GHI) i adiance
measu emen s (in W/m2/nm) in he spec al ange 300 - 1020 nm (wi h a s ep o 0.7 nm) a
1024 channels (G o bne and Kou eme i, 2019). The eliabili y o he measu ed pa ame e s is
main ained h ough egula calib a ions (G o bne and Kou eme i, 20 19; Rap is e al., 2023)
and ho ough, sys ema ic quali y con ol p ocedu es. The PSR ope a ed a ASNOA du ing he
ASPIRE campaign.
2.3.2 RT Model Simula ions
To examine he s peci ic in luence o each a mosphe ic pa ame e , simula ions we e conduc ed o
ou di e en sola spec al egions (UV305nm, UV320nm, E y hemal, PAR) using he LibRad an
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RT package e sion 2.0.5 (Emde e al., 2016; Maye e al., 2005) o he pe iod o he ASPIRE
campaign. The simula ions employed he nume ical sol e DISORT (DISc e e O dina es Radia i e
T ans e ) (S amnes e al., 1988; Bu as e al., 2011) in a pseudosphe ical app oxima ion wi hin he
u spec adia i e ans e model.
To in es iga e he in e ac ions o ae osols and clouds wi h sola UV adia ion om e ie als
ga he ed du ing he one-yea ASPIRE campaign, he RT simula ions we e pe o med o he ime
o he co esponding measu emen s, bo h o an ae osol- ee a mosphe e and an a mosphe e
wi h ealis ic alues o AOD, A ngs o m Exponen (AE), and Single Sca e i ng Albedo (SSA) (le el
2 di ec sun (AOD, AE) and in e sion (SSA) p oduc s om AERONET) (Giles e al., 2019, Dubo ik
and King, 2000). Addi ionally, ealis ic o al ozone alues om B ewe measu emen s we e used
as inpu s in he RT simula ions. This me hodology o he c ea ion and he e alua ion o he
simula ed UV da ase s has been desc ibed in de ail in Masoom e al. (2023).
3. Resul s
Mon hly a ios be ween simula ed and measu ed clea -sky (unoccluded sola disk) i adiances
we e calcula ed (Equa ion 1) o in es iga e ae osol e ec s, while compa isons including all-sky
condi ions we e analyzed o assess he i mpac o clouds on he di e en wa eleng h egions unde
s udy. The espec i e esul s a e p esen ed in Figu e 2.
The mon hly ae osol e ec co esponds closely o he a e age AOD a 340 nm, wi h he mos
signi ican impac obse ed in Augus (mon h 8), which c oincides wi h he AOD mean mon hly
peak, highligh ing he impo ance o seasonal a i a ions in unde s anding ae osol adia i e e ec .
Rega ding he di e en spec al egions, he highes de ia ions be ween hem a e obse ed o
high AOD alues (AOD>0.2) (Figu e 2.b).
Rega ding he in es iga ion o he cloud e ec , he de ia ion be ween he simula ed and
measu ed i adianc es is smalle du ing he summe pe iod (mon hs 7-8). Fu he mo e, he
highes de ia ions be ween he di e en spec al egions a e also obse ed du ing he same
pe iod (Figu e 2.a).
O e all, he analysis o he mean mon hly a ios indica es ha luc ua ions a e mo e
p onounced in he case o he cloud e ec compa ed o ae osol e ec , as well as he de ia ions
be ween he di e en spec al egions.
Figu e 2. Mon hly ( a) cloud and (b) ae osol e ec . The dashed line on igu e 6 (b) deno es he mean
mon hly AOD a 340 nm. Pe iod o analysis: Decembe 2020 o No embe 2021.
As a nex s ep, we in es iga ed he impac o ae osols based on he op ical dep h (Figu e 3) unde
cloudless condi ions and o e se e al spec al egions (UV a 305 nm, UV a 320 nm, UVI, and
PAR). The ag eemen be ween simula ed and measu ed i adiances was o e all s ong a low AOD
In e na ional Radia ion Symposium 2024 (IRS 2024)
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(gi en a 340nm) and deno ed an in e s e ela ionship wi h inc easing AOD. Al hough simila
o e all ends we e obse ed in he di e en spec al egions, he esul s e ealed ha PAR was
he leas a ec ed by ae osol loa d while he g ea e a enua ion o UV adia ion c an be a ibu ed
o he mo e signi ican e ec s o Rayleigh sca e ing a sho e wa eleng hs. Since he AE is
g ea e han ze o, AOD dec eases wi h inc easing wa eleng h. Thus, i adiance a 305 nm and he
UV index (which is mo e sensi i e o 307–308 nm) dec ease mo e apidly wi h inc easing AOD.
Fo he dominan ae osol ypes in A hens (e.g., dus , smoke, sea sal , and sul u ic ae osols), he
SSA is ei he ela i ely in a ian wi h wa eleng h (in he UV and isible egions) o inc eases wi h
wa eleng h. This leads o s onge abso p ion a sho e wa eleng hs, enhancing he obse ed
wa eleng h-dependen sensi i i y o ae osol e ec s .
Figu e 3. E ec o ae osols on he di e en spec al anges o sola i adiance (UV a 305 nm, UV a 320
nm, UVI, and PAR) unde cloud- ee condi ions. Pe iod o analysis: Decembe 2020 o No embe 2021.
Finally, we examined in mo e de ail he enhancemen o adia ion due o he p esence o
clouds. We conside ed cases whe e clouds we e p esen a ound he sun bu he s un was no
obscu ed ( he sola disk was no co e ed). Such clouds can enhance he UVI a he su ace, by
edi ec ing pa o he di use i adiance o he su ace.
A mo e de ailed in es iga ion in o he numbe o enhancemen cases e ealed ewe
ins ances whe e enhancemen exceeded 20%, whi le he numbe o cases obse ed i n PAR was
signi ican ly highe a bo h highe and lowe enhancemen le els compa ed o UVI. Fu he mo e,
he da a indica ed ha mo e cases o enhancemen we e eco ded du ing he win e mon hs,
a ibu ed o he highe equency o cloudy condi ions.
Figu e 4. Clouds nea he sun on 18/02/2021.
We in es iga ed a case in which clouds we e p esen c lose o he sun bu he sun emained
unobscu ed (see Figu e 4). In such cases, he di ec sola adia ion eaching he g ound unde goes
minimal o negligible a enua ion due o he lack o obs uc ing clouds. Howe e , di use and,
consequen ly, o al i adiance le els a e enhanced due o mul iple sca e ing in e ac ions wi h
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su ounding cloud d ople s. As illus a ed i n Figu e 5 (g een line), he measu ed adia ion can
exceed he ypical alues ha a e expec ed unde clea -sky condi ions (blue line), esul ing in
p onounced peaks. The esul s e ealed an enhancemen up o ~40% in he case o PAR, while in
he case o UVI, he espec i e enhancemen was app oxima ely 20%. The sligh ime delay
obse ed be ween he wo measu emen s can be a ibu ed o he small spa ial sepa a ion
be ween he wo measu emen si es (app oxima ely 4 km).
Figu e 5. Daily imese ies o cloud co e age (o ange line), measu ed (a) UV index and (b) PAR (g een lines)
and he co esponding simula ed i adiances o clea -sky condi ions (blue lines) o 18/02/2021.
4. Conclusions
The esul s p esen ed in his s udy ma k an ini ial s ep owa d unde s anding he complex
dynamics be ween ae osols, clouds and UV adia ion, in complica ed en i onmen s such as ha
o A hens. Bo h clouds and ae osols signi ican ly a ec he Ea h's ene gy balance , wi h di ec
implica ions o sola ene gy p oduc ion and clima e modeling. Accu a ely quan i ying and
unde s anding hese in e ac ions can signi ican ly con ibu e o imp o ing ou unde s anding o
egional and global clima e p edic ions as well as u u e applica ions.
Ae osols exhibi p onounced e ec s on sola i adiance due o hei op ical p ope ies, inclu ding
sca e ing and abso p ion, which a y wi h wa eleng h. This s udy e ealed ha hi s dis inc
spec al signa u e is cha ac e ized by s onge a enua ion a sho e UV wa eleng hs,
highligh ing hei spec al dependence. Addi ionally, he s onges ae osol e ec was obse ed in
Augus , which aligns wi h he seasonal AOD peak. These indings unde line he impo ance o
unde s anding ae osol adia i e o cing, i s seasonal and spec al a iabili y, and i s implica ions
o ecosys ems, clima e dynamics, and sola ene gy applica ions.
Clouds can occasionally enhance sola i adiance due o sca e ing and mul iple e lec ions.
The case s udy p esen ed in his wo k, e ealed ha b oken cloud condi ions led o signi ican
adia ion enhancemen s eaching app oxima ely 40% o PAR and 17% o UVI, unde lining he
cloud dis inc spec al m odi ica ion. The inc eased and p onounced cloud- ela ed enhancemen
e en s ha we e obse ed in PAR compa ed o UV deno ed ha clouds modula e hese spec al
egions di e en ly. These indings unde sco e he complexi y o cloud-ae osol- adia ion
in e ac ions and hei dependency on cloud p ope ies. Inco po a ing cloud ype, hickness, and
dynamics in o u u e m odels could yield mo e p ecise p edic ions o hei impac on sola
i adiance and ene gy.
To con i m he obse ed spec al dependence o ae osol a enua ion and c omp ehensi ely
cap u e seasonal a ia ions, analysis o longe - e m da ase s is essen ial. Fu he analysis
inco po a ing addi ional key pa ame e s would p o ide u he aluable insigh s in o hese
complex in e ac ions. Fu he mo e, in es iga ing a la ge numbe o enhancemen e en s could
help es ima e hei equency, signi icance, and ene gy impac o e ex ended ime scales.
In e na ional Radia ion Symposium 2024 (IRS 2024)
IOP Con . Se ies: Ea h and En i onmen al Science 1522 (2025) 012037
IOP Publishing
doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1522/1/012037
8
Acknowledgemen s
This esea ch was inancially suppo ed by he PANGEA4CalVal p ojec (G an
Ag eemen 101079201) unded by he Eu opean Union and he Hellenic Founda ion o
Resea ch and Inno a ion (H.F.R.I.) unde he “Fi s Call o H.F.R.I. Resea ch P ojec s o
suppo Facul y membe s and Resea che s and he p ocu emen o high-cos esea ch
equipmen g an ” (A mosphe ic pa ame e s a ec ing Spec al sola IR adiance and sola
Ene gy (ASPIRE), p ojec numbe 300. DK, IF, SK, PR and KP would like o acknowledge
COST Ac ion HARMONIA (In e na ional ne wo k o ha moniza ion o a mosphe ic ae osol
e ie als om g ound-based pho ome e s), CA2119, suppo ed by COST (Eu opean
Coope a ion in Science and Technology).
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