524
In e na ional Jou nal o Ad ance and Applied Resea ch
www.ijaa .co.in
ISSN – 2347-7075
Impac Fac o – 8.141
Pee Re iewed
Bi-Mon hly
Vol. 6 No. 40
Sep embe - Oc obe - 2025
Schedule T ibes De elopmen Policy And Schemes In India
D . Anu a h Chand e
P o esso and Head,
Dep . o Comme ce,
N.S.S.R’s A s, Comme ce and Science College, Pa li-V Dis . Beed-431515 (Maha ash a
Co esponding Au ho – D . Anu a h Chand e
DOI - 10.5281/zenodo.17663938
Abs ac :
The P o iding social jus ice o scheduled ibe membe s by imp o ing hei socioeconomic
ci cums ances has been he bigges ask acing he Indian go e nmen since independence. F om an
ecological, economic, and educa ional pe spec i e, he Scheduled T ibes, Scheduled Cas es, and
Deni i ied T ibes make up he weakes segmen o India's popula ion. They a e he ounda ion o
po e y in India. Despi e being ci izens o he same na ion and sons o he same soil, he ibal people
a e bo n and aised as na u al child en. F om a his o ical pe spec i e, hey ha e expe ienced he
mos se e e o m o socie al exploi a ion. Fo many cen u ies, hey ha e been cu o om
con empo a y, ci ilized li e and essen ially denied access o many ci ic ameni ies. Though insu icien
and p ima ily mo i a ed by sel -in e es , he B i ish ule s did make some p og ess in p o iding basic
ameni ies in owns and illages, such as communica ion, educa ion, anspo a ion, and medical ca e.
Howe e , o a a ie y o easons, i accomplished no hing o imp o e he socioeconomic
ci cums ances o ibal people, wi h he excep ion o hose in he coun y's no heas . Fi s o all,
because i was di icul and expensi e o adminis e he hill egions, he B i ish au ho i ies ypically
belie ed i was bes o lea e he indigenous people alone. Second, i was hough o be p e e able o
shield he ibe om po en ial ou side poli ical in luence. Thi dly, some o he B i ish o ice s
since ely belie ed ha he ibal people would con inue o be a happie g oup i hey we e allowed o
li e hei own way. As a esul , he Scheduled Dis ic Ac o 1984 main ained. The Cons i u ion o
India has made de ini e p o isions o he wel a e and upli o he ibal people h oughou he
coun y.
Keywo ds: T ibal, T ibal De elopmen . Planning Policy.
In oduc ion:
The ibal a e belie ed o be he
o iginal inhabi an s o India. Due o se ies o
in asions by alien communi ies and elen less
p essu e om mo e powe ul neighbou ing
communi ies, hey we e d i en o o es s, hills
and o he inhospi able egions. In hei isola ed
exis ence, hese communi ies de eloped hei
own dis inc cul u e, adi ions, languages and
adminis a i e s uc u e. While some o hem
a e se led cul i a o s, many o he s con inued
o depend on shi ing cul i a ion, hun ing,
ood ga he ing, e c. In Go e nmen o India
Ac o 1935, mos o he a eas inhabi ed by he
ibal we e decla ed as Excluded o Pa ially
Excluded A eas. A e independence, such
a eas we e enamed as Scheduled A eas and
we e included in Schedule V and Schedule VI.
The essen ial cha ac e is ics o ecogni ion as
a Scheduled T ibe a e p imi i e ai s,
geog aphical isola ion, dis inc i e cul u e,
shyness o con ac wi h ou side s and
IJAAR Vol. 6 No. 40 ISSN – 2347-7075
D . Anu a h Chand e
525
economic backwa dness. The ibal popula ion
in India ep esen s a unique o m o socie y,
which is dis inc in se e al espec s om he
gene al popula ion. The Scheduled T ibes
numbe ing 51.63 million (excluding Assam)
oday cons i u e 7.76 pe cen o he o al
popula ion o he coun y. Ba ing Ha yana,
Jammu & Kashmi , Punjab, Chandiga h, Delhi
and Pondiche y, he Scheduled T ibes
comp ising abou 260 communi ies a e ound
in all S a es and Union Te i o ies. They a e,
howe e , une enly dis ibu ed in e ms o
shee numbe s. Madhya P adesh, wi h mo e
han 11 million, accoun s o he la ges
concen a ion o Scheduled T ibes in India. In
ega d o hei p opo ion o he o al
popula ion, hei pe cen age is e y high in
Nagaland, Lakshadweep and O am. While
some ibal communi ies like he Bhil, he
Munda and he San al a e ound in mo e han
one S a e, a ew like he Kannau a o
Himachal P adesh o he Siddi o Guja a
eside in speci ic a eas. In oduc ion The e a e
app oxima ely wo hund ed million ibal
people in he en i e globe, which means, abou
4% o he global popula ion. They a e ound in
many egions o he wo ld and majo i y o
hem a e he poo es amongs poo . Acco ding
o 1981 census, he popula ion o Scheduled
T ibes in he coun y was 5.16 co es,
consis ing abou 7.76% o o al Indian
popula ion, which means one ibesman o
e e y 13 Indians. Among ibes, he e a e so
many communi ies. The majo iden i ied ibes
in he coun y numbe abou he 428 scheduled
ibes in India hough he o al numbe o ibal
communi ies a e epo ed o be 642 and
se e al o hem ha e become ex inc o
me ged wi h o he communi ies as he
endency o usion and ission among ibal
popula ion is a con inuous p ocess. Thus, i he
sub- ibes and s a e ibes will be aken in o
conside a ion, he numbe will be many mo e.
These 428 communi ies speaking 106 di e en
Despi e he di icul ies, which s ood in he
way o iden i ica ion o ibes as Scheduled
T ibes, he e has been comple e awa eness
abou he ex eme social, educa ional and
economic backwa dness o he ibal
communi ies among he policy make s,
planne s and adminis a o s o he coun y. Bu
be o e in oducing p o ec i e and amelio a o
measu es, he e was a need o d aw a lis o
such ibal communi ies as equi ed ca e and
p o ec ion o hei g ow h and de elopmen .
The i s lis in his ega d was d awn in he
yea 1931 unde he name “P imi i e T ibes”.
Subsequen ly, unde he Go e nmen o India
Ac ,1935, a lis .o “Backwa d T ibes” was
speci ied o he p o inces o India. In ac , he
lis o ibes speci ied unde he Cons i u ion
(Scheduled T ibes) O de , 1950 was d awn by
making addi ions o he lis o “Backwa d
T ibes” unde he Go e nmen o India Ac ,
1935.
Concep o T ibe:
A T ibe is an an h opological concep .
I is e e ed o by ce ain au ho s as
„Animis ic‟ o „Abo iginal‟. The e m
„Adi asi‟ has gained popula i y while e e ing
o he ibe in ecen yea s. T ibal a e hough
o as semi-ci ilised people esiding in hills,
o es s o conside ed as special g oups o
ag icul u is s. A ibe is gene ally de ined as a
social g oup usually li ing in a de ini e a ea,
ha ing a dialec , cul u al homogenei y and
uni ied social o ganisa ion. T ibe is also
de ined as a „social g oup‟ usually comp ising
a numbe o sibs, bands, illages o o he
special g oups and is no mally cha ac e ised
by he possession o a de ini e e i o y, a
dis inc i e dialec , a homogeneous and
dis inc i e cul u e; i is ei he a uni ied
poli ical o ganisa ion o , a leas , has some
sense o common solida i y is-a- is ou side s.
IJAAR Vol. 6 No. 40 ISSN – 2347-7075
D . Anu a h Chand e
526
Thus, a ibe is a e i o ial g oup wi h i s own
language, eligion, cul u e and uni ied social
o ganisa ion.
Scheduled T ibe – A Cons i u ional
Concep :
A „Scheduled T ibe‟, on he con a y,
is p ima ily an adminis a i e and
cons i u ional concep . I e e s o a ibal
communi y, which is enlis ed unde A icle
342 o he Indian Cons i u ion. Acco ding o
he Indian Cons i u ion, a ibe alone can be
speci ied as Scheduled T ibe. Bu a he same
ime, he wo d ibe is nowhe e de ined in he
Cons i u ion. Fu he mo e, he Cons i u ion is
also silen abou he p inciples o policies o be
adop ed o speci ying a “ ibe” as a scheduled
ibe. Acco ding o A icle 342 o he
Cons i u ion, “The P esiden may, wi h espec
o any S a e o Union Te i o y and whe e i is
a s a e, a e consul a ion wi h he Go e no
he eo , by public no i ica ion speci y he
ibes o ibal communi ies o pa s o o
g oups wi hin ibes o ibal communi ies,
which shall, o he pu pose o his
Cons i u ion, be deemed o be Scheduled
T ibes in ela ion o ha S a e o Union
Te i o y, as he case may be. ”Thus, A icle
342 only cla i ies ha o any e hnic g oup o
become eligible o be speci ied as a Scheduled
T ibe, i should necessa ily be a ibe in he
i s lace. In o he wo ds, non- ibal cas es o
communi ies a e no eligible o be speci ied as
Scheduled T ibes. The e a e some 573
communi ies ecognized by he go e nmen as
Scheduled T ibes and, he e o e, eligible o
ecei e special bene i s and o compe e o
ese ed sea s in legisla u es and schools.
They ange in size om he Gonds ( oughly
7.4 million) and he San als (app oxima ely
4.2 million) o only eigh een Chaimals in he
Andaman Islands. Cen al Indian s a es ha e
he coun y‟s la ges ibes, and, aken as a
whole, oughly 75 pe cen o he o al ibal
popula ion li e he e.
Role o he Go e nmen in he De elopmen
o Scheduled T ibes:
The Cons i u ion was w i en by he
ounding a he s who we e e y conscious o
he eal s a e o he coun y – hey we e awa e
o he people who o m Scheduled Cas es
(SCs), Scheduled T ibes (STs) and Backwa d
Classes and he social p oblems associa ed
wi h hem. Tha is why hey included special
p o isions o he igh s o hese g oups. We
ha e o conside he Cons i u ion, he UN
Human Righ s Decla a ion, IRO Commission
106, 169, and o he ele an s a u es o
unde s and he si ua ion in India. The
Cons i u ion also laid down guidelines, which
he S a e mus ollow in ega d o hese
backwa d g oups. In A icle 46, he
Cons i u ion has said ha he S a e shall
p o ec SCs, STs and p o ide means o hei
de elopmen and has laid down means o
doing so. De elopmen was mean o ouch
a ious aspec s o he li e o he people
ag icul u e, animal husband y, in as uc u e,
such as oad building, dams, mining,
indus ies, social issues, such as heal h, e c. To
implemen hese de elopmen asks, blocks o
100 illages we e c ea ed. In ol emen o
people was sough o a ious commi ees.
This has been going on o decades. E en in
he ini ial s ages, i was ound ha hose, who
we e he membe s o hese commi ees, we e
hose who we e om he powe ul and a luen
sec ions o socie y, he uppe cas es mos ly.
They could “channelize” de elopmen o
hemsel es. In he 70s, i was hough ha he
gene alized di ec ion p e alen o
de elopmen p ojec s was no good, and ocus
was necessa y. The P ime Minis e Raji
Gandhi e a, he 73 d and he 74 h
Cons i u ional Amendmen s changed he
IJAAR Vol. 6 No. 40 ISSN – 2347-7075
D . Anu a h Chand e
527
go e nmen ie om cen al-s a e-dis ic -
block (a he lowes ie he block was simply
an appendage o he s a e go . wi h no eal
powe ) o b ing abou a adical change by
ha ing Panchaya s a h ee le els: illage
pu po ed o ha e elec ed ep esen a i es. In
some s a es hey ha e come in o being, bu in
some o he s a es hey ha e no .In he
ollowing sec ion, we will discuss a ious
de elopmen al e o s which ha e been made,
pa icula ly a e independence, o he up
li men o Scheduled T ibes in India.
Cons i u ional P o isions and Sa egua ds
o Schedule T ibes:
The p o isions in he Cons i u ion
make i incumben on he S a e o “ ake ca e”
o STs. In a icles 15 and 16 (which e e o
undamen al igh s o ci izens) excep ions a e
made o ensu e ha wha is needed o be done
o STs is done. Fo example, hough equali y
o oppo uni y is he policy o he S a e, an
excep ion is made o ese a ions. A icle 244
enables he S a e o make special a angemen s
o he de elopmen o STs. A icle 275-1
enables he S a e ( he Cen al go e nmen
pa icula ly) o se aside inancial p o isions o
be used o ibal de elopmen . I he e a e any
schemes om he S a e go e nmen and he
Cen al go e nmen app o es i , hen he
Cen al go e nmen is bound o inance he
scheme. So, we ge all ing edien s o he S a e
in e ms o he legali y and inancial
a angemen s. The S a e canno ha e any
excuse ha hey a e no empowe ed enough.
The V h Schedule is a unique aspec o he
Cons i u ion – i empowe s he Go e no o a
S a e o suspend any ac o Pa liamen o S a e
legisla u e i he hinks ha i is no in he
in e es o he STs. This, he can do e en wi h
e ospec i e e ec . A simila aspec is no
ound anywhe e else in he Cons i u ion. The
VI h Schedule enables an au onomous dis ic
le el body o be o med whe e he e is a la ge
pe cen age o ibal g oups. This has been
o mula ed especially o No h eas e n egion,
which is unique in many espec s. Dis ic s in
he No heas can be mini-S a es hey ha e a
lo o inancial, legisla i e, execu i e, and
judicial powe s. The Cons i u ion o India
p o ides o a numbe o sa egua ds o he
Scheduled T ibes mainly o acili a e he
implemen a ion o he „Di ec i e P inciple
‟con ained in A icle 46 o he Cons i u ion,
which eads as ollows:
A icle 46 empowe s he S a e and Union
Te i o y Go e nmen o ame necessa y
ules ha a e equi ed o p omo e he
educa ional in e es o Scheduled T ibes
including ese a ion o sea s in
p o essional colleges.
A icle 164 p o ides o a Minis y o
T ibal Wel a e in each o he S a e o
Biha , Madhya P adesh and O issa which
ha e la ge concen a ion o Scheduled
T ibes popula ion. These Minis ies a e
equi ed o look a e he wel a e o he
Scheduled T ibes in hei espec i e
S a es.
A icle 244 p o ides o he inclusion o
a Fi h Schedule in he Cons i u ion o
inco po a ing p o isions o he
adminis a ion o Scheduled A eas and
T ibes o he S a es which ha e sizeable
ibal popula ion (o he han hose o
Assam).
A icle 275 p o ides o he g an o
special unds by he Union Go e nmen
o S a e Go e nmen o p omo ing he
wel a e o Scheduled T ibes and
p o iding hem wi h a be e
adminis a ion. In pu suance o A icle
338 o he Cons i u ion
IJAAR Vol. 6 No. 40 ISSN – 2347-7075
D . Anu a h Chand e
528
Policy o Fi e Yea Plan o Schedule
T ibes:
Since Independence, he coun y has
achie ed conside able p og ess and p ospe i y
h ough planned de elopmen . The Fi s Fi e
Yea Plan was launched in 1952. Since mos
o he popula ion o India has been li ing in
illages, special emphasis was laid on u al
econs uc ion in each Fi e Yea Plan. This
was howe e , sough o be achie ed ini ially
h ough Communi y De elopmen P og ams.
To achie e his objec i e 52 P ojec s we e
s a ed in 1952 in he Fi s Fi e Yea Plan. Bu
he de elopmen al inpu s included unde he
Communi y De elopmen P og ams we e o
in ensi e na u e. I was soon ealised ha i
would no be possible o b ing he en i e u al
a eas unde he ambi o hese p ojec s wi hin
a easonably sho pe iod. I was, he e o e,
decided o adop a compa a i ely less
in ensi e and modes model o Communi y
De elopmen Blocks o he apid
de elopmen o u al a eas.
The Fi s Fi e Yea Plan:
Fi s Fi e Yea Plan- Fi s Fi e Yea Plan
did no play any speci ic and special a en ion
owa ds he de elopmen o ibal a eas,
because only ce ain piecemeal a emp s such
as educa ional schemes, wel a e schemes e c.
we e in oduced. These schemes le he
conc e e impac on ibal communi y in he
coun y.
Second Fi e Yea Plan -Du ing he second
Fi e Yea s Plan, ecognizing he Socio-
economic condi ions, p e ailing in he ibal
a eas, conc e e de elopmen al schemes we e
planned. A no el adminis a ion sys em was
in oduced, wi h c ea ion o "Mul i-pu pose
T ibal P ojec s in ce ain selec ed T ibal
A eas".
Thi d Fi e Yea Plan- On he
ecommenda ion o he Ve ie Ele in
Commi ee, T ibal De elopmen Block Sys em
had been implemen ed unde Thi d Fi e Yea
Plan. This sys em was e ol ed no only o
imp o e he condi ions in he ibal a eas, bu
also o in ol e he ibal "people in he p ocess
o de elopmen wi h he aid o Punchaya
Ins i u ions. These schemes and sec o plans,
which we e adop ed as he ins i u ions o
planned de elopmen , esul ing in anning up
o ibal economy and imp o emen o social-
se ice o a ce ain ex en , bu i was ound
ha ce ain egions and g oups in ibal a eas
s ill emained e y backwa d while o he s
eco ded a slow a e o p og ess.
Fou h Fi e Yea Plan- On he e e o he
commencemen o Fou h Fi e Yea Plan 489
T ibal De elopmen Blocks had come in o
exis ence o he economic be e men o he
scheduled ibes and in ensi e de elopmen
a eas wi h la ge concen a ion o ibal
popula ions. In his connec ion he ou h plan
en isaged ex ension o hese blocks om 10 o
15 Yea s and in oduc ion o s age III wi h an
allo men o Rs.10 lakhs pe Blocks o Fi e
Yea pe iod. Abou Rs.75 co es we e spen by
he Union Go . o he implemen a ion o
T ibal De elopmen p og ammes du ing he
ou h Fi e Yea Plan pe iod. A numbe o
new p og ammes we e also in oduced,
besides in ensi ying p og ammes, which we e
al eady popula . Land coloniza ion schemes
we e s a ed and se e al T ibal colonies we e
es ablished. Coope a i e. Fa ming Socie ies
had been in oduced and a numbe o
concessions we e o e ed o he ibal people
by Fo es excises
Fi h Fi e Yea Plan -In iew o he
weaknesses o he ea lie a ea based
p og amme iz. T ibal de elopmen Blocks
and T ibal De elopmen Agencies a new
s a egy was e ol ed in he i h i e yea plan
o he ounda ion o sub plan o he a eas o
ibal concen a ion. This is in ended o
achie e an in ensi y o a en ion o he ibal
IJAAR Vol. 6 No. 40 ISSN – 2347-7075
D . Anu a h Chand e
529
a eas and de ise measu es o sui e hei local
e hos. Abou 2/3 o ibal popula ion in he
coun y is es ima ed o be co e ed by he sub
plans as we e in ope a ion in he Fi h plan.
The Six h Plan (1980-85) sough o ensu e a
highe deg ee o de olu ion o unds, so ha a
leas 50 pe cen o he ibal amilies could be
p o ided assis ance o c oss he po e y line.
Se en h Plan (1985-90), - he e was
subs an ial inc ease in he low o unds o he
de elopmen o STs, esul ing in he expansion
o in as uc u al acili ies and enla gemen o
co e age. Emphasis was laid on he
educa ional de elopmen o STs. Fo he
economic de elopmen o STs, wo na ional
le el ins i u ions we e se up, iz. (1) T ibal
Coope a i e Ma ke ing De elopmen
Fede a ion (TRIFED) in 1987 as an apex body
o S a e T ibal De elopmen Coope a i e
Co po a ions, and (ii) Na ional Scheduled
Cas es and Scheduled T ibes Finance and
De elopmen Co po a ion (NSFDC) in 1989.
The o me was assigned o p o ide
emune a i e p ices o he o es and
ag icul u e p oduce o ibal, while he la e
was in ended o p o ide c edi suppo o
employmen gene a ion.
Eigh h yea Plan (1992-97),- e o s we e
in ensi ied o b idge he gap be ween he le els
o de elopmen o STs and he o he sec ions
o he socie y. The Plan no only emphasised
elimina ion o exploi a ion, bu also paid
a en ion o he special p oblems o
supp ession o igh s, land aliena ion, non-
paymen o minimum wages and es ic ions
on he igh o collec mino o es p oduces,
e c. Howe e , a en ion on p io i y basis was
con inued o be paid on he socio-economic up
li men o STs.
The Nin h i e yea Plan (1997-2002) aimed
o empowe STs by c ea ing an enabling
en i onmen conduci e o hem o exe cise
hei igh s eely, enjoy hei p i ileges and
lead a li e o sel con idence and digni y, a
pa wi h he es he o socie y. This p ocess
essen ially encompassed h ee i al
componen s, iz. (I) Social Empowe men ; (ii)
Economic Empowe men ; and (iii) Social
Jus ice.
Communi y De elopmen Blocks:
While ST- ela ed Minis ies and
Depa men s implemen gene al de elopmen
policies and p og ammes, he nodal Minis y
o T ibal A ai s implemen s ce ain ST-
Speci ic inno a i e p og ammes, I was
en isaged ha he Communi y De elopmen
Blocks would c ea e a new h us o
de elopmen and sel -sus ained g ow h in u al
a eas. The e o e, e e y aspec o communi y
li e was b ough unde he pu iew o his
p og amme. The Communi y De elopmen
Blocks ini ia ed a wide spec um o se ices
o he de elopmen o ag icul u e, animal
husband y, educa ion, heal h, communica ion,
co age indus ies, e c. in u al a eas. Bu a he
same ime, all he geog aphical a eas, which
we e b ough unde he pu iew o
Communi y De elopmen Blocks, had no ye
eached he same le el o de elopmen .
The e o e, o each Block, such de elopmen
plans had o be d awn as ma ched wi h he
speci ic needs and economic po en ial o he
Block. To gi e p ope di ec ions o he Blocks
o d awing and implemen a ion o di e en
schemes, and o ensu e in ol emen and
pa icipa ion o people in he p ocess o
de elopmen , Dis ic Ad iso y Commi ees
we e o med. The p ima y objec i e o he
Communi y De elopmen P og amme was o
achie e u al de elopmen . This was
en isaged by making a ailable he equi ed
se ices a he doo s o he people. Bu emo e
a eas we e inaccessible and he e was almos
o al absence o addi ional in as uc u al
acili ies. The e o e, special e o s and g ea e
IJAAR Vol. 6 No. 40 ISSN – 2347-7075
D . Anu a h Chand e
530
inancial in es men we e equi ed o ex end
he se ices a ailable unde he Communi y
De elopmen P og amme o ibal a eas. In
keeping wi h his iew, i was decided in 1954
o ex end he p og amme o Communi y
De elopmen Blocks o ibal a eas. Ini ially
43 such Blocks we e elec ed o his pu pose.
Conclusion:
While he e ha e been posi i e s eps
owa ds ibal de elopmen in India, he
jou ney is a om comple e. Add essing he
unde lying issues o land igh s, educa ion,
heal hca e, economic oppo uni ies, and social
in eg a ion is essen ial o sus ainable
de elopmen and imp o ing he quali y o li e
o ibal communi ies. Al hough an impo an
loophole in he o m o land leases was le
open, ibes made some gains in he mid-
wen ie h cen u y. Despi e conside able
obs uc ion by local police and land o icials,
who we e slow o delinea e ibal holdings and
slowe s ill o o e police p o ec ion, some
land was e u ned o mo e ocused and
coo dina ed e o s, along wi h communi y
in ol emen and empowe men , a e necessa y
o achie e meaning ul and las ing changes.
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