169
Neo opical Ich hyology, 6(2):169-174, 2008
Copy igh © 2008 Sociedade B asilei a de Ic iologia
Cha acidium xan hop e um (Os a iophysi: Cha aci o mes: C enuchidae):
a new species om he Cen al B azilian Pla eau
Luiz G. G. Sil ei a1, F ancisco Langeani1, We e son J. da G aça2, Ca la S. Pa anelli2
and Paulo A. Buckup3
Cha acidium xan hop e um is desc ibed om ibu a ies o he uppe io Pa aná and uppe io Tocan ins basins, in he Cen al
B azilian Pla eau, Goiás S a e, B azil. The new species is diagnosed among congene s by he absence o da k ba s on he sides
o he body in adul specimens, and by he deep yellow colo a ion in all ins. On ogene ic change o colo pa e n is eco ded
o he i s ime o Cha acidium species. Specimens smalle han 32 mm SL possess da k ba s on body. These ba s disappea
wi h g ow h be ween 32 and 35 mm SL, and a e always absen in indi iduals la ge han 35 mm SL.
Cha acidium xan hop e um é desc i a de ibu á ios das bacias do al o Pa aná e do al o Tocan ins, no Planal o Cen al do
B asil, Es ado de Goiás, B asil. En e as congêne es, a no a espécie é diagnos icada pela ausência de ba as escu as nas
po ções la e ais do co po em exempla es adul os, e pela p esença de odas as nadadei as o emen e ama eladas, sem ma cas
ou manchas. Exempla es meno es de 32 mm CP ap esen am ba as escu as no co po. Es as ba as desapa ecem com o c escimen o
en e 32 e 35 mm CP, e es ão semp e ausen es em indi íduos maio es do que 35 mm CP.
Key wo ds: Cha acidiinae, Sou h Ame ican da e s, Uppe io Pa aná, Uppe io Tocan ins, Taxonomy, Sexual in-hooks.
1Uni e sidade Es adual Paulis a – UNESP, Depa amen o de Zoologia e Bo ânica, Rua C is ó ão Colombo, 2265, 15054-000 São José do
Rio P e o, São Paulo, B azil. [email p o ec ed] (LGGS), [email p o ec ed] (FL)
2Uni e sidade Es adual de Ma ingá, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Ic iologia e Aqüicul u a, P og ama de Pós G aduação em Ecologia
de Ambien es Aquá icos Con inen ais, A . Colombo 5790, 87020-900 Ma ingá, Pa aná, B azil. [email p o ec ed] (WJG),
[email p o ec ed] (CSP)
3Museu Nacional – UFRJ, Depa amen o de Ve eb ados, Quin a da Boa Vis a, 20940-040 Rio de Janei o, Rio de Janei o, B azil.
[email p o ec ed]
In oduc ion
The genus Cha acidium Reinha d con ains 51 alid spe-
cies o small (smalle han 10 cm SL) ishes dis ibu ed in mos
eshwa e d ainages om eas e n Panama o A gen ina
(Buckup, 2003). The alpha- axonomy o he genus is s ill poo ly
known, and se e al species ha e been desc ibed in he las
ew yea s (e.g., Buckup & Reis, 1997; Buckup & Hahn, 2000;
Za ske & Gé y, 2001; Melo & Buckup, 2002; Tapho n e al.,
2006; G aça e al., in p ess). Buckup (1993b) p o isionally
diagnosed Cha acidium (in a phylogene ic sense) by he
p esence o a black spo nea he base o he middle caudal-
in ays.
Melo & Buckup (2002) desc ibed Cha acidium s igmosum
om he io Pa anã d ainage ( io Tocan ins basin), ema king
ha i was he i s species o Cha acidium desc ibed om
no he n a eas o he B azilian S a e o Goiás, which is loca ed
in he Cen al B azilian Pla eau, an a ea d ained by headwa e
ibu a ies o h ee majo Sou h Ame ican i e basins (Pa aná,
São F ancisco, and Tocan ins). An addi ional species o
Cha acidium om he Cen al B azilian Pla eau is desc ibed
he ein. I has been collec ed in ibu a ies o he uppe Pa aná
and uppe Tocan ins i e basins in he B azilian S a e o Goiás.
Cu en ly, only ou species o Cha acidium ha e been o -
mally e e ed o he uppe io Pa aná d ainage ou side o he
Cen al B azilian Pla eau, Cha acidium ascia um Reinha d ,
C. gomesi T a assos, C. oi icicai T a assos, and C. schuba i
T a assos (Buckup, 2007). Excep o C. s igmosum, no o he
species o Cha acidium has been o mally desc ibed om
he Tocan ins d ainage.
Ma e ials and Me hods
All measu emen s we e aken wi h a digi al calipe o he
nea es 0.01 mm unde a s e eomic oscope. De ini ions o
measu emen s, coun s and he desc ip i e p o ocol ollow
Buckup (1993a). Measu emen s and coun s o bila e al s uc-
u es we e ob ained on he le side o he specimens. Coun s
in he ex a e ollowed by hei equency in pa en heses, and
an as e isk indica es alues o he holo ype. The sex o some
Cha acidium xan hop e um a new species om he Cen al B azilian Pla eau
170
specimens was con i med by dissec ion. Specimens we e
clea ed and s ained acco ding o p ocedu es o Taylo & Van
Dyke (1985). Skele al and oo h coun s we e aken om clea ed
and s ained (cs) specimens only. Coun s o os eological cha -
ac e s om clea ed and s ained specimens e e o le / igh
side, espec i ely. Mo phome ic da a a e p esen ed only o
specimens la ge han 25 mm s anda d leng h (SL). The dis-
sec ion p o ocol ollows Wei zman (1974), excep o he
ce a ohyals, hypohyals and associa ed b anchios egal ays,
which we e le a ached o he b anchial appa a us. Ins i u-
ional abb e ia ions a e lis ed in Le i on e al. (1985), wi h
he excep ion o DZSJRP (Coleção de Peixes do Depa amen o
de Zoologia e Bo ânica de São José do Rio P e o), and NUP
(Coleção Ic iológica do Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia,
Ic iologia e Aqüicul u a, Uni e sidade Es adual de Ma ingá).
The abb e ia ion “mun.” s ands o he B azilian Po uguese
wo d município (municipali y).
Cha acidium xan hop e um, new species
Figs. 1-3
Cha acidium sp. Pa anelli e al., 2007:60 [B azil, Goiás, io
Co umbá basin; check lis ].
Holo ype. DZSJRP 10474, 47.3 mm SL, B azil, Goiás, Mun. Caldas
No as, iacho ou side o Pa que Es adual de Caldas No as, 17°46’9"S
48°39’19"W, 8 Jun 2007, eam om Labo a ó io de Ic iologia,
Depa amen o de Zoologia e Bo ânica, IBILCE/UNESP.
Pa a ypes. All om B azil, Goiás. Uppe io Pa aná basin, io
Pa anaíba d ainage: Mun. Bela Vis a de Goiás: DZSJRP 6491, 4,
34.7-36.2 mm SL, io Co umbá, A apuca a m, 17º4’6"S
48º43’49"W, 29 Ap 2004, D. O. Ta a es e al.; DZSJRP 6508, 1,
42.2 mm SL, unnamed có ego ibu a y o io A apuca, A apuca
a m, 17º05’32"S 48º43’47"W, 29 Ap 2004, D. O. Ta a es e al.;
DZSJRP 6853, 2, 38.8-42.0 mm SL, io Co umbá, A apuca a m,
17º5’32"S 48º43’47"W, 13 Jul 2004, D. O. Ta a es e al.; DZSJRP
6980, 6 + 1 cs, 32.2-44.5 mm SL, io Co umbá, 17º5’34"S
48º43’49"W, 2 No 2004, D. O. Ta a es e al.; DZSJRP 7041, 1,
35.2 mm SL, io Co umbá, GO-020 highway, Km 78, 17º4’7"S
48º43’59"W, 6 Feb 2005, D. O. Ta a es e al.; DZSJRP 7060, 4 + 1
cs, 30.4-36.1 mm SL, io Co umbá, GO-020 highway, Km 78,
17º5’33"S 48º43’47"W, 7 Feb 2005, D. O. Ta a es e al. Mun.
Caldas No as: DZSJRP 10797, 1, 44.9 mm SL, collec ed wi h he
holo ype. [Mun. Co omandel]: MNRJ 11481, 20, 19.6-33.1 mm
SL, unnamed có ego ibu a y o io Ve de, on he downhill oad
owa ds he io Ve de (mou h o io Ve de is loca ed a 18º3’33"S
47º16’59"W), 28 Ap 1986, G. W. Nunan & D. F. Mo aes J . Mun.
Ca alão: MNRJ 19729, 1, 45.1 mm SL, có ego Taqua i, a le bank
ibu a y o io São Ma cos, 17º43’5"S 47º34’25"W, 25 Sep 1999,
C. A. Figuei edo e al.; MNRJ 19842, 2, 38.6-47.1 mm SL, có ego
P a a, a igh bank ibu a y o io São Ma cos, 17º47’24"S
47º35’46"W, 21 Sep 1999, F. A. Bockmann e al. Mun. Minei os:
MNRJ 20256, 7, 28.7-33.1 mm SL, and MNRJ 20257, 6, 36.1-39.1
mm SL, có ego Coquei os, BR-364, 17º30’25"S 52º32’18"W, 12
No 2000, F. A. G. Melo e al. Mun. Co umbaíba: NUP 4414, 15,
32.8-40.4 mm SL, and NUP 4415, 2 cs, 37.6-42.0 mm SL, có ego
Gamelei a, ibu a y o le ma gin o io Co umbá, 17º59’S 48º29’W,
12 Oc 1996, Nupélia.
Addi ional examined specimens. All om B azil, Goiás, uppe
Tocan ins basin: Mun. Niquelândia: MNRJ 11540, 21, 27.4-35.6
mm SL, iacho do Pad e, igh bank ibu a y o io Tocan inzinho,
14º8’30"S 48º05’W, 11 Oc 1985; MNRJ 11542, 3, 26.0-30.7 mm
SL, 14º18’S 48º7’30"W, 11 Oc 1985. Mun. São João do Cas elão:
MNRJ 13288, 35, 13.1-24.0 mm SL, calca eous sink (dolina) o a
ibu a y o io Cas elo G ande, a igh bank ibu a y o io
Ma anhão, 11 Oc 1985. Mun. Minaçu: MZUSP 53404, 20, 30.5-
39.9 mm SL, unnamed có ego ibu a y o io Tocan inzinho,
14º2’12"S 48º13’22"W, 19 Dec 1995. MZUSP 53422, 3, 37.4-43.1
mm SL, ibu a y o io Tocan inzinho, 14º2’27"S 48º12’22"W, 20
Dec 1995.
Diagnosis. Cha acidium xan hop e um is diagnosed among
congene s by he b igh yellow in colo a ion, and by he
absence o conspicuous da k ba s along he sides o body in
indi iduals la ge han 35 mm SL ( s da k ba s o ma ks p esen
on he sides o he body in specimens o all sizes in he e-
maining species o Cha acidium).
Desc ip ion. Based on specimens om uppe io Pa aná ba-
sin. Mo phome ic da a in Table 1. A medium-sized
Cha acidium, la ges specimen examined 47.3 mm SL. Body
Fig. 1. Cha acidium xan hop e um, holo ype, DZSJRP 10474, 47.3 mm SL, eshly p ese ed specimen.
L. G. G. Sil ei a, F. Langeani, W. J. da G aça, C. S. Pa anelli & P. A. Buckup 171
comp essed. Do sal p o ile con ex be ween an e io ip o
snou and do sal- in o igin, excep o small conca i y a su-
p aoccipi al p ocess, almos s aigh be ween bases o do sal
and caudal ins. Ven al p o ile con ex om lowe lip o pel-
ic- in inse ion, s aigh be ween pel ic- in inse ion and
anal- in o igin, sligh ly conca e om anal- in o igin o cau-
dal- in base.
Snou ounded in do sal iew, i s ip aligned wi h en al
ma gin o o bi . Mou h small, e minal; maxilla mode a ely elon-
ga e, eaching e ical line h ough an e io hi d o o bi .
O bi sligh ly la ge han snou leng h. Cheek shallow, i s
dep h abou hal o o bi diame e . Na es dis inc ly sepa a ed;
pos e io na is close o eye han o an e io na is; ma gin o
an e io na is aised, o ming ci cula im, wi hou de mal laps;
pos e io na is di ec ed backwa ds, wi h im aised and no
o ming de mal laps.
A leas 1-2 medial lowe -jaw ee h icuspid. Den a y ee h
in single se ies, 8/8(1), 9/9(1) o 10/8(1), dec easing g adually
in size om symphysis owa ds la e al pos e io po ion o
den a y. P emaxilla y ee h 6/6(1), 7/7(1) o 8/8(1), mos ly uni-
cuspid, occasionally wi h e y small la e al cusps on
medialmos ee h, dec easing g adually in size om symphy-
sis owa ds la e al pos e io po ion o p emaxilla y. Maxilla y
ee h absen . Ec op e ygoid conical ee h in a single se ies o
11/11, 10/13 o 14/14. Mesop e ygoid ee h absen .
B anchios egal ays 4/4(2) o 4/5(1); 3 o 4 a an e io
ce a ohyal, 1 a pos e io ce a ohyal. Sup ao bi al p esen ,
somewha iangula in do sal iew, wi h an e io ma gin wide
han pos e io one; medial ma gin sligh ly conca e, abu ing
on al. Pa ie al b anch o sup ao bi al canal p esen , ex end-
ing h ough almos wo hi ds o pa ie al. Pa ie al on anel
limi ed an e io ly by on als.
O bi osphenoid sligh ly ec angula in la e al iew, con-
nec ed an e io ly o hinosphenoid, wi h ee pos e io - en-
al ma gin conca e. P e osphenoid o amen o oph halmic
ne e ela i ely small, o med by unnel c ossing
p e osphenoid diagonally, bo de ed en ally by bony c es
ha conceals he b ain ca i y om la e al iew.
Scales cycloid; abou 10-12 adii on pos e io ield o scale
loca ed immedia ely below 10 h scale o la e al line. La e al line
comple e, wi h 32(15), 33(7), 34(38*), 35(2) o 36(4) pe o a ed
scales. Scale ows abo e la e al line 3(51), 4(14*); scale ows
below la e al line 3(63*). Scale ows a ound caudal peduncle
10(5), 12(59*). Scales in egula p edo sal se ies 8(2), 9(20),
10(23*), 11(10). Scales om base o do sal in o o igin o
adipose in 7(6), 8(15*), 9(29), 10(7). Is hmus comple ely co -
e ed wi h scales. Pseudo ympanum p esen , ep esen ed by
muscle hia us a e ical h ough an e io po ion o swim
bladde be ween i s and second pleu al ibs.
Do sal- in ays ii,8(4), ii,9(36*) o ii,10(22). Adipose in
p esen . Pec o al- in ays iii,8(31), iii,9(33*) o iii,10(1), in some
specimens eaching pel ic- in o igin. Pel ic- in i,8(65*), in
some specimens eaching anal- in o igin. Anal- in ays,
ii,6(54*) o ii,7(9); in elemen s (i.e., adna e ays) on las
p e ygiopho e 2(58*), coun ed as single ay in o al coun .
P incipal caudal- in ays 9(3), 10(42*), 11(1) on do sal lobe,
9(42*) on en al lobe. Ma u e males wi h a leas i e well-
de eloped sexual hooks on do sal su ace o i s i e
b anched and unb anched pec o al and pel ic in- ays; some
wi h hooks only on pel ic ins. Only one hook pe ay-seg-
men , usually absen on he i s p oximal iden i iable seg-
men .
To al numbe o e eb ae 32(1), 33(2). Swim bladde well
de eloped, ex ending h ough en i e leng h o isce al ca -
i y. Sup aneu al bones 5(2), 6(1), an e io o neu al spine o
i h o six h cen um. Epu al bones 2(2), 3(1). Single pai o
u oneu al bones p esen (3).
Colo in alcohol. G ound colo o head and body b own-
pu ple. Ope cula bones and pec o al gi dle pale yellow. Ch o-
ma opho es dis ibu ed o e en i e su ace o head, spa se a
gula a ea; do sal po ion o head and body da k, ligh e en-
ally. All scales, excep en al ones, wi h ch oma opho es
concen a ed a hei pos e io ma gin, o ming checke ed
pa e n. Adul specimens wi h b own, da k and pale yellow
pigmen a ion, uni o mly checke ed, excep o inconspicu-
ous midla e al longi udinal s ipe, posi ioned sligh ly abo e
la e al line. Da k hume al blo ch usually conspicuous, e i-
cally elonga e. Da k, oblique s ipe ex ending om uppe lip
o an e io ma gin o o bi . Black spo sligh ly e ically ex-
panded nea base o middle caudal- in ays inconspicuous o
absen . All ins pale yellow. Specimens smalle han 32 mm SL
wi h eigh o 11 e ical ba s on sides o body, shaped as
in e ed isosceles iangles, da ke on do sal po ion; hume al
blo ch pa ially me ged in o i s ba ; black, hin s ipe p esen ;
da k spo p esen a base o middle caudal- in ays. Fins hya-
line, wi h sca e ed ch oma opho es along ays (Fig. 2).
Colo in eshly p ese ed specimens. Body almos en i ely
b own- eddish; cheek, ope cula egion, and la e al po ion
o pec o al gi dle yellow; in ays b igh yellow. Do sal po -
ion o head, ope cle, and hume al blo ch conspicuously da k.
Inconspicuous, na ow midla e al longi udinal s ipe, unning
sligh ly abo e la e al line, om hume al blo ch o caudal pe-
duncle.
Sexual dimo phism. Ma u e males wi h sexual hooks on un-
b anched and b anched ays o pec o al and pel ic ins (mos
e iden in MNRJ 11481). Small, inconspicuous hooks obse ed
on pel ic- in ays o imma u e males.
Geog aphic a ia ion. The desc ip ion abo e is based on speci-
mens om he uppe io Pa aná basin. To p o ide compa a i e
mo phome ic da a, specimens om he uppe io Tocan ins
basin we e also measu ed (Addi ional examined specimens;
Table 1). These specimens di e in he numbe o scale ows
a ound he caudal peduncle (12 o 14, mode=14 s 10 o 12,
mode=12 in specimens om he uppe Pa aná basin) and deepe
cheek (7.1-10.1, mean= 8.3 s 10.4-19.8, mean=15.1% o head
leng h in specimens om he uppe io Pa aná basin). Due o
he o e lap and indi idual a ia ion o me is ic da a be ween
he samples om hese wo i e d ainages, he uppe Tocan ins
Cha acidium xan hop e um a new species om he Cen al B azilian Pla eau
172
popula ion is no conside ed a di e en species.
Dis ibu ion and habi a . Cha acidium xan hop e um is
known om ibu a ies o he io Pa anaíba d ainage, uppe
io Pa aná basin, and ibu a ies o he uppe io Tocan ins
basin in he S a e o Goiás, B azil (Fig. 3). Mos specimens
we e collec ed in habi a s wi h i les, ocky bed wi h pebbles,
and sand deposi s.
E ymology. F om he G eek xan hos (yellow) and p e on ( in)
meaning yellow in, in a e e ence o he b igh yellow ins o
li ing specimens. An adjec i e.
Discussion
Mos species o Cha acidium ha e eig h o 11 da k la -
e al e ical ba s on he body (e.g., C. ascia um, C. gomesi,
C. es igipinne, C. zeb a). Psammophilic species p esen mo e
han 13 e ical ba s (C. heinianum, C. longum, C. pellucidum,
C. p e oides), and o he species ha e dis inc ypes o ma k-
ings on he body (C. lau oi species g oup, C. se ano, C.
s igmosum). In con as , da k e ical ba s o ma ks a e al-
ways absen in indi iduals o C. xan hop e um la ge han 35
mm SL. Indi iduals smalle han 32 mm SL possess a colo
pa e n simila o C. zeb a, i.e. ans e se ba s along body
Fig. 2. Cha acidium xan hop e um, pa a ypes, MNRJ 11481, (A) 34.8 mm SL, (B) 32.1 mm SL, (C) 30.6 mm SL, and (D) 22.5 mm SL.
L. G. G. Sil ei a, F. Langeani, W. J. da G aça, C. S. Pa anelli & P. A. Buckup 173
sides and a black spo nea he base o he middle caudal- in
ays, bu he ba s and basicaudal spo disappea wi h g ow h
be ween 32 and 35 mm SL. Du ing on ogeny, he ba s and
basicaudal spo also become p og essi ely ain e , un il dis-
appea ing comple ely. In he uppe io Pa aná basin, he ju e-
nile pa e n o la e al body ba s is also p esen in Cha acidium
sp. c . C. zeb a. Ju eniles o C. xan hop e um can be dis in-
guished om ju eniles o Cha acidium sp. c . C. zeb a (smalle
han 32 mm SL – MZUSP 40503, MZUSP 40515, MNRJ 19842
and MNRJ 21342) by he la ge pec o al- in leng h (24.7-33.2,
mean = 28.6 s 18.4-30.7, mean = 26.5% SL), a deepe cheek
(10.4-19.8, mean = 15.1 s 5.7-12.0, mean = 7.7% HL), and a
smalle o bi al diame e (25.6-33.4, mean = 28.7 s 28.5-37.9,
mean = 34.0% HL). Ju enile specimens om he emaining
Cha acidium species occu ing a he uppe io Pa aná ba-
sin, such as C. ascia um and C. gomesi, also possess a simi-
la colo pa e n, bu can be easily dis inguished om C.
xan hop e um by he lack o scales in he is hmus.
Adul males o Cha acidium occiden ale, C. o ien ale, C.
acho ii, and C. es igipinne a e epo ed as possessing b igh
o ange o ed-colo ed ins (Buckup & Hahn, 2000). In con as ,
all ins o Cha acidium xan hop e um a e deep yellow colo ed
in males and emales o all size classes. Cha acidium
xan hop e um, howe e , also lacks he synapomo phy lis ed
by Melo & Buckup (2002) o a pu a i e monophyle ic clade
ha includes hose species and C. s igmosum (i.e., black pig-
men a ion o dis al po ion o anal and pel ic ins).
Recen ly, Pa anelli & B i ski (1999) sugges ed ha he io
Fig. 3. Map o cen al B azil, showing dis ibu ion o
Cha acidium xan hop e um. A ow indica es ype-locali y
(Caldas No as, Goiás S a e, uppe io Pa aná basin), com-
ple e ci cles ep esen locali ies in he uppe io Pa aná basin,
and open ci cles ep esen locali ies in he uppe io Tocan ins
basin. Symbols may ep esen mo e han one lo o locali y.
Table 1. Mo phome ic da a o Cha acidium xan hop e um samples om he uppe io Pa aná basin based on DZSJRP 6491 (n=3),
DZSJRP 6508 (n=1), DZSJRP 6853 (n=2), DZSJRP 6980 (n=6), DZSJRP 7041 (n=1), DZSJRP 7060 (n=4), DZSJRP 10474 (holo ype),
DZSJRP 10797 (n=1), MNRJ 11481 (n=17), MNRJ 19729 (n=1), MNRJ 19842 (n=2), MNRJ 20256 (n=5), MNRJ 20257 (n=6), and NUP
4414 (n=15) and samples om he uppe io Tocan ins basin based on MNRJ 11431 (n=18). N is numbe o specimens.
Uppe io Pa aná Uppe io Tocan ins
Cha ac e Holo ype Range Mean
S anda d
De ia ion N
Range Mean S anda d
De ia ion N
S anda d leng h (mm) 47.3 26.4-47.3 34.4 4.8 62 25.6-38.0 32.0 3.8 18
Pe cen s o s anda d leng h
P epec o al dis ance 23.4 23.4-27.9 25.7 1.1 61 25.2-29.9 26.8 1.2 18
P edo sal dis ance 49.5 49.2-53.8 51.3 1.1 60 51.1-56.7 52.8 1.4 18
P epel ic dis ance 51.5 51.5-56.9 54.6 1.2 61 55.2-59.2 56.9 1.2 18
P eanal dis ance 75.5 75.5-83.1 79.7 1.4 59 74.1-84.1 81.8 2.2 18
Anal o apex dis ance 94.7 94.1-102.1 97.7 1.9 58 99.2-103.6 101.5 1.3 18
Body wid h 12.6 11.1-15.1 12.8 0.8 62 12.2-14.3 12.9 0.6 18
Body dep h a do sal- in o igin 25.1 23.1-29.0 25.3 1.2 60 22.6-27.0 25.3 1.1 18
Body dep h a anal- in o igin 18.1 13.8-19.3 16.7 1.2 61 15.2-18.3 17.1 0.8 18
Body dep h a caudal peduncle 11.3 9.7-12.6 11.0 0.7 62 11.2-13.6 12.6 0.7 18
Head leng h 23.2 23.2-27.6 25.5 1.0 61 25.2-29.9 26.8 1.2 18
Do sal- in base leng h 15.8 13.7-18.6 15.7 1.1 61 13.9-16.4 15.3 0.7 18
Anal- in base leng h 8.7 6.3-10.8 8.3 0.9 62 8.0-9.8 8.8 0.6 18
Pel ic- in leng h 23.0 21.6-27.4 23.8 1.4 59 22.9-26.6 24.4 1.0 18
Pec o al- in leng h 24.7 24.7-33.2 28.6 2.0 59 27.5-32.6 30.5 1.4 18
Do sal- in leng h 26.9 24.9-32.2 28.4 1.7 62 26.1-29.2 27.7 0.8 18
Anal- in leng h 19.9 16.6-22.1 18.8 1.1 62 17.7-22.3 21.0 1.2 18
Caudal-peduncle leng h 27.4 22.1-29.5 25.7 1.9 44 24.3-28.6 27.4 1.1 17
Pe cen s o head leng h
Snou leng h 27.7 22.5-29.4 25.6 1.6 59 24.7-27.5 25.6 0.7 18
Snou o maxilla y ip 28.0 24.3-33.0 27.7 2.2 58 25.3-28.7 27.1 1.0 18
An e io na is o o bi 15.3 10.5-15.3 12.7 1.1 59 11.5-14.3 12.9 0.8 18
Pos e io na is o o bi 9.6 4.4-9.6 6.7 1.1 62 5.7-8.4 7.2 0.8 18
Cheek dep h 10.5 10.4-19.8 15.1 3.0 55 7.1-10.1 8.3 0.8 18
O bi al diame e 25.6 25.6-33.4 28.7 2.0 60 25.7-31.8 28.5 1.8 18
In e o bi al dis ance 32.1 27.1-35.1 31.3 2.0 59 27.9-33.5 30.8 1.7 18
Cha acidium xan hop e um a new species om he Cen al B azilian Pla eau
174
Pa anaíba d ainage co esponds o an a ea o endemism ha
ha bo s a ish auna somewha dis inc om he emainde o
he uppe io Pa aná basin. This endemism was a ibu ed o a
se ies o apids which ep esen ba ie s o ish dispe sal be-
ween he uppe and lowe po ions o he basin. Species ha
a e conside ed endemic o he io Pa anaíba d ainage include
Oligosa cus planal inae Menezes & Gé y, Phenaco hamdia
uni ascia a B i ski, S eindachne ina co umbae Pa anelli &
B i ski, Planal ina mye si Böhlke, and C eag u us a ii Ribei o
e al. The dis ibu ion o Cha acidium xan hop e um sug-
ges s ha he io Pa anaíba a ea o endemism may ac ually
ex ends no hwa ds beyond he limi s o he uppe io Pa aná
basin in o he headwa e s o he Tocan ins basin. Fu u e ield-
wo k, mainly in uppe io Tocan ins basin, may help unde -
s and he ela ionships be ween ish species om headwa e s
o he uppe Pa aná and uppe Tocan ins i e basins.
Ma e ial examined (all om B azil, ange o SL is gi en in millime e s).
Cha acidium ascia um: MNRJ 11479, 1, 45.7, Goiás, Ca alão, có ego
Taqua i, a le bank ibu a y o io São Ma cos, 17º43’5"S 47º34’25"W.
Cha acidium gomesi: DZSJRP 5653, 2, 43.8-48.3, Goiás, Mon i idiu,
có ego Fo mosa, Km 77 oad GO-174, be ween Amo inópolis and
Mon i idiu, Pa anaíba, 17º9’37"S 51º9’34"W; NUP 1092, 7, 40.0-52.1
Goiás, Caldas No as, io Co umbá ibu a y o io Pa anaíba, 17°34’24"S
48°29’50"W; NUP 3815, 1, 41.2, Goiás, Te esópolis, có ego Ma ia
Paula, 16º28’14"S 49º06’14"W; NUP 3816, 2, 40.0-57.5, Goiás, Anápolis,
có ego Cunha, 16º20’25"S 49º07’2"W. Cha acidium sp. c . C. zeb a:
DZSJRP 6415, 1, 32.8, Goiás, C is alina, unnamed c eek ibu a y o le
ma gin o io Painei as, Km 163.5, GO-020, 800 m o BR-050, Pa anaíba;
DZSJRP 10412, 1, 22.0, Goiás, Bu i i Aleg e, c eek on oad GO-210,
en ance o Bu i i Aleg e, be o e ibei ão Desemboque, 18º7’42"S
49º13’28"W; DZSJRP 10530, 1, 52.7, Goiás, Co umbaíba, unnamed
c eek unde b idge on oad GO-406 (Ipame i-Co umbaíba), 18º6’36"S
48º30’13"W; MNRJ 21342, 6, 35.1-38.7, Minas Ge ais, Unaí, unnamed
c eek, No h o Unaí c oss he oad MG-188 o Wes ( io P e o basin);
MNRJ 19842, 12, 19.0-24.2, Goiás, Ca alão, có ego da P a a, ibu a y
o igh ma gin o io São Ma cos; MZUSP 40515, 68, 22.4-30.5, Goiás,
Al o ada de Goiás, unnamed c eek ibu a y o io Co en e, oad GO-
236, 15 km o Al o ada de Goiás; MZUSP 40503, 6, 24.9-27.4, Goiás,
Flo es de Goiás, unnamed c eek ibu a y o igh ma gin o io San a
Ma ia, oad GO 236, 22 km o Flo es de Goiás; NUP 1196, 100, 40.0-
68.9, Goiás, Caldas No as, io Co umbá, ibu a y o io Pa anaíba,
17°34’24"S 48°29’50"W; NUP 1206, 54, 42.0-69.0, Goiás, Caldas No-
as, có ego Gamelei a ibu a y o io Co umbá, 17°59’S 48°29’W;
NUP 1384, 4, 53.0-75.8, Pa aná, Jussa a, io Abelha ibu a y o io I aí,
23°36’S 52°28’W; NUP 2302, 3, 52.0-65.0, Goiás, Minei os, io
Fo moso, Pa que Nacional das Emas, 18º15’S 53º00’W.
Acknowledgmen s
We a e g a e ul o A. Fialho (PUC-GO), and J. La ini (Nupélia-
UEM) o in o ma ion abou ibu a ies o io Pa anaíba basin.
Fo loans o compa a i e ma e ial, we hank o M. de Pinna, and
O.T. Oyakawa (MZUSP); M. Lucena, and R.E. Reis (MCP). Fi-
nancial suppo came om FAPESP (Fundação de Ampa o à
Pesquisa do Es ado de São Paulo, P og ama Bio a/Fapesp, P oc.
04/00545-8, o FL) and CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desen ol i-
men o Cien í ico e Tecnológico, P oc. 311975/2006-2 o CSP and
P oc. 308387/2003-1, 309711/2006-1 and 474788/2006-7 o PAB).
Nupélia and Fu nas Cen ais Elé icas S/A p o ided logis ic sup-
po o ield wo k in he io Co umbá basin. LGGS and WJG we e
suppo ed by g an s om CAPES (Coo denação de
Ape eiçoamen o de Pessoal de Ní el Supe io ).
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Accep ed Ma ch 2008
Published June 28, 2008
