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Neo opical Ich hyology, 7(1):93-102, 2009
Copy igh © 2009 Sociedade B asilei a de Ic iologia
Fishe s’ esou ce mapping and golia h g oupe Epinephelus i aja a
(Se anidae) conse a ion in B azil
Leopoldo Ca ale i Ge ha dinge 1,2, Mau icio Hos im-Sil a3, Rod igo Pe ei a Medei os4,
José Ma a ezi2, Á hila And ade Be oncini1,5, Ma heus Oli ei a F ei as6
and Bea ice Pado ani Fe ei a7
Golia h g oupe (Epinephelus i aja a) agg ega ions and ela i e abundances we e desc ibed and mapped h ough he use o
ishe men’s local ecological knowledge in Babi onga Bay in sou he n B azil. Six well-expe ienced in o man s we e asked o
indi idually p o ide in o ma ion abou golia h g oupe abundance and dis ibu ion, d awn o e a sa elli e image o he s udy
a ea, which was la e o e laid and ga he ed in o a inal map. Acco ding o ou in o man s, he golia h g oupe occu s along a
b oad salini y and dep h ange, om shallow es ua ine a eas (less han 5 m deep) wi h high eshwa e inpu (smalle indi iduals,
up o 150 kg) o coas al ma ine-domina ed en i onmen s (a leas 35 m deep); (la ge indi iduals mo e common, equen ly
eaching mo e han 300 kg). Fishe men e e ed o golia h g oupe s inhabi ing ha d subs a es such as ocky ee s a ound
islands and con inen al sho es, subme ged ocky ou c ops and shipw ecks (ju eniles and adul s). A leas wo agg ega ion
si es mapped ( anging om 2 o 60 indi iduals) could be concluded as spawning agg ega ion si es h ough e idence o high
abundance and spawning ac i i y. P io i y esea ch and conse a ion a ge s we e iden i ied and discussed o Babi onga Bay
(e.g., design o a agging expe imen al p og am and es ablishmen o a ma ine p o ec ed a ea). Fishe s’ esou ce mapping
p o ided a means o exchanging in o ma ion among a ious disciplines while main aining me hodological igo in a clea and
s aigh o wa d way o p esen ing ishe s’ knowledge. The use o ishe s’ ske ch maps is a p omising ool o ma ine conse a ion
in B azil, wi h special ega d o adap i e co-managemen egimes, whe e equen en i onmen al e-e alua ions a e needed.
A abundância ela i a e ag egações de me os Epinephelus i aja a o am desc i as e mapeadas a a és do conhecimen o
ecológico local de pescado es da baía Babi onga, sul do B asil. Seis in o man es mui o expe ien es desenha am indi idualmen e
sob e uma imagem de sa éli e da á ea de es udo in o mações sob e abundância e dis ibuição de me os, seguindo-se de uma
sob eposição das imagens em um mapa inal. O me o oco e ao longo de uma la ga aixa de salinidade e p o undidade
(p incipalmen e ju enis), de á eas es ua inas asas (menos que 5 m de p o undidade) com al a incidência de água doce, a é
ambien es cos ei os ma inhos (ao menos a é 35 m de p o undidade); (indi íduos maio es são mais comuns, alcançando mais de
300 kg). A espécie é ambém encon ada habi ando subs a os consolidados como eci es ochosos ao edo de ilhas e
con inen e, pa céis subme sos e eme sos e nau ágios. Ao menos duas das ag egações mapeadas ( a iando de dois a 60
indi íduos obse ados) pude am se conside adas ag egações ep odu i as a a és de e idências de al a abundância e
a i idade ep odu i a. Ações de pesquisa e conse ação o am iden i icadas e discu idas pa a a baía Babi onga. O mapeamen o
de ecu sos possibili ou uma o ma de oca in o mações en e á ias disciplinas, man endo igo me odológico e ap esen ando
o conhecimen o dos pescado es em uma o ma cla a e di e a. O uso do mapeamen o é uma e amen a p omisso a pa a a
conse ação ma inha, com a enção especial pa a abo dagens de co-ges ão adap a i as, onde equen es ea aliações ambien ais
são necessá ias.
Key wo ds: Ske ch maps, T adi ional ecological knowledge, Spawning agg ega ion, E hnoecology, Babi onga Bay.
1Associação de Es udos Cos ei os e Ma inhos, ECOMAR. Rua D . José And é da C uz, 539, No a Co éia, 45900-000 Ca a elas, BA, B azil.
[email p o ec ed]
2Uni e sidade do Vale do I ajaí, CTTMa , Labo a ó io de Educação Ambien al. Rua U uguai, 458 - Caixa Pos al 360, 88302-202 I ajaí, SC, B azil.
3Uni e sidade Fede al do Espí i o San o, CEUNES, Depa amen o de Ciências da Saúde, Biológicas e Ag á ias. Rua Humbe o de Almeida F ancklin, 257,
29933-415 São Ma eus, ES, B azil.
4Uni e sidade do Vale do I ajaí. Núcleo de Es udos Sociais e Poli icos, NESP. Rua U uguai, 458 - Caixa Pos al 360, 88302-202 I ajaí, SC, B azil.
5Uni e sidade Fede al de São Ca los, Cen o de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, P og ama de Pós-g aduação em Ecologia e Recu sos Na u ais. Rodo ia
Washing on Luiz, Km 235, Monjolinho, Caixa Pos al 676, 13565-905 São Ca los, SP, B azil.
6Uni e sidade Es adual de San a C uz, UESC. P og ama de Pós-G aduação em Sis emas Aquá icos T opicais. Rodo ia Ilhéus-I abuna, Salob inho, 45662-
000 Ilheus, Bahia, B azil.
7Uni e sidade Fede al de Pe nambuco, Depa amen o de Oceanog a ia. A . A qui e u a, s/n, Cidade Uni e si á ia, 50670-901 Reci e, Pe nambuco, B azil.
Fishe s’ esou ce mapping and golia h g oupe conse a ion
94
In oduc ion
Da a equi ed o decisions in ma ine esou ce managemen
a e equen ly ega ded as insu icien o inexis en , especially
when conside ing small geog aphic scales (Johannes, 1998;
Anuchi achee a e al., 2003; D ew, 2005). Whe eas scien i ic
knowledge is well o ganized and documen ed, allowing a
b oad iew o ecosys em unc ioning on a la ge-scale, ishe s
possess de ailed ecological knowledge on a local geog aphic
scale (Johannes e al., 1998; Ma ques, 2001). Ecological
knowledge o local esou ce use s may be a unique sou ce o
in o ma ion in emo e a eas, a om esea ch cen e s, whe e
local ecological a ibu es and p ocesses a e poo ly known
(Aswani & Laue , 2006). Fishe men’s local ecological
knowledge (LEK) and adi ional p ac ices can hus play a
cen al ole in local ma ine esou ce managemen (Haggan e
al., 2007).
In he las wo decades, in e es in ishe men’s LEK has
inc eased signi ican ly (Ruddle, 1994; Hun ing on, 2000;
Diegues & A uda, 2001; Da is & Wagne , 2003). Examples o
such s udies in B azil include olk axonomy (Paz & Begossi,
1996), esea ch examining ishe s’ knowledge o eeding
(Cos a-Ne o e al., 2002), ep oduc i e cycles (Sil ano e al.,
2006), gene al aspec s o he ecology o ma ine ishes
(Ge ha dinge e al., 2006) o ecosys ems, and beha io and
social-ecological changes (Seixas & Be kes, 2003).
The abo e s udies ha e de eloped me hodologies o
documen ing and using LEK, as well as unde s anding he
poli ical and ins i u ional s uc u es necessa y o he
managemen o local esou ces (Da is & Wagne , 2003).
Ne e heless, me hodological ba ie s a e o en conside ed
some o he majo limi ing ac o s o e ec i e engagemen o
LEK in esea ch and managemen o ma ine na u al esou ces
(Hamil on & Wal e , 1999; Neis e al., 1999; Hun ing on, 2000;
Baelde, 2001; Da is & Wagne , 2003; Ge ha dinge e al., 2007).
The use o esou ce use ske ch maps is a p omising ool ha
has inc easingly been a pa o e hno-ecologis s’ app oaches
o ishe s’ LEK documen a ion (Calamia, 1999; Aswani &
Laue , 2006; Begossi, 2006; Langley, 2006; Ge ha dinge e
al., 2007). This me hod p o ides a p ac ical sys em o
ga he ing a a ie y o in o ma ion such as abundance,
beha io and mig a ion o local ma ine esou ces, and
s akeholde spa ial use o he seascape (Calamia, 1999; Aswani
& Laue , 2006).
In ou s udy, ishe s’ ske ch maps we e used o documen
golia h g oupe , Epinephelus i aja a (Lich ens ein, 1822),
habi a use and agg ega ions on he coas o Sou h B azil.
The golia h g oupe , E. i aja a, is he la ges A lan ic g oupe
(Se anidae), eaching mo e han 2 m in leng h and weighing
up o 455 kg (Bullock e al., 1992). This species inhabi s
opical shallow and coas al wa e s o he Ame icas and
wes e n A ica (C aig e al., 2008). The species is mang o e-
dependen , showing a size- ela ed habi a shi (F ias-To es,
2006). La ae om he pelagic en i onmen se le in shallow
coas al wa e s. Ben hic ju eniles li e in es ua ies, usually
associa ed wi h ed mang o e sho elines o high s uc u al
complexi y, and adul s occu in o sho e a eas (less han 50 m
deep), such as co al and ocky ee s and a i icial s uc u es
(F ias-To es, 2006; Koenig e al., 2007). E. i aja a is now
h ea ened by o e - ishing h oughou i s geog aphical ange.
I s la ge size, slow g ow h, la e ma u i y and habi o o ming
spawning agg ega ions all con ibu e o i s ulne abili y, while
habi a deg ada ion o mang o e nu se y a eas (F ias-To es,
2006) has also caused se ious p oblems (Bullock e al., 1992).
The golia h g oupe is also ecognized as a c i ically
endange ed species by he Wo ld Conse a ion Union (Tak-
Chuen & Fe ei a, 2006). Fishing o golia h g oupe has been
p ohibi ed since 1990 in U.S. wa e s and 1993 in he Ca ibbean
(Sado y & Eklund, 1999). In B azil, p o ec ion was implemen ed
in 2002, when he egula ion es ablished a i e-yea ban on
ha es ing, possession and comme cializa ion o his species.
The mo a o ium has ecen ly (2007) been expanded un il 2012.
Du ing his pe iod, esea ch is needed in o de o u he
e alua e i s conse a ion s a us h oughou i s B azilian ange
(Hos im-Sil a e al., 2005; Ge ha dinge e al., 2007).
He e, we discuss how LEK and ske ch maps may be use ul
as ools o golia h g oupe spawning agg ega ion s udy and
conse a ion in he coun y. We also p o ide a desc ip ion o
some o he ongoing ini ia i es and p ospec s o E.i aja a
conse a ion in B azil.
Ma e ial and Me hods
S udy A ea
Babi onga Bay is one o he la ges es ua ine sys ems o
Sou h B azil (Fig. 1) (26 o00’ - 26o40’11”S and 48 o28’56” -
49o00’W). The bay has app oxima ely 130 km2 o wa e su ace
and 6 m o a e age dep h, al hough some deep na iga ion
channels a e as much as 30 m deep. Se e al ocky and lu ial
islands a e ound wi hin he bay which has se e al a eas o
ocky and muddy bo oms. Coas al ege a ion is domina ed
by mang o es (A icennia schaue iana, Laguncula ia
acemosa, Rhizopho a mangle), ma shes and opical A lan ic
ain o es . Babi onga Bay shel e s app oxima ely 33
communi ies, 1089 ishe men and 493 small boa s, o which
only 67% a e mo o ized (Ibama, 1998). The p incipal ishing
gea used consis s o gillne s, bo om awling ne s, long-
lines, cas -ne s and ge i al ( ide/mo o -d i en ne which
a ge s sh imp). The main ishing esou ces a e in ishes
(A iidae, Ca angidae, Mugilidae, Pa alich hyidae,
Poma omidae, Sciaenidae and Se anidae), sh imp, oys e s,
clams and c abs, among o he s (Ibama, 1998; Pinhei o &
C eme , 2004, Ge ha dinge e al., 2006a).
Da a collec ion and analysis
In o de o iden i y he mos knowledgeable ishe s wi h
ega d o E. i aja a ecology and dis ibu ion, each one o he
i e main local ishing communi ies we e isi ed be ween
Decembe 2002 and July 2004. Visi s las ed a minimum o six
hou s, du ing which we app oached ishe s, ish ma ke s and
95
L. C. Ge ha dinge , M. Hos im-Sil a, R. P. Medei os, J. Ma a ezi, Á. A. Be oncini, M. O. F ei as & B. P. Fe ei a
ishe s’ associa ion s a and asked hem o indica e hose
who would mos likely p o ide us wi h he bes in o ma ion
on E. i aja a. A small numbe o ishe s we e ecognized as
“golia h g oupe expe s” a each communi y, so ha expe
e e ences apidly con e ged o a ew names ( wo o h ee) in
each locali y. A inal selec ion was made by he co esponding
au ho (LCG) in possession o a inal lis o i een E. i aja a
specialis s indica ed by he communi y. Six “in o man s” we e
selec ed, gi ing p e e ence o hose ishe s showing in-dep h
knowledge o golia h g oupe li e ai s du ing ou p elimina y
con e sa ions, abili y o communica e wi h he esea ch eam,
communi y ecogni ion and, mos impo an ly, willingness o
join he p ojec . O he expe s could no be engaged in he
p ojec because o hei ad anced age and consequen
limi a ion in examining ou maps.
Bo h long-line and spea ishing in o man s we e engaged
in o de o egis e a b oade pic u e o he species’ ecological
a ibu es in bo h es ua ine (long-line ishing a eas) and
o sho e ma ine en i onmen s (spea ishing a eas). The
esea ch eam was well ecei ed by he specialis s in hei
home, and a s ong appo was es ablished be ween he
in o man and in e iewe .
O he six in o man s selec ed (mean age o 49 yea s), wo
a e long-line ishe s in he inne Babi onga Bay (es ua ine-
domina ed en i onmen ) and ou a e spea ishe s in he ou e
bay (ma ine domina ed and ocky ee en i onmen ). Long-
line ishing has been p ac iced in he a ea o a leas h ee
gene a ions, and i uses a ishing gea de ised o a ge mainly
golia h g oupe s and o he la ge in ish. Spea ishing,
howe e , is a much newe p ac ice ( ew decades) (Ge ha dinge
e al., 2006b). Each in o man was in e iewed indi idually
wi h p e ious consen . On e e y occasion, he objec i es o
he p esen p ojec we e p esen ed and discussed be o e he
da a collec ion.
Each in o man was p o ided wi h a sa elli e image o he
s udy a ea (47 x 56 cm) (same geog aphical a ea o Fig. 1).
In o ma ion was hen d awn wi h a pen on a anspa en plas ic
o e lay shee on he image. In o man s we e asked o d aw
h oughou he map he p esen mos abundan golia h g oupe
si es. Golia h g oupe abundance ca ego ies we e: 1 ma k =
occasional, 2 ma ks = abundan , 3 ma ks = e y abundan .
The a eas wi h no ma ks we e conside ed as o a e/no
occu ence. In o man s we e also asked o ecall and ma k
each occasion whe e a leas wo golia h g oupe s we e
sigh ed a he same place. Thus, six indi idual o e lays we e
p oduced and none o he in o man s had access o he
o e lays o o he ishe s, in o de o a oid in luences.
The six o e lays we e condensed in o a inal laye ,
p epa ed wi h Co elD aw 12. When wo in o man s classi ied
he same si e, a mean alue was calcula ed. Values we e
ounded o he uppe ca ego y. In o de o p ese e he p ecise
loca ion o he indica ed si es, nei he scales no names
(locali ies and islands) a e p esen ed.
Resul s
Golia h g oupe dis ibu ion and habi a use
Acco ding o ou in o man s, E. i aja a is p esen in a eas
o es ua ine- (Fig. 2a) o ma ine-domina ed en i onmen s (Fig.
2b). The species is associa ed wi h ocky bo oms, especially
coas al and inne bay islands. A a ew si es, he species was
obse ed a he con inen ’s ocky sho es (Fig. 2a, h ee- ow
ma kings a uppe le co ne ; 2b, one- ow ma king a bo om
le ). Shipw ecks (Fig. 2b) and ou c ops (Figs. 2a-b-c) a e also
Fig. 1. São F ancisco do Sul Island and Babi onga bay, Sou he n B azil. De ached a eas (a, b and c) a e hose de ailed in Fig. 2.
Fishe s’ esou ce mapping and golia h g oupe conse a ion
96
si es no mally inhabi ed by he golia h g oupe . Inne bay
indi iduals epo ed by ou long-line ishing in o man s
weighed up o app oxima ely 150 kg, bu smalle ish (less
han 40-60 kg) a e mos commonly caugh acco ding o ou
in o man s. Meanwhile, ou e golia h g oupe s epo ed by
spea ishe men we e equen ly la ge han 300 kg.
The deepes epo ed occu ence o golia h g oupe was
a a shipw eck loca ed a a dep h o 35 m, whe e he ish was
sigh ed du ing a scuba di e (Fig. 2b). The e a e e y ew
ou c ops, islands and shipw ecks deepe han 30 m in he
s udy a ea, and mos o he in o ma ion p o ided by he spea
ishe s (Figs. 2b-c) in ol ed dep hs o mo e han 20 m.
Howe e , in he inne pa o Babi onga bay, he e a e some
deep (deepe han 30 m) ou c ops and channels whe e long-
line is employed and whe e E. i aja a is known o occu
acco ding o ou in o man s.
The highes ela i e abundance o E. i aja a was in he
a ea ep esen ed as a e y la ge ocky ou c op wi h small
islands in he ou e bay (Fig. 2c, bo om). The la ges
agg ega ions, and mos nume ous ones, we e egis e ed a
his same si e.
Spea ishe in o man s indica ed ha in he “good old
days,” golia h g oupe s we e p esen in much highe
abundance along some coas al islands and shallow ou c ops
(Fig. 2b, a ea encompassed by he le bo om qua e o he
map; Fig. 2c, a chipelago a he cen e o he map). Acco ding
Fig. 2. Fishe men esou ce mapping o golia h g oupe ela i e abundances and agg ega ions a Babi onga Bay (a) and
su ounding a eas (b and c).
97
L. C. Ge ha dinge , M. Hos im-Sil a, R. P. Medei os, J. Ma a ezi, Á. A. Be oncini, M. O. F ei as & B. P. Fe ei a
o ou spea ishe in o man s, he con inuous inc ease o
ishing e o has d as ically diminished he abundance o E.
i aja a and o he species along hese su ounding ishing
g ounds.
Golia h g oupe agg ega ions
Spea ishe s’ in o ma ion on E. i aja a agg ega ions (Figs.
2b-c) indica ed he si es whe e golia h g oupe s we e sigh ed
in small g oups. Such da a co obo a es he da a on ela i e
abundance. Among eigh indica ed agg ega ion si es, i e
ecei ed h ee ma ks ( e y abundan ). Th ee si es a e
dis inguished by he high numbe o agg ega ions poin ed
ou and he amoun o ish seen on each occasion (Fig. 2c,
islands and adjacen ocky subme ged ee s on he bo om o
he igu e; Fig. 2b, igh bo om co ne ; Fig. 2b, islands and
subme ged ee s a he cen e o he igu e).
The deepes E. i aja a agg ega ion (n = 3 indi iduals)
was seen a a shipw eck a 35 m deep. The g ea es densi y o
ish (n ≈ 60 indi iduals) was seen a a long s e ch o
subme ged ocky ee s a dep hs a ying om 8 o 18 m (Fig.
2b, igh bo om co ne ). Ano he si e wi h a ema kable E.
i aja a densi y eco d was ha o Fig. 2b ( igh bo om co ne ),
a 26 m. Se e al o he agg ega ion si es we e eco ded in Figs.
2b-c wi h a a iable numbe o indi iduals sigh ed.
Spea ishe s we e no amilia wi h ocky ee si es loca ed
in he inne bay. The only in o man who had p ac iced spea
ishing in his a ea a ew decades ago was ou senio in o man
(83 yea s old), a imes when wa e anspa ency was g ea e
in he inne bay (Ge ha dinge e al., 2006a).
Discussion
Golia h g oupe dis ibu ion and habi a use
Epinephelus i aja a has a p e e ence o holes, ca es and
places whe e hey can ind shel e (Sado y & Eklund, 1999).
Th ough he obse a ion o ou ske ch maps, we conclude
ha E. i aja a is equen ly ound inhabi ing ocky bo oms
( ocky sho es and ou c ops) and shipw ecks. Howe e , he
species may also occu inside he bay, associa ed wi h
s uc u es o med by he accumula ion o d i wood, b ough
om he uppe es ua y du ing s ong s o ms (Ge ha dinge ,
2006b). Ou in o man s we e unable o di e en ia e loca ions
whe e la ge (deepe han 40-60 kg) and smalle (less han 40-
60 kg) indi iduals a e ound. Howe e , when compa ing
knowledge o spea ishe s s. long-line s, a shi in he size o
obse ed ish is e iden , wi h smalle indi iduals mo e
commonly seen in es ua ine a he han o sho e a eas.
In he Ca ibbean and Gul o Mexico, E. i aja a is usually
ound in wa e s up o 40 m deep, wi h ew eco ds a dep hs
o 50-90 m (Sado y & Eklund, 1999). Ou da a show ha E.
i aja a may occu deepe han 30 m, bu i was no possible o
d aw conclusions on he exac dep h ange o he golia h
g oupe , based solely on he ske ch maps. Spea ishing is
usually limi ed o shallow wa e s, p ac iced o 20-25 m deep,
and his dep h ange was he limi o in o man s’ knowledge.
Analyzing he egional ishing s a is ics (Uni ali, 2002), we
ound ha he golia h g oupe is appa en ly no so ulne able
o he indus ial lee ope a ing along he con inen al pla o m,
as only a o al landing o 513 kg (no numbe o indi iduals
a ailable) o E. i aja a was egis e ed o he lee s wi h double
bo om- awl gea in 2002.
The da a on species ela i e abundance ha e con ibu ed
o he iden i ica ion o p io i y a eas o u he esea ch and
conse a ion in ou egion. The use o abundance ca ego ies
is en a i e and was an a emp o acili a e he compa ison o
ou in o man s’ knowledge. Al hough his me hod p o ides a
simple and s aigh o wa d way o documen ing and
p esen ing he da a, we ecognize ha he pe cep ion o
di e en abundance le els may ha e possibly a ied among
ou in o man s. This possible bias should be aken in o
accoun because ishe s o di e en ages can ha e di e en
pe cep ions o ma ine esou ce in eg i y, a phenomenon
known as “shi ing baselines” (Pauly, 1995). Shi ing baselines
a e in e gene a ional changes in he way people pe cei e he
s a e o he en i onmen . G adual changes end o be
o e looked such ha oday’s gene a ions ail o app ecia e
he deg ee o which coas al habi a s and species ha e been
los , deple ed o al e ed by pas human ac i i ies, o ins ance.
The use o di e en ishing gea may also in luence he
p ocess o LEK gene a ion, hus in luencing ishe s’
pe cep ion on ish abundance luc ua ions o e ime
(Ge ha dinge e al., 2006b). The e o e, we ecommend u he
in es iga ion o how such a ia ion in esou ce-use ’s
pe cep ion o ma ine esou ces may in luence he
documen a ion o LEK h ough he use o ske ch maps.
Fu he unde s anding could be achie ed by c oss compa ing
di e en me hodological app oaches o LEK (e.g., ishe s’
esou ce mapping) and con en ional ich hyology su eys
(e.g., unde wa e isual census). I is impo an o no e ha
he idea he e is no o es LEK (no e en scien i ic me hods
gene a e absolu e u hs o a e e o - ee), bu o c ea e a
model ha has he capaci y o complimen in o ma ion om
di e en sou ces.
Golia h g oupe spawning agg ega ions
We conside ed a ish agg ega ion o be o med o
ep oduc i e pu poses when di ec and/o indi ec e idence
o spawning was eco ded (Colin e al., 2003). Di ec e idence
includes he ac ual obse a ion o spawning (egg elease),
emales wi h hyd a ed eggs and/o he p esence o pos -
o ula o y ollicles in he o a ies o agg ega ing emales.
Indi ec e idence includes he obse a ion o pa icula ish
beha io s o colo pa e ns (only i hese a e demons ably
known o be associa ed wi h spawning) and swollen abdomen
(Colin e al., 2003).
We belie e ha a leas wo o he golia h g oupe
agg ega ions obse ed by ou in o man s we e spawning
agg ega ions (Fig. 2c, n = 60, 20 and 18; Fig. 2b, n = 30 and 18).
In ac , ou spea ishe in o man s epo ed ha mos o he
ish caugh in hese mos abundan agg ega ions had a
Fishe s’ esou ce mapping and golia h g oupe conse a ion
98
swollen abdomen and well-de eloped gonads. Dis inc emale/
male beha io in spawning agg ega ions was also epo ed
by ou senio spea ishe in o man (Ge ha dinge e al.,
2006c). Fu he mo e, his species does no agg ega e
h oughou he yea , and ca ches in he ou e bay a ea a e
s ongly seasonal ( h oughou he aus al summe , bu
appa en ly highe du ing Decembe ) (Ge ha dinge e al.,
2006b).
Al hough he la ge numbe s o E. i aja a obse ed in
some a eas is s ong e idence o a spawning agg ega ion,
no all o ou eco ds can be de ined as so due o he lack o
conclusi e di ec /indi ec e idence. Ou in o man s also saw
a ew small g oups ( wo o ou indi iduals) o aging in he
wa e column, bu his could no be linked o spawning
pu poses.
I was no possible o de e mine i E. i aja a spawning
agg ega ions a e o med on a yea ly basis a e e y si e
conside ed as a spawning agg ega ion si e. S ill, ish spawning
agg ega ion a ee si es can a y on an annual basis and on
di e en spa ial scales, acco ding o some o ou spea ishe
in o man s. We p opose he hypo hesis ha E. i aja a may
agg ega e a di e en si es a ying on an unknown egional
scale. This hypo hesis is being assessed by con en ional
me hodologies used in ich hyology s udies o spawning
agg ega ions.
Al hough some long-line ishe s ha e epo ed ca ches
o up o h ee E. i aja a indi iduals a once wi hin Babi onga
Bay, he e is no conclusi e e idence ega ding di ec o
indi ec obse a ions o ma u e gonads and/o spawning
ac i i y o such epo s.
Th oughou he B azilian coas , golia h g oupe s o m
g oups in numbe s a ying om a ew indi iduals o dozens
in se e al loca ions along he coas line (LCG, pe s.obs.). The
spo ing o la ge agg ega ions o adul s, howe e , is qui e
a e nowadays, while small agg ega ions can s ill be ound in
places adi ionally known by ishe men and esea che s. We
belie e some o hese agg ega ions a e o med o spawning
pu poses, especially hose accoun ing o a subs an ial
inc ease in abundance a speci ic imes. The S a e o Pa á in
No h B azil had he highes na ional eco ds o golia h
g oupe ishe ies disemba king om 1998-2002 and du ing
he ini ial mo a o ium pe iod (2002-2005) (unpublished da a).
Highe ca ch a es occu ed du ing Decembe and Ma ch,
and he e is a no able high abundance o he species a speci ic
ishing spo s. Fo ins ance, epo s om ishe men and local
go e nmen ishe ies au ho i ies indica e cap u e o mo e han
20 la ge adul s on a single ishing spo o he S a e o
Ma anhão coas .
In No heas B azil, o he coas o he S a e o Se gipe
and nea he mou h o he São F ancisco Ri e , a g oup o
mo e han 10 adul E. i aja a has been pe iodically obse ed
a ound wha is appa en ly a subme ged beach ock ee ,
loca ed a dep hs shallowe han 30 m, pe haps one o he ew
ha d subs a es in ha egion.
On he coas o he S a e o Pa aná, high abundances o
golia h g oupe also became equen in a ecen ly
implemen ed a i icial ee sys em. The su ounding a ea is a
sandy/muddy shel , whe e ha d subs a a a e e y a e,
he e o e he implemen a ion o a i icial de ices c ea ed new
habi a s o golia h g oupe s (LCG, pe s.obs.). Though new
di ing spo s we e made a ailable, and golia h g oupe
sigh ings ha e been p omo ed as a ou is al e na i e, no
e idence has been published so a ha his new habi a has
p oduced a ne inc ease in ish biomass. Indeed, his a i icial
ee si e is o conse a ion conce n, as la ge golia h g oupe s
a ac ed o hese a i icial ee s du ing a signi ican pe iod o
he yea ha e become easy a ge s o spea ishe men.
Independen o he unde lying ecological explana ion o
he agg ega ions desc ibed he ein ( o aging, spawning, ee
habi a limi a ion), si e-speci ic conse a ion measu es mus
be pu o wa d a all si es.
Mos o he bes known ee ish spawning agg ega ions
in he A lan ic Ocean a e epo ed o he Ca ibbean Sea
(Co nish, 2004). In B azil, he e is e idence ha such
agg ega ions a e also no uncommon. In ac , he e a e
anecdo al epo s o la ge schools o he cube a snappe
Lu janus cyanop e us sigh ed along he sou heas e n
B azilian coas up o he 1970s (Ca alho-Filho, pe s. comm.),
as well as in no he n B azil in 2005 (Ma co aldi, pe s. comm.),
and a epo o a simila e en in Sou h B azil o his species,
p o ided by one o ou in o man s. La ge schools o he dusky
g oupe Epinephelus ma gina us (= Myc e ope ca
ma gina a) and he wa saw g oupe E. nig i us we e also
epo ed by di e s and ishe s in B azil (Be oncini e al., 2003;
LCG, pe s. obs.). This anecdo al in o ma ion sugges s a la ge
scope o he in es iga ion o ee ish spawning agg ega ion
in B azil. I is also e iden ha LEK assessmen s will be one
o he mos easible me hods o quickly documen such
impo an da a (Ge ha dinge e al., 2007).
Combining con en ional biological su eys wi h LEK has
al eady been p o en o be a iable mechanism o esea ching
and conse ing ma ine ish spawning si es. Aswani and
Hamil on (2004), o ins ance, success ully in eg a ed
indigenous ecological knowledge and cus oma y sea enu e
wi h ma ine and social science o he conse a ion o a
c i ically endange ed species o pa o ish (Bolbome opon
mu ica um) in he Ro iana Lagoon, Solomon Islands.
Me hodological ema ks
The eliabili y o LEK mapping in o ma ion con en
p esen ed he ein clea ly depended on he in o man selec ion
p ocess.
The map scale used in his s udy did no suppo an exac
de e mina ion o agg ega ion locali ies and species habi a
use, bu was indeed enough o app oxima e gene al
occu ence pa e ns and de e mine impo an a eas o species
conse a ion. Publicizing he exac loca ion o such
agg ega ions could ac ually expose hem o g ea e ishing
p essu e (Sado y, 2004). Ne e heless, he inal map allowed
he spa ial ep esen a ion o LEK con en in a clea and
99
L. C. Ge ha dinge , M. Hos im-Sil a, R. P. Medei os, J. Ma a ezi, Á. A. Be oncini, M. O. F ei as & B. P. Fe ei a
objec i e way, p o iding a use ul suppo i e ool (unde
cu en use by he en i onmen al au ho i y o he local
go e nmen ) o managemen and planning decisions
ega ding he conse a ion o his pa icula species in he
egion. Howe e , i is easonable o hink ha science and
adi ional knowledge a e b idging concep s needed o new
managemen app oaches whe e no el y and inno a ion a e
key condi ions o he sus ainabili y o common esou ces
(A mi age, 2008; A mi age e al., 2007). The e o e, new
me hodological app oaches should be explo ed in o de o
link he empi ical and quali a i e app oach o adi ional
knowledge and quan i a i e scien i ic knowledge (Be kes &
Folke, 2002).
P ospec s o E. i aja a conse a ion in B azil
Babi onga Bay is cu en ly a candida e si e o a Ma ine
P o ec ed A ea (MPA) which will encompass he en i e a ea
o ou s udy. The p esence o wo endange ed ce acean
species (Pon opo ia blain illei and So alia guianensis),
oge he wi h he p esence o he golia h g oupe and o he
endange ed species, a e he main d i ing a ionale o he
c ea ion o his p o ec ed a ea. The esul s o he p esen
wo k ha e been used o guide he p ocess o he a ea’s
designa ion. The o eseen MPA ca ego y will allow
subsis ence and a isanal ishe ies o be de eloped in he
a ea. A local managemen council will be c ea ed, b inging
managemen decisions ega ding he use o he a ea o a local
scale. Howe e , many B azilian MPAs a e su e ing om a
lack o go e nmen en o cemen , appa en ly due o he
sho age o go e nmen inancial and logis ic suppo o
pa olling. Al hough his is a no-win si ua ion ha equi es
u gen measu es, he engagemen o ishe s and hei LEK as
a co e componen o local managemen can play an impo an
ole in encou aging a s onge pa ne ship among s akeholde s
o he sus ainable use and managemen o local esou ces.
The p ospec o golia h g oupe s in B azil is encou aging,
as he endange ed s a us o he species has been
acknowledged h ough a mo a o ium (2002), ecen ly enewed
un il 2012. The measu e was a esul o he wo k o a g oup o
esea che s and manage s om uni e si ies and NGOs, who
ha e now been joined by o he s akeholde s, including ishe s
and o he communi y leade ships and go e nmen manage s,
in a mul i-ins i u ional ne wo k, namely he Me os do B asil
Ne wo k (Fig. 3). The objec i e o his ne wo k is o gene a e
and amass he bes a ailable knowledge on he species and
i s habi a , h ough a se ies o ac ions (Fig. 3), and hus o
de elop a na ional s a egic plan o ac ion o p o ec he
species and he se e ely h ea ened ecosys ems i inhabi s,
such as mang o es, es ua ies, and co al and ocky ee s. This
ne wo k ini ia i e has been a icula ed since 2002 and now
ope a es a ou ocal poin s along he B azilian coas (Fig. 3),
wi h se e al local ini ia i es now s a ing o ake place a
o he si es (e.g., S a es o Pa á, Ma anhão, Se gipe and Espí i o
San o). The esul s o his wo k will subsidize a na ional policy
Fig. 3. Schema ic ep esen a ion o he “Me os do B asil Ne wo k”, a mul i-ins i u ional pa ne ship p omo ing coo dina ed
esea ch, en i onmen al educa ion, communica ion and managemen ac ions di ec ed o golia h g oupe Epinephelus i aja a
and mang o e, co al and ocky ee ecosys ems in B azil.
Fishe s’ esou ce mapping and golia h g oupe conse a ion
100
o he conse a ion o his endange ed ma ine ish species,
which will be d a ed in collabo a ion wi h he B azilian
go e nmen al en i onmen al agency.
Communi y collabo a ion and knowledge was e iden ly
c ucial in he de elopmen o he i s s age o he Me os do
B asil Ne wo k (2002-2006) and was de ined as a majo
componen o he cu en s age. The e o e, he p ojec is
pu ing much mo e e o in o ying o de elop a pa allel
p og am ha would imp o e and maximize he wo k wi h local
communi ies and local knowledge. The mul i-ins i u ional
“P og am on Local Knowledge and P ac ices” was signed in
June 2007, and aims o e ec i ely make local knowledge a
iable mechanism o ma ine conse a ion in B azil. The
implemen a ion o he P og am has opened up he possibili ies
o wo k no only wi h golia h g oupe esea ch and
conse a ion, bu wi h o he impo an social aspec s
conce ning he sus ainabili y o ma ine esou ces in B azil.
One impo an p inciple o he P og am is o empowe LEK
sys ems wi hin cu en ma ine managemen schemes using a
dualis ic app oach, in o he wo ds, ans e ing powe while
demanding u he en i onmen al esponsibili y om local
esou ce use s.
Conclusions
Golia h g oupe spawning agg ega ions we e iden i ied
in ou s udy a ea h ough LEK e idence o high abundances
and spawning ac i i y. This ype o knowledge is o
undamen al impo ance o species conse a ion.
Mapping me hodologies can play an impo an ole in
su eying LEK, as well as gene a ing new esea ch
hypo hesis o con en ional ich hyologic app oaches.
Fishe s’ esou ce mapping p o ided a means o exchanging
in o ma ion among a ious disciplines while main aining
me hodological igo . I also p o ided a clea way o p esen ing
he da a ga he ed om LEK. Thus, we belie e i can acili a e
he e ec i e engagemen o LEK in he decision-making
p ocess o ma ine conse a ion ini ia i es. Fu he mo e, he
simplici y and he sho amoun o ime needed o gene a e
hese maps could make his me hodology sui able o adap i e
co-managemen app oaches, whe e equen en i onmen al
e-assessmen s a e needed.
The engagemen o ishe s’ LEK is an impo an
componen o he ongoing ini ia i e o golia h g oupe
conse a ion in B azil. Thus, he Me os do B asil Ne wo k
has he challenge and oppo uni y o b ing he LEK o ishe s’
on o a b oad na ional scale o conse a ion esea ch and
policy design.
Acknowledgmen s
We acknowledge ou in o man s, as well as all o he ishe s,
ishe s’ associa ions and ish ma ke s a ha con ibu ed
hei ime and knowledge. Commen s and sugges ions om
Sa ah F ias-To es, Michelle Schae e and wo anonymous
e e ees g ea ly imp o ed he manusc ip . This s udy was
made possible due o he inancial suppo om T anspe o
T anspo es S/A, Padi Awa e Founda ion, Fundação
Biodi e si as, Cen o de Es udos Ambien ais do No des e
and Pe ob as S/A (P og ama Pe ob as Ambien al) o he
‘Me os do B asil Ne wo k’ and he Mul i-Ins i u ional
P og am on Local Knowledge and P ac ices
(www.me osdob asil.o g). These ini ia i es a e co-de eloped
by ECOMAR NGO, Ins i u o Reci es Cos ei os, Uni e sidade
Fede al de Pe nambuco, Ins i u o Vidágua, Uni e sidade do
Vale do I ajaí - Uni ali and Ins i u o Vidama in San a Ca a ina
S a e, among o he local, na ional and in e na ional pa ne s
and collabo a o s.
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