ISSUE 11
Accep ance o pape s No embe , 2025
Accep ance o
pape s
Published mon hly
Topics
economics,
echnology, social
sciences
INNOVATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
.me/scupus_IST2100
2h ps://is -jou nal.uz
.me/scupus_IST2100
Sha ipo Kongi a bay A ezimbe o ich,
Doc o o Technical Sciences (DSc), P o esso
Ahmed Aziz Ismail
Doc o o Technical Sciences (DSc),
P o esso (Egyp )
Cham Ta Huei,
Doc o o Philosophy (PhD), P o esso (Malaysia)
Asongu Simplice
Doc o o Philosophy in Economics (PhD),
Came oon
Abdu akhmano a Gulno a Kalanda o na,
Doc o o Economic Sciences (DSc), P o esso
Lee Chin
Doc o o Philosophy in Economics (PhD),
(Malaysia)
Muhammad Im an Sadiq
Doc o o Philosophy in Economics (PhD),
P o esso , Malaysia
Rui Dang
Doc o o Chemis y (DSc), P o esso , China
Zahoo Ahmed
Doc o o Philosophy in Economics (PhD), Tu key
Shujaa Abbas
Doc o o Philosophy in Economics (PhD), Russia
Tina A Co el
Doc o o Philosophy in Educa ional Sciences
(PhD), USA
Elec onic publica ion, Issue 11. 172 pages.
App o ed o publica ion on No embe , 2025.
EDITOR-IN-CHIEF:
Mi zaliye Sanja Makhama jon ugli
DEPUTY EDITOR-IN-CHIEF:
Makhmudo Nosi Makhmudo ich
DSc., P o ., Academican
DEPUTY EDITOR-IN-CHIEF:
Ochilo Bobu Bakh iyo ugli – Senio
lec u e a TSUI
THE SCIENTIFIC-POPULAR ELECTRONIC
JOURNAL "INNOVATION SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY" HAS BEEN REGISTERED
UNDER THE NUMBER C-5669633 BY THE
AGENCY FOR INFORMATION AND MASS
COMMUNICATIONS (AOKA) OF THE
REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN, EFFECTIVE
FROM OCTOBER 9, 2024.
The scien i ic elec onic jou nal “Inno a ion
Science and Technology” has been
included in he lis o scien i ic publica ions
ecommended o he publica ion o
main scien i ic esul s o disse a ions
o he awa d o PhD and DSc deg ees
in economics and echnical sciences, in
acco dance wi h he Resolu ion No. 370
o he P esidium o he Highe A es a ion
Commission o he Republic o Uzbekis an,
da ed May 8, 2025.
CONTACTS
Phone: +998 50 737 87 88
Websi e: h ps://is -jou nal.uz
Email: [email p o ec ed]
Edi o ial boa d:
CONTENTS
SOCIAL, ECONOMIC, SCIENTIFIC, AND TECHNICAL ACADEMIC JOURNAL11/2025
.me/scupus_IST2100 3
h ps://is -jou nal.uz
CONTENTS
POVERTY AND DEVELOPMENT ...............................................................................................................................................14
Kholmi zaye Abdulhamid Khapizo ich
WAYS TO ACHIEVE ECONOMIC STABILITY THROUGH THE IMPLEMENTATION OF INNOVATIVE
TECHNOLOGIES IN INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES ..............................................................................................................23
Sad iddino Bakh iyo
STRUCTURE–PROPERTY RELATIONSHIP OF ORGANOSILICON MATERIALS: EVALUATION
BASED ON THERMOGRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS ..................................................................................................................36
Toshe a Dil uza Fa xodo na, Siddiko Ik om Iminjono ich, Rakhimo Fi uz Fazlidino ich
''CREATING AN ALGORITHM AND SOFTWARE TOOL FOR PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION
USING FACIAL SCANNING TO PROTECT THE OPERATING SYSTEM'' ...................................................................... 43
Usmono Maxsud Tulqin o‘g‘li
ENSURING INTERDISCIPLINARY INTEGRATION BASED ON MOBILE LEARNING TECHNOLOGIES .......... 51
Za ipo Olimjan Ku andiq son
MONITORING OF THE AYDAR–ARNASAY LAKE SYSTEM AND ASSESSMENT OF THE CHEMICAL
COMPOSITION OF COLLECTOR WATER INFLOWS INTO THE LAKE ECOSYSTEM.............................................55
E kabaye Fu ka Ilyaso ich, Mad imo Rajabboy Masha ipo ich, Amino Khamza Khusano ich
APPROBATION OF THE RESISTANCE OF BRICKS MADE FROM “ANGREN” SECONDARY KAOLIN
TO THE EFFECT OF LIQUID METAL ........................................................................................................................................62
Umu o Ulug‘bek Meylie ich
THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL FOUNDATIONS OF PERFORMANCE-BASED BUDGETING .........................68
Allakulie Akmal Bal aye ich
IMPROVING ECONOMIC MECHANISMS THROUGH EFFECTIVE USE OF ORGANIZATIONAL
AND LEGAL FRAMEWORKS IN TOURISM DEVELOPMENT .......................................................................................... 71
Abdusalomo Djamshid Abdusalomo ich
TEMPERATURE–RADIATION REGIME OF THE TERRITORY OF UZBEKISTAN FOR THE DESIGN
OF SOLAR GREENHOUSES ..........................................................................................................................................................76
Ilkhom Isma o ich Rakhma o , Shakhzod Niyoz ogli Izomo
THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF GREEN FINANCING IN FORMING A GREEN ECONOMY ......................................81
Khaliko S. X.
MUVAFFAQIYATLI STARTAР FAOLIYATIDA ROL O‘YNOVCHI MUHIM OMILLAR VA O‘ZBEKISTON
SHAROITIDA STARTAР EKOTIZMINING RIVOJLANISHI.................................................................................................87
Qosimo a Dilo om Sobi o na
EFFECTIVENESS OF INNOVATION MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS .....................................................................................92
Uma o a Nilu a Abdukakho kizi
INFLUENCE OF INTERNATIONAL RANKING ORGANIZATIONS ON HIGHER EDUCATION
INSTITUTIONS AND EXISTING PLATFORMS ......................................................................................................................96
U ozboe Khay ulla Mu odboy ugli
BASE STATION MONITORING TECHNOLOGIES IN MOBILE NETWORKS ..........................................................103
Ib okhimkhuja Rikhsikhujae , Mohi Bhandwal
FORMATION AND MANAGEMENT OF INVESTMENT PROJECTS OF ENTERPRISES ......................................108
Abdunaza o Saidakhma Abdumaliko ich
THE IMPORTANCE OF QUALITY MANAGEMENT IN ENTERPRISE ACTIVITY MANAGEMENT ..................113
Rasulo Sha ka Sha o son
PARTICIPATORY BUDGETING OF THE STATE BUDGET ..............................................................................................117
Khamido Khabibullo Khikma ulla ogli
TRANSFORMING THE HIGHER EDUCATION SECTOR THROUGH PUBLIC–PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP
UNDER CONDITIONS OF DIGITALIZATION ...................................................................................................................... 123
Abdullaye Ja ohi Abdumalik og‘li
WAYS TO IMPROVE THE EFFICIENCY OF THE FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
IN ENTERPRISES ..........................................................................................................................................................................131
Begalo She zod Maxsu aliye ich
CONTENTS
SOCIAL, ECONOMIC, SCIENTIFIC, AND TECHNICAL ACADEMIC JOURNAL 11/2025
.me/scupus_IST2100
4h ps://is -jou nal.uz
DIRECTIONS FOR IMPROVING THE RESERVOIR SAFETY ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM USING THE EXAMPLE OF THE TALIMARJON RESERVOIR .......................................................................136
Xodjaqulo a Nodi a Xosiya qul qizi
ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY AND INNOVATIVE TRANSFORMATION PROCESSES OF DIGITAL
TECHNOLOGY IMPLEMENTATION IN UZBEKISTAN’S OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY ............................................. 141
Ta akh iye a Gulmi a Kulbaye na
INNOVATIVE APPROACHES TO RISK MANAGEMENT AND ASSESSMENT OF INVESTMENT
PROJECTS IN THE DIGITAL ECONOMY ...............................................................................................................................145
Muxi dino a Kamola Alishe o na
INNOVATIVE COOPERATION AND MARKETING STRATEGIES FOR STRENGTHENING
THE REGIONAL ECONOMY: THE CASE OF NAMANGAN REGION ........................................................................... 149
Sa a o R. A.
MARKETING PROBLEMS IN THE INTERNATIONAL TEXTILE MARKET AND FOREIGN
EXPERIENCES IN SOLVING THEM. .......................................................................................................................................159
Musaye a Shoi a Azimo na
THE PROBLEMS OF LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS OF ELLIPTICAL SENTENCES IN MODERN ENGLISH ...........165
Ju aye a Hilola Kamol qizi, Eshonkulo Ra shan Tokhi o ich
SOCIAL, ECONOMIC, SCIENTIFIC, AND TECHNICAL ACADEMIC JOURNAL
INNOVATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
11/2025
.me/scupus_IST2100 165
h ps://is -jou nal.uz
THE PROBLEMS OF LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS OF
ELLIPTICAL SENTENCES IN MODERN ENGLISH
Ju aye a Hilola Kamol qizi
Mas e s Depa men
Uni e si y o Economics and Pedagogy
ORCID: 0009-0009-4571-8730
Email: [email p o ec ed]
Abs ac : This a icle examines in dep h he endu ing challenges associa ed wi h he linguis ic analysis o ellip ical sen ences
in Mode n English, gi ing pa icula a en ion o de ini ional ambigui y, licensing condi ions, ep esen a ional models o
missing s uc u e, co pus-obse ed a ia ion, and he in e play o syn ax, seman ics and p agma ics in eal discou se.
D awing om leading heo e ical p oposals (e.g., Jason Me chan [1], Paul Culico e [2], Ann Lobeck [3]), I p opose and
apply a mixed me hodology ha combines ypological classi ica ion, syn ac ic diagnos ics, and dis ibu ional co pus-
analysis o dis inguish majo ellipsis ypes (including VP-ellipsis, sluicing, gapping, s ipping, agmen answe s) and o
es compe ing accoun s o hei licensing (iden i y/subse s uc u al accoun s, silen -syn ax app oaches, in e p e a ion-
based o discou se licensing accoun s). Resul s d awn om a ge ed co pus sea ches and new cons uc ed examples
demons a e (i) ha s ic s uc u al iden i y accoun s ail o cap u e many con e sa ional ellipses whe e seman ic o
p agma ic equi alence, no ull syn ac ic pa allelism, appea s o license omission; (ii) ha syn ac ic econs uc ion (silen
syn ax) app oaches encoun e empi ical coun e -examples in misma ch con ex s (e.g., numbe /gende misma ches) and
hus equi e addi ional cons ain s; and (iii) ha in e p e a ion-d i en accoun s (which emphasise discou se salience,
pa allelism, and p ocessing economy) a o d be e co e age o spon aneous agmen and spoken ellipses, bu equi e
a sha pe o mal mechanism o sa is y composi ional seman ics. The discussion syn hesises hese indings wi h
conclusions ad anced by Me chan [1], Culico e [2] and o he s, a guing in a ou o a hyb id amewo k ha p ese es
o mal cons ain s while in eg a ing discou se and p ocessing conside a ions; i closes wi h ecommenda ions o u u e
esea ch—pa icula ly mo e ine-g ained co pus anno a ion, psycholinguis ic e i ica ion o in e p e i e p e e ences, and
o mal wo k o econcile dynamic seman ics wi h minimal syn ac ic ep esen a ions.
Key wo ds: Ellipsis; Ellip ical Sen ences; Linguis ic Analysis; Syn ax; P agma ics; Cohesion; Con ex ual Meaning;
Sen ence S uc u e; Omission; Mode n English G amma ; Implici Communica ion; S uc u al Reduc ion; Func ional
Linguis ics; Seman ic In e p e a ion; Discou se Analysis.
Scien i ic supe iso :
Eshonkulo Ra shan Tokhi o ich
Depa men o Fo eign Languages,
Uni e si y o Economics and Pedagogy
ORCID: 0009-0001-7747-869X
Email: [email p o ec ed]
SOCIAL, ECONOMIC, SCIENTIFIC, AND TECHNICAL ACADEMIC JOURNAL
INNOVATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
11/2025
.me/scupus_IST2100
166 h ps://is -jou nal.uz
Anno a siya: Ushbu maqolada zamona iy ingliz ilidagi ellipsli gapla ni ling is ik ahlil qilish bilan bog‘liq ba qa o
muammola chuqu ko‘ ib chiqiladi. Unda a’ i la dagi noaniqlik, ellipsisning qo‘llanish sha la i, yashi in (ye ishmayo gan)
sin ak ik uzilmani i odalo chi modella ning imkoniya la i, ko pusdagi a ia siya hamda eal disku sda sin aksis,
seman ika a p agma ika o‘za o a’si i alohida yo i iladi. Jason Me chan [1], Paul Culico e [2], Ann Lobeck [3] kabi yi ik
adqiqo chila ning naza iy akli la iga asoslanib, maqolada ipologik asni , sin ak ik diagnos ika a ko pusga asoslangan
aqsimiy ahlilni bi lash i u chi a alash me odologiya qo‘llanadi. Bu me od asosiy ellipsis u la ini (VP-ellipsis, sluicing,
gapping, s ipping, agmen ja obla ) a qlash hamda ula ning qo‘llanishini izohlo chi aqoba dosh yondashu la ni
(s uk u a iy iden iklik, “silen syn ax”, alqinga asoslangan disku siy yondashu la ) ekshi ishga imkon be adi. Maqsadli
ko pus izlanishla i a yangi ya a ilgan misolla asosida olingan na ijala shuni ko‘ sa adiki: (i) qa ’iy s uk u a iy iden iklik
alqinla i ko‘plab og‘zaki ellipsisla ni izohlab be a olmaydi, chunki bu holla da o‘liq sin ak ik pa allelizm emas, balki
seman ik yoki p agma ik ek i alen lik asosiy omil bo‘ladi; (ii) sin ak ik ekons uksiya (silen syn ax) yondashu i son a
jinsdagi nomu o iqlik kabi hola la da empi ik is isnola ga duch keladi a qo‘shimcha cheklo la ni alab qiladi; (iii) alqin-
ma kazli yondashu la , ya’ni disku s saliyen i, pa allelizm a qay a ishlash iq isodini a’kidlo chi modella ning spon an
agmen la a og‘zaki ellipsisla ga qam o i keng oq, bi oq kompozi sion seman ikaga mos keladigan yanada aniq o mal
mexanizmni alab qiladi. Munoza a Me chan [1], Culico e [2] a boshqa adqiqo chila ning xulosala i bilan solish i ilgan
holda, o mal cheklo la ni disku s a kogni i omilla bilan uyg‘unlash i u chi gib id modelni qo‘llab-qu a laydi. Yakunda
kelgusi adqiqo la uchun yanada maydalanadigan ko pus belgilash izimi, alqin a zallikla ini psixoling is ik ekshi ish
hamda minimal sin ak ik uzilmala ni dinamik seman ika bilan uyg‘unlash i ish bo‘yicha o mal ishlanmala a siya e iladi.
Kali so‘zla : ellipsis; ellipsli gapla ; ling is ik ahlil; sin aksis; p agma ika; kohesiya; kon eks ual ma’no; gap uzilishi;
qisqa ish; zamona iy ingliz ili; bil osi a kommunika siya; s uk u a iy eduksiya; unksional ling is ika; seman ik alqin;
disku s ahlili.
Аннотация: В данной статье подробно рассматриваются устойчивые сложности, связанные с лингвистическим
анализом эллиптических предложений в современном английском языке, с особым акцентом на неопределённость
дефиниций, условиях лицензирования, моделях представления пропущенной структуры, корпусной вариативности
и взаимодействии синтаксиса, семантики и прагматики в реальном дискурсе. Опираясь на ведущие теоретические
подходы (например, Jason Me chan [1], Paul Culico e [2], Ann Lobeck [3]), предлагается смешанная методология,
сочетающая типологическую классификацию, синтаксические диагностические тесты и дистрибутивный корпусный
анализ для разграничения основных типов эллипсиса (VP-ellipsis, sluicing, gapping, s ipping, фрагментные
ответы) и проверки конкурирующих объяснительных моделей их лицензирования (структурная идентичность и
её подтипы, модели «silen syn ax», а также интерпретационно-дискурсивные подходы). Полученные на основе
целевых корпусных выборок и новых сконструированных примеров результаты показывают: (i) строгие структурно-
идентичные подходы не объясняют значительную часть разговорного эллипсиса, где опущение лицензируется
семантической или прагматической эквивалентностью, а не полным синтаксическим параллелизмом; (ii)
реконструктивные синтаксические модели (silen syn ax) сталкиваются с эмпирическими трудностями в
условиях несоответствий (например, числовых или родовых), что требует дополнительных ограничений;
(iii) интерпретационно-ориентированные подходы, подчеркивающие значимость дискурсивной салийности,
параллелизма и обработки, охватывают спонтанные фрагментные и разговорные эллипсисы лучше, но нуждаются
в более формализованном механизме для удовлетворения требований композиционной семантики. В заключение
предлагается гибридная модель, согласующая формальные ограничения с дискурсивными и когнитивными
факторами. Далее приводятся рекомендации для будущих исследований — более детальная корпусная аннотация,
психолингвистическая проверка интерпретационных предпочтений и формальные разработки, направленные на
согласование динамической семантики с минимальными синтаксическими представлениями.
Ключевые слова: эллипсис; эллиптические предложения; лингвистический анализ; синтаксис; прагматика; когезия;
контекстуальное значение; структура предложения; опущение; современный английский язык; имплицитная
коммуникация; структурная редукция; функциональная лингвистика; семантическая интерпретация; дискурс-
анализ.
INTRODUCTION
Ellipsis—loosely de ined as he omission o non-p onuncia ion o a syn ac ic cons i uen ha mus
none heless be in e p e ed—is a phenomenon o cen al in e es in con empo a y linguis ic heo y because
i d aws a en ion o he ension be ween economy o exp ession (in su ace o m) and he equi emen o
composi ional in e p e a ion (in meaning). His o ically, he e m ellipsis has been used o co e a b oad ange
o phenomena, om he classical ‘do so’ eplacemen and coo dina e-clause educ ion, h ough mo e mode n
no ions such as agmen answe s in dialogue, sluicing (e.g., “Someone le — who?”) and gapping (“John a e
apples and Ma y _ o anges”).
SOCIAL, ECONOMIC, SCIENTIFIC, AND TECHNICAL ACADEMIC JOURNAL
INNOVATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
11/2025
.me/scupus_IST2100 167
h ps://is -jou nal.uz
The i s majo heo e ical p oblem is de ini ional: how does one eliably dis inguish wha coun s as ellipsis
( e sus me e in e ence, dele ion, o ze o-anapho a) and how should ca ego ies (VP-ellipsis, sluicing, answe
agmen s, s ipping, e c.) be dema ca ed so ha empi ical gene alisa ions a e possible. The de ini ional
ambigui y is ollowed by he licensing p oblem: wha p ope ies allow omission o he ma e ial? A e hey
p ima ily syn ac ic (s ic s uc u al iden i y), seman ic (meaning equi alence o subse ela ions), p agma ic/
discou se-based (an eceden salience, ocus, con ex ), o p ocessing based (ease o eco e y)? Ano he
pe sis en ques ion is ep esen a ional: when ma e ial is omi ed, is he e a ull syn ac ic s uc u e a an in isible
le el (a null cons i uen ) ha is eco e ed a LF (logical o m)? O is he elided ma e ial simply absen om
he syn ax, and in e p e a ion wo ks ia discou se/seman ic in e ence? These di e gen posi ions ha e gi en
ise o se e al in luen ial esea ch p og ammes—s uc u e-p ese ing gene a i e models, minimal/ oid-syn ax
app oaches, and p agma ics- i s o p ocessing- i s models.
Empi ically, Mode n English is a ui ul es ing g ound: con e sa ional English p o ides abundan ellip ical
phenomena (e.g., “I will i you will” wi h VP-ellipsis; “—who?” answe s; agmen answe s such as “John” in
esponse o “Who came?”), and ecen desc ip i e and heo e ical su eys con i m bo h c oss-cons uc ion
commonali ies and cons uc ion-speci ic beha iou s. In wha ollows, I p esen a mixed me hodology designed
o in e oga e he de ini ional, licensing and ep esen a ional p oblems, e iew key heo e ical posi ions om
widely ci ed au ho s, and mo i a e why a hyb id app oach — in eg a ing o mal cons ain s wi h discou se/
p ocessing conside a ions — may be e accoun o he empi ical complexi y o ellip ical sen ences in Mode n
English.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE ON THE SUBJECT
Resea ch on ellip ical s uc u es in mode n English has de eloped along se e al heo e ical ajec o ies,
each add essing how omi ed ma e ial is ep esen ed, licensed and in e p e ed. Ea ly gene a i e discussions,
pa icula ly in he wo k o Ross in 1969, es ablished ellipsis as a syn ac ic phenomenon in ol ing he dele ion
o eco e able cons i uen s a he le el o su ace s uc u e. This ounda ional idea in luenced la e analyses
ha sough o de e mine whe he ellipsis equi es he p esence o ull unde lying syn ac ic s uc u e o ope a es
h ough seman ic econs uc ion.
One o he mos in luen ial app oaches is Me chan ’s a gumen -ellipsis amewo k, a icula ed in a se ies o
s udies in 2001 and 2004, which demons a es ha ellipsis is cons ained by syn ac ic iden i y, ea u e ma ching
and he p esence o speci ic unc ional heads. Me chan ’s compa a i e e idence om English and c oss-
linguis ic da a suppo s he claim ha ellipsis si es con ain syn ac ic s uc u e ha is silen bu ully ep esen ed.
Lobeck in 1995 also highligh s he ole o unc ional ca ego ies, a guing ha nominal and e bal ellipses a e
licensed only when go e ned by speci ic ag eemen -bea ing heads, an obse a ion ha has shaped subsequen
minimalis ea men s.
F om a seman ic-p agma ic pe spec i e, S ain on and Eluga do in 2005 challenge pu ely syn ac ic
accoun s by analysing agmen s and ellipses in e ms o discou se-based in e ence and con ex ual en ichmen .
This line o esea ch connec s wi h Culico e and Jackendo ’s Simple Syn ax model p esen ed in 2005,
whe e he au ho s p opose ha ce ain ellip ical cons uc ions can be explained wi hou posi ing ull syn ac ic
econs uc ion, ins ead elying on concep ual s uc u e and p ocessing cons ain s.
Co pus-d i en app oaches ha e u he b oadened he empi ical ounda ion o ellipsis esea ch. The
wo k o Goldbe g and S ubbs in 2020 p o ides a la ge-scale co pus o English VP-ellipsis, illus a ing pa e ns
o equency, egis e a ia ion and speake endencies. Hong’s spoken-English co pus s udy in 2025 adds
e idence ha ellipsis is highly sensi i e o discou se condi ions such as u n- aking and in o ma ion s uc u e.
These empi ical indings complemen expe imen al s udies such as hose by F azie and Cli on in 2001, which
demons a e how eade s esol e ellipsis h ough syn ac ic p iming and p ocessing heu is ics.
Recen heo e ical deba es also add ess he limi s o iden i y condi ions. Ha d in 1993 and la e Mille and
Pullum in 2013 a gue ha ellipsis does no always equi e s ic syn ac ic pa allelism, p oposing discou se-
based mechanisms o esol ing anapho ic ela ions. Thei conclusions con inue o uel discussion on whe he
ellipsis is undamen ally s uc u al o p agma ic.
Taken oge he , he li e a u e shows ha linguis ic analysis o ellip ical sen ences in mode n English
emains an in e disciplina y ield spanning syn ac ic heo y, seman ics, p agma ics, and co pus linguis ics. The
main challenge pe sis s in balancing s uc u al cons ain s wi h discou se-d i en in e p e a i e mechanisms, as
mode n English p o ides subs an ial e idence o bo h syn ac ic licensing and p agma ic eco e y.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
To in es iga e he issues desc ibed abo e, his s udy adop s an in eg a i e me hodology combining ou
majo s ands. Fi s , I implemen a ypological classi ica ion: d awing on canonical diagnos ics om p e ious
SOCIAL, ECONOMIC, SCIENTIFIC, AND TECHNICAL ACADEMIC JOURNAL
INNOVATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
11/2025
.me/scupus_IST2100
168 h ps://is -jou nal.uz
li e a u e I label ins ances o ellip ical cons uc ions in Mode n English as VP-ellipsis, sluicing, gapping,
s ipping, agmen answe s (and ela ed o ms). Each ype is de ined by i s syn ac ic beha iou (a ailabili y o
an an eceden , p esence o absence o a wh-ph ase, he na u e o he emnan , e c.).
Second, I ca y ou a ge ed small-scale co pus sea ches in con empo a y w i en and spoken English sub-
co po a o collec na u ally occu ing examples ha illus a e bo h p o o ypical cases and ma ginal/misma ch
cases o ellipsis (e.g., misma ch in numbe o gende , discou se an eceden s ha a e no syn ac ically pa allel).
The co pus componen d aws on a ailable anno a ed esou ces ( o example he The English VP Ellipsis
Co pus p ojec ) and mo e ad-hoc manual selec ion om con e sa ional ansc ip s.
Thi d, I design con olled elici a ion/accep abili y asks: I cons uc minimal-pai examples (e.g., wi h and
wi hou misma ch in an eceden s ellipsis clause) o p obe licensing condi ions ( o example compa ing “John
ea s apples mo e o en han Ma y ea s pea s” e sus “John ea s apples mo e o en han Ma y _ pea s”).
Fou h, I conduc heo e ical e alua ion: I es compe ing accoun s o ellipsis licensing and ep esen a ion by
appealing o he collec ed da a and cons uc ed examples. Speci ically, I compa e (a) iden i y/subse s uc u al
accoun s (which demand s ic o subse iden i y be ween an eceden and elided ma e ial), (b) silen syn ac ic
econs uc ion accoun s (which posi a ull silen cons i uen eco e ed a LF), and (c) in e p e a ion/discou se-
d i en accoun s (which emphasise discou se salience, an eceden ocus, and p ocessing economy). Fo each
accoun I e alua e empi ical adequacy (how many a es ed cases i explains), explana o y dep h (how many
independen phenomena i co e s), and o mal plausibili y (compa ibili y wi h composi ional seman ics and
s anda d syn ac ic ope a ions).
Some me hodological cons ain s a e ecognised: he co pus componen emains limi ed in size and egis e ,
he elici a ion emains in o mal (sel -judgemen based) a he han ull psycholinguis ic expe imen , and he
heo e ical e alua ion emains analy ic a he han da a-d i en eg ession o o mal modelling. Ne e heless,
he ade-o enables a ocused in es iga ion o co e heo e ical diagnos ics and esh examples ele an o
Mode n English usage.
ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
The in es iga ion yields h ee p incipal empi ical indings pe inen o he heo e ical p oblems ou lined
abo e. Fi s , he co pus and cons uc ed da a e eal mul iple na u ally occu ing examples in which seman ic
o p agma ic equi alence appea s o licence omission despi e su ace syn ac ic misma ch. Fo ins ance, in
con e sa ional exchanges such as:
A: “Did hey inalise he epo ?”
B: “They did — Susan didn’ .”
He e “did” s ands in o “ inalise he epo ”, and he omi ed e b ph ase is in e p e ed di e en ly o
“Susan” (i.e., Susan didn’ inalise he epo ) hough s uc u ally he an eceden clause “They did inalise
he epo ” in i es iden i y. This kind o example challenges s ic iden i y accoun s ha equi e ull s uc u al
pa allelism unless hey allow media ed o subse licensing. Second, con olled elici a ion con as s show
ha while s uc u al iden i y ma e s in many cases, in e p e i e pa allelism and discou se salience also
play a c ucial ole. Fo example, when compa ing: “John ea s apples mo e o en han Ma y ea s pea s.”
Ellipsis o he VP in he second conjunc is accep able (Ma y _ pea s) because seman ically he “ea apples”/“ea
pea s” pa allelism su ices. Bu when anapho ic dependencies o ag eemen misma ches in e ene, e.g., “My
colleague said he would inish, and hey did oo,” he misma ch in numbe /gende o e e en may ende ellipsis
less accep able. This sugges s ha mo phosyn ac ic ea u es (ag eemen , e e en iden i y) some imes en o ce
s onge cons ain s e en when seman ic eco e y appea s plausible. Thi d, he da a show cons uc ion-speci ic
beha iou s: sluicing (e.g., “Someone le — who?”) consis en ly ole a es mo e a ia ion in an eceden han
canonical VP-ellipsis, agmen answe s a e mo e common in con e sa ional spoken egis e s, and egis e
e ec s (spoken s. w i en) a e e iden — o ins ance, con e sa ional egis e s a ou sho e , less o mally
pa allel ellipses whe eas edi ed w i en egis e s a ou mo e conse a i e ellip ical pa e ns (e.g., coo dina e
VP-ellipsis wi h iden ical an eceden s). The small co pus sample ound ha agmen answe s and sluicing
a e equen in spoken ansc ip s, whe eas w i en o mal egis e s show ewe ins ances o ee agmen
answe usage. These esul s join ly indica e ha no single licensing mechanism (e.g., ull s uc u al iden i y)
su ices; a he di e en cons uc ions ins an ia e di e en mixes o syn ac ic, seman ic and p agma ic licensing
condi ions.
The empi ical pa e ns ob ained he e align wi h, bu also e ine, conclusions ad anced by p ominen au ho s
in he ield. Fo example, Me chan [1] (2004, 2013) emphasises he he e ogenei y o ellipsis phenomena and
he need o cha ac e ise cons uc ion-speci ic licensing condi ions a he han ely on one monoli hic accoun .
My da a co obo a e his plu ali y: VP-ellipsis beha es di e en ly han sluicing o agmen -answe (di e ences
in an eceden condi ions, egis e sensi i i y). Culico e [2] (2012) and colleagues place subs an ial weigh
SOCIAL, ECONOMIC, SCIENTIFIC, AND TECHNICAL ACADEMIC JOURNAL
INNOVATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
11/2025
.me/scupus_IST2100 169
h ps://is -jou nal.uz
on seman ics/discou se licensing (e.g., ocus, con as , discou se salience) as i al o ellipsis in e p e a ion;
con e sa ional da a in he p esen s udy con i m ha discou se ac o s (salience, ocus s uc u e, pa allelism)
s ongly in luence accep abili y, especially o agmen s and sluicing. On he o he hand, Lobeck [3] (1995)
and o he wo ks emphasise he s uc u al complexi y and he necessi y o o mal mechanisms (e.g., silen
syn ax, minimal aces) o ce ain ellipsis ypes — he esul s he e suppo his: mo phosyn ac ic cons ain s
(ag eemen misma ch, e e en ial misma ch) s ill limi many ellip ical cons uc ions, sugges ing ha a leas o
some cases, s uc u al licensing emains indispensable. Thus a hyb id amewo k is wa an ed: one in which (i)
ce ain ellipses (pa icula ly hose in ol ing ich mo phosyn ac ic dependencies) equi e and a e bes analysed
ia silen syn ac ic s uc u e o a minimum s uc u al cons ain s on he in e p e i e p ocess; (ii) o he ellipses
(o en sho agmen answe s, spoken casual usage, o sluices) a e licensed p ima ily by discou se/in e p e i e
eco e abili y ia p agma ic in e ence; and (iii) p ocessing ac o s (e.g., ease o econs uc ion, minimal e o )
media e which s a egy speake s and hea e s adop in eal- ime usage. In such a hyb id accoun , one p ese es
composi ionali y ( ia minimal silen s uc u e) while admi ing ha discu si e and p agma ic ac o s (an eceden
salience, pa allelism, ocus, egis e ) play a decisi e ole in licensing omission. Fo u u e esea ch, his means
bo h co pus linguis ics (anno a ion o ellip ical ins ances by licensing ype, egis e , an eceden p ope ies)
and psycholinguis ics (measu ing p ocessing cos unde misma ch s iden i y condi ions) a e ui ul pa hs.
Fo mally, seman ic and dynamic seman ic models should a emp o econcile dynamic in e ence (discou se
eco e y) wi h minimal syn ac ic ep esen a ions. The p esen esul s he eby p o ide empi ical impe us o
Me chan [1]’s plu alism and Culico e [2]’s discou se sensi i i y, while also ea i ming s uc u al cons ain s
emphasised by Lobeck [3] and o he s.
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
In conclusion, he p esen s udy a gues ha he p oblems o analysing ellip ical sen ences in Mode n
English a e bes add essed by a plu alis ic, hyb id amewo k ha ecognises (i) de ini ional and ypological
di e si y among ellip ical cons uc ions, (ii) he coexis ence o s uc u al licensing cons ain s and discou se/
seman ic eco e abili y, and (iii) he decisi e ole o p ocessing and egis e in ac ual usage. Leading au ho i ies
in he ield (Me chan [1], Culico e [2], Lobeck [3]) con e ge (albei in di e en emphases) on he iew ha
no single accoun cap u es all phenomena, and he empi ical obse a ions (including newly cons uc ed
examples) p o ided he e ein o ce ha e dic while adding esh sys ema ic e idence o misma ch and egis e
e ec s. Me hodologically, u u e esea ch should in eg a e la ge-scale anno a ed co po a (ma king licensing
condi ions, an eceden ypes, egis e ), con olled accep abili y/p ocessing expe imen s (p obing misma ch and
discou se manipula ions), and o mal seman ic/ syn ac ic wo k ha uni ies dynamic discou se in e encing wi h
pa simonious syn ac ic modelling. Fo applied wo k (e.g., language eaching, compu a ional ellipsis esolu ion),
hese indings sugges ha sensi i i y o discou se con ex and egis e alongside s uc u al cues is essen ial
o modelling and in e p e ing ellipsis accu a ely.
Illus a i e Examples:
He e a e some esh examples used o e e ed o abo e (cons uc ed by he au ho ) o illus a e key
poin s:
1. VP-ellipsis wi h appa en misma ch:
A: “Did hey inalize he epo ?”
B: “They did — Susan didn’ .”
He e he omi ed e b ph ase is eco e ed as “ inalise he epo ”. The an eceden clause “They did inalise
he epo ” is s uc u ally pa allel, bu he second clause applies o “Susan”, yielding a misma ch in numbe /
pa icipan . Accep abili y emains high in con e sa ional egis e , bu pu ely s uc u al iden i y accoun s would
s uggle o dis inguish i .
2. Sluicing:
“Someone le du ing he mee ing — who?”
He e he wh-ph ase “who” signals a sluice, he an eceden is “someone le du ing he mee ing”. The VP
“le du ing he mee ing” is omi ed ye unde s ood; he an eceden need no be o e ly epea ed, and he clause
is sho —p agma ic/discou se ac o s domina e.
3. F agmen answe :
“Who’s p esen ing omo ow?” — “Emily.”
He e he ull answe would be “Emily is p esen ing omo ow”, bu only “Emily” appea s; he omission is
licensed by discou se (immedia e an eceden ques ion, ocus on he subjec ). S uc u e is minimal; discou se
eco e abili y is key.
4. Gapping:
“John bough apples, and Ma y o anges.”
