D2.1 Open data user needs: seven flavours

Towa ds a sus ainable Open Da a ECOsys em
D2.1
Open da a use needs: se en la ou s
This p ojec has ecei ed unding om he Eu opean Union’s Ho izon 2020 esea ch and inno a ion
p og amme unde he Ma ie Skłodowska-Cu ie g an ag eemen No 955569.
The opinions exp essed in his documen e lec only he au ho ’s iew and in no way e lec he Eu opean
Commission’s opinions. The Eu opean Commission is no esponsible o any use ha may be made o
he in o ma ion i con ains.
D2.1 Open da a use needs: se en la ou s
P ojec Ac onym
ODECO
P ojec Ti le
Towa ds a sus ainable Open Da a ECOsys em
G an Ag eemen No.
955569
S a da e o P ojec
01-10-2021
Du a ion o he P ojec
48 mon hs
Deli e able Numbe
D2.1
Deli e able Ti le
Open da a use needs: se en la ou s
Dissemina ion Le el
Public
Deli e able Leade
TU Del (TUD)
Submission Da e
31-05-2023
Edi o
Ing id Mulde , TUD
Co-au ho (s)
Da ide Di S aso, Ma ía Elena López Reyes,
Geo gios Papageo giou, Alejand a Celis Va gas,
Liubo Pilshchiko a, Ca e ina San o o, Héc o
Ochoa O iz,
Umai Ahmed, Ahmad Ash a
Ahmad Shaha udin
Ve sion #
Da e
Desc ip ion (Sec ion, page
numbe )
Au ho & O ganisa ion
V0.0
29-03-2023
Plena y wo kshop du ing
aining week on unde s anding
use s (needs) & p o ide s
(needs) om mul iple
pe spec i es. Discussion wi h all
ESRs acili a ed on a MIRO boa d
Ing id Mulde , TUD, Glenn
Vancauwenbe ghe, KU Leu en,
Sil ia Cazacu, KU Leu en
; All
ESRs pa i
cipa ed in he
wo kshop and c ea ed a sha ed
unde s anding o he a ious
oles o use s and p o ide s in
a da a ecosys em
V0.1
28-04-2023
Fi s se up wi h con ibu ions
om ESR pe spec i es
ESR01: Da ide Di S aso, TUD;
ESR06: Ma ía Elena López
Reyes, AAU; ESR09: Geo gios
Papageo giou, ESR10:
Alejand a Celis Va gas, AAU;
Liubo Pilshchiko a, TUD;
ESR12: Ca e ina San o o, KU
Leu en; ESR13: Héc o Ochoa
O iz, UNICAM; ESR14: Umai
Ahmed, UNICAM; ESR15:
Ahmad Ash a Ahmad
Shaha udin, TUD
V0.1a
03-05-2023
Feedback and alignmen
mee ing o discuss s uc u e and
con ibu ion o he deli e able
Ing id Mulde , TU Del ;
F ancisco J. Lopez-Pellice ,
UNIZAR; And ea Polini,
UNICAM; Bas iaan an Loenen,
TU Del oge he wi h all ESR
con ibu o s
V0.1b
08-05-2023
Res uc u e o In oduc ion and
Conclusions
ESR15: Ahmad Ash a Ahmad
Shaha udin, TUD; ESR12:
Ca e ina San o o, KU Leu en.
D2.1 Open da a use needs: se en la ou s
Ve sion #
Da e
Desc ip ion (Sec ion, page
numbe )
Au ho & O ganisa ion
10-05-2023
Collabo a e pee - e iew mee ing
Ing id Mulde , TU Del ;
F ancisco J. Lopez-Pellice ,
UNIZAR;
And ea Polini,
UNICAM; Bas iaan an Loenen,
TU Del oge he wi h all ESR
con ibu o s
V0.2
17-05-2023
Second d a . P ocessed
eedback ob ained om he pee
e iew mee ing on May 10, 2023
ESR01: Da ide Di S aso, TUD;
ESR06: Ma ía Elena López
Reyes, AAU; ESR09: Geo gios
Papageo giou, ESR10:
Alejand a Celis Va gas, AAU;
ESR11: Liubo Pilshchiko a,
TUD; ESR12: Ca e ina San o o,
KU Leu en; ESR13: Héc o
Ochoa O iz, UNICAM; ESR14:
Umai Ahmed, UNICAM; ESR15:
Ahmad Ash a Ahmad
Shaha udin, TUD
V0.2a
26-05-2023
Re iew
F ancisco J. Lopez-Pellice ,
UNIZAR; And ea Polini,
UNICAM; Loukis Eu ipides,
UAEGEAN
V0.3
30-05-2023
Thi d d a . In eg a ion o
eedback ecei ed om QA pee
e iew
Ing id Mulde , TUD
V0.4
30-05-2023
Final epo
Ing id Mulde , TUD
V0.5
31-05-2023
App o al
Bas iaan an Loenen, TUD
V1.0
31-05-2023
Final edi ing
Dani sja an Heusden, TUD
D2.1 Open da a use needs: se en la ou s
Table o Con en s
Abb e ia ions ____________________________________________________________________ 7
1. In oduc ion __________________________________________________________________ 8
1.1. Backg ound ______________________________________________________________ 8
1.2. Role o his deli e able in he ODECO p ojec ___________________________________ 8
2. Me hodology ________________________________________________________________ 10
2.1. Iden i ying use needs _____________________________________________________ 10
2.2. Resea ch app oach _______________________________________________________ 11
3. Non-specialis use s __________________________________________________________ 12
3.1. In oduc ion _____________________________________________________________ 12
3.2. Me hod ________________________________________________________________ 12
3.3. Resul s ________________________________________________________________ 12
3.4. Conclusions _____________________________________________________________ 14
4. Local go e nmen ____________________________________________________________ 15
4.1. In oduc ion _____________________________________________________________ 15
4.2. Me hod ________________________________________________________________ 15
4.3. Resul s ________________________________________________________________ 15
4.4. Conclusions _____________________________________________________________ 17
5. Da a jou nalism ______________________________________________________________ 19
5.1. In oduc ion _____________________________________________________________ 19
5.2. Me hods ________________________________________________________________ 19
5.3. Resul s ________________________________________________________________ 20
5.4. Conclusions _____________________________________________________________ 21
6. S uden s ___________________________________________________________________ 23
6.1. In oduc ion _____________________________________________________________ 23
6.2. Me hods ________________________________________________________________ 23
6.3. Resul s ________________________________________________________________ 24
6.4. Conclusions _____________________________________________________________ 26
7. Non-go e nmen al o ganisa ions ________________________________________________ 27
7.1. In oduc ion _____________________________________________________________ 27
7.2. Me hod ________________________________________________________________ 27
7.3. Resul s ________________________________________________________________ 28
7.4. Conclusions _____________________________________________________________ 29
8. Cen al/ egional go e nmen ____________________________________________________ 30
D2.1 Open da a use needs: se en la ou s
8.1. In oduc ion _____________________________________________________________ 30
8.2. Me hod ________________________________________________________________ 30
8.3. Desc ip i e esul s o he li e a u e e iew _____________________________________ 31
8.4. Main indings ____________________________________________________________ 31
8.5. Conclusions _____________________________________________________________ 34
9. Companies _________________________________________________________________ 35
9.1. In oduc ion _____________________________________________________________ 35
9.2. Me hod ________________________________________________________________ 36
9.3. Resul s ________________________________________________________________ 36
9.4. Conclusions _____________________________________________________________ 36
10. A i icial Use s _______________________________________________________________ 38
10.1. In oduc ion ___________________________________________________________ 38
10.2. Me hod ______________________________________________________________ 38
10.3. Resul s ______________________________________________________________ 39
10.4. Conclusions ___________________________________________________________ 40
11. Open da a in e media ies ______________________________________________________ 41
11.1. In oduc ion ___________________________________________________________ 41
11.2. Me hod ______________________________________________________________ 41
11.3. Resul s ______________________________________________________________ 41
11.4. Conclusions ___________________________________________________________ 44
12. Discussion and Conclusions ____________________________________________________ 45
12.1. Ca ego iza ion o use needs _____________________________________________ 46
12.2. Limi a ions ____________________________________________________________ 48
12.3. Towa ds a esea ch agenda ______________________________________________ 48
Re e ences _____________________________________________________________________ 50
Lis o igu es
Figu e 1: Analysis amewo k based on Bee ham’s Lea ning Ac i i ies Design App oach (Bee ham,
2019) ..................................................................................................................................................... 24
Figu e 2: BRYT Keywo d Ex ac ion ....................................................................................................... 39
Figu e 3: In e connec ion be ween use g oups acco ding o sha ed needs. ...................................... 45
Lis o ables
Table 1: Se e al de ini ions o use needs ............................................................................................ 10
Table 2: Fi s iden i ied non-specialis use need ................................................................................. 13
Table 3: Second iden i ied non-specialis use need ............................................................................ 14

D2.1 Open da a use needs: se en la ou s
Table 4: Needs ca ego ies o local go e nmen s conce ning he use o open da a and hei espec i e
sou ces. ................................................................................................................................................. 16
Table 5: Needs o jou nalis s iden i ied in he li e a u e ...................................................................... 21
Table 6: Needs ca ego ies o he NG(P)Os and hei espec i e sou ces. ............................................ 29
Table 7: Concep s associa ed wi h he use needs o disad an aged g oups ...................................... 31
Table 8: Types o ac o s o open da a in e media ies (Shaha udin e al., 2023) ................................. 41
Table 9: Tasks o open da a in e media ies (Shaha udin e al., 2023) ................................................. 42
Table 10: Objec i es o open da a in e media ies (Shaha udin e al., 2023) ....................................... 42
Table 11: Challenges aced by open da a in e media ies ..................................................................... 43
Table 12: Needs o open da a in e media ies ...................................................................................... 43
D2.1 Open da a use needs: se en la ou s
7
Abb e ia ions
AI A i icial In elligence
CARE Collec i e benefi , Au ho i y o con ol, Responsibili y, E hics
CBO Communi y-Based O ganisa ions
D Deli e able
EC Eu opean Commission
ESR Ea ly S age Resea che
EU Eu opean Union
M Miles one
NGO Non-Go e nmen O ganisa ion
NPO Non-P o i O ganisa ion
OD Open Da a
ODECO Open Da a ECOsys em
WoS Web o Science
WP Wo k Package
N
Pa ne
Pa ne sho name
Coun y
Bene icia y
1
Technische Uni e si ei Del
TU Del
Ne he lands
2
Ka holieke Uni e si ei Leu en
KUL
Belgium
3
Cen e Na ional de la Reche che
Scien i ique
CNRS
F ance
4
Uni e sidad de Za agoza
UNIZAR
Spain
5
Panepis imio Aigaiou
UAEGEAN
G eece
6
Aalbo g Uni e si e
AAU
Denma k
7
Uni e si à degli S udi di Came ino
UNICAM
I aly
8
Fa osne S.A.
FAROSNET S.A.
G eece
Pa ne o ganisa ions
1
7EDATA
7EDATA
Spain
2
Digi aal Vlaande en
DV
Belgium
3
Ci y o Copenhagen
COP
Denma k
4
Ci y o Ro e dam
RDAM
Ne he lands
5
CoC Play ul Minds
CoC
Denma k
6
De ilinx
DERI
I eland
7
ESRI
ESRI
Ne he lands
8
Maggioli S.p.A
MAG
I aly
9
Na ional Cen e o Geog aphic
In o ma ion
CNIG
Spain
10
Open Knowledge Belgium
OKB
Belgium
11
Spa ineo
SPATI
Finland
12
SWECO
SWECO
Ne he lands
13
The go e nmen lab
GLAB
14
Agency o Da a Supply and
In as uc u e
ADSI
D2.1 Open da a use needs: se en la ou s
8
1. In oduc ion
1.1. Backg ound
The Eu opean Commission (EC) made a p ojec ion ha by 2025, he ne wo h o he Eu opean Union
(EU)’s da a economy is p edic ed o be €829 billion and is going o inc ease signi ican ly o e he
ollowing ew yea s (Kumpula-Na i, 2021). Open da a, which is da a ha is made a ailable ee o
cha ge, wi h an open license, and in an open, machine- eadable o ma , is expec ed o gene a e e en
mo e alue (Eu opean Commission, 2011). I can enhance he e ec i eness and e iciency o public
se ices, inc ease ins i u ional accoun abili y, boos ci izen pa icipa ion, accele a e scien i ic p og ess,
and os e he c ea ion o o he economic and social alues (Hossain e al., 2016; Janssen e al., 2012;
Zhu e al., 2019). In line wi h his eno mous po en ial, he EC has published he di ec i e on open da a
and he e-use o public sec o in o ma ion (Open Da a Di ec i e) ha en e ed in o o ce on 16 July
2019.
Despi e he bene i s o open da a, i s ull po en ial has no ye been ealised due o sho comings in
he cu en open da a sys ems. Cu en de elopmen s in he ield o open da a a e cha ac e ised as
highly agmen ed. Expe s sugges ha collabo a ion and coo dina ion a e necessa y and ha
go e nmen e o s alone a e no enough o make open da a a ailable and aluable (Ha ison e al.,
2012; Pollock, 2011; Zuide wijk e al., 2014). Open da a is o en de eloped in di e en domains in
isola ion and wi h li le in ol emen o po en ial use s, esul ing in app oaches ha signi ican ly limi
open da a eusabili y o use s. The cu en “one-way s ee ” and op-down app oach o open da a is
no ideal, as i does no conside he use needs and may lead o limi ed use and alue gene a ion.
The e o e, a mo e collabo a i e and use -cen ic app oach is essen ial o he op imal use and alue o
open da a (Pollock, 2011; Van Loenen e al., 2021). To add ess his, many esea che s ha e ad oca ed
o he “open da a ecosys em” app oach (Da ies, 2011; Poikola e al., 2011; Pollock, 2011; an Loenen
e al., 2018; an Loenen e al., 2021).
While his concep is s ill de eloping, a he hea o he ecosys em me apho is he ecogni ion o he
di e si y o da a use s’ needs ha emphasizes he impo ance o no only da a supplie s bu also use s
(Da ies & Edwa ds, 2012; Pollock, 2011; an Loenen e al., 2021). To achie e his, an impo an s ep is
shi ing om a supplie -d i en o a use -d i en pe spec i e. ODECO is wo king owa ds c ea ing a
use -d i en ecosys em o be e ma ch he demand and supply o open da a. P e ious s udies ha e
sugges ed ways o imp o e he use o open da a (Olausson, 2016; Ruije e al., 2017; Susha e al.,
2015), bu mo e esea ch is needed o unde s and he needs o di e en use ypes h oughou he
open da a li ecycle1. Only hen can app op ia e go e nance and echnical measu es be implemen ed.
1.2. Role o his deli e able in he ODECO p ojec
In his deli e able, we aim o add ess he i s knowledge gap o ODECO, which is unde s anding he
di e se needs o di e en ypes o use s (Task 2.1). This will help us c ea e a mo e use -d i en open
da a ecosys em. A he ODECO p ojec ’s p oposal s age, se en majo ca ego ies o open da a use s
we e iden i ied: non-specialis da a use s, go e nmen , in e media ies & companies, jou nalis s,
s uden s, non-go e nmen o ganisa ions (NGOs), and a i icial use s. Hence, he p oposed i le o his
deli e able is “Open da a use needs: se en la ou s”. These se en use ypes a e hen ansla ed in o
nine ESRs in he p ojec , looking in o use ypes, wi h local and egional/cen al go e nmen s and
in e media ies and companies being di ided in o ou sepa a e use ypes. Hence, he esul ing nine
ypes o open da a use s a e s udied in he cu en epo .
1 Open da a li ecycle is “ he p ocess and p ac ices a ound handling da a, s a ing om i s c ea ion, h ough he p o ision o open
da a o i s use by a ious pa ies” (Cha alabidis e al., 2018b)
D2.1 Open da a use needs: se en la ou s
9
The s uc u e o his epo is as ollows. De eloping a use -d i en open da a ecosys em s a s wi h
iden i ying he needs o use s o c ea e alue om open da a. Chap e 2 elabo a es upon he
me hodology o iden i y use needs and p esen s he ag eed-upon esea ch app oach. The ollowing
chap e s p esen he use needs o he use ypes acco ding o he nine di e en con ex s:
• Chap e 3: Non-specialis da a use s (ESR1)
• Chap e 4: Local go e nmen (ESR6)
• Chap e 5: Jou nalis s (ESR9)
• Chap e 6: S uden s (ESR10)
• Chap e 7: NGOs (ESR11)
• Chap e 8: Cen al/ egional go e nmen (ESR12)
• Chap e 9: Companies (ESR13)
• Chap e 10: A i icial use s (ESR14)
• Chap e 11: Open da a in e media ies (ESR15)
Chap e 12 concludes wi h a ca ego isa ion o use needs ha b ings ou indings oge he . We close
he epo wi h a esea ch agenda help ul o ou ongoing esea ch. Howe e , in he i s place, his
epo is he basis o de eloping echnological and go e nance measu es o sa is y use needs in Task
2.2 and 2.3.
D2.1 Open da a use needs: se en la ou s
16
Table 44: Needs ca ego ies o local go e nmen s conce ning he use o open da a and hei
espec i e sou ces.
Ca ego y
Re e ences
Coun
Reliable and
meaning ul da a
(Gao & Janssen, 2022a; Golub & Lund, 2021; Miloje ic-Dupon e al.,
2020; Naja abadi & C onembe ge , 2022; Runeson e al., 2021;
Sch o e & Hü zele , 2020; B. Wilson & Cong, 2021a; J. Zhang e al.,
2021)
8
Communica ion
and coo dina ion
ac oss and wi hin
open da a sys ems
(Gao & Janssen, 2020; Hlabano & Van Belle, 2019; Kassen, 2013;
Meng & DiSal o, 2018; Naja abadi & C onembe ge , 2022; Runeson
e al., 2021; Sch o e & Hü zele , 2020; B. Wilson & Cong, 2021; J.
Zhang e al., 2021)
9
Legal, echnical,
and ope a ional
adap abili y and
e iciency
(Cabi za e al., 2020; Can ado e al., 2020; Gao & Janssen, 2022;
Golub & Lund, 2021; Hlabano & Van Belle, 2019; Ja ke, 2021; Meng
& DiSal o, 2018; Naja abadi & C onembe ge , 2022; Runeson e al.,
2021; Sch o e & Hü zele , 2020; B. Wilson & Cong, 2021; J. Zhang
e al., 2021)
12
Da a p o ec ion,
ep esen a ion,
and alidi y
(Can ado e al., 2020; Gao & Janssen, 2020; Golub & Lund, 2021;
Hlabano & Van Belle, 2019; Ja ke, 2021; Meng & DiSal o, 2018;
Miloje ic-Dupon e al., 2020; Naja abadi & C onembe ge , 2022;
Runeson e al., 2021; Sch o e & Hü zele , 2020; B. Wilson & Cong,
2021)
11
Reliable and meaning ul da a
When local go e nmen s ac as implemen e s o open da a ini ia i es and a e asked o cap u e,
publish, upda e, and agg ega e da a, hey need o ensu e eliable da a, which means ha he da a
being used need o be accu a e, consis en , and in eg a ed (Gao & Janssen, 2022; Miloje ic-Dupon e
al., 2020; Naja abadi & C onembe ge , 2022; Runeson e al., 2021; Sch o e & Hü zele , 2020; B.
Wilson & Cong, 2021; J. Zhang e al., 2021). Fo ha o happen, one o he c i ical needs is ha ing he
capaci y o cap u e da a use s’ inpu (B. Wilson & Cong, 2021; J. Zhang e al., 2021), which can also
help go e nmen s o be in o med abou he needs and p io i ies o non-go e nmen use s (B. Wilson
& Cong, 2021). Some o he conside a ion when publishing and upda ing da a is he abili y o keep he
imeliness (Gao & Janssen, 2020), con ex ualise he da a (J. Zhang e al., 2021), build la ge da ase s,
and enable bulk access (Runeson e al., 2021). Taking ca e o hese aspec s will enable he publica ion
o meaning ul da a ha can d i e inno a ion o ac i i ies such as machine lea ning (Runeson e al.,
2021) o esea ch (Naja abadi & C onembe ge , 2022).
Communica ion and coo dina ion ac oss and wi hin open da a sys ems
When local go e nmen s ac as ini ia o s o open da a ini ia i es, hey need p ope communica ion
and coo dina ion so ha he ini ia i es ha e he suppo and engagemen o local businesses and
communi ies and align s anda ds, business ules, and a chi ec u e. These will enable da a low and
d i e inno a ion and alue c ea ion (Hlabano & Van Belle, 2019; Kassen, 2013; Naja abadi &
C onembe ge , 2022; B. Wilson & Cong, 2021). I is also necessa y o ha e he economic esou ces and
he app op ia e business models o d i e he commi men o he di e en pa icipan s (Meng &
DiSal o, 2018; B. Wilson & Cong, 2021). Fu he mo e, local go e nmen s need o coo dina e wi h
o he pa icipan s o ensu e obus me ada a and sa is y he inc ease in da a demand, o example,
when da a is used o p edic ion models (Gao & Janssen, 2020; Runeson e al., 2021; Sch o e &
Hü zele , 2020; B. Wilson & Cong, 2021). Addi ionally, accessing end-use s’ eedback is c ucial o
e alua ing and p io i izing he da a a ailabili y (B. Wilson & Cong, 2021). Finally, as implemen e s o
open da a ini ia i es, local go e nmen s need us and coo dina ion mechanisms so ha hey can
p e en dis us and compe i ion be ween public and p i a e ac o s (Runeson e al., 2021; Sch o e &
Hü zele , 2020; J. Zhang e al., 2021).

D2.1 Open da a use needs: se en la ou s
17
Legal, echnical, and ope a ional adap abili y and e iciency
When local go e nmen s design open da a ini ia i es, hey need o inc ease legal, echnical, and
ope a ional e iciency. Some o he conside a ions o achie e i a e he awa eness o digi al li e acy
gaps (Ja ke, 2021; Meng & DiSal o, 2018) when designing open da a solu ions and ha ing he legal
and echnical ools o be able o in eg a e di e en licensing amewo ks (Hlabano & Van Belle, 2019;
Runeson e al., 2021; Sch o e & Hü zele , 2020; B. Wilson & Cong, 2021) and echnologies (Gao &
Janssen, 2022; B. Wilson & Cong, 2021; J. Zhang e al., 2021); o example, enabling he con e gence
o Building In o ma ion Modelling (BIM) and Geog aphic In o ma ion Sys em (GIS) echnologies
(Runeson e al., 2021; Sch o e & Hü zele , 2020). The echnological conside a ions should also
include upg ading ools and sys ems (Sch o e & Hü zele , 2020; J. Zhang e al., 2021), which is
necessa y o co e he end-use demands. To ha e enough esou ces, hey also need o sus ain he
in e es o elec ed o icials (Hlabano & Van Belle, 2019; Naja abadi & C onembe ge , 2022; B. Wilson
& Cong, 2021). The ope a ional conside a ions should add ess ime e iciency by, o example, making
da a publishable h ough ewe s eps (Naja abadi & C onembe ge , 2022) and ha ing he aining,
specialised eams, and so wa e so ha hey can au oma e p ocesses (Gao & Janssen, 2022; B. Wilson
& Cong, 2021; J. Zhang e al., 2021) and quickly iden i y insigh s p ima ily when he solu ions use
c owdsou cing as da a collec ion me hod (Cabi za e al., 2020; Can ado e al., 2020; Golub & Lund,
2021; Hlabano & Van Belle, 2019; B. Wilson & Cong, 2021). They also need o ha e enough employees
o p ope ly ollow up on da a equi emen s, e alua e and p io i ise da a p o isions, and gene a e
e idence o he impac o open da a in policymaking (Gao & Janssen, 2022; B. Wilson & Cong, 2021).
Da a p o ec ion, ep esen a ion, and alidi y
When local go e nmen s ac as ini ia o s o open da a ini ia i es, hey need e hical ep esen a ion and
pe sonal da a p o ec ion mechanisms o p e en p e-exis ing so wa e biases, po en ial mis ea men ,
and misin e p e a ion o he da a (Naja abadi & C onembe ge , 2022). Da a p o ec ion o pe sonal
da a and alida ion o da a is pa icula ly impo an when ini ia i es include AI echnologies o ensu e
mino i y g oups can access he bene i s o open da a and p e en ha m o indi iduals, such as social
exclusion (Can ado e al., 2020; Gao & Janssen, 2020; Meng & DiSal o, 2018; Runeson e al., 2021; B.
Wilson & Cong, 2021). When local go e nmen s publish da a, hey also need o conside di e en
con ex s and languages o ensu e he ep esen a ion o local communi ies (Golub & Lund, 2021; Ja ke,
2021; Meng & DiSal o, 2018; Miloje ic-Dupon e al., 2020; Naja abadi & C onembe ge , 2022;
Runeson e al., 2021; B. Wilson & Cong, 2021). The open-da a solu ions owned by local go e nmen s
also need o conside biases in da a esul s p esen a ions, o which i is impo an o o e adap able
communica ion and isualisa ion ools (Can ado e al., 2020; Sch o e & Hü zele , 2020). Finally,
when e alua ing he impac o open go e nmen ini ia i es, local go e nmen s wan inpu om a
di e se g oup o use s, no only specialis s such as de elope s, o include hem in impac measu es
(Golub & Lund, 2021; Hlabano & Van Belle, 2019).
4.4. Conclusions
The esul s show ha he oles and needs o desi es ha local go e nmen s can acqui e wi hin he
open da a p ocessing cycle can a y acco ding o he goals o be achie ed and he con ex o he
ini ia i e. Wi h his s udy, he unde s anding o he ole o local municipali ies is b oadened. Mo e
han ac ing solely as a supplie wi hin he open da a ecosys em, local go e nmen s end o ac as e-
use s as hey a e he ini ia o s, p omo e s, coo dina o s, implemen e s, e alua o s, and/o owne s o
he open da a ini ia i es. Acco ding o he esul s, he e a e ou hemes ha ac as esea ch di ec ions
o in es iga e how local go e nmen needs can be achie ed: (1) eliabili y and meaning ulness o da a,
(2) communica ion and coo dina ion ac oss and wi hin he open da a sys ems, (3) da a p o ec ion,
ep esen a ion, and alidi y, and (4) legal, echnical, and ope a ional adap abili y, and e iciency.
Howe e , he e is an oppo uni y o ake mo e empi ical app oaches o c ea e mo e accu a e e idence
and e i y he esul s. Fu he esea ch is needed o unde s and he links wi hin he s ages in he open
da a p ocessing cycle, he oles o local go e nmen s, and he needs ha a ise. This s udy also has
some limi a ions. The i s one is ela ed o he co e age o he s udy, as he scope o he li e a u e
D2.1 Open da a use needs: se en la ou s
18
was na ow; wha ha means is ha he numbe o s udies included in he e iew is limi ed and does
no conside a long pe iod limi ing he alidi y and gene alizabili y o he esul s. Finally, mo e
desc ip i e me hods could also help o unde s and be e he con ex in which local go e nmen s ac
om di e en oles; o example, by ocusing on he domains o applica ion o desc ibing he ma u i y
le el o he open go e nmen da a ecosys em in a pa icula con ex .
D2.1 Open da a use needs: se en la ou s
19
5. Da a jou nalism
5.1. In oduc ion
The impo ance o da a in jou nalism is becoming inc easingly p ominen o e he yea s. The e ha e
been g ea s eps in he adop ion o da a- ela ed echnologies in jou nalism since Philip Meye
es ablished Compu e -Assis ed Repo ing (CAR) in he 1960s (G ay e al., 2012). Since ha ime, he
use o da a in jou nalism has e ol ed, wi h he con empo a y e m de ined as da a jou nalism (Roge s,
2008). This new end has some signi ican di e ences om CAR. While CAR is ocused on he
collec ion and analysis o da a, da a jou nalism co e s all he s ages o he p ocess, om he collec ion
and he w i ing o he a icle o he isualisa ion o he da a (Veglis & B a sas, 2017). As jou nalism was
e ol ing, he e we e also de elopmen s in he ield o da a. The beginning o he open da a
mo emen is conside ed he publica ion “On he Full and Open Exchange o scien i ic da a” (
On he
Full and Open Exchange o Scien i ic Da a
, 1995) when he e m open da a was quo ed o he i s
ime. Since hen, he open da a mo emen has g own, and go e nmen s ha e s a ed opening hei
da a o inc ease anspa ency, accoun abili y and inno a ion (Publica ions O ice o he Eu opean
Union, 2022).
Open da a mo emen and da a jou nalism ha e he same objec i es a hea . They bo h aim o
inc ease anspa ency and accoun abili y. As he open da a mo emen p o ides mo e in o ma ion,
jou nalis s can use hem and no only inc ease anspa ency and accoun abili y bu also p o e he
alue o open da a. Tha c ea es a syne gy ha should be p omo ed as i is bene icial o ou socie y.
The e o e, i is impo an o iden i y he needs and equi emen s jou nalis s mus guide he policies
and he echnological in ona ion in he ield o open da a o ou collec i e ad an age. To disco e
hese needs and equi emen s, a esea ch ques ion was o mula ed:
Wha a e he mos signi ican use
needs and equi emen s ha a e encoun e ed in published pape s?
5.2. Me hods
The me hod used o he analysis o he li e a u e and o iden i y he opics is a sys ema ic li e a u e
e iew (SLR) (Okoli, 2015; Xiao & Wa son, 2019). The ini ial esul s om he sea ch o abs ac and
keywo ds in ou scien i ic da abases, IEEE Xplo e, Web o Science, Science Di ec , and Scopus, o use
needs and equi emen s we e no su icien and, he e o e, we b oadened he esea ch by emo ing
he e ms “Use needs” and “use equi emen s” and we deduc ed hem du ing he analysis o he
pape s. The keywo ds ha we e inally selec ed a e di ided in o he wo main ocuses o he esea ch,
open da a, and jou nalism. To iden i y he jou nalis ic aspec o he publica ions, “Jou nalism”,
“jou nalis s”, and “jou nalis ” ha e been used. O he keywo ds, such as “media” o “ epo ing”, we e
deemed unsui able since he esul s we e no ela ed o jou nalism.
Fo he open da a, he e m “Open go e nmen da a” was also used along wi h “open da a”, al hough
i is a subse in he domain o open da a. The eason o he use o i is ha since he e ms we e
quo ed in he sea ch, he da abases we e e u ning only exac ma ches. The e o e, du ing he use o
he “open da a” keywo d, all he publica ions wi h he e m “open go e nmen da a” we e no
included. The goal o he inclusion and exclusion c i e ia is o ensu e ha only publica ions ha a e
ele an o he opic o he esea ch will be analysed. The c i e ia in his esea ch a e making su e ha
he main ocus o he li e a u e is he use o open da a in jou nalism.
Fo he SLR, ou scien i ic da abases we e sea ched o disco e publica ions ha a e ele an o he
esea ch ques ions. Based on he selec ed keywo ds, a que y o each da abase was o med and a e
he use o he que ies in he da abases, 131 publica ions we e ex ac ed. The nex s ep was o emo e
he duplica es ha we e 34 and o il e ou he ones ha we e no in he English language. A e he
language il e ing, we ended up wi h 82 publica ions, he e we e excluded ele en ha we e in Spanish,
wo in Po uguese, one in Tu kish and one in F ench.
D2.1 Open da a use needs: se en la ou s
20
Du ing he sc eening, based on he i les and he abs ac s o he pape s, he emaining exclusion
c i e ia we e applied o he 82 pape s we ended up wi h 45. F om he ini ial 82 pape s, wo eco ds
we e excluded o no ha ing access o hem, i e o no being esea ch pape s, and 30 o no being
ocused on open da a o jou nalism. The nex s ep was o iden i y he pape s in which i was possible
he iden i ica ion o use needs and equi emen s, and he esul was 36 publica ions.
5.3. Resul s
To o ganise he use needs ha eme ged om he analysis o he pape s, we ca ego ise hem in o
ou dis inc s eps. These s eps a e pa o open da a and da a jou nalism li e cycles. These li e cycles
a e models desc ibing he p ocess o handling da a om c ea ion o consump ion and a e desc ibed
in de ail by open da a (Cha alabidis e al., 2018) and da a jou nalism (G ay e al., 2012) expe s. Fou
ca ego ies a e Disco e abili y, Quali y, Analysis and Communica ion. Al hough hese ca ego ies we e
based on he li e cycle o open da a and da a jou nalism, hey we e no enough o accommoda e all
he use needs ha we e disco e ed, so we had o add wo mo e ca ego ies: Skills and E hics. The
skills inco po a e he need o jou nalis s o be accus omed o new echnologies so hey can
e ec i ely use open da a sou ces. E hics a e abou he need o assu ance ha he use o open da a
canno ha m he ci izens. The esea ch esul s a e p esen ed in de ail below in he co esponding
pa ag aph o each need. Table 5 p esen s he needs wi h hei li e a u e sou ce and he numbe o
imes each need was encoun e ed.
Disco e abili y
Mos o he publica ions ha men ion he need o imp o ed disco e abili y o da a a e echnological
ools ha p o ide he unc ionali y o explo e da ase s, bu hey can be spli in o wo dis inc
ca ego ies wi h di e en needs. In he i s ca ego y, hey exis ools ha a e used o in es iga i e
jou nalism, hese a e designed o sea ch da a se s and opics (Böhm e al., 2010; Klímek e al., 2018;
Paley e al., 2021). The second ca ego y is used o immedia e jou nalism, which ocuses on sea ching
open da a sou ces o new in o ma ion as as as possible (Go on e al., 2015; Ocaña e al., 2021).
Finally, wo publica ions a e abou he di icul y jou nalis s encoun e in he disco e y o open da a
(Bozsik e al., 2022; Ma in e al., 2022).
Quali y
The e we e also iden i ied publica ions ha men ion he need o quali y. The e a e cases whe e he
need o be e quali y da a is jus men ioned aguely (Po lezza & Splendo e, 2019), bu also mo e
speci ic needs o quali y a e de ec ed, like da ase s ha equi e cleaning o a e missing da a (Bozsik
e al., 2022). Also, he e a e men ioned cases ha do no ha e o do wi h he echnical quali y o he
da a, cases whe e he jou nalis s do no us he eleased da a se s (Camaj e al., 2022) o hey ind
hem o be o low impo ance o hei wo k (Faini & Palmi ani, 2016).
Analysis
In e es ingly, all he publica ions ha men ion he analysis o da a a e ocused on he p ocessing o
big da ase s. O he i e publica ions ha a e ocused on da a analysis, ou ad oca e he use o
echnical ools o help jou nalis s wi h hei wo k (And ews & Da Sil a, 2013; Le Bo gne e al., 2016;
Sando al-Ma ín & La-Rosa, 2018; Shehu e al., 2016). The i h publica ion suppo s c owdsou cing
and he use o games o make he public pa icipa e in he da a analysis p ocess (Handle & Fe e
Conill, 2016). F om ha inding, we iden i y a need o a way o handle la ge olumes o in o ma ion.
Communica ion
The communica ion need is specialised since he opic o he esea ch is jou nalism, and he e is a
g ea need o he use s o be able o con ey hei indings in an in e es ing and unde s andable way
o he public. In he publica ions, he e is a g ea ocus on isualisa ions and compelling s o y elling.
In many publica ions, he in oduced need is o ind a way o p esen complica ed da a in a o m ha
can be easily unde s andable (Rind e al., 2016; Windhage e al., 2016). Ano he impo an need is o
D2.1 Open da a use needs: se en la ou s
21
compelling s o y elling. Ve y in e es ing is he case o he NHS win e c isis (Lawson, 2022), whe e he
published a icles did no ha e he expec ed impac on he public al hough hey we e accompanied
by ex ensi e da a, he main p oblem was ha hey we e no accommoda ed by in e es ing pe sonal
s o ies. So, he ou come o he communica ions needs is no only he adop ion o echnological ools
bu also p ope s o y elling echniques ha can ele a e he published a icles.
Skills
The lack o digi al skills o jou nalis s and hei limi a ion in he use o he a ailable open da a sou ces
is a heme ha is men ioned in mos o he li e a u e. Al hough he e a e some publica ions ha co e
his skill de iciency in he o e all p ocess o jou nalism, om he collec ion o da a o he publica ion
o he a icles and he e o e a e men ioned in a sepa a e ca ego y o needs. In he li e a u e, he e
we e men ioned he cases o hacka hons (Boyles, 2020) and he in ol emen o s akeholde s (Kassen,
2018a) om o he p o essions o co e his lack o digi al skills. On he o he hand, he e a e
p esen ed cases o educa ional cu iculums o jou nalis s ha a e aining hem in da a jou nalism
and he use o open da a (Radchenko & Sakoyan, 2016; Splendo e e al., 2016). Fu he mo e, he e a e
publica ions ha co e speci ic opics in he skills ha jou nalis s need. The e a e especially men ions
o he lack o da a analysis skills (Baack, 2018; G ay e al., 2018; Ridgway, 2016) bu also o low coding
ools (Pe icek, 2022) ha a e designed o bypass his p oblem. Finally, cases whe e he lack o digi al
skills is an impedimen o he adop ion o new echnologies by jou nalis s we e encoun e ed
(Be n zen e al., 2019; Taba y e al., 2016).
E hics
The e hical isk ha was disco e ed is he possibili y o de-anonymisa ion o he published da a
(Bozsik e al., 2022; K o oski, 2012). Al hough he da ase s used by jou nalis s a e anonymised as a e
all he open da a da ase s, he p oduced syn hesis o hem in a new da ase may lead o he possibili y
ha indi iduals can be iden i ied. Al hough any inciden o de-anonymisa ion ha could expose he
iden i y o any indi idual has ne e occu ed, i is a g ea ea o jou nalis s. I an inciden like ha
occu s, i can ha e se e e consequences, especially when he da a se s con ain sensi i e and pe sonal
da a like heal h- ela ed in o ma ion. The e o e, he e is a need o s onge anonymisa ion ools and
echniques ha jou nalis s can use o a oid ha isk.
Table 55: Needs o jou nalis s iden i ied in he li e a u e
Ca ego y
Pape s
Coun
Disco e abili y
(Böhm e al., 2010; Bozsik e al., 2022; Go on e al., 2015; Klímek e al.,
2018; Ma in e al., 2022; Ocaña e al., 2021; Paley e al., 2021)
7
Quali y
(Bozsik e al., 2022; Camaj e al., 2022; Po lezza & Splendo e, 2019)
3
Analysis
(And ews & Da Sil a, 2013; Handle & Fe e Conill, 2016; Le Bo gne e
al., 2016, 2016; Sando al-Ma ín & La-Rosa, 2018)
5
Communica ion
(A aújo, 2019; B olcháin e al., 2017; E équoz & Cas anhei o, 2019;
Gup a e al., 2016; Lawson, 2022; Rind e al., 2016; Smi h, 2016;
Windhage e al., 2016)
8
Skills
(Baack, 2018; Be n zen e al., 2019; Boyles, 2020; G ay e al., 2018;
Kassen, 2018a; Pe icek, 2022; Radchenko & Sakoyan, 2016; Ridgway,
2016a; Splendo e e al., 2016; Taba y e al., 2016)
10
E hics
(Bozsik e al., 2022; K o oski, 2012)
2
5.4. Conclusions
In his esea ch, he e we e iden i ied six di e en use need ca ego ies, Disco e abili y, Quali y,
Analysis, Communica ion, Skills, and E hics. The mos p ominen ca ego y is Skills since i co e s he
whole spec um o he da a jou nalism p ocess. The ca ego y wi h he nex men ions is
Communica ion, which is in e es ing since i implies ha he ocus o he jou nalis s is he
p esen a ion o he s o y and no he da a hemsel es. Ano he in e es ing a gumen on he

D2.1 Open da a use needs: se en la ou s
22
Communica ion ca ego y is ha jou nalis s mus acqui e expe ience in his new ype o epo ing so
hey can combine isualisa ions wi h compelling s o y elling. A special men ion mus be made o he
Analysis since all he publica ions we e ocused on he need o be able o analyse big da ase s. This is
some hing ha could be an in e es ing esea ch ques ion in he u u e. Addi ionally, we ound ha
he e was a ea ha open da a jou nalism could unwillingly expose he p i a e in o ma ion o ci izens.
Ano he in e es ing inding ha was disco e ed du ing his esea ch, and i is no ela ed o he use
needs, is ha he lack o skills is an impedimen o he adop ion o new echnologies and, he e o e,
new da a sou ces by he jou nalis s. This is a disco e y ha can be e ol ed in o an in e es ing esea ch
opic since i will explain why da a jou nalism is no so popula du ing a ime when he e is an
abundance o a ailable da a sou ces. Finally, we should men ion ha his is ongoing esea ch, and
al hough some in e es ing indings ha e been de ec ed, we mus be cau ious when d awing
conclusions. The p esen ed esul s a e p elimina y, and mo e analysis o he li e a u e is needed. A e
ha , in e iews wi h expe s in he ield o jou nalism mus be conduc ed.
D2.1 Open da a use needs: se en la ou s
23
6. S uden s
6.1. In oduc ion
Open Da a Educa ion is gaining ele ance o s aigh ening and aining a li e a e communi y ha can
u he bene i om Open Da a (Cook e al., 2018). The e o e, he inse ion o Open Da a in
educa ional sys ems becomes inc easingly impo an in he Open Da a mo emen . Fo example, he
In e na ional Open Da a Chap e sugges s engaging wi h schools o ensu e he inclusi eness o Open
Da a in socie y (In e na ional Open Da a Cha e , 2015).
Al hough Open Da a Educa ion migh help o s imula e bigge shi s owa ds Open Da a ecosys ems
( an Loenen e al., 2021a), Open Da a is no mally c ea ed and eleased wi hou conside ing i s
possible use o educa ional pu poses (Coughlan, 2020). Open Da a Educa ion should conside he
challenges aced by non-da a expe s such as s uden s and eache s who pa icipa e in o mal o
hyb id ( o mal/in o mal) lea ning en i onmen s. Fo example, se e al esea che s ha e highligh ed
ha non-da a expe use s migh ace ba ie s associa ed wi h he complexi y o handling he da a
and pa icipa ion in he open-da a p ocess (Janssen e al., 2012). Unco e ing he s uden ’s needs
migh be he i s s ep in a jou ney o enhancing he usage o Open Da a as an educa ional esou ce.
Open Da a Educa ion
The no el ield o Open Da a Educa ion has he po en ial o empowe ing s uden s wi h digi al skills
and c i ical hinking h ough wo k di ec ly wi h eal ac s (Celis Va gas & Magnussen, 2022). Open
Da a as an educa ional esou ce can con ibu e o c ea e meaning ul lea ning expe iences by
coun e ing cu en laws in educa ional sys ems such as he gap be ween class oom ac i i ies and
eal-li e, and he lack o s uden s and eache s’ mo i a ion (Cook e al., 2018; Coughlan, 2020; Saddiqa,
Rasmussen, e al., 2019; Wol , Gooch, e al., 2016). T adi ional educa ional models a e c i icised o
hei inabili y o de elop essen ial skills equi ed o ci ic engagemen and he labou ma ke (Elisa
Ra aghelli, 2020; Saddiqa e al., 2021a). Li e a u e in educa ion sugges s he need o p omo ing
abili ies o cope wi h new socio-cul u al challenges and adap o changes in echnology, and a da a-
d i en socie y (A enas e al., 2015; Coughlan, 2020; Wol , Gooch, e al., 2016).
Cu en expe imen s in Open Da a Educa ion in ol e s uden s engaging wi h Open Da a in se e al
ways. Fi s ly, by di ec ly using open da ase s as esou ces o lea ning subjec s such as geog aphy,
his o y o s a is ics in o mal lea ning ac i i ies (A enas e al., 2015; Coughlan, 2020). Secondly, by
engaging in cou ses o cu iculums whe e Open Da a is he cen al opic o lea ning (De men zi e al.,
2022; Palo a & Vejacka, 2022). Thi dly, using Open Da a o unde s and local issues and c ea e
solu ions in in o mal lea ning en i onmen s associa ed wi h local go e nmen s (Da is & Shneye ,
2020). Di e ences be ween hese h ee app oaches a e ela ed o lea ning objec i es and educa ional
le els.
6.2. Me hods
A li e a u e e iew was conduc ed o unco e s uden s’ needs in he ield o Open Da a Educa ion.
Acco ding o G an & Boo h (2009), he li e a u e e iew me hod seeks o iden i y wha has been
accomplished, allowing o consolida ion and o gaps iden i ica ion. Unco e ing s uden s; needs in
cu en li e a u e allows building on p e ious wo k o pu sue he esea ch goal o de eloping ools
and me hods enhancing he usage o Open Da a in elemen a y schools.
Conside ing he Open Da a and Educa ion domains, keywo ds such as
Open Da a, Open Da ase s,
School, Class oom
, and
Educa ional esou ce
we e de ined o conduc i e a i e sea ches in he
SCOPUS da abase. Sea ches wi h a ious combina ions o keywo ds we e ollowed by he sc eening o
i les and abs ac s o iden i y ele an s udies, such as a icles, con e ence pape s, and book chap e s
in he Open Da a Educa ion ield. Acco ding o he esea ch ques ion:
Wha a e he s uden ’s needs
o using Open Da a?
ini ial sea ches conside ed wo ds such as “needs” and “use s”, howe e , he
D2.1 Open da a use needs: se en la ou s
24
esul s did no p o ide insigh om a s uden ’s pe spec i e. The e o e, an abduc i e easoning p ocess
was adop ed o o m hypo heses by disco e ing new concep s, ideas, o explana ions (Ramba ee,
2018), allowing o in e ing s uden s’ needs.
6.3. Resul s
S uden s a e non-expe da a use s. The e o e, hei needs o success ully using Open Da a in
meaning ul lea ning ac i i ies migh be ela ed o o he non-specialis use g oups, such as ci izens.
Howe e , speci ic s uden s’ needs conside lea ning objec i es and educa ional le els. S uden s a e
people who engage in a o mal lea ning ac i i y. Acco ding o Bee ham (2019), a lea ning ac i i y
in ol es o he pa icipan s, such as eache s, a lea ning en i onmen including ools, and lea ning
ou comes. Alloca ing lea ne s a he cen e, he ollowing igu e p o ides an analysis amewo k o
unco e ing he s uden s’ needs.
Figu e 1: Analysis amewo k based on Bee ham’s Lea ning Ac i i ies Design App oach
(Bee ham, 2019)
Needs ela ed o he lea ning en i onmen
Lea ning en i onmen s migh in ol e o mal o in o mal se ings and ce ain ools o a i ac s which
de e mine di e en le el o in e ac ion.
•
In e cep ion o o mal and in o mal lea ning en i onmen s:
On he one hand, o mal educa ion is ela ed o p ima y, elemen a y, high school, unde g adua e
p og ammes and mas e s and doc o a es. Open Da a Educa ion is p esen ed as pa o he
cu iculum i s , as a speci ic cou se, o as pa o egula cou ses such as ma hema ics and
geog aphy, among o he s. On he o he hand, in o mal educa ion is amed in in o mal
educa ional o lea ning en i onmen s such as lib a ies, p o i o non-p o i , g ass oo s, and public
o ganisa ions, and esea ch ins i u ions. Fo example, Schools o Da a ini ia i es a e mainly
embodied in cou ses o a b oad public (Dande & Macgilch is , 2022). The e is a need o
in eg a e di e en le els o o mali y. Fo mal/In o mal educa ion is ela ed o local go e nmen o
communi y-based ini ia i es aimed a inc easing ci ic pa icipa ion. Thei implemen a ion s a egy
ocuses on s uden s.
•
Conc e e ools o s uden s and educa o s:
S uden s and educa o s ace ba ie s such as he concep o Open Da a being highly abs ac and
he need o cus omised hands-on open da a collec ion, in e p e a ion and exploi a ion ac i i ies
(A enas e al., 2015; Coughlan, 2020; Saddiqa e al., 2021a). Educa o s using Open Da a as an
educa ional esou ce ha e been acing p oblems such as inding he igh da ase s, p ocessing
da a be o e gi ing i o s uden s, and inding sou ces o ensu e he openness o da a (Coughlan,
D2.1 Open da a use needs: se en la ou s
25
2020). The li e a u e shows he de elopmen o expe imen s on ools o coun e ing ba ie s and
suppo ing s uden s in using Open Da a. Fi s ly, he au ho s ocused on iden i ying open da ase s
o school subjec s such as ma hs, science, and geog aphy h ough mining echniques, in e aces
and online communi ies (Chicaiza e al., 2017; Saddiqa e al., 2021b; Vallejo-Figue oa e al., 2018).
Secondly, he au ho s p esen ed expe imen s wi h ools acili a ing he use o Open Da a in he
class oom o he collec ion o own local da a and da a isualisa ion (Badioze Zaman e al., 2021;
P od omou, 2017; Saddiqa, Ki iko a, e al., 2019).
Needs ela ed o o he pa icipan s
Mos lea ning in ol es in e ac ion wi h o he pa icipan s. These o he pa icipan s in e ac wi h he
lea ne s acco ding o di e en kinds o lea ning, such as associa i e, cons uc i e, o si ua ed.
•
Connec ing o ac o s in an Open Da a Ecosys em:
S uden s need an Open Da a ecosys em which can connec hem wi h da a expe s, eal-wo ld
o ganisa ions, and o he ac o s. Fo example, an Open Da a Ecosys em migh suppo s uden s
o connec o da a and p oblem owne s, p o ide eache s wi h p ope ools o lead lea ning
ac i i ies and help school adminis a o s o de ine guidelines (Radchenko & Sakoyan, 2014;
Selwyn e al., 2017). Fu he mo e, (Saddiqa e al., 2021a) sugges he impo ance o c ea ing a
communi y o educa o s and s uden s o sha e hei own da ase s, expe ience and ools.
Needs ela ed o lea ning ou come
A lea ning ou come migh be seen as an iden i iable change in he lea ne . I migh di e acco ding o
di e en kinds o lea ning.
•
Engaging as ac i e ci izens in an Open Da a ecosys em:
Cu en li e a u e elabo a es on he ele ance o Open Da a, no jus in p o iding in o ma ion
abou eali y bu in gi ing inpu o ans o ming i . Fo example, Saddiqa, Rasmussen, e al. (2019)
expe imen ed wi h using local Open Da a in he class oom, i s ly, o help s uden s unde s and
eal ac s and, secondly, o come up wi h ideas o imp o e hei communi ies. In a compe ency-
based educa ion o ac i e ci izenship, s uden s migh adop di e en oles om an ecosys em
pe spec i e, such as Open Da a e-use s o p o ide s. Howe e , hey should be in eg a ed.
Needs ela ed o he lea ning ac i i y
A lea ning ac i i y de e mines he in e ac ion be ween lea ne s wi h o he people, using ce ain ools
and esou ces, o ien ed owa ds a speci ic ou come.
•
De eloping skills and compe encies o unde s anding and using Open Da a:
The app op ia e skills should allow use s no only o use, modi y, and sha e a ailable Open Da a
(Con adie & Choenni, 2014; Kassen, 2013; P ie o e al., 2012; Shadbol e al., 2012) bu also o
unde s and wha kind o pe spec i es i opens (Van Loenen e al., 2021). Fo example, Open Da a
use s usually need o be amilia wi h da ase o ma s, s a is ics, ex p ocessing so wa e,
p og amming languages o in e aces (Ridgway, 2016b). These echnical abili ies a e o en
associa ed wi h Da a Li e acy (Van Audenho e e al., 2020; Wol , Ca e o Mon ane , e al., 2016).
Howe e , he openness o Open Da a migh need he conside a ion o skills and compe encies,
which some au ho s ela e o 21s cen u y skills (Rome o e al., 2015). Fu he mo e, Saddiqa,
Ki iko a, e al. (2019) and Zapa a & San ana (2015) elabo a e on he impo ance o de eloping
skills and compe encies, such as he abili y o unde s and local and global issues and c i ical and
scien i ic hinking.
•
Engaging in meaning ul lea ning expe iences:
Open Da a was used o inc ease engagemen and mo i a ion among s uden s by ex ending
eaching ou side he class oom. Ac i i ies such as engaging wi h local se ings by collec ing da a
D2.1 Open da a use needs: se en la ou s
32
Da a li e acy, digi al li e acy, and digi al equi y
Di e en au ho s e e o ba ie s o use s and po en ial use s o open da a as being he esul o he
lack o da a li e acy (Shibuya e al., 2022; Wilson & Chak abo y, 2019; Wilson & Cong, 2021; Zhang,
2022). Open go e nmen da a, including spa ial da a, a e used mo e by li e a e use s, which o en
include go e nmen al s a , businesses, and jou nalis s (Shibuya e al., 2022; Zhang, 2022), whe eas
o he use s a e le behind (Wilson & Cong, 2021). Indeed, no all use s possess he same da a li e acy,
and go e nmen s should in es in building da a li e acy and digi al equi y (Wilson & Cong, 2021).
Digi al equi y cap u es wha is needed o ac o s o pa icipa e in and h ough open go e nmen da a
and is composed o bo h he acquisi ion o he necessa y skills (de ined as digi al li e acy) and
echnologies (Wilson & Cong, 2021).
In hei in es iga ion o he e ec s o open da a on ci izens’ beha iou du ing he Co id-19 ou b eak,
Shibuya e al. (2022) conclude ha in o ma ion sha ing h ough open da a did no ha e an equal
impac on all ci izens. Indeed, ci izens wi h high digi al li e acy we e mo e used o making decisions
based on da a e en be o e he pandemic” (p. 6). The au ho s, he e o e, sugges ha open da a
esea ch ocuses on unde s anding he needs o in o ma ion o all ci izens.
While open da a p esen s oppo uni ies, a mo e ac i e ole o di e en ac o s is in oked o ill he
da a li e acy gap. Zhang (2022) ocuses on equi able app oaches o eaching spa ial li e acy,
conside ed o p omo e he engagemen o he public and as a key o people’s empowe men . Au ho
also discusses he implica ion o eaching spa ial da a li e acy in ela ion o hemes ocused on equi y.
By such an app oach, i is possible o link geospa ial da a o ele an issues and each he public's
engagemen .
Wilson and Chak abo y (2019) in es iga e ci ic echnology as a ield ha deploys open da a wi h he
aim o gi ing isibili y o p oblems no add essed by go e nmen s h ough collabo a ion. While many
ac o s a e desc ibed as key o he success o ci ic echnologies ini ia i es, digi al li e acy is eckoned
as a challenge o un apping he po en ial o hese o ms o collabo a ion. Au ho s also pu an
emphasis on ansi ioning o a new o m o “jus ” planning le e aging on open da a. Howe e , his
ansi ion equi es addi ional da a skills o planne s o allow hem o conside open da a in hei
ac i i ies.
O e all, he di e en con ibu ions o digi al li e acy, da a li e acy, and digi al equi y call o
add essing use needs h ough aining and echnology p o ided o di e en ac o s (e.g., ci izens o
planne s) by di e en p o ide s (i.e., go e nmen s o lib a ies as da a in e media ies).
Digi al di ide
Access o da a is une en and is limi ed by digi al di ide (Ghose & Appel, 2016; Lee e al., 2023). Ghose
& Appel (2016) esea ch pa icipa ion in geospa ial da a and he ole o uni e si y lib a ies as iable
op ions o in e media ing access o open da a o less p i ileged g oups. Indeed, he digi al di ide
p e en s use s and po en ial use s om accessing he app op ia e and ele an geospa ial da a. The
digi al di ide is u he exace ba ed by imbalances in powe ha lead o he de elopmen o
in as uc u es, ac o s’ collabo a ion, and policies in a way ha does no sa is y he needs o
disad an aged and ma ginalised g oups (Ghose & Appel, 2016). The same g oups canno eap he
bene i s o open da a as access o ele an da ase s in he geospa ial domain implies, in some cases,
nego ia ing powe and skills.
Lee e al. (2023) ocus on sma ci ies and p esen , among o he s, he case o he Ci y o Po land, in
which he local go e nmen ook ac ions o b idge he digi al di ide ha esul ed om decades o
ma ginalisa ion h ough ac ions a ge ed p ima ily a ma ginalised a eas keeping as p io i y
communi y engagemen o sol e he mos p essing p oblems ha cha ac e ise unde se ed a eas The

D2.1 Open da a use needs: se en la ou s
33
“open and people- i s app oach o digi al ans o ma ion” (p. 88) was channelled h ough an Open
Da a Resolu ion speci ically aimed a pa icipa ion and euse om da a by ci izens.
Acco ding o Bezuidenhou e al. (2017), he digi al di ide is an obsole e concep o which we should
p e e “digi al inequali y”. The ocus o digi al inequali y is access in ended as bo h a social and
echnological issue. Wi h he adop ion o a b oade de ini ion o he digi al di ide, i is possible o
unde s and and sol e he a ie y o easons ha p e en he euse o da a, and ha includes a
“complex mix u e o social, psychological, economic and p agma ic easons” (Selwyn 2004: 348, as
ci ed by Bezuidenhou e al.).
Da a a ailabili y
Schwoe e (2022) in es iga es ci izens’ use needs in local go e nmen s and inds ou ha da a
a ailabili y is a majo issue. The in o ma ion needs o ci izens a e di e en om hose o o he ac o s,
and, as al eady poin ed ou by p e ious s udies (Ojo e al. 2018), open da ase s conce ning speci ic
policy a eas such as heal h and en i onmen a e conside ed mo e ele an . Local go e nmen s a e no
only p o ide s o da a bu also “ca alys s o “hidden” demand o open da a” o di e en use g oups.
Issues ega ding da a a ailabili y a e iden i ied also by Ja ke (2019). App oaches based on co-c ea ion
h ough open da a should deal wi h di e en ci izens’ in o ma ion needs. Indeed, open da a ha
ci izens conside ele an canno be a ailable, and he e o e, da a collec ion and da a c ea ion should
come i s as p io i ies. To his end, collabo a ions wi h di e en da a owne s should be en isaged o
mee he open da a a ailabili y gap.
Da a di ide
Fusi e al. (2022) in es iga es open go e nmen da a o en i onmen al jus ice and a gues ha
go e nmen s should be esponsible o illing he da a di ide ha p e en s he pa icipa ion o
disad an aged g oups (in his case, ulne able popula ion) in policymaking. The unp i ileged socio-
economic backg ound o some g oups o ci izens limi s he oppo uni ies o accessing da a and
c ea es phenomena o da a di ide. Go e nmen s need o conside di e ences in access and ea i as
an impo an equi y issue. Also, he ocus on “ echnical” ea u es o da a, such as “machine eadabili y,
quan i y and g anula i y”, widens hese gaps by gi ing a compe i i e ad an age in he use o open
da a o ac o s who a e al eady empowe ed and skil ul.
Da a quali y
Acco ding o Fe nández-A dè ol & Rosales (2022), da a use and euse need o conside he po en ial
biases o seconda y da ase s, in ended as da ase s ha we e c ea ed o di e en pu poses. Da a
quali y assessmen , indeed, does no ensu e ha da a a e bias- ee and, mo e speci ically, ha da a
adequa ely e lec he exis ence and he cha ac e is ics o di e en use g oups, such as mino i ies o
social g oups on which da a a e no collec ed. The de ini ion o da a quali y is “socially cons uc ed”
and, he e o e, i is impo an o acknowledge and conside ha open da a ha mee exis ing
s anda ds migh no sa is y use needs. Also, he issue o da a quali y should be seen in connec ion
wi h he lack o da a skills. Use s migh lack c i ical app oaches owa ds da a and, he e o e, hey
migh no be able o ecognize ha da a a e no objec i e and ha hey can embed limi a ions.
Legal, poli ical, and o ganisa ional ba ie s o da a access
O e by e al. (2022) in es iga e legal, poli ical, and o ganisa ional ba ie s o da a accessibili y.
Analysing he case o a conse a ion easemen and land eco ds in he Uni ed S a es, he Au ho s ind
ou ha conce ns o e p i acy, as well as poli ical and o ganisa ional ba ie s, p e en wide access and
pa icipa ion o ci izens in en i onmen al go e nance h ough open da a. Ba ie s o access p e en a
“jus ” en i onmen al go e nance, and i is sugges ed ha go e nmen s s i e o equi able da a access
o acili a e he pa icipa ion o di e se g oups and sa is y socie al needs.
D2.1 Open da a use needs: se en la ou s
34
Da a go e nance
Go e nance h ough new da a p inciples migh emphasise collec i e owne ship, con ol, and sel -
de e mina ion, as well as he needs o ma ginalised g oups. One leading example is he one o he
CARE (Collec i e benefi , Au ho i y o con ol, Responsibili y, E hics) p inciples, p oposed as a emedy
o he laws o he FAIR (Findable, Accessible, In e ope able, Reusable) p inciples (Wal e e al., 2021).
Indeed, he FAIR p inciples, de eloped in he Wes e n adi ion, do no e lec , o conside he needs
o disad an aged g oups. Fo his eason, he RDA In e na ional Indigenous Da a So e eign y In e es
G oup de eloped he CARE p inciples (Wal e e al., 2021). These new da a p inciples can be a sou ce
o inspi a ion o de eloping mo e inclusi e da a go e nance in o he con ex s, such as in
en i onmen al jus ice and open da a go e nance, as sugges ed by Fusi e al. (2022).
Une en access ac oss e i o ies
Access o da a o use s migh be une en ac oss di e en e i o ies. In p ac ice, some local
go e nmen s migh sha e mo e da a han o he s. Focusing on go e nmen al use needs a he local
le el in ela ion o he implemen a ion o he PSI Di ec i e, S ä d (2018) con ends ha inancial
cons ain s impede he adop ion o open da a-sha ing p ac ices. As a esul , he a ailabili y o da a
changes ac oss municipali ies, and his migh esul in inequi ies o access.
Fo o he au ho s (Zuide wijk e al., 2018), while budge cons ain s migh play a ole, di e ences in
open da a up ake a he local le el can also esul om une en mo i a ions among municipali ies o
adop ing hem. The e o e, a he cen al/na ional le el, policies need o conside di e ences ha
migh a ise in ela ion o he adop ion o open da a policies.
8.5. Conclusions
In he e iew o he li e a u e on open da a and social equi y, we iden i ied a a ie y o use needs ha
a e connec ed o he disad an aged g oups ha encompass: 1) Da a li e acy, digi al li e acy, and
digi al equi y, 2) Digi al di ide and Digi al inequali y, 3) Da a a ailabili y, 4) Da a Di ide, 5) Da a
Quali y, 6) Legal, poli ical, and o ganisa ional ba ie s o da a access, 7) Da a Go e nance, 8) Une en
access ac oss e i o ies. The iden i ied use needs do no always in ol e go e nmen s as use s o
open da a bu a he as media o s o he demand o open da a (da a a ailabili y), p o ide s o
aining o unding o aining (da a li e acy, digi al li e acy, and digi al equi y) o “gua an o s” o da a
quali y and absence o biases in da a. Also, he ocus o he li e a u e is on local go e nmen s, wi h
ewe con ibu ions abou egional and cen al go e nmen s. O e all, he li e a u e on open da a and
social equi y, while no sys ema ically discussing implica ions o ma ginalised g oups in ela ion o
he use o open da a, sugges s di e en a enues o u he esea ch.
D2.1 Open da a use needs: se en la ou s
35
9. Companies
9.1. In oduc ion
Open Da a (OD) e e s o da a ha can be accessed and sha ed wi hou es ic ion. OD is
e olu ionizing how businesses ope a e in he mode n digi al age. Many companies a e adop ing OD
ini ia i es o s imula e inno a ion, enhance decision-making, and unco e la en ma ke po en ial
(Hammell e al., 2012). As o ganiza ions become inc easingly da a-d i en, i is essen ial ha hey
comp ehend and e ec i ely align hei equi emen s. This sec ion examines companies’ indispensable
equi emen s o open da a. We will conside bo h he bene i s and obs acles associa ed wi h i s
implemen a ion.
To make in o med decisions, companies equi e access o high-quali y, eliable open da a sou ces
(Zuide wijk e al., 2015). The signi icance o da a quali y canno be o e s a ed, as inaccu a e
in o ma ion can esul in w ong s a egies and was ed esou ces. Fo ins ance, ene gy companies can
use open da a on sola adia ion and wind pa e ns o iden i y op imal loca ions o enewable ene gy
p ojec s, ensu ing eliable ene gy gene a ion. On he o he hand, was e managemen companies can
use open da a on popula ion densi y, was e gene a ion a es, and a ic pa e ns o op imize was e
collec ion ou es, he eby inc easing e iciency and dec easing en i onmen al impac .
Accessibili y and he seamless in eg a ion o di e se da ase s a e essen ial use equi emen s o
businesses (Väy ynen e al., 2017). Companies equi e use - iendly (accessible) in e aces on open
da a pla o ms ha enable hem o sea ch, il e , and download da a wi h minimal e o . In addi ion,
in e ope abili y be ween di e se da ase s is essen ial, as o ganiza ions equen ly need o combine
and analyze mul iple da a sou ces o de i e insigh ul conclusions. OD on public ansi ou es,
schedules, and ide ship can help anspo a ion agencies and companies op imize public
anspo a ion sys ems, imp o e se ice co e age, and enhance he commu e expe ience.
Businesses ha e di e se and speci ic da a equi emen s depending on hei indus y, ma ke , and
goals. The e o e, companies equi e OD pla o ms ha o e cus omiza ion and adap abili y ega ding
da a o ma s, equency, and g anula i y. This cus omiza ion allows companies o ailo he da a o
hei speci ic equi emen s and gain insigh s ela ed o hei business a ea. Fo example, businesses in
he ene gy sec o can le e age open da a on ene gy consump ion pa e ns o iden i y high-demand
a eas, enabling hem o de elop a ge ed ene gy e iciency p og ams and op imize g id ope a ions.
The u iliza ion o open da a abou a ic low, oad condi ions, and acciden s can be ad an ageous o
anspo a ion companies in implemen ing e icien a ic managemen ac ics, op imizing signal
imings, and mi iga ing conges ion.
OD can help companies in hei decision-making p ocesses. They can make educa ed judgmen s wi h
he a ailabili y o comp ehensi e da a, which lowe s unce ain y and minimizes isks (Zuide wijk e al.,
2015). Fo example, anspo a ion au ho i ies can use open da a on a ic low, oad condi ions, and
acciden s o implemen e ec i e a ic managemen s a egies, op imizing signal imings and
educing conges ion. In addi ion, OD os e s inno a ion by p o iding businesses wi h insigh ul
in o ma ion ha can disclose new ma ke oppo uni ies, ends, and g ow h a eas. Ene gy companies
can use open da a on ene gy consump ion pa e ns o iden i y high-demand a eas, enabling hem o
de elop a ge ed ene gy e iciency p og ams and op imize g id ope a ions.
Challenges associa ed wi h he adop ion o OD should also be men ioned. The massi e quan i y o
accessible da a can be o e whelming o businesses, making i di icul o iden i y and p io i ize he
mos pe inen in o ma ion o hei pu poses. Companies can o e come his obs acle, howe e , by
ocusing on speci ic open da a sou ces ele an o hei ini ia i es. The e may also be da a quali y
conce ns, as open da a sou ces may con ain e o s o inconsis encies. Companies can mi iga e his
D2.1 Open da a use needs: se en la ou s
36
di icul y and ensu e he e aci y o he in o ma ion hey use by ho oughly e alua ing and alida ing
hei da a sou ces.
9.2. Me hod
The p esen s udy employed a wo- old app oach comp ising a comp ehensi e li e a u e e iew and a
ho ough analysis o p ac ical applica ions. A comp ehensi e li e a u e e iew was conduc ed o
in es iga e he impac o OD on business ope a ions. The ask necessi a ed he examina ion o
academic li e a u e, echnical documen s, and analy ical s udies pe aining o open da a endea ou s.
The li e a u e was me iculously selec ed o gua an ee i s pe inence and eliabili y, u nishing a
comp ehensi e ou look on he ami ica ions o open da a in a ious sec o s.
A e he li e a u e e iew, we examined a ious scena ios ha showcase he p agma ic applica ion o
OD in he p ocess o making business decisions. The ins ances we e ca e ully chosen om di e se
sec o s, such as ene gy, was e managemen , and anspo a ion, o demons a e a a ie y o
si ua ions. The pu pose o hese examples is o demons a e how en e p ises can e ec i ely employ
open da a o ul il hei unique needs while highligh ing po en ial challenges ha may a ise. Th ough
he in eg a ion o hese wo s ages, a comp ehensi e unde s anding o he open da a business use
equi emen s was achie ed. The me hodology employed in his s udy inco po a ed heo e ical and
p ac ical pe spec i es de i ed om ele an li e a u e and eal-wo ld applica ions.
9.3. Resul s
Following he li e a u e e iew and he applica ions analysis, he ollowing needs we e iden i ied.
1. Access o high-quali y and eliable OD sou ces: Companies need accu a e and eliable da a o
make good choices and a oid w ong s a egies. They need us wo hy sou ces o OD ele an o
hei business a ea.
2. In eg a ion and accessibili y o di e se da ase s: Companies mus ha e access o use - iendly
in e aces, and da ase s mus be in e ope able be ween hem. They equi e access o open da a
pla o ms ha acili a e da a disco e y, e inemen , and download. By combining and analysing
da a om di e en sou ces, companies can gain impo an insigh s ha would no o he wise be
possible.
3. Cus omiza ion and adap abili y o da a pla o ms: Di e en indus ies, ma ke s, and business goals
ha e di e en and unique da a needs. They need OD ools ha le hem change he s yle,
equency, and le el o de ail o he da a. This a ailabili y le s hem change he in o o i hei
needs and lea n mo e abou he si ua ion.
4. A ailabili y o da a: Companies can ake be e decisions when hey ha e all he needed
in o ma ion. OD pla o ms should gi e companies access o a wide ange o da a sou ces o ge
he needed in o ma ion.
5. Da a quali y assu ance: Companies need o know ha hei OD sou ces a e o good quali y. They
need ways o check and con i m he da a sou ces o ensu e hey a e co ec , eliable, and
consis en .
6. O e whelming amoun o da a: The e a e as amoun s o da a companies can access. They need
ways o ind and ank he mos impo an in o ma ion o hei goals. This p oblem can be sol ed
by ocusing on speci ic OD sou ces ha a e use ul o hei p ojec s.
7. Da a quali y: OD sou ces may ha e e o s o be inconsis en . Conce ns abou da a quali y need o
be deal wi h by companies by ca e ully examining and con i ming hei da a sou ces. T u h ul
da a helps ensu e he decision-making p ocess.
8. Suppo : Fo companies o use OD e ec i ely, hey need help and di ec ion. They need access o
ools, expe ise, and help, o maximize he bene i s OD b ings o he business.
9.4. Conclusions
In conclusion, open da a has he po en ial o signi ican ly e olu ionise how o ganisa ions conduc
hei daily ope a ions whils p o iding a ange o bene i s, including imp o ed decision-making
D2.1 Open da a use needs: se en la ou s
37
abili ies, lowe cos s, and he po en ial o s imula e inno a ion. The e ec i e implemen a ion o open
da a ini ia i es equi es ca e ul conside a ion o a ious ac o s such as da a quali y, accessibili y,
cus omisa ion, secu i y, and suppo equi emen s o en e p ise use s. I would, in u n, p omo e
in o med decision-making, enhance ope a ional p ocesses, and p omo e a sus ainable and e ec i e
u u e o o ganisa ions. The u ilisa ion o open da a poses ce ain obs acles; ne e heless, businesses
ha e ec i ely o e come hese challenges can a ain a compe i i e edge.

D2.1 Open da a use needs: se en la ou s
38
10. A i icial Use s
10.1. In oduc ion
The open da a ecosys em holds signi ican impo ance in he cu en digi al age and se es as a
c ucial esou ce o a di e se ange o use s (Runeson e al., 2021). In ecen imes, he e has been a
no able su ge in he signi icance o a i icial use s. In he con ex o open da a, "a i icial use s" e e s
o en i ies ha u ilize open da a o consump ion, analysis, lea ning, and in o med decision-making
p ocesses (Helm e al., 2020). The ca ego y o a i icial use s encompasses en i ies such as a i icial
in elligence (AI), machine lea ning, and bo s (Niki as e al., 2020).
A i icial use s a e in eg al componen s o a ious con empo a y sys ems, including bu no limi ed o
ecommenda ion engines, sea ch algo i hms, and da a analy ics ools (Kosala & Blockeel, 2000). In ou
echnology-cen ic socie y, hey play a c ucial ole as he ounda ion o nume ous ou ine unc ions,
anging om ailo ed sugges ions on digi al in e aces o an icipa o y analysis in domains such as
inance, heal hca e, and anspo a ion, among o he s.
Despi e he ex ensi e esea ch conduc ed o unde s and he equi emen s o human use s in open
da a ecosys ems, he speci ic needs o a i icial use s ha e no been gi en equal impo ance. The
de elopmen o syn he ic use s necessi a es a dis inc i e me hodology owing o hei di e se needs.
Accu a e iden i ica ion and comp ehensi e unde s anding o pa icula equi emen s a e essen ial o
enhancing he e iciency o a i icial use s and maximizing hei po en ial in open da a ecosys ems
(Janssen e al., 2020).
The subsequen segmen will examine he needs o a i icial use s in he domain o open da a. The
objec i e o his esea ch is o o e signi ican pe spec i es and di ec ion o expe s who a e in ol ed
in he managemen o open da a and a i icial in elligence. A comp ehensi e e alua ion o he
p e equisi es and hei p obable consequences on open da a sys ems will be execu ed o a ain his
objec i e. The main aim is o acili a e he es ablishmen o open da a eco-sys ems cus omized o
mee syn he ic use s' needs, he eby enhancing hei e ec i eness and in luence on ou da a-d i en
socie y (Welle Donke & an Loenen, 2017).
10.2. Me hod
We employed a igo ous esea ch me hodology o gain a comp ehensi e unde s anding o he
equisi es o syn he ic use s in he domain o open da a. The ini ial me hodology employed
encompassed a ho ough e iew o ele an li e a u e and an examina ion o es ablished p ac ices
wi hin he domains o a i icial in elligence and open da a ecosys ems. This enabled us o acqui e a
comp ehensi e pe spec i e and iden i y sho comings in he cu en unde s anding o he
equi emen s o a i icial use s.
Du ing he second phase o ou me hodology, ou p ima y objec i e was o de elop and implemen
an analy ical amewo k o assess he dis inc equi emen s o syn he ic use s om di e se iewpoin s.
A ho ough examina ion was ca ied ou on di e se ca ego ies o syn he ic use s, encompassing bo h
a i icial in elligence (AI) sys ems and so wa e bo s. Fu he mo e, we assessed a ious scena ios in
which hese use s engage wi h open da a.
Concu en ly, we conduc ed a s udy which e alua ed a ious s a e o he a algo i hms such as BERT,
RAKE, YAKE, TEXTRANK, and CHATGPT, wi h a ocus on hei pe o mance compa ison (Campos e al.,
2020; Hu e al., 2018; Qian e al., 2021; Song e al., 2023). Fu he mo e, a new hyb id me hodology
e e ed o as BRYT was in oduced and in eg a ed in o he compa a i e analysis. The me hodology
employed in his s udy ocuses on he ex ac ion o pe inen me ada a om da ase s o assis
a i icial use s, as illus a ed in Figu e 2. The algo i hms' e ec i eness was assessed based on hei
abili y o pull ou impo an keywo ds om he da ase 's desc ip ions. This is a key ac o in imp o ing
D2.1 Open da a use needs: se en la ou s
39
da a access and disco e abili y o au oma ed use s. The e iciency o he algo i hms was e alua ed
based on hei abili y o ex ac impo an keywo ds om he da ase 's desc ip ions. This is a key
ac o in imp o ing accessibili y and disco e abili y o au oma ed use s.
Figu e 2: BRYT Keywo d Ex ac ion
10.3. Resul s
Ou indings highligh ed se e al impo an equi emen s o a i icial use s pe aining o open da a.
Fi s ly, ou esea ch s essed he need o eliable and consis en da a o a i icial use s. This is
because hese o ganiza ions depend on p ecise, ho ough, pe inen , and imely da a o unc ion.
Inaccu a e esul s may be p oduced i he da a sou ces a e aul y, o he da a o ma s a e inconsis en .
Secondly, ou s udy demons a ed how impo an i is o da a o be accessible and disco e able in
he open da a ecosys em. A i icial use s should be able o explo e da a sys ems wi h ease and ind
pe inen ac s in a sea o in o ma ion.
Thi dly, we no ed he need o s anda diza ion and compa ibili y. This calls o da a s anda diza ion
since i is necessa y o da a om many sou ces o be eadily combined and used oge he .
Fu he mo e, i is essen ial o a i icial use s o ha e access o eal- ime o equen ly upda ed
ma e ial gi en he quickly changing na u e o in o ma ion nowadays. We also emphasized he need o
s ong p i acy and secu i y sa egua ds and he signi icance o upholding e hical p inciples while using
da a.
Las ly, he ou comes o ou sugges ed echnique, BRYT, in e ms o ou keywo d ex ac ion algo i hms
we e p omising. When i came o collec ing ep esen a i e keywo ds om he da ase 's desc ip ions, i
D2.1 Open da a use needs: se en la ou s
40
consis en ly ou pe o med o he examined app oaches. This is a c ucial aspec o imp o ing da a
indabili y.
10.4. Conclusions
In conclusion, his esea ch sheds i al ligh on he unique needs o a i icial use s in he con ex o
open da a, unde lining he necessi y o ca e o hese equi emen s o maximizing he e ec i eness
o hese en i ies. The indings e eal ha ac o s such as da a quali y, accessibili y, in e ope abili y,
eal- ime upda es, and e hical conside a ions a e o pa amoun impo ance. Fu he mo e, ou
p oposed me hodology, BRYT, shows p omising po en ial in enhancing da a indabili y, a c i ical need
o a i icial use s.
This esea ch, howe e , is jus he beginning. As he ield o AI con inues o e ol e, i 's c ucial o
con inue explo ing he needs o a i icial use s and e ine ou s a egies acco dingly. The ocus should
be on c ea ing open da a ecosys ems ha a e ailo ed o he needs o a i icial use s, he eby os e ing
a digi al en i onmen whe e a i icial and human use s can coexis and h i e.
D2.1 Open da a use needs: se en la ou s
41
11. Open da a in e media ies
11.1. In oduc ion
The e a e socio- echnical ba ie s o he meaning ul use o open da a, such as a lack o knowledge
abou he da a, ambigui y su ounding da a licenses, and a lack o he necessa y so wa e o p ocess
da a. Open da a in e media ies play an impo an ole in add essing hese challenges (Da ies &
Edwa ds, 2012). They a e de ined as “ hi d-pa y ac o s who p o ide specialized esou ces and
capabili ies o (i) enhance he supply, low, and/o use o open da a and/o (ii) s eng hen he
ela ionships among a ious open da a s akeholde s” (Shaha udin e al., 2023). Unde s anding he
needs o open da a in e media ies is necessa y o ensu e ha hey can play hei ole mo e e ec i ely
and con ibu e o a sus ainable open da a ecosys em.
11.2. Me hod
A sys ema ic li e a u e e iew was conduc ed o be e unde s and who indeed open da a
in e media ies a e by looking in o hei ypes o ac o s, asks, and objec i es (Shaha udin e al., 2023)2.
F om he ypes o ac o s, asks, and objec i es o open da a in e media ies ga he ed, hei needs we e
induc i ely iden i ied. Addi ionally, he same li e a u e pool in (Shaha udin e al., 2023) was u ilised o
cap u e challenges aced by open da a in e media ies, which a e also use ul in he iden i ica ion o he
needs. To complemen he indings om he li e a u e, an in e iew wi h a ep esen a i e o an open
da a in e media y, Es i Nede land, which is one o he pa ne s o ODECO, was also conduc ed.
11.3. Resul s
F om he li e a u e, a ious ypes o ac o s o open da a in e media ies we e iden i ied (Table 8). While
mos o hem a e use s o open da a, some o hem ad oca e o o acili a e access o open da a.
They a e no necessa ily o ganiza ions – some o hem a e indi iduals such as en ep eneu s,
indi idual de elope s, and esea che s.
Table 8: Types o ac o s o open da a in e media ies (Shaha udin e al., 2023)
Type o ac o
Sou ces
Ci il socie y
o ganiza ions (CSOs)
(Maye -Schönbe ge & Zappia, 2011), (Caña es, 2014), (González-Zapa a
& Heeks, 2015), (B ugge , F ae el, Riedl, Feh , Schöeneck, e al., 2016),
(Ge mano e al., 2016)
En ep eneu s/
businesses
(Caña es, 2014), (Janssen & Zuide wijk, 2014), (Ge mano e al., 2016),
(And ason & an Schalkwyk, 2017), (Glassey, 2017)
Media
(Caña es, 2014), (Baack, 2015b), (B ugge , F ae el, Riedl, Feh , Schöeneck,
e al., 2016), (Meng, 2016), (Johnson & G eene, 2017)
Public o ganiza ions
(Janssen & Zuide wijk, 2014), (Chan e al., 2016), (Johnson & G eene,
2017), (Robinson & Ma he , 2017), (Kim, 2018)
Resea che s
(Meng, 2016), (Johnson & G eene, 2017b), (Pa k & Gil-Ga cia, 2017),
(Co be e al., 2018), (Kim, 2018)
Mul i-pa ne
(Hielkema & Hongis o, 2013), (Meije & Po je , 2018)
Open da a in e media ies do a wide ange o asks (Table 9) a a ious s ages o he open da a
li ecycle, deploying a ious ypes (Shaha udin e al., 2023). Typically, mul iple asks a e needed o
hem o se e hei unc ions. Mos o he asks en ail ac i e p ocessing o open da a, such as
collec ing, augmen ing, con ex ualizing, isualizing da a, and de eloping p oduc s and se ices wi h
open da a. Howe e , some asks do no necessa ily equi e hem o ac i ely p ocess open da a, o
example, building da a capaci y, acili a ing s akeholde s’ in e ac ions, and channelling eedback.
2This sys ema ic li e a u e e iew has been published as a esea ch a icle in a pee - e iewed jou nal
whose objec i e is o p opose a common de ini ion o open da a in e media ies.
D2.1 Open da a use needs: se en la ou s
48
Go e nance and coo dina ion
The li e a u e on
Go e nmen s
sugges s ha go e nance h ough new da a p inciples migh
emphasise collec i e owne ship, con ol, and sel -de e mina ion, as well as he needs o ma ginalised
g oups. One leading example is one o he CARE (Collec i e benefi , Au ho i y o con ol,
Responsibili y, E hics) p inciples, p oposed as a emedy o he laws o he FAIR (Findable, Accessible,
In e ope able, Reusable) p inciples. New da a p inciples can be a sou ce o inspi a ion o de eloping
mo e inclusi e da a go e nance in o he con ex s, such as in en i onmen al jus ice and open da a
go e nance. Fu he mo e, he e is a need o coo dina ion.
Local go e nmen s,
as implemen e s o
open da a ini ia i es, need us and coo dina ion mechanisms so ha hey can p e en dis us and
compe i ion be ween public and p i a e ac o s.
Communica ion
Communica ion is e e enced as a need wi h di e en meanings.
NGOs
need communica ion channels
o connec wi h o he ac o s, such as open da a p o ide s, use s, and o he in e media ies who can
help sa is y hei needs. Fo
Jou nalis s
, communica ion is di ec ed owa ds hei audience ( he public),
and, as such, hey need o be able o p esen complica ed da a in a o m ha can be easily
unde s andable h ough isualiza ion and, mos impo an ly, s o y elling.
When
local go e nmen s
ac as he ini ia o s o open da a ini ia i es, hey need p ope
communica ion and coo dina ion so ha open da a ini ia i es ha e he suppo and engagemen o
local businesses and communi ies and align s anda ds, business ules, and a chi ec u e.
Communica ion is pa amoun o enable da a low and d i e inno a ion and alue-c ea ion.
E en hough ca ego ies o needs we e iden i ied as ans e sal o use g oups, a deepe knowledge o
di e en con ex s o use can lead o mo e speci ic needs. Fo example, “ he need o conc e e ools o
s uden s and educa o s”, “ he need o meaning ul lea ning expe iences” (
s uden s
), “ he need o
connec ing o Open Da a Ecosys ems (
s uden s
)”, “domain-speci ic knowledge suppo ” and “domain-
speci ic da a s anda ds”, as in he case o
open da a in e media ies
.
12.2. Limi a ions
I is impo an o e iew some limi a ions o he epo . The mos impo an limi a ion o he s udy lies
in he ac ha li e a u e on open da a do no always di ec ly engage wi h he concep o use needs.
The e o e, challenges aced by use s a e o en de i ed om he asks, impedimen s, ba ie s, and
s uggles aced by di e en use ypes in app oaching open da a. The epo is also limi ed by he
no el y o he ield. While he numbe o s udies on open da a is exponen ially g owing, he li e a u e
is s ill agmen ed, wi h esea ch gaps conce ning he di e en use ypes analysed in his epo .
Ano he limi a ion o he s udy is he lack o concep ual cla i y in he li e a u e. The oles o open da a
use s a e no always in e p e ed in he same way by he li e a u e, and, he e o e, wha cons i u es, o
ins ance, an open da a in e media y is no always clea due o a lack o common de ini ions. Despi e
i s limi a ions, he epo adds o ou unde s anding o he needs o di e en ypes o use s who ha e
been neglec ed by p e ious esea ch and con ibu es o se ing ou a esea ch agenda o ill exis ing
gaps in he li e a u e.
12.3. Towa ds a esea ch agenda
Based on ou analysis, we can delinea e a esea ch agenda. Fi s , empi ical esea ch is needed o bo h
co obo a e he esul s o he li e a u e e iew and p o ide new insigh s in o he needs o open da a
use s o which p e ious esea ch is agmen ed, sca ce o un ocused, such as NGOs, non-specialis
use s, and jou nalis s. Second, u he esea ch is also needed ega ding di e en s ages o he open
da a li ecycle, conside ing how he use ’s needs eme ge in a di e en way based on he mul iple oles
ha di e en use s expe ience (e.g., go e nmen s bo h sha ing and using da a). Finally, and mos
impo an ly, addi ional esea ch is needed o unde s and how o add ess he use needs om bo h a
echnological and a go e nance pe spec i e. As seen in he epo , while some use needs a e

D2.1 Open da a use needs: se en la ou s
49
expec ed o be sol ed by echnological solu ions, such as imp o ing indabili y, o he s a e deeply
in e wined wi h go e nance issues, as in he case o imp o ing li e acy, channelling unding, and
se ing new egula ions. To his end, u u e ODECO s udies (deli e able D2.2 and deli e able D2.3) will
build on his epo and ocus on echnological and go e nance measu es o sa is y use needs.
D2.1 Open da a use needs: se en la ou s
50
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