D2.2 User needs from a technical perspective

Towa ds a sus ainable Open Da a Ecosys em
D2.2
Use needs om a echnical pe spec i e
This p ojec has ecei ed unding om he Eu opean Union’s Ho izon 2020 esea ch and inno a ion
p og amme unde he Ma ie Skłodowska-Cu ie g an ag eemen No 955569.
The opinions exp essed in his documen e lec only he au ho ’s iew and in no way e lec he
Eu opean Commission’s opinions. The Eu opean Commission is no esponsible o any use ha may be
made o he in o ma ion i con ains.
D2.2 Use needs om a echnical pe spec i e.
P ojec Ac onym ODECO
P ojec Ti le Towa ds a sus ainable Open Da a ECOsys em
G an Ag eemen No.
955569
S a da e o P ojec
01
-
10
-
2021
Du a ion o he P ojec 48 mon hs
Deli e able Numbe D2.2
Deli e able Ti le Use needs om a echnical pe spec i e
Dissemina ion Le el Public
Deli e able Leade Uni e sidad de Za agoza (UNIZAR)
Submission Da e 30-09-2023
Edi o F ancisco J Lopez Pellice , UNIZAR
Co-au ho (s) Abdul Aziz, UNIZAR
Dagobe o José He e a Mu illo, UNIZAR
Mohsan Ali, UAEGEAN
Ma ia Ioanna Ma a si
,
UAEGEAN
Documen his o y
Ve sion
#
Da e Desc ip ion (Sec ion, page
numbe )
Au ho & O ganisa ion
V0.0 29-05-2023 C ea ion (ALL) F ancisco J Lopez Pellice , UNIZAR
V0.1 28-07-2023 Fi s d a . Fi s e sion wi h
con ibu ions o he ESRs.
(ALL)
Abdul Aziz, UNIZAR
Dagobe o José He e a Mu illo, UNIZAR
Mohsan Ali, UAEGEAN
Ma ia Ioanna Ma a si, UAEGEAN
Cha alampos Alexopoulos, UAEGEAN
F ancisco J Lopez Pellice , UNIZAR
Ja
ie Nogue as
-
Iso, UNIZAR
V0.2 17-08-2023 Second d a . Res uc u a ion
a e he eedback om he
i s pee - e iew. (ALL)
Abdul Aziz, UNIZAR
Dagobe o José He e a Mu illo, UNIZAR
Mohsan Ali, UAEGEAN
Ma ia Ioanna Ma a si, UAEGEAN
F ancisco J Lopez Pellice , UNIZAR
Re iewe s: Joep C omp oe s, KU LEUVEN,
And ea Pollini, CAMERINO
V0.3 21-09-2023 Final epo . Edi o ial wo k
a e he eedback om he
second pee - e iew. (ALL)
Abdul Aziz, UNIZAR
Dagobe o José He e a Mu illo, UNIZAR
Mohsan Ali, UAEGEAN
Ma ia Ioanna Ma a si, UAEGEAN
F ancisco J Lopez Pellice , UNIZAR
Re iewe s: Joep C omp oe s, KU LEUVEN,
And ea Pollini, CAMERINO
V0.4 23-09-2023 Final epo Dagobe o José He e a Mu illo, UNIZAR
Mohsan Ali, UAEGEAN
Ma ia Ioanna Ma a si, UAEGEAN
F ancisco J Lopez Pellice , UNIZAR
V0.5 30-09-2023 App o al Bas iaan an Loenen, TUD
V1.0
30
-
09
-
2023
Final edi ing
Danis ja an Heusden, TUD
D2.2 Use needs om a echnical pe spec i e.
Table o Con en s
Abb e ia ions _____________________________________________________________________________________________ 4
1. In oduc ion _________________________________________________________________________________________ 5
1.1. Backg ound ____________________________________________________________________________________ 5
1.2. P oblem de ini ion _____________________________________________________________________________ 5
1.3. Role o his deli e able in he ODECO p ojec _________________________________________________ 6
1.4. S uc u e _______________________________________________________________________________________ 7
2. Me hodology ________________________________________________________________________________________ 8
2.1. Theo e ical ounda ions________________________________________________________________________ 8
2.2. S a egy ________________________________________________________________________________________ 9
2.3. Scope __________________________________________________________________________________________ 9
2.4. Addi ional de ini ions _________________________________________________________________________ 10
3. FAIR P inciples: when Use Needs mee Open Da a _______________________________________________ 13
3.1. Findabili y _____________________________________________________________________________________ 13
3.2. Accessibili y ___________________________________________________________________________________ 14
3.3. In e ope abili y ________________________________________________________________________________ 15
3.4. Reusabili y ____________________________________________________________________________________ 16
4. FAIR P inciples om a echnical pe spec i e _______________________________________________________ 17
4.1. Use In e aces ________________________________________________________________________________ 17
4.2. Accessibili y, in e ope abili y, and echnology _______________________________________________ 19
4.3. Accessibili y, in e ope abili y, and seman ics _________________________________________________ 26
4.4. Da a po als and eusabili y __________________________________________________________________ 30
5. Requi emen s assessmen __________________________________________________________________________ 33
6. FAIR Da a p o ision equi emen s speci ica ion ___________________________________________________ 36
6.1. Requi emen s o indabili y __________________________________________________________________ 36
6.2. Requi emen s o accessibili y ________________________________________________________________ 37
6.3. Requi emen s exclusi e o in e ope abili y __________________________________________________ 37
6.4. Requi emen s o eusabili y __________________________________________________________________ 42
7. Conclusions _________________________________________________________________________________________ 43
8. Bibliog aphy ________________________________________________________________________________________ 44
Lis o igu es
Figu e 1. Scope o ODECO deli e able 2.2 ....................................................................................................................... 10
Lis o ables
Table 1: The ac o s/use s/s akeholde s conside ed o use s o ies and equi emen s. ................................ 10
Table 2: Func ional equi emen s o use in e aces and indabili y ..................................................................... 17
Table 3: Non-Func ional equi emen s o use in e aces and indabili y .......................................................... 19
Table 4: Func ional equi emen s o accessibili y, in e ope abili y, and echnology ...................................... 22
Table 5: Non-Func ional equi emen s o accessibili y, in e ope abili y, and echnology ........................... 26
Table 6: Func ional equi emen s o accessibili y, in e ope abili y, and seman ics ......................................... 28
Table 7: Non- unc ional equi emen s o accessibili y, in e ope abili y, and seman ics ............................... 29
Table 8: Func ional equi emen s o da a po als and eusabili y ......................................................................... 31
Table 9: Non- unc ional equi emen s o da a po als and eusabili y................................................................ 32
Table 10: Func ional equi emen s o indabili y .......................................................................................................... 36
Table 11: Non- unc ional equi emen s o indabili y ................................................................................................ 36
Table 12: Func ional equi emen s o accessibili y ...................................................................................................... 37
Table 13: Func ional equi emen s o in e ope abili y ............................................................................................... 37
Table 14: Non- unc ional equi emen s o in e ope abili y ...................................................................................... 40
Table 15: Func ional equi emen s o eusabili y .......................................................................................................... 42
D2.2 Use needs om a echnical pe spec i e.
4
Abb e ia ions
CPO Chie P i acy O ice
D Deli e able
ESR Ea ly S age Resea che
FAIR Findable, Accessible, In e ope able and Reusable
FAV Fully Au oma ed Vehicles
LOD Le el o De ail
M Miles one
MQA Me ada a Quali y Assessmen
NGO Non-Go e nmen al O ganiza ions
NPO Non-P o i O ganiza ions
OD Open Da a
ODE Open Da a Ecosys ems
ODP Open Da a Po als
ODECO P ojec “Towa ds a sus ainable Open Da a ECOsys em”
PBR Pe spec i e-Based Reading
WP Wo k Package
N
Pa ne Pa ne sho
name
Coun y
Bene icia y
1 Technische Uni e si ei Del TU Del Ne he lands
2 Ka holieke Uni e si ei Leu en KUL Belgium
3 Cen e Na ional de la Reche che Scien i ique
CNRS F ance
4 Uni e sidad de Za agoza UNIZAR Spain
5 Panepis imio Aigaiou UAEGEAN G eece
6 Aalbo g Uni e si e AAU Denma k
7
Uni e si à degli S udi di Came ino
UNICAM
I aly
8
Fa osne S.A.
FAROSNET S.A.
G eece
Pa ne o ganisa ions
1 7eDa a 7EDATA Spain
2 Digi aal Vlaande en DV Belgium
3 Ci y o Copenhagen COP Denma k
4 Ci y o Ro e dam RDAM Ne he lands
5 CoC Play ul Minds CoC Denma k
6 De ilinx DERI I eland
7 ESRI ESRI Ne he lands
8
Maggioli S.p.A
MAG
I aly
9
Na ional Cen e o Geog aphic In o ma ion
CNIG
Spain
10
Open Knowledge Belgium
OKB
Belgium
11 SWECO SWECO Ne he lands
12 The go e nmen lab GLAB Uni ed S a es o Ame ica
13 Agency o Da a Supply and In as uc u e ADSI Denma k
D2.2 Use needs om a echnical pe spec i e.
5
1. In oduc ion
1.1. Backg ound
In he cu en digi al landscape, he Open Da a (OD) mo emen is expe iencing apid g ow h, d i en by
he exponen ial inc ease in da a accessibili y h ough open da a po als (de Juan-Espinosa & Luján-
Mo a, 2020; Reggi & Dawes, 2022). P ojec ions om he Eu opean Commission es ima e ha by 2025,
he ne alue o he size o he Eu opean Union open da a ma ke will be almos 200 billion eu os,
impac ing o e a million employees in he open da a sec o (Publica ions O ice o he Eu opean Union,
2022).
The co e p inciple o open da a is o enable ee and un es ic ed usage, sha ing, and access o da a in
any a ailable o ma (Eu opean Comission, 2011). Go e nmen s a e p og essi ely ini ia ing OD
ini ia i es and se ing up dedica ed po als o acili a e he dissemina ion o open da a in eusable
o ma s. Consequen ly, a mul i ude o open da a eposi o ies, ca alogues, and websi es ha e appea ed
o se e his pu pose.
OD Po als (ODP) play a pi o al ole in easing da a openness. ODPs se e as online eposi o ies ea u ing
de ailed da ase desc ip ions based on key a ibu es such as au ho ship, p o enance, and licensing
(Neumaie , Umb ich, & Polle es, 2016). These ca alogues ease he explo a ion and adminis a ion o
me ada a eco ds which p o ide aluable insigh s in o da ase s ha may be accessible o download in
a ious dis ibu ion o ma s. OD ini ia i es assume ha publica ion o open da a h ough ODPs will
inc ease he demand o high-quali y da a and enhance he o e all quali y o he ODPs. Complemen a y,
he publica ion o public sec o da a s ands as signi ican d i e s behind he p e ailing mo emen o
open go e nmen da a ia an open da a po al (Ca a a, Chan, Fische , & Van-S eenbe gen, 2015).
Open Da a Ecosys ems (ODE) is an eme ging concep o da a sha ing unde public licenses in so wa e
ecosys ems. Howe e , many exis ing ODEs a e p o ide -cen ic and o en s uggle o e ec i ely align
supply wi h demand (Van Loenen, e al., 2021). The e is a widely ecognized consensus ha use
engagemen plays a pi o al ole in shaping he e olu ion o ODE. Despi e his, he cu en landscape
s ays in luenced by da a p o ide s. The design and implemen a ion o exis ing ODPs e lec his
misalignmen . The e o e, a mo e collabo a i e and use -cen ed app oach is essen ial o he bes use
and alue o OD.
In his con ex , ODECO Task 2.2 ocuses on in es iga ing he echnological equi emen s o he
p o ision o Findable, Accessible, In e ope able and Reusable (FAIR) da a o di e en ca ego ies o
use s (Wilkinson, Dumon ie , Aalbe sbe g, & al., 2016). This includes iden i ying gaps be ween he needs
o use g oups and he cu en ea u es o ODPs and de ine and e alua e new app oaches o designing
use d i en use in e aces o inding da a ha ul ils di e en indabili y and accessibili y equi emen s
om di e en domains, de eloping ‘da a in eg a o s’, enabling he echnical in e ope abili y o OD
s emming om di e en domains, and de e mining he minimum and op imal se o me ada a
desc ip ions o be adop ed o allow o seman ic in e ope abili y o open da a ac oss domains and
disciplines. Pa ne o ganisa ions will suppo Task 2.2 wi h hei expe ience in da a p o ision issues.
1.2. P oblem de ini ion
ODECO Task 2.2 has i s o igins in he lack o a sys ema ic in eg a ion o echnical pe spec i es in o
unde s anding use needs ela ed o open da a. This de iciency hampe s e icien OD disco e y, use,
inno a ion, in e ope abili y, and eusabili y, comp omising he adhe ence o FAIR p inciples o OD
ini ia i es. The absence o a comp ehensi e app oach o align use needs wi h echnical equi emen s
hinde s he in eg a ion o di e se use g oups and domains, impeding he de elopmen o a
collabo a i e and well-in eg a ed ODE. Add essing his gap is c i ical o os e ing e ec i e OD use and
ensu ing he success ul implemen a ion o OD ini ia i es o maximize hei bene i s ac oss a ious
sec o s and domains.

D2.2 Use needs om a echnical pe spec i e.
6
Failu e o add ess hese echnical aspec s could unde mine he success o OD ini ia i es and limi hei
impac on easing OD usage. The lack o a echnical pe spec i e on he unde s anding o use needs is
a p oblem o se e al easons:
 Ine icien Da a Disco e y and U ilisa ion: Wi hou a clea unde s anding o he echnical
equi emen s ha use needs imply, da a disco e y and u ilisa ion may become ine icien and ime-
consuming. Use s may s uggle o ind ele an da a, leading eac ions han anges om. us a ion
(e.g., a non-specialis use ha has no access o specialized ools o using da a) o educed
p oduc i i y (e.g., a jou nalis ha ind limi ed he indexing capabili ies o open da a po als).
 Missed Oppo uni ies o Inno a ion in ODPs: Di e se use g oups b ing unique insigh s and
equi emen s o da a usage. These oppo uni ies only can be unde s ood in he con ex o hei use
needs. Igno ing hese echnical needs (e.g., p o ide guidance o connec ing open da a API o
business da a pipelines) means no only o miss oppo uni ies o inno a i e solu ions and no el
applica ions o open da a bu also hampe s he daily use o open da a.
 F agmen ed Da a Ecosys em: The absence o ailo ed use in e aces (e.g., a use in e ace adap ed
o Non-P o i O ganiza ions (NPOs) and Non-Go e nmen al O ganiza ions (NGOs) ocused on
heal h can be di e en om a use in e ace adap ed o NPOs and NGOs ocused on po e y) and
in e ope abili y mechanisms based on he use needs (e.g., he in e ope abili y needs o a
go e nmen body a e di e en om he in e ope abili y needs o a company) inhibi s da a sha ing
and collabo a ion ac oss domains, hinde ing he po en ial o c oss-disciplina y insigh s.
 Reduced Da a Reusabili y: Technical equi emen s play a c ucial ole in ensu ing da a eusabili y.
Wi hou conside ing hese needs, da a may no be app op ia ely o ma ed o desc ibed o being
eused, limi ing i s use ulness, and hinde ing i s po en ial o euse.
 Unde mining FAIR P inciples: The FAIR p inciples ocus on ease da a sha ing and euse and a e
echnology independen , bu neglec ing echnical equi emen s de i ed om use needs
unde mine hese p inciples. Da a may no be as accessible o in e ope able as in ended,
unde mining he o e all FAIR-ness o he da a.
In conclusion, he lack o a echnical pe spec i e on use needs poses signi ican challenges o he ODEs
and he o e a ching goal o p omo ing FAIR da a p o ision. This sho all hinde s e icien da a
u ilisa ion, inno a ion, and collabo a ion, impeding he ealisa ion o OD ini ia i es’ objec i es and he
b oade bene i s o OD. Add essing his p oblem is c ucial o unlocking he ull po en ial o open da a
o di e se use g oups and d i ing meaning ul ad ancemen s ac oss a ious domains.
1.3. Role o his deli e able in he ODECO p ojec
In ODECO deli e able 2.2, we aim o educe he gap be ween he needs o a ious use g oups and
echnological solu ions in ended o enable hem o make he bes use o he da a. The esul is a lis o
use -d i en echnologic equi emen s ha OD ini ia i es should conside . This deli e able is a logical
con inua ion o ODECO deli e able 2.1, “Open da a use needs: se en la ou s” (S aso, y o os, 2023),
and p o ides aluable inpu o u u e ODECO Task 3.2, “Closing he cycle: p omo ing da a use ’s
con ibu ion om a echnical pe spec i e”.
The challenge o unde s anding use needs om a echnical pe spec i e in he con ex o FAIR da a
p o ision is conside able. The ODECO p ojec aims o add ess he undamen al issue o making da a
Findable, Accessible, In e ope able, and Reusable o di e se use g oups. Howe e , he lack o a
comp ehensi e unde s anding o use needs om a echnical s andpoin has a - eaching implica ions.
This is he main eason ha ESRs in ol ed in Task 2.2 a e commi ed in hei espec i e Resea ch P ojec s
o esea ch on he echnological equi emen s o he p o ision o FAIR da a:
 The iden i ica ion o gaps be ween he needs o use g oups and he cu en ea u es o open da a
pla o ms and he de ini ion and e alua ion o app oaches o designing use d i en use in e aces
o inding da a ha ul ils di e en indabili y and accessibili y equi emen s om di e en domains
(ESR 2).
D2.2 Use needs om a echnical pe spec i e.
7
 The de elopmen o da a in eg a o s o enable he echnical in e ope abili y o open da a s emming
om di e en domains (ESR 5).
 The de e mina ion o a minimum se o me ada a desc ip ions o allow seman ic in e ope abili y o
open da a ac oss di e en domains (ESR 7).
 The use o echnical ea u es in open da a po als o imp o e da a euse (ESR 8).
As a esul , he main goal wi hin ODECO o deli e able 2.2 is o iden i y and documen echnical
p e equisi es o FAIR da a p o ision, o igina ing di ec ly om use needs. Tha is, his deli e able is a
key block in he collec i e ODECO wo k o ha ness he po en ial o ODE.
1.4. S uc u e
The nex Sec ion de ails he me hodological app oach adop ed in Task 2.2, encompassing heo e ical
ounda ions, s a egy, scope, and de ini ions. Sec ion 3 cla i ies he alignmen o FAIR P inciples wi h
use needs and OD by explo ing use needs ela ed o indabili y, accessibili y, in e ope abili y, and
eusabili y in he li e a u e. T ansi ioning o a echnical pe spec i e, Sec ion 4 ou lines use equi emen s
based on use needs in he con ex o use in e aces, accessibili y, in e ope abili y, and da a po als. A
equi emen assessmen ensues in Sec ion 5, ollowed by a comp ehensi e FAIR Da a p o ision
equi emen s speci ica ion (Sec ion 6). Finally, we conclude his deli e able by summa izing he insigh s
gained o he ODECO p ojec .
D2.2 Use needs om a echnical pe spec i e.
8
2. Me hodology
Finding he gaps ha cha ac e ises he lack o a sys ema ic in eg a ion o echnical pe spec i es in o
unde s anding use needs ela ed o open da a is challenging. This sec ion p o ides, i s ly, a
comp ehensi e ounda ion o ou esea ch me hod and app oach o iden i y hese gaps and secondly,
i p oposes echnical equi emen s ha may help o close he gap. I in oduces
Pe spec i e-Based
Reading
(PBR) and how can i be use ul o he elici a ion o
FAIR implemen a ion ecommenda ions
.
Nex , his sec ion ou lines he me hod implemen ed in de ail, including li e a u e examina ion,
equi emen ex ac ion, alignmen wi h ODECO ea ly-s age esea che s' p ojec s, and open da a
pla o m assessmen , all aimed a use -cen ic, FAIR-complian open da a dissemina ion
implemen a ion. Addi ionally, i cla i ies he scope o his deli e able, which ocuses on echnical
equi emen s add essing open da a use needs and in oduces a Table de ining key ac o s and
s akeholde s in he open da a ecosys em o a be e unde s anding o hei oles and in e es s.
2.1. Theo e ical ounda ions
The me hodological app oach is based on
Pe spec i e-Based Reading
(PBR) and i s applica ion o
equi emen s documen s (Vic o , e al., 1996). The goal o PBR is o p o ide ope a ional scena ios whe e
membe s o a e iew eam ead a documen (in his case, li e a u e on open da a) om a pa icula
pe spec i e (e.g., dis inc ypes o open da a use s). The assump ion is ha he combina ion o di e en
pe spec i es p o ides a be e unde s anding o he opic, i.e., unco e s a wide ange o equi emen s
and gaps.
OD use needs a e o en misunde s ood and imp ope ly speci ied due o lack o open da a expe ise in
da a publishe s and bias on sol ing he needs o da a publishe s i s du ing he equi emen s elici a ion
p ocess o open da a ini ia i es. To ackle hese p oblems, we exp ess open da a use needs using use
s o ies. A use s o y is a sho , simple desc ip ion o a ea u e old om he pe spec i e o he use who
wishes he capabili y. This app oach has been p o en success ul in o he challenging equi emen s
elici a ion and e iew scena ios (Femme , Méndez Fe nández, Wagne , & Ede , 2017; Villamiza ,
Kalinowski, Ga cia, & Mendez, 2020).
Disco e y and euse o OD by socie y maximize i s use ulness. The FAIR p inciples desc ibe he ideal
way da a should be s o ed and sha ed by da a publishe s o achie e his goal (Wilkinson, Dumon ie ,
Aalbe sbe g, & al., 2016). FAIR s ands o :

Findabili y
is he ex en o which humans and machines can easily disco e (me a)da a.

Accessibili y
is he ex en o which humans and machines can e ch (me a)da a success ully.

In e ope abili y
is he ex en o which di e en applica ions and sys ems can success ully
communica e and exchange da a wi h unambiguous, sha ed meaning.

Reusabili y
is he ex en o which (me a)da a a e well-desc ibed, ich, and app op ia e so ha o he s
can euse i .
FAIR guiding p inciples do no dic a e speci ic echnological implemen a ions, bu p o ide guidance o
imp o ing Findabili y, Accessibili y, In e ope abili y and Reusabili y o open da a. Howe e , his lack o
echnical speci ica ion may esul in inconsis en in e p e a ions ha ca y he isk o inc easing he gap
be ween use needs and open da a po al ea u es. We adhe e o he ision exp essed by (Jacobsen, e
al., 2020) o explici
FAIR implemen a ion conside a ions
(i.e.,
FAIR echnical equi emen s
) o
ope a ionalize he implemen a ion o FAIR p inciples. The e o e, he iden i ica ion o he p inciples
implemen ed by he equi emen s will be one o he pa s o he implemen ed me hodology.
D2.2 Use needs om a echnical pe spec i e.
9
2.2. S a egy
The i s s ep is he examina ion o pe inen li e a u e and sou ces ga he ed in he ODECO deli e able
2.1, "Open da a use needs: se en la ou s", o he iden i ica ion o use needs ha may possess a
echnical dimension. The iden i ied use needs om di e en use ypes a e co ela ed wi h he FAIR
p inciples acco ding o hei con en . This is a PBR ac i i y. I is impo an o acknowledge ha some
use needs may be ela ed wi h mul iple FAIR p inciples. In such scena ios, he de e mina ion o hei
placemen is guided ei he by he closes concep ual a ini y o , in ins ances whe e an only sou ce holds
ele ance o mul iple FAIR p inciples, he iden i ied need is associa ed o mul iple p inciples. Fo
example, i is qui e easy om he ex below o iden i y he ollowing equi emen ha can be ela ed
o Findabili y:
“Open da a po al use s demand eedback and collabo a ion ools, so hey enable he possibili y
o ead in e es ing hough s and ideas o o he use s on he da ase s h ough he commen s
hey en e on hem.”
(Alexopoulos, Zuide wijk, Cha apabidis, Loukis, & Janssen, 2014)
Sec ion 3 con ains a de ailed epo o he abo e examina ion.
Nex , we de i e om he documen a ion a lis o equi emen s ha may ha e echnical equi emen s in
he o m o use s o ies. This is a PBR ac i i y bu es ic ed o poin o iew and expe ience o he
ODECO ea ly-s age esea che s in hei own esea ch p ojec s. Use s o ies ypically ollow a simple
empla e:
As a [ ype o use ], I wan [some goal] so ha [some eason].
Example, in
“as a isi o o he open da a po al, I can access a lis o old ea u ed da ase s ha a e no
longe on he home page, so I can access da ase s I emembe om he pas o ha o he s men ion o
me”
:
 The ype o use is a isi o o he open da a po al.
 The goal is o be able o access he lis o old ea u ed da ase s.
 The eason is o quickly access hem on demand.
To en ich he analysis, use s o ies should be ew i en in a sys ema ic way. Fo each equi emen , he
ou come o his wo k should p oduce:
 A unique ID ( his can be done a a la e s age).
 A desc ip ion o he ea u e, condi ion, capabili y; i should be based on he “goal.”
 A desc ip ion o he s akeholde who eques ed i ; i should be based on he “ ype o use .”
 A desc ip ion o i s ele ance; i should be based on he “ eason.”
Sec ion 4 shows he use s o ies and equi emen s iden i ied ollowing his p ocedu e.
Nex , his lis o equi emen s should be assessed. The discussion mus answe a leas he ollowing
ques ions:
1. A e he equi emen s implemen ed in open da a pla o ms?
2. I hey a e implemen ed, a e hey implemen ed in a way ha use needs a e sa is ied?
3. I he use needs a e no sa is ied, can we iden i y he oo cause?
Sec ion 5 summa izes his assessmen .
Finally, we associa e each equi emen o he ul ilmen o one o mo e o he FAIR p inciples ou lined
in he p e ious subsec ion. Sec ion 6 p esen s he ou pu o his ask.
2.3. Scope
Use needs a y in na u e and co e a wide ange o ela ed issues. Requi emen s de i ed om use
needs include di ec , indi ec , unc ional, non- unc ional, go e nance and echnical equi emen s. The
D2.2 Use needs om a echnical pe spec i e.
16
3.4. Reusabili y
In he con ex o open da a, eusabili y is a key aspec enabling da a u ilisa ion in mo e con ex s and
applica ions o p omo e new esea ch, se e mo e pu poses o socie y and boos inno a ion in
p oduc s and se ices. Reusabili y allows da a o se e mul iple pu poses beyond i s o iginal collec ion,
enhancing analysis, me a-analysis, and esea ch impac (ELIXIR, 2021).
 Communica ion and Unde s anding End-Use Needs: Use s should be in ouch wi h he da a
publishe and he da a p o ide when equi ed (Cha apadhyay, 2014; González-Zapa a & Heeks,
2015; Heims äd , Saunde son, & Hea h, 2014). Es ablishing communica ion channels be ween da a
publishe s and use s can educe he gap and os e a use -d i en open da a ecosys em.
O ganiza ional ac i i ies like e en s and campaigns acili a e his connec ion.
 Skills De elopmen : Use s need o de elop digi al skills o e ec i e use and analysis o open da a
(E e e, Ryou, Smi h, Fasse , & Duda, 2016; Hou & Wang, 2017; Yoon, Copeland, & McNally, 2018;
Wal e , e al., 2021). Add essing he lack o skills and esou ces is c ucial o success ul use o open
da a in some se ings, such as he educa ional, necessi a ing he use o a ious echnological
esou ces (Celis Va gas & Magnussen, 2022; Saddiqa, Magnussen, La sen, & My up, Sep 2021;
Ridgway, 2016; Van Audenho e, Van Den B oeck, & Ma iën, 2020).
 P i acy and Legal Aspec s: Use s ha e needs ela ed o add essing challenges ela ed o p i acy
and unde s anding legal aspec s o licensing associa ed wi h da a eusabili y. They a e conside ed
essen ial in some scena ios (Cha apadhyay, 2014; C ane ield, Robe son, & Oli e , 2014). Fo
example, p o iding jou nalis s wi h ools o handle iden i ica ion and e-iden i ica ion o pe sonal
da a is c ucial o enabling da a eusabili y (Bozsik, Cheng, Kuncham, & Mi chell, 2022; K o oski,
2012).
 Da a Quali y and Reliabili y. Ensu ing eliable, accu a e, and consis en open da a is a need i al
in some euse scena ios such as hose whe e a i icial use s a e in ol ed (Janssen, B ous, Es e ez,
Ba bosa, & Janowski, 2020; Lee, Nad i, Sangha i, & Jeon, 2022; Schwoe e , 2022). Add essing da a
e o s, biases, and imp o ing da a quali y a e clea ly iden i ied as use needs (Boyd & C aw o d,
2012).
 Con ex ualiza ion and cul u al alignmen . In some scena ios, con ex ualiza ion and cul u al
alignmen a e use needs. Fo example, in eg a ing open da a e ec i ely in o educa ional
ecosys ems equi es conside ing as use needs cul u al alignmen and indigenous da a
in as uc u e (Celis Va gas & Magnussen, 2022; Wal e , e al., 2021).
 Da a P ocessing and In e media ies: Open da a, e en in machine eadable o ma , s ill equi es
addi ional p ocessing and ime-consuming p ocedu es o euse i (Wilson & Cong, 2021). Use
demands ools and capaci y building o deal wi h da a p ocessing and engage wi h in e media ies
can enhance da a usabili y and u he dissemina ion o esul ing da a p oduc s (Bezuidenhou ,
Leonelli, Kelly, & Rappe , 2017; Baack, Da a ica ion and empowe men , 2015).
 T anspa ency and Impac Assessmen : P omo ing anspa ency in da a ea men and measu ing
he impac o da a euse a e conside ed as use needs in some domains (Lawson, 2022; Sando al-
Ma ín & La-Rosa, 2018).
 Da a Visualiza ion and Tools: A ailabili y o ools o da a isualiza ion and p ocessing big
da ase s is pe cei ed by use s as c i ical o e icien use o open da a (Handle & Fe e Conill, 2016;
Badioze Zaman, Baha in, & Ahmad, 2021).
 Engagemen and Collabo a ion: Facili a ing collabo a ion, public engagemen , and pa ne ships
ha can lead o inno a i e uses o open da a and b oade socie al bene i is conside ed a use need
in some domains (Dande & Macgilch is , 2022; Be n zen, Johannessen, Ande sen, & C usoe, 2019;
Ja ke, 2019; Handle & Fe e Conill, 2016).

D2.2 Use needs om a echnical pe spec i e.
17
4. FAIR P inciples om a echnical pe spec i e
This Sec ion shows he ou pu o he p ocess o de i ing equi emen s om documen a ion by
con e ing hem in o use s o ies, wi h a ocus on he pe spec i e and expe iences o ea ly-s age
esea che s in ODECO esea ch p ojec s. Use s o ies ypically consis o a empla e ha includes he
ype o use , hei goal, and he eason behind i . To enhance he analysis, use s o ies should be
sys ema ically ew i en o each equi emen , esul ing in a unique ID, a ea u e desc ip ion based on
he goal, a s akeholde desc ip ion based on he ype o use , and a ele ance desc ip ion based on he
eason.
4.1. Use In e aces
The Findabili y aspec o FAIR Da a P o ision is he p ima y ocus. This p inciple o da a disco e y is
acknowledged as he undamen al p emise o da a use. Da a and me ada a should be easy o ind o
bo h humans and compu e s. Rich me ada a is essen ial o au oma ically disco e da ase s and hei
ela ed se ices. One o he main esea ch goals is he de ini ion and e alua ion o app oaches o
designing use d i en use in e aces o inding da a ha ul ils di e en indabili y and accessibili y
equi emen s om di e en domains. I also add esses he iden i ica ion o gaps be ween he needs o
use g oups and he cu en ea u es o open da a pla o ms.
Use s o ies
Below we show a lis o use s o ies wi h he pu pose o acili a ing he elici a ion o echnical
equi emen s o he disco e abili y o open da a domains. Use s o ies a e in ended o e lec eal-li e
si ua ions use s ace when sea ching o da a se s on open da a po als o a ious pu poses, whe he
hei sea ch goals a e speci ic o explo a o y.
1. As an open da a po al use , I need ools ha allow me o sea ch o da ase s unde p ecise c i e ia
so ha I can iden i y aluable da ase s o sol e my in o ma ion need.
2. As an open da a po al use , I need ools ha allow me o quickly explo e he supply o da ase s
a ailable in a po al so ha I can iden i y aluable da ase s o my domain and u u e in o ma ion
needs.
3. As an open da a use , I need ools ha allow me o quickly e alua e he esul o a sea ch so ha I
can mo e quickly ind he mos app op ia e da ase s.
Requi emen s
The unc ional and non- unc ional equi emen s associa ed wi h he indabili y dimension o he FAIR
p inciples a e shown in he Tables below. These equi emen s a e di ec ly de i ed om he a ailable
li e a u e e iew and p e iously p epa ed use s o ies. Each equi emen is accompanied by segmen s
o s akeholde s ha could be pa icula ly a ec ed by i , as well as a b ie e lec ion on i s ele ance wi h
espec o use s o ies.
Table 2: Func ional equi emen s o use in e aces and indabili y
ID Fea u e S akeholde
Rele ance
REQ-1 The ODP should p o ide a ee
ex sea ch ba o sea ch da ase s
by keywo d.
Open da a
use s
Because i p o ides lexibili y and
p ecision in he sea ch, as
sugges ed in US-1. Keywo d
sea ches a e one o he mos
common mechanisms in he men al
model o sea ch engine use s.
REQ-2 The ODP should o e a ca ego y
menu o sea ch o da ase s by
ca ego y.
Open da a
use s
Because i p o ides lexibili y and
p ecision in sea ch and na iga ion,
as sugges ed in US
-
1 and US
-
2.
D2.2 Use needs om a echnical pe spec i e.
18
ID Fea u e S akeholde
Rele ance
REQ-3 The ODP should p o ide a map
o he use o ind ele an
da ase s associa ed wi h speci ic
loca ions by d awing a bounding
box.
Open da a
use s
Because i p o ides lexibili y and
p ecision in he sea ch, as
sugges ed in US-1, especially in he
case o use s specialized in
geog aphic o geoloca ed
in o ma ion.
REQ-4 The ODP should p o ide a
empo al il e ha allows use s o
sea ch o ele an da ase s
associa ed wi h speci ic pe iods.
Tempo ali y can be associa ed
wi h he e en s desc ibed by he
da ase i sel o i s c ea ion o
upda e da e.
Open da a
use s
Because i p o ides lexibili y and
p ecision in he sea ch, as
sugges ed in US-1. This
unc ionali y makes i possible o
se e bo h use s wi h his o ical
in e es in ce ain pas pe iods and
hose who wan he eshes and
mos ecen da a possible.
REQ-5 The ODP should p o ide ace ed
il e s o e ine sea ch esul s.
Open da a
use s
Good il e s p o ide selec i i y, ha
is, he abili y o na ow he sea ch
uni e se in o manageable chunks.
Face ed il e s help o educe
in o ma ion o e load, as sugges ed
in US
-
3.
REQ-6 The ODP should o e he use he
possibili y o so he esul s
acco ding o di e en c i e ia
( ele ance, da e, quali y, size).
Open da a
use s
Because i helps o educe
in o ma ion o e load, as sugges ed
in US-3. This unc ionali y is
pa icula ly use ul o dealing wi h
da ase s wi h quan i a i e
desc ip o s.
REQ-7 The ODP should show he use
lis s o ecommended da ase s
based on sea ch his o y,
popula i y, o no el y.
Open da a
use s
Because i acili a es he explo a ion
o po al con en , as sugges ed in
US-2. Recommenda ions should
acili a e use s' abili y o ex ac
alue om da a and i s
ela ionships.
REQ-8 The ODP should show he use a
lis o esul s iden i ied by i le
and o he ele an me ada a
elemen s.
Open da a
use s
Because i helps o educe
in o ma ion o e load, as sugges ed
in US-3. These elemen s should
make i easie o he use o assess
he po en ial o he esou ce o
hei in o ma ion needs and speed
up he o e all sea ch p ocess.
REQ-9 A use can iew he ull de ails
abou he me ada a o a pa icula
da ase .
Open da a
use s
Me ada a eco ds should help o
quickly assess he po en ial o he
da ase s ound agains he sea ch
c i e ia.
D2.2 Use needs om a echnical pe spec i e.
19
Table 3: Non-Func ional equi emen s o use in e aces and indabili y
ID
Fea u e
S akeholde
Rele ance
REQ-10 Da ase ca ego ies should be
aligned o well-known s anda d
ocabula ies.
Open da a
p o ide s
Because i p o ides lexibili y and
p ecision in he sea ch, as
sugges ed in US-1 and US-2. I is
impo an o seek alignmen o p e-
exis ing men al models in use s,
indus y,
and ins i u ions.
REQ-11 Da ase i les and desc ip ions
should inco po a e e ms aligned
o well-known s anda d
ocabula ies.
Open da a
p o ide s
Because i p o ides lexibili y and
p ecision in sea ch, as sugges ed in
US-1. I is impo an o seek
alignmen o p e-exis ing men al
models in use s, indus y, and
ins i u ions.
REQ-12 Toponyms used by geog aphic
sea ch mechanisms mus come
om o icial and s anda dised
sou ces.
Open da a
p o ide s
Because i p o ides lexibili y and
p ecision in sea ch, as sugges ed in
US-1. I is impo an o seek
alignmen o p e-exis ing men al
models in use s, indus y, and
ins i u ions.
4.2. Accessibili y, in e ope abili y, and echnology
In his Sec ion, he echnical (o echnological) pa o he in e ope abili y e m will be discussed wi h
he help o use s o ies, and om hese s o ies, unc ional equi emen s will be elici ed. Fu he mo e,
unc ional equi emen s may be ela ed o pe o mance, e ec i eness, and e iciency aspec s, which we
will ex ac in he o m o non- unc ional equi emen s. In e ope abili y is he "I" o FAIR. Acco ding o
he Me ada a Quali y Assessmen (MQA) me hodology o he Eu opean Da a Po al1, in e ope abili y
analysis is ocused on analysing whe he o ma in o ma ion is a ailable, o ma s can be ecognized
(belong o in e na ionally accep ed lis s o o ma s), and o ma s a e machine p ocessable. The wo k on
his opic could be o assess whe he he da a complies wi h he expec ed o ma , p o ide ools o he
isualisa ion o da a in di e en o ma s, and p o ide ools o da a analysis, in eg a ion, ans o ma ion,
da a sc ubbing, and da a usion (da a usion is he p ocess o in eg a ing mul iple da a sou ces o
p oduce mo e consis en , accu a e, and use ul in o ma ion han ha p o ided by any indi idual da a
sou ce). In his Sec ion, mo e use s o ies, unc ional equi emen s, and non- unc ional equi emen s
will come om he echnology spec um. Fu he mo e, hese echnical and unc ional equi emen s can
help us na ow down he de elopmen o a sma da a in eg a o ha can be used o uni y he da ase s
om di e en domains (e.g., go e nmen s, non-go e nmen al o ganisa ions). Al e na i ely, his can
lead o he de elopmen o a echnology-based ool o help he use s (da a p oduce s, consume s, and
p osume s) in he open da a ecosys em sha e, use, and e-use open da a in he bes way possible.
Use s o ies
To acili a ing he p ocess o elici ing use equi emen s o he echnical in e ope abili y and
accessibili y o open da a domains, a lis o use s o ies is p o ided below. The mo i a ion behind he
ex ac ion o use s o ies is o e eal a eal-li e depic ion o ep esen a ion o he p oblems ha open
da a use s a e acing. Wha a e hese di e en open da a use g oups expec ing and demanding om
he open da a ecosys em and in as uc u e? How can hese be ul illed a e wa ds in a echnical and
echnological way ( echnical in e ope abili y in his scena io)?
1 h ps://da a.eu opa.eu/mqa/me hodology?locale=en
D2.2 Use needs om a echnical pe spec i e.
20
1. As an educa ional ac i is , I wan smoo h in eg a ion o open da a o he educa ion ield so ha
open da a could be useable by he s uden s o be e designing o educa ion cu iculum.
2. As an educa ional ins i u e, I wan open da a in widely adop able o ma so ha schools, colleges,
and uni e si ies can ake bene i s o he mul i- o ma publishing.
3. As a eache , I need o ha e da a p ocessing ools so ha I can sha e au hen ic open da a-based
in o ma ion o knowledge o my s uden s.
4. As a s uden , I need o ha e access o da a collec ions, gene a ion ools such as senso s, de ices,
and en i onmen so ha I can be pa o he open da a ecosys em.
5. As a da a in e media y, I wan echnological ool so ha he social- echnical ba ie wi hin ou job
could be educed and job e ec i eness and e icacy will be inc eased.
6. As a da a in e media y, I need ool/s o my s a so ha hey can engage wi h open da a in a mo e
p oduc i e manne and eadily ge insigh s.
7. As a da a in e media y, I need da a augmen a ion ool o inc ease he quali y o he da ase which
al eady exis s in he open da a sys ems.
8. As a da a in e media y, I need access o ools o he de i a ions o insigh s om he aw da a so
ha o be able o deli e mo e insigh ul guidance o ou cus ome s.
9. As a da a in e media y, I wan o ha e a ool o e alua e he quali y o open da a so ha he da a
cu a ion p ocess can be easy o implemen .
10. As a publishe and OD consume , I wan da a o be echnically open so ha da a in eg a ion can be
smoo h and Use s' access o da a may be enhanced in his way, and he capaci y o euse and
in e change da a ac oss mul iple sys ems and applica ions can be os e ed.
11. As a da a in e media y, I need o ha e access o ensu e ha hey ha e he da a li e acy hey need
o e ec i ely analyse da a, iden i y pa e ns, and communica e hei esul s o ele an s akeholde s.
12. As a da a in e media y, I need o ha e common g ound o access he domain speci ic knowledge
so ha he echnical communi y o open da a ecosys em could be enhanced. Like o he
communi ies exis s in he wo ld.
13. As a co po a e use , I need o ha e p ope p o ile o he da ase men ioning he quali y and sea ch
op ions o he da ase s so ha hey can educe unce ain y and adop ion isk o he open da a.
14. As a co po a e use , I wan o ha e ad anced open da a sea ching and accessibili y unc ionali ies
so ha we can il e ou da ase s empo ally, spa ially, and ex ually o access and disco e he
da ase s in an e icien manne o use his da a u he o analysis.
15. As a co po a e use , I wan o ha e a unc ionali y which allows me o upload an upda ed e sion
o an exis ing da ase so ha o he can e-use he modi ied e sion o he da ase .
16. As an a i icial use , I need consis en and eliable da a p o ision o eed in o applica ions and
algo i hms o a oid he inaccu a e esul s gene a ed by aul y da a sou ces o inconsis en o ma s.
17. As an a i icial use , I need p i acy and secu i y p o ocols o p ese e he legal and e hical usage o
he open da ase s.
18. As an a i icial use , I need p ope and con inuous moni o ing o my ac i i ies o make he
accoun abili y and anspa ency be e .
19. As a da a consume , I need access o open da a ho ough sma phone so ha I can access he open
da a in low-cos en i onmen .
20. As a da a consume , I need access o mix alued da ase s no jus quali a i e and quan i a i e
con a y o exis ing si ua ion.
21. As a da a consume , I need no only access o big da a bu also o be able o be sea ched,
agg ega ed, and c oss- e e enced by any conce ned side.
22. As a da a consume , I need s a is ics ha desc ibe he da ase olume, eloci y, and e aci y so ha
I can es ima e he ime, space, and compu a ion powe s o explo e hese da ase s.
23. As a da a consume , I need access o he ools ha sugges da a in e p e a ion and me hodologies
based on he unde lying da ase s so ha he p oblem o malisa ion and solu ion a e suppo ed by
he s a e-o - he-a a leas .
D2.2 Use needs om a echnical pe spec i e.
21
24. As a da a consume , I need a p ope s a is ical p o ile o he da ase explaining he claims abou i s
e i ica ion om di e en esea che s o independen en i ies. In his way, i would be easie o
choose a da ase wi h be e quali y.
25. As a da a publishe , I need a ool o e i y he da ase i i con ains someone's e y pe sonal o
con iden ial da a so ha his da a can be anonymized be o e publishing.
26. As a da a consume , I need o build my skillse in he ield o da a isualisa ion and build capaci y
ega ding da a issues ( agmen a ion, agg ega ed da a, un eliable da a, and sensi i e da a).
27. As a da a publishe , I need o ake da a anonymisa ion in o accoun in eal- ime in he da a
publishing phase.
28. As a da a publishe , I need o au oma ically check he me ada a sui abili y o he da ase in hand
o publishing so ha published da a has a quali y iew.
29. As a da a Publishe , I need an indigenous da a in as uc u e o ensu e he indigenous go e nance
o p o e he p io i ies, alues, and cul u e.
30. As a da a publishe , I need unc ionali y o e alua e he FAIR and CARE p inciples o con ibu e
owa ds he imp o emen o da a in eg a ion and he p omo ion o da a eusabili y.
31. As a da a consume , I need ools o be e communica e my issues and oppo uni ies wi h he da a
p o ide s, o p oduce s, in a be e way.
32. As a da a publishe , I need unc ionali y in he open da a po als so ha ci izens can pa icipa e o
comple e missing da ase s.
33. As a da a consume , I need access o a ie y o in eg a ed da ase s om di e en ields.
34. As da a publishe , I need unc ionali ies o ea u es o educe he complica ions in da a o ma ing,
sou cing, da a collec ion, and o he s.
35. As a da a publishe , I need suppo in building echnical capaci y o publish da ase s in an e icien
and e ec i e way.
36. As a da a publishe , I need eal- ime unc ionali y o d aw insigh s abou he openly a ailable
da ase s.
37. As a da a consume , I need unc ionali y o access, ind, and disco e he da ase , bu keep in mind
I am ha ing special condi ions.
38. As a da a consume , I need o know abou he da a con ex ualisa ion, such as b eaches,
disc epancies, algo i hmic anspa ency, and o he e o s a ailable in he da ase .
39. As a da a publishe , I need ools o imp o e he use and e-usabili y o he OGD da a.
40. As a jou nalis , I need ool o he in es iga i e jou nalism pu pose.
41. As a jou nalis , I need o de ec he low- us da ase in he open da a spaces.
42. As a jou nalis , I need unc ionali ies in he ool o isualize and gene a e compelling s o ies o he
public.
43. As a jou nalis , I need o ha e access o he po able open da a in as uc u e i I wan o publish
my local da ase s.
44. As a da a consume , I need access o mul i- o ma , mul i-way (e.g., API and Bulk download) da ase s
o access and analyse in dep h.
45. As a Da a publishe , I need access o he da a ans o ma ion ools o unc ionali ies o p o ide he
da ase in Le el o De ail (LOD) o ma .
46. As a Da a consume , I need o ha e unc ionali ies o explo e he LOD cloud o gene a e insigh s
asap om he da ase s.
47. As a Da a publishe , I need o ha e unc ionali ies whe e I can publish da ase s om mul iple
go e nmen agencies in a uni ied and accessible way.
Requi emen s
To elici echnical o echnological equi emen s ela ed o open da a accessibili y and in e ope abili y,
we ha e eco ded o collec ed use needs om di e en use g oups in sec ion 3, e.g., educa ion, NGOs,
Jou nalism, and go e nmen . The use needs ha e been ans o med in o use s o ies, which a e
speci ically ela ed o da a accessibili y, in e ope abili y, and echnology. By using hese use s o ies,
use equi emen s ha e been elici ed by ollowing a s uc u ed app oach such as ea u e (wha he use

D2.2 Use needs om a echnical pe spec i e.
22
wan s), s akeholde ( o which use g oup ha s akeholde belongs), and ele ance (why he use wan s
his ea u e). Fo ins ance, i a use -s o y demands he unc ionali y o da a p ocessing ools, i s
ele ance could be explained as " he da a analysis ool can help end-use s engage wi hou any coding
expe ience o less expe ise equi ed." In his manne , use -s o ies a e used o ex ac use equi emen s
ela ed o accessibili y, in e ope abili y, and echnology. The Tables below p esen he use unc ional
and non- unc ional equi emen s ha need o be ul illed o he smoo h unc ioning o he ea u es.
Table 4: Func ional equi emen s o accessibili y, in e ope abili y, and echnology
ID Fea u e S akeholde Rele ance
REQ-13 Open da a should be useable by
he s uden s
Educa ional
ins i u ions
open da a could be useable by
he s uden s o be e designing
o educa ion cu iculum (US-1)
REQ-14 Open da a should be a ailable
using s anda d da a
o ma /se ialisa ion
Educa ional
ins i u ions
A widely accep able open da a
o ma can enhance he
accessibili y, useabili y, and e-
useabili y o open da a (US-2)
REQ-15 Low-code da a p ocessing ools
should be a ailable.
Teache s By ha ing da a analysis ool in
which less coding, o expe ise
equi ed, a eache can ex ac
in o ma ion o he s uden s (US-
3)
REQ-16 Tool o da a sha ing dedica ed o
open da a in e media ies should
be a ailable
Open da a
in e media ies
This migh consis o so wa e
designed speci ically o
in e media ies, da a-sha ing
ne wo ks, o collabo a i e
pla o ms (US-5).
REQ-17 Tools o ac i e da a analysis
should be a ailable
Open da a
in e media ies
Use s need assis ance
wi h asks like da a collec ing,
da a augmen a ion,
con ex ualisa ion, and
isualisa ion, all o which may
be accomplished wi h he use o
app op ia e ools o pla o ms
(US
-
6).
REQ-18 Da a in eg a ion ools o he da a
in e media ies should be a ailable
Open da a
in e media ies
Need da a au oma ion, collec ion,
and in eg a ion solu ions o make
he p ocess o da a in eg a ion
simple . I is c ucial o open da a
in e media ies o ha e access o
echnology ha simpli ies he
p ocess o acqui ing da a om a
a ie y o sou ces (US-7)
REQ-19 Quali y enhancemen ools (da a
augmen a ion ools) should be
a ailable
Open da a
in e media ies
Quali y enhancemen ools can
be used o imp o e he quali y o
he exis ing open da ase s. Fo
di e en ype o da ase s, we
need di e en ools e.g., image
augmen a ion, ex da a
augmen a ion (US-8)
D2.2 Use needs om a echnical pe spec i e.
23
ID Fea u e S akeholde Rele ance
REQ-20 Tools o gene a e he insigh s
om he aw da a should be
a ailable
Open da a
in e media ies
access o ools o he de i a ions
o insigh s om he aw da a so
ha o be able o deli e mo e
insigh ul guidance o ou
cus ome s. These ools may assis
use s in gene a ing meaning ul
and in e ac i e isual
ep esen a ions o he da a and in
de i ing insigh s om open da a
esou ces, which may help use s
be e in e p e and u ilize he
da a (US-9).
REQ-21 Tools o e alua e he da a quali y
should be a ailable
Da a
in e media ies
The a ailabili y o so wa e ools
ha may assis in e media ies in
e alua ing and alida ing open
da a is necessa y o ensu e he
da a's high quali y and
dependabili y (US-10).
REQ
-
22
Da ase s should be echnically
open
Open d
a a
use s and
p o ide
By opening he da ase s, i
echnically means o ollow he
da ase s anda ds, o ma s, and
o he p o ocols o enhance he
da a in eg a ion ac oss di e en
sys ems and o acili a e he
be e accessibili y o he open
da a (US
-
11).
REQ-23 Ad anced open da a sea ching
and accessing ools should be
a ailable
Co po a e
use s
A use il e s ou da ase s in many
ways (e.g., empo ally, spa ially,
ex ually, and o he s) o access
and disco e he da ase s in an
e icien manne o use his da a
o
u he
ana
lysis (US
-
15).
REQ-24 Use s should be allowed o
upload upda ed e sions o
exis ing da ase s
Co po a e
use s
A use can upload an upda ed
e sion o he exis ing da ase . In
his way, o he use s can use
cleaned, modi ied, augmen ed, o
ans o med da ase s o speci ic
asks (US-16).
REQ-25 Consis en and eliable deli e y o
da ase s should be p o ided o
he a i icial use s
A i icial use s consis en and eliable da a
p o ision o eed in o
applica ions and algo i hms o
a oid he inaccu a e esul s
gene a ed by aul y da a sou ces
o inconsis en o ma s (US-17).
REQ-26 Access o open da a h ough
sma phone should be a ailable
Open da a
use s
Using a sma phone o access
he open da a, pa icipa ion in
he open da a ecosys em can be
enhanced. The sma gadge s a e
easily pu chasable and accessible
in all coun ies (US-20).
D2.2 Use needs om a echnical pe spec i e.
24
ID Fea u e S akeholde Rele ance
REQ-27 Big da a sea ch, agg ega ion, and
in eg a ion should be a ailable
Open da a
use s
The in ensi e sea ching,
agg ega ion, and in eg a ion o
big da ase s can con ibu e o he
sus ainabili y and alue c ea ion
o he open da ase (US-22).
REQ-28 Big da ase ca ego isa ion should
be a ailable
Open da a
use s
In his way, he o malisa ion o
he wo king o expe imen al
en i onmen and he es ima ion
o he e o s o achie e he
solu ion will be easie (US-23).
REQ-29 Da a in e p e a ion should be
a ailable
Open da a
use s
Da a in e p e a ion should be
accompanied by a se o sui able
me hodologies ha could be
use ul o he unde pinning
da ase . In his way, a be e
solu ion can be ound. A ool
explaining o sugges ing he da a
explo a ion and cleaning
me hodologies would be a plus
(US
-
24).
REQ-30 Capaci y-building ool o da a
consume s should be a ailable
Open da a
use s
In mode n open da a spaces,
capaci y-building ools in he
a eas o da a isualisa ion, da a
agmen a ion, agg ega ion, and
de ec ion o un eliable da ase s
a e equi ed (US-27).
REQ-31 Anonymisa ion o he open
da ase be o e publishing mus be
he no m
Open da a
p o ide s
The ools de eloped o
anonymize he da ase can help
he publishe s anonymize he
ea u e o p ope ies, which can
lead o he iden i ica ion o e-
iden i ica ion o indi iduals in he
OD spaces (US
-
28).
REQ-32 Indigenous da a in as uc u e
may be equi ed
Open da a
p o ide s
an indigenous da a in as uc u e
o ensu e he indigenous
go e nance o p o e he
p io i ies, alues, and cul u e (US-
30).
REQ-33 A unc ionali y o comple e he
missing alues in he da ase s
wi h he help o ci izens is needed
Open da a
p o ide s
In his way, mo e comple e da a
se s can be p o ided o he
ci izens wi h eal alues
(augmen a ion) (US-33).
REQ
-
34
Making a ailable
i
n eg a ed
da ase s om di e se ields o
use s wi h di e se needs is
needed
Open d
a a
use s
The necessi y o in eg a ion o
da a and accessibili y easible o
use g oups wi h a ying needs
(e.g., isual impai men , dyslexia,
and o he s) is also emphasized by
Ossom-Williamson e al. (Ossom-
Williamson, Williams, Kim, &
Kind a , 2021) (US-34).
D2.2 Use needs om a echnical pe spec i e.
25
ID Fea u e S akeholde Rele ance
REQ-35 Func ionali ies o educing da a-
ela ed complica ions should be
a ailable
Open da a
use s and
p o ide s
In his way, a da a p oduce can
p oduce he da ase in he easies
way possible and in eg a e he
da ase in o he ecosys em in a
mo e con enien and adap i e
way o he da a consume s (US-
35).
REQ-36 Real- ime in eg a ed isualisa ion
unc ionali ies in open da a
po als a e needed
Open da a
use s
da a ha is a ailable openly, e en
in machine- eadable o ma , s ill
equi es addi ional p ocessing
and ime-consuming p ocedu es
o unde s and i . A
coun e measu e as an
in e media e s ep o his si ua ion
is he use o da a isualisa ions,
in e ac i e mapping and g aphs,
and he p o ision o o he
in ui i e media in eg a ed in he
da a pla o m (US
-
37).
REQ-37 Func ionali ies o de ec low- us
da ase a e needed
Open da a
use s
The e can be a big ma ix o
decide he us wo hiness o he
da ase i sel , o i s sou ce should
be a ailable (US
-
42).
REQ-38 Tools o isualize and c ea e
compelling s o y elling o
complex da ase s a e equi ed
Open da a
use s
Jou nalis s demands Visualisa ion
and compelling s o y elling ools
o he pu pose o inc easing he
public's pa icipa ion and ha ing
a be e iew o he p oblem o
news (US
-
43).
REQ-39 Po abili y o in as uc u e in he
open da a domain is necessa y
Open da a
p o ide s
The po abili y o in as uc u e
will help ans e he knowledge
o OD in as uc u e o ano he
o gani
s
a ion (US
-
44).
REQ-40 P o ision o da ase s in LOD
o ma is demanded
Open da a
p o ide s
Enhancing he eusabili y o he
open da a by p o ision o da a in
LOD, Helping he p o ide s wi h
he da a publica ion p ocess,
Quan i ying he open da a
deploymen schema, speci ying a
me hodology, ool, o so wa e o
publish he 1-s a da a as a 5-s a
da a, LOD p epa a ion and
publishing en i onmen (US-46)
REQ-41 Func ionali ies o explo e Linked
open da a cloud a e needed
Open da a
use s
Linked open da a cloud
explo a ion echniques: This can
help he jou nalis s o ind he
eal- ime b eaking news s o ies
by explo ing he la ge, linked
da ase s (US-47).
D2.2 Use needs om a echnical pe spec i e.
32
ID Fea u e S akeholde Rele ance
upda es. Me ada a and euse
s anda ds like open da a licenses
p omo e da a sha ing and
accessibili y.
REQ-72 ODP should ecommend simila
da ase s based on he p e ious
sea ch esul s
Open da a
use s and
p o ide s
Da a po al can ecommend he
simila da ase s based on he
in e es s o he use and p e ious
sea ch o he use
REQ-73 All use s o Da a po al should
ha e he unc ional knowledge
abou da a in e p e a ion and
da a cu a ion
Open da a
in e media ies
So wa e o e alua ing,
alida ing, and cu a ing open da a
Table 9: Non- unc ional equi emen s o da a po als and eusabili y
ID
Fea u e
S akeholde
Rele ance
REQ-74 All use s who wan o ge in ol ed
wi h he open da a po al should
know he basics o da a and
in o ma ion.
Open da a
use s
In ol ing end use s in da a
ga he ing and somehow in
decision making p ocess make he
da a po al mo e use -d i en.
REQ-75 I use s who wan o use an open
da a po al and c ea e alue
added alue mus ha e digi al
skills.
Educa o s,
s uden s,
jou nalis s,
and
in e media ies.
Acqui ing basic unde s anding o
echnology as well as access o
a ious da a sou ces and ools.
REQ-76 I a use wan s o engage wi h he
open da a communi y, hen an
open da a po al mus p o ide a
o um whe e use s can connec
wi h each o he .
Open da a
use s and
de elope s
A common ea u e o da a po al
is o acili a e a o um whe e use
o use communica ion and
p ojec collabo a ion is possible.
REQ-77 Tech-o ien ed solu ions o
pla o ms o inco po a e Open
Da a educa ion in o he
cu iculum should be a ailable.
Policy make s,
cu iculum
designe s,
academic
ins i u ions
Policy make s, cu iculum
designe s, academic ins i u ions
o any o he s akeholde s
in ol ed in p omo ing he
in eg a ion o Open Da a
educa ion wan Open Da a o be
used by all s uden s.

D2.2 Use needs om a echnical pe spec i e.
33
5. Requi emen s assessmen
In he p e ious sec ion, we de i ed a se o equi emen s, se ing he s age o he nex c ucial s ep:
assessing hese equi emen s. This assessmen will e ol e a ound key ques ions: i s ly, whe he hese
equi emen s a e cu en ly in eg a ed wi hin open da a pla o ms; secondly, i hey a e indeed
implemen ed, whe he hey e ec i ely mee use needs; and las ly, in cases whe e use needs a e no
me , iden i ying he oo causes o his sho all. The pu pose o his e alua ion is o assess he
alignmen be ween he de i ed equi emen s, hei p ac ical implemen a ion, and use sa is ac ion le els
wi hin open da a pla o ms.
Ou app oach o analysing he needs o po en ial open da a use s has been echnically ocused. We
aimed o iden i y and ansla e hese needs in o unc ional and non- unc ional equi emen s.
Speci ically, his wo k has sough o elici he echnological equi emen s o OD use wi hin he FAIR
da a p o ision pa adigm. The me hodology ou lined in sec ion 2 has led o he iden i ica ion o 77
equi emen s – 55 unc ional and 22 non- unc ional. These equi emen s span he dimensions o FAIR
da a p inciples, aligning wi h he esea ch objec i es o he ODECO p ojec .
Impo an ly, he equi emen s ex ac ed om he li e a u e o ansla e he FAIR p inciples do no
con adic one ano he . Fo example, a single equi emen could pe ain o he accessibili y o
in e ope abili y o open da a, highligh ing he in e dependence among he FAIR dimensions. Howe e ,
de e mining he exac adhe ence o one, wo, o h ee FAIR p inciples can be challenging due o his
in e dependence.
In ex ac ing echnological equi emen s om he iden i ied use s o ies, a p ima y challenge was
inco po a ing he use pe spec i e in he elici a ion p ocess. The FAIR dimension o indabili y is linked
o he use h ough in e ac ion wi h use in e aces. In e ope abili y, accessibili y, and eusabili y a e
mo e echnically o ien ed and ope a e in he backg ound. While use s o ies migh o e an ini ial
o e iew and in ui ion o wha could be expec ed, mo e a ge ed (less gene al) equi emen s may
necessi a e al e na i e me hods such as expe opinions and ques ionnai es. Fo ins ance, i he use
desi es da a s eam con inui y, he use in his case did no speci y a wha le el o he open da a
p o ision hey wan da a s eam con inui y, ei he o da a publica ion om he p o ide s o o he
usabili y o he da ase s (e.g., API and bulk download), o e en i hey wan con inuous p o ision o
open da ase s.
The i s se o echnical equi emen s a e ocused on indabili y, ecognizing i as he ounda ion o a
success ul use expe ience wi hin an open da a po al. The olume, di e si y, and complexi y o mode n
da ase s mean ha e icien sea ch and na iga ion asks consume an eno mous amoun o ene gy and
ime on he pa o use s. Findabili y unc ional equi emen s ocus on p o iding p ac ical ools o
use s o sea ch o ele an da ase s in a mul idimensional way, om simple and well-known
mechanisms such as keywo ds o mo e elabo a e il e s in ol ing empo al and spa ial aspec s. On he
o he hand, he indabili y non- unc ional equi emen s emphasize he need o use a known
language in all he labelling sys ems o he in o ma ion a chi ec u e o ODP.
The iden i ied equi emen s illus a e he dependence be ween he dimensions o he FAIR p inciples.
Findabili y depends on in e ope abili y. Fo ins ance, REQ-48 e e s o he need o da ase s o ha e
schema.o g ags o seman ic meaning, clea ly indica ing he dependence be ween seman ic
in e ope abili y and indabili y o da a. In addi ion, he indabili y a ec s eusabili y because i da a is
no disco e ed in a imely manne , hen his becomes a bo leneck o i o be eused. Howe e , a majo
limi a ion ega ding indabili y equi emen s is ha hey a e o en o mula ed wi h ODPs in mind as he
main deli e y mechanism. This elies on he li e a u e assump ion ha use s who ha e in o ma ion
needs u n o hese pla o ms o sea ch o da a o ganically, which is no necessa ily he case. This aises
he challenge o ex ending indabili y o mul iple con ex s and in o ma ion sea ch pla o ms such as
D2.2 Use needs om a echnical pe spec i e.
34
sea ch engines, social media, mobile apps, and o he popula in e ne ou le s. This ein o ces he
connec ion o indabili y wi h he p inciples o seman ic da a in e ope abili y.
In he case o accessibili y, he equi emen s elici ed ocus on he abili y o use s (and o he in e es ed
s akeholde s) o access he da a hey ound, whe he ha e e s o di ec o indi ec ac o s which a ec
his p ocedu e. Unde s andably, accessibili y is closely ela ed o indabili y, due o he la e being an
absolu e p e equisi e o he o me , howe e , i also ge s a ec ed o a highe o lesse deg ee by
in e ope abili y issues. The unc ional equi emen s ega ding accessibili y, include, among o he s, he
necessi y o echnological ools (e.g., da a analysis ools, capaci y-building ools, da a in e p e a ion,
and mo e) in o de o allow o easie access o he da a, he possibili y o access open da a(se s)
h ough mobile de ices, and eal- ime in eg a ed isualiza ions o da a in he po als. The non-
unc ional equi emen s iden i ied o accessibili y e e o a isen issues such as he echnical suppo
needed when mul iple sou ces a e in eg a ing da a, o o keep he pe o mance le el o echnological
ools high. As men ioned p e iously, accessibili y is also di ec ly o indi ec ly a ec ed by in e ope abili y,
an example being ha i da ase s a ailable in he da a po al a e no linked o exis ing knowledge
ep esen a ion schema a (e.g., ocabula ies o on ologies), which is some hing necessa y o he
seman ic in e ope abili y o da a, he da a migh become non- indable and consequen ly, no accessible
by he in e es ed s akeholde s. Mo eo e , da ase s in he da a po al need o be a ailable in machine-
eadable and p ocessable o ma o be accessible bo h by human and non-human agen s. The a ionale
behind he in eg a ion o solu ions which add ess he iden i ied accessibili y equi emen s is he abili y
o a wide sha e o in e es ed s akeholde s o access da a, ega dless o hei le el o expe ise o means
o access he da a.
In addi ion o he abo e-men ioned poin s ega ding accessibili y- ela ed equi emen s elici ed in his
documen , we highligh addi ional equi emen s, such as cen alized da a p o ision hubs, obus
in as uc u e wi hou b oken links, and access o da a in e icien me hods (APIs, s eaming, di ec
download, e c.). Smoo h, s able, and sus ainable da a access o all-inclusi e s akeholde s in he open
da a ecosys em, speci ically businesses and o ganiza ions, is be e a lowe ing he ba ie s o open da a
access, p omo ing inclusi i y, and b idging he digi al di ide.
As a as in e ope abili y is conce ned, he equi emen s iden i ied a e ela ed mos ly o he abili y o
he ODP o p o ide he use s wi h unc ionali ies such as imp o ed sea ch and esul s e ie al, da a o
imp o ed quali y and guidelines on how use s can assis in his p ocess, usage o echnological means
in o de o achie e and smoo hen da a in eg a ion, enhance quali y, boos disco e abili y and
con ex ual sea ch, p o ide da a isualisa ion o he use s, access o da a, and mo e. In u he de ail,
in e ope abili y unc ional equi emen s aim o desc ibe wha he sys em unde analysis should be
capable o doing. In ou case, he essence o he iden i ied unc ional equi emen s appea o be lying
a ound some cen al hemes, such as da a in eg a ion, da a s anda disa ion, da a sha ing echniques,
da a p ocessing ools o analysis, isualisa ion and in e p e a ion, da a quali y imp o emen
echniques, imp o ed con ex ual da a sea ch (seman ic sea ch, use il e s, ad anced sea ch), acili a ed
accessibili y and in as uc u e o access h ough po able de ices, o o use s wi h speci ic needs,
linked da a echnologies o acili a e da a in e ope abili y ac oss da a po als and imp o e knowledge
ep esen a ion ac oss a ious domains o suppo euse and inc ease he seman ic alue o da a (e.g.,
p o iding clea guidelines o he use upon da a upload on how o link hei da a o exis ing esou ces),
and imp o ed me ada a. When i comes o in e ope abili y non- unc ional equi emen s (how he
sys em is expec ed o pe o m ce ain ac ions) ega ding in e ope abili y, echnology and seman ics,
he p e alen hemes which we e iden i ied in he analysis include he pe o mance and scalabili y o
OD in as uc u es, he da a in eg a ion om mul iple sou ces, da a in eg i y and eliabili y, he linking
o da a a ailable o known knowledge ep esen a ion schema a ( ocabula ies, on ologies) o
concep ual connec ion o hei espec i e domain(s), he da a a ailabili y in a s anda dized way (e.g.,
ollowing me ada a s anda ds), as well as he p o ision o p ope hema ic ags which o e seman ic
meaning and acili a e he in e es ed s akeholde s. The equi emen de ails abou in e ope abili y ( om
D2.2 Use needs om a echnical pe spec i e.
35
a echnological and seman ic pe spec i e) a e a highe -le el desc ip ion o he essen ial pa ame e s
cons i u ing he unc ional and non- unc ional equi emen s o sum hem up. Howe e , hey can
unde s andably be agmen ed in o mo e case-speci ic equi emen s which e lec he necessi ies o a
speci ic con ex and applica ion domain.
Since da a eusabili y plays such a c ucial pa in he smoo h unc ioning o an open da a po al, i is
he ocus o he i s se o equi emen s. The shee size, a ie y, and complexi y o oday's da a
en i onmen s make i impe a i e ha we ind ways o make da a eusable. These eusabili y
speci ica ions co e bo h p ac ical and heo e ical conce ns, wi h he end goal o p o iding bo h end
use s and adminis a o s wi h he esou ces hey need o make da a euse a b eeze. Basic da a
p ocessing and quali y con ol knowledge a e equi ed o po al adminis a o s and da a use s o mee
he unc ional c i e ia o eusabili y. These abili ies a e undamen al in making he po al's da a bo h
easily accessible and o supe io quali y, inc easing i s eusabili y. In addi ion, hese equi emen s
highligh he alue o seman ic anno a ions like Schema.o g ags, which p o ide con ex and impo ance
o da a. Anno a ions like his a e c ucial since hey inc ease da a in e p e abili y and encou age i s euse.
Howe e , he ele ance o digi al li e acy among use s is highligh ed by he non- unc ional
equi emen s o eusabili y. E e yone, om eache s o s uden s o da a ne ds may ind some hing
use ul in open da a po als. The da a p o ided ia hese pla o ms is only use ul i use s ha e he digi al
li e acy o ind hei way a ound, in e p e i , and pu i o e ec i e use. Addi ionally, open da a po al
pa icipa ion c i e ia a e c ucial o eusabili y. Da a mus be unde s ood, and use -d i en po als
wo k bes when use s ac i ely pa icipa e in da a collec ing and decision-making. This collabo a i e
app oach inc eases he po al's con en and p omo es in e disciplina y p oblem-sol ing. The in e play
be ween eusabili y and accessibili y is also e iden . Open da a po als p o ide en e p ises,
ins i u ions, and o ganiza ions he eedom and adap abili y o u ilize da a o many easons. This
accessibili y allows da a exchange ac oss go e nmen al, business, and non-p o i sec o s, encou aging
in e disciplina y coope a ion o sol e complica ed p oblems.
F om he li e a u e e iew on echnical needs, we can see he challenge o dealing wi h di e se
in e p e a ions. Fo ins ance, he e may be gaps in he in e p e a ion o wha FAIR p inciples mean o
s akeholde s in di e en con ex s. Fo example, accessibili y in FAIR e e s p ima ily o e ie abili y o
da a and me ada a, whe eas in many o he spaces web accessibili y is be e unde s ood as he abili y
o di e se use s o pe cei e, unde s and, na iga e, in e ac , and con ibu e o con en .
D2.2 Use needs om a echnical pe spec i e.
36
6. FAIR Da a p o ision equi emen s speci ica ion
In he ollowing Sec ion, we consolida e he wo k unde aken in he p eceding Sec ions, whe e we
sys ema ically de i ed and assessed equi emen s based on use s o ies. Ou ocus now shi s owa ds
aligning each o hese equi emen s wi h he undamen al p inciples o FAIR da a managemen ou lined
in he p eceding subsec ion. This c i ical associa ion p ocess allows us o examine how each equi emen
con ibu es o he ealiza ion o he FAIR p inciples, hus p o iding a comp ehensi e unde s anding o
how ou e o s con ibu e o he o e a ching goal o os e ing FAIR da a p ac ices wi hin ou con ex .
6.1. Requi emen s o indabili y
Table 10: Func ional equi emen s o indabili y
ID
Fea u e
S akeholde
Why
is ela ed o indabili y
REQ-48 All he commen s o he
commen s o he open da a po al
use s on hi d pa y da ase s
should ha e schema.o g ags o
p o ide a seman ic meaning.
Open da a
use s
Because wi h his equi emen we
can p io i ize in sea ches he
commen s ha can be mo e
ele an o hei p o ile.
REQ-51 The da a po al should p o ide
he unc ionali y o guiding he
use s h ough he p ocess o
linking da a o exis ing esou ces
o allow o seman ic connec ion.
Open da a
use s
This way new da a ha is added o
he po al is in supe io quali y and
eady o be disco e ed by o he
use s.
REQ-50 The da a po al should p o ide
he unc ionali y o allowing he
use s o imp o e he quali y o
da a (e.g., en ich me ada a) i hey
disco e he da ase lacks i , and
he e should be guidelines o he
use o do i
co ec ly.
Open da a
use s
This way use s can con ibu e o
da a quali y and imp o e he s a us
o he da ase s hey a e in e es ed
in using, making hem mo e usable
and disco e able o o he use s.
Table 11: Non- unc ional equi emen s o indabili y
ID Fea u e S akeholde
Why is ela ed o indabili y
REQ-52 The da a po al should p o ide
ecommenda ions o help he use
while sea ching, based on
seman ic echnologies (such as
linked open ocabula ies).
Open da a
use s
The use can ecei e mo e accu a e
ecommenda ions on inding wha
hey a e looking o ins ead o jus
inpu ing keywo ds and ge ing
loosely ele an esul s.
REQ-53 The da a po al should p o ide
al e na i e inpu me hods o
sea ch (e.g., based on he
geospa ial loca ion o he use o
empo al c i e ia hey migh
inse ).
Open da a
use s
The sea ch unc ion is easy o he
use and e u ns ele an esul s
acco ding o he use s’ geospa ial in
o ma ion in a s aigh o wa d
manne which does no equi e
digi al li e acy skills.
REQ-58 All he commen s o he
commen s o he open da a po al
use s on hi d pa y da ase s
should ha e schema.o g ags o
p o ide a seman ic meaning.
Open da a
use s
Because wi h his equi emen we
can p io i ize in sea ches he
commen s ha can be mo e
ele an o he use p o ile.
REQ-59 The da ase s in he da a po al
should be linked o knowledge
Open da a
use s
This way, he mos ele an opics
o choosing da ase s o be used in
D2.2 Use needs om a echnical pe spec i e.
37
ID Fea u e S akeholde
Why is ela ed o indabili y
ep esen a ion schema a (such as
ocabula ies and on ologies) o
ha e connec ed seman ic
meaning.
and School
cu iculum
designe
he educa ion con ex can be shown
acco ding o hei p oximi y wi h
o he linked opics.
REQ-60 The da ase s in he da a po al
should ha e p ope hema ic ags
o e lec su icien ly hei ac ual
con en .
Open da a
use s
This way, he use can mo e easily
disco e da a ele an o hei
p o ile, p o ession, o desi ed
subjec o sea ch.
6.2. Requi emen s o accessibili y
Table 12: Func ional equi emen s o accessibili y
ID
Fea u e
S akeholde
Why is ela ed o
accessibili y
REQ-55 The da a po al should p o ide
in o ma ion abou da ase e en
when hese a e no a ailable
anymo e, he da ase me ada a
should s ill be accessible.
Open da a
use s
The da ase i sel migh no be
a ailable anymo e bu he con ex
(coming om he me ada a) will s ill
enable he use o conduc hei
in ended s udy p ope ly (i could be
needed o his o ical o pe sonal
easons).
REQ-26
Access o open da a h ough
sma phone.
Open da a
use s
Using a sma phone o access he
open da a, pa icipa ion in he open
da a ecosys em can be enhanced.
The sma gadge s a e easily
pu chasable and accessible in all
coun ies.
REQ-14 S anda d da a
o ma /se ialisa ion.
Educa ional
Ins i u ions
A widely accep able open da a
o ma can enhance he
accessibili y, useabili y, and
eusabili y o open da a.
REQ-49 The da ase s used in an educa ion
con ex should p o ide p ope
isualisa ions and s o ies ela ed
o hei con en .
Open da a
use s
and School
s uden s
The s udy in o ma ion based on OD
included in he cu iculum can
become mo e appealing and
in e es ing.
6.3. Requi emen s exclusi e o in e ope abili y
Table 13: Func ional equi emen s o in e ope abili y
ID Fea u e S akeholde Why is ela ed o
in e ope abili y
REQ-13 In eg a ion o educa ion open
da a
educa ional
ins i u ions
Open da a in eg a ion co e s he
da a exchange, ans e , and
in eg a ion wi hin o be ween
di e en OD sys ems.
REQ-16 Tool o da a sha ing dedica ed o
open da a in e media ies
Open da a
in e media ies
Da a sha ing is also a sub-
unc ionali y o ea u e o he
open da a in e ope abili y.
REQ
-
18
Da a in eg a ion ools o he da a
in e media ies
Open d
a a
in e media ies
Need da a au oma ion, collec ion,
and in eg a ion solu ions o make
he p ocess o da a in eg a ion
simple . I is c ucial o open da a

D2.2 Use needs om a echnical pe spec i e.
38
ID Fea u e S akeholde Why is ela ed o
in e ope abili y
in e media ies o ha e access o
echnology ha simpli ies he
p ocess o acqui ing da a om a
a ie y o sou ces. The in eg a ion
o OD om di e se sou ces
cons i u es OD in e ope abili y.
REQ-20 Tools o gene a e he insigh s
om he aw da a
Open da a
in e media ies
access o ools o he de i a ions
o insigh s om he aw da a so
ha o be able o deli e mo e
insigh ul guidance o ou
cus ome s. These ools may assis
use s in gene a ing meaning ul
and in e ac i e isual
ep esen a ions o he da a and in
de i ing insigh s om he many
esou ces o open da a, which
may help use s be e in e p e
and u ilize he da a. This
unc ionali y equi es OD
in e ope abili y.
REQ-22 Technical openness o he
da ase s
Open da a
use s and
p o ide s
By opening he da ase s, i
echnically means o ollow he
da ase s anda ds, o ma s, and
o he p o ocols o enhance he
da a in eg a ion ac oss di e en
sys ems and o acili a e he
be e accessibili y o he open
da a. Technical openness
con ibu es o he echnical
in e ope abili y o open da a.
REQ-24 Allowing he use o upload hei
da ase
Co po a e
use s
A use can upload an upda ed
e sion o he exis ing da ase . In
his way, o he use s can use
cleaned, modi ied, augmen ed, o
ans o med da ase s o speci ic
asks. This ea u e also
con ibu es o he OD
in e ope abili y.
REQ-25 Consis en and eliable deli e y o
da ase s o he a i icial use s
A i icial use s consis en and eliable da a
p o ision o eed in o
applica ions and algo i hms o
a oid he inaccu a e esul s
gene a ed by aul y da a sou ces
o inconsis en o ma s. This
ea u e equi es o mal OD
in e ope abili y p inciples o be
applied.
REQ-27 Big da a sea ch, agg ega ion, and
in eg a ion
Open da a
use s
The in ensi e sea ching,
agg ega ion, and in eg a ion o
big da ase s can con ibu e o he
D2.2 Use needs om a echnical pe spec i e.
39
ID Fea u e S akeholde Why is ela ed o
in e ope abili y
sus ainabili y and alue c ea ion
o he open da ase . Agg ega ion
and in eg a ion mean a clea
connec ion be ween his ea u e
and OD in e ope abili y.
REQ-31 anonymisa ion o he open
da ase be o e publishing
Open da a
p o ide s
The ools de eloped o
anonymize he da ase can help
he publishe s anonymize he
ea u e o p ope ies, which can
lead o he iden i ica ion o e-
iden i ica ion o indi iduals in he
OD spaces. This can help wi h he
legal and o ganisa ional
in e ope abili y o he OD.
REQ-39 po abili y o in as uc u e in he
open da a domain
Open da a
p o ide s
The po abili y o in as uc u e
will help ans e he knowledge
o OD in as uc u e o ano he
o ganisa ion o o he OD sys em.
Common, po able, o
s anda dized da a in as uc u e
can help inc ease he
in e ope abili y o O
D.
REQ-40 P o ision o da ase s in LOD
o ma
Open da a
p o ide s
Enhancing he eusabili y o open
da a by p o iding da a in LOD In
e u n, he in e ope abili y o he
open da a migh be seman ically
inc eased. And i can help wi h
he echnical in e ope abili y o
he open da a, such as access,
in eg a ion o da a h ough
SPARQL
REQ-43 Da a in eg a ion om mul iple
sou ces
Open da a
use s and
p o ide s
The da a in eg a ion p ocess
should be anspa en o a oid
any disc epancies in he da a. I
would be use ul o a i icial use s
as well. Da a in eg a ion om
mul iple sou ces inc eases he
in e ope abili y o he open da a
ecosys em.
REQ
-
61
The da ase s in he da a po al
should adhe e o da a models and
me ada a s anda ds (e.g., DCAT).
Policy/Decision
make s
By doing so, he quali y o he
da a is imp o ed, so decisions
based on his da a a e mo e likely
o be dependable and us ed.
Mo e widely adop ed da ase
s anda ds will enhance he
seman ic in e ope abili y o open
da a.
REQ-62 The da ase s in he da a po al
should be linked o knowledge
ep esen a ion schema a (such as
Policy/Decision
make s in a
company
This way he in e es ed use can
see ela ions and concep ual
connec ions among da a, helping
D2.2 Use needs om a echnical pe spec i e.
40
ID Fea u e S akeholde Why is ela ed o
in e ope abili y
ocabula ies and on ologies) o
ha e connec ed seman ic
meaning.
hem o de elop be e
s a egies. Mo e widely adop ed
da ase s anda ds will enhance
he seman ic in e ope abili y o
open da a.
REQ-48 All he commen s o he
commen s o he open da a po al
use s on hi d pa y da ase s
should ha e schema.o g ags o
p o ide a seman ic mean
ing.
Open da a
p o ide s
By doing so, he seman ic
in e ope abili y o da a is
imp o ed.
REQ-50 The da a po al should p o ide
he unc ionali y o allowing he
use s o imp o e he quali y o
da a (e.g., en ich me ada a) i hey
disco e he da ase lacks i , and
he e should be guidelines o he
use o do i co ec ly.
Open da a
p o ide s
By doing so, he seman ic
in e ope abili y o da a is
imp o ed, in a co-c ea i e
manne .
REQ-51 The da a po al should p o ide
he unc ionali y o guiding he
use s h ough he p ocess o
linking da a o exis ing esou ces
o allow o seman ic connec ion.
Open da a
p o ide s
By doing so, he seman ic
in e ope abili y o da a is
imp o ed, allowing he use s o
also con ibu e o his p ocess.
REQ-54 The da a po al should p o ide
clea guidelines on how new
da ase uploaded in he po al
mee s communi y s anda ds o
domain ele an s anda ds.
Open da a
Con ibu o s
When a new da ase is uploaded
i ins an ly adhe es o communi y
s anda ds, hus imp o ing
in e ope abili y.
Table 14: Non- unc ional equi emen s o in e ope abili y
ID Fea u e S akeholde Why is ela ed o
in e ope abili y
REQ-42 Func ionali ies o publish uni ied
and easily accessible da ase om
mul iple sou ces.
Open da a
p o ide s
Some ime da a is p oduced by
mul iple go e nmen agencies
bu is no published in a uni o m
and easily accessible manne , o
no only sha e he analy ical
indings om he go e nmen
da a bu also he colla ed and
sani ized da a i sel (US-48).
REQ-46 Pe o mance and scalabili y o he
OD in as uc u e.
Open da a
use s and
p o ide s
Eme ging da abase echnologies,
cloud se ices, and mode n da a
collec ion de ices a e being
in oduced a ound he globe, so
open da a in as uc u e should
be scalable enough o suppo
hese echnological
ans o ma ions.
D2.2 Use needs om a echnical pe spec i e.
41
ID Fea u e S akeholde Why is ela ed o
in e ope abili y
REQ-47 The manual de elopmen o each
unc ionali y o se ices p o ided
by he OD po al.
Open da a
p o ide s
Documen a ion is he key pa o
he use and e-use o he open
da a se ices, and da a i sel . I
would be necessa y o p o ide
he end-use wi h documen a ion
o unde s and he da a and
po als.
REG-61 The da ase s in he da a po al
should adhe e o da a models and
me ada a s anda ds (e.g., DCAT).
Policy/Decision
make s and
Open da a
use s
By doing so he da a quali y and
seman ic in e ope abili y is
imp o ed.
REQ
-
63
The da ase s in he da a po al
should be linked o knowledge
ep esen a ion schema a (such as
ocabula ies and on ologies) o
ha e concep ual connec ion.
O
pen da a
use s and
in e media ies
This way da a
in e media ies can
mo e easily cu a e o s uc u e
da a in he igh con ex ,
imp o ing seman ic
in e ope abili y.
REQ-66 The da ase s in he da a po al
need o be a ailable in machine-
eadable and p ocessable o ma .
Ci il se an s
and Open da a
use s
The da a used in he daily
ac i i ies o public sys ems (e.g.,
in elec onic se ices), can
seamlessly un h ough di e en
sys ems, hus hey a e mo e
in e ope able.
REQ-45 Da a in eg i y and quali y. Open da a
use s and
p o ide s
The da a should be accu a e,
dependable, and up o da e.
Quali y assu ance p ocesses mus
be in place o de ec and esol e
any inconsis encies o e o s in
he da a, making i mo e
in e ope able.
REQ-62 The da ase s in he da a po al
should be linked o knowledge
ep esen a ion schema a (such as
ocabula ies and on ologies) o
ha e connec ed seman ic
meaning.
Policy/Decision
make s in a
company
This way he in e es ed use can
see ela ions and concep ual
connec ions among da a.
REQ-65 The da ase s in he da a po al
should be linked o he mos
p e alen on ologies and
ocabula ies o hei espec i e
domain.
P o essionals
and Domain
expe s
Build on he knowledge a ound
each domain based on o he ,
concep ually ela ed domains,
hus enabling in e domain
in e ope abili y.
REQ-64 The da ase s ela ed o heal hca e
in he da a po al should be linked
o he mos p e alen on ologies
and ocabula ies in he
biomedical sec o .
Heal hca e
p o essionals
and Open da a
use s
Helps he p o essional in hei
occupa ion ( hey can see whe e
else hei domain knowledge is
use ul) and imp o ed diagnosis.
REQ-67 The da ase s ela ed o law and
legisla ion in he da a po al
should be linked o he mos
p e alen on ologies and
ocabula ies in he legal sec o .
Legal
p o essionals
and Open da a
Use s
Helps he p o essional compa e
legisla ions among di e en
coun ies and ha e a as e and
be e o e iew o exis ing laws
and p ac ices, as well as con lic s.
D2.2 Use needs om a echnical pe spec i e.
48
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