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CORRECTION OF HISTOLOGICAL CHANGES IN RAT LIVER
TISSUE UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF NaNO2 UNDER THE
INFLUENCE OF PROVIDIN
M.G’. Soliye a1, G.T. Abdullaye a2, Z.B. Khosilo a3, Q.R. Ba a o 4, X.J. Beknaza o 5,
M.J. Tosh emi o a6
Base doc o al s uden , Namangan S a e Uni e si y1
P o esso depa men o Bio echnology o he Tashken S a e Technical Uni e si y named a e
Islam Ka imo . Uzbekis an, DSc. Tashken 2
Senio Lec u e , Uni e si y o In o ma ion Technology and managemen , Ka shi, Uzbekis an3
Senio Resea ch Fellow, Ins i u e o Bioo ganic Chemis y o he Academy o Sciences o he
Republic o Uzbekis an, PhD, Tashken 4
The scien i ic cen e o applied Medicine specializes in neu osu ge y in he epublic. Pa hology
manage . Uzbekis an, PhD, Tashken 5
Senio Lec u e depa men o Bio echnology o he Tashken S a e Technical Uni e si y named
a e Islam Ka imo . Uzbekis an, Tashken 6
h ps://doi.o g/10.5281/zenodo.17674409
Abs ac . This a icle examined he co ec i e e ec s o p o idin subs ance on his ological
changes in a li e issue caused by NaNO2. In expe imen s, p o odin was ound o ha e a
co ec i e e ec on de o ma ional changes in li e issue and cells caused by NaNO2 exposu e,
s abilizing li e aoyali y. P o idin, he hinning o he ha m ul e ec s o NaNO2 on li e cells,
was scien i ically subs an ia ed. The esul s ob ained will gi e he oppo uni y o c ea e de oxican
phy op epa a ions in he u u e pha macology based on p o odin, which will help o elimina e
an ido es o oxic subs ances om he body.
Keywo ds: NaNO2, li e , issue, cell, mic ascopic axa, p o odine subs ance, in oxica ion,
de oxican .
In oduc ion
Ni a es, along wi h hei indus ial use, ha e nega i e e ec s on he body, a e among he
global p oblems o in e na ional and na ional scale [9]. Cu en ly, due o he widesp ead use o
ni a e and ni i e sal s in e e yday li e, p oduc ion p ocesses, ag icul u e and he ood indus y,
he p ocess o selling hem on online pla o ms is e y as and he ma ke is qui e dynamic [5;4].
Howe e , ni a es and ni i es a e desc ibed in sou ces as ca cinogens ha pose a po en ial h ea
o human heal h. These compounds pose a g ea h ea o human heal h and he en i onmen ,
exhibi ing oxic, ca cinogenic and mu agenic p ope ies [2; 8]. In pa icula , he con inuous use o
ni i e sal s o an inc ease in he amoun o ni i es p esc ibed o he body leads o li e physiology
and some de o ma ional changes in li e issue. can lead o se e al changes in he s uc u e and
cause hypoxia in he body [3; 10].
Ni i e consump ion in he body, in u n, can ha e bo h bene icial and nega i e e ec s on
he li e . In some cases, scien i ic li e a u e sugges s ha ni i e p o ec s he li e om ischemia
and epe usion inju y. A he same ime, high concen a ions o ni i es in he body can cause
oxic hepa i is in he li e and a ec li e unc ion. The li e plays a c ucial ole in he p ocessing
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o ni i es, and he deg ee o e ec depends on ac o s such as he concen a ion o ni i es, he
du a ion o exposu e, and indi idual sensi i i y [1; 7].
In mode n medicine and pha macology, plan s a e widely used o p e en a ious deg ees
o poisoning o he body by a ious oxican s (chemical eagen s, xenabio ics, pes icides, and
ni i es) and ni i es. Plan s ha e he abili y o p o ec cells and issues om he ha m ul e ec s o
oxic subs ances, including hea y me als, o ganic xenobio ics, ni i es, and de oxi y hem [10; 4;
6]. In his ega d, he scien i ic wo k on he analysis o his ological changes in a li e issues
unde he in luence o NaNO2 and he co ec ion o he iden i ied diso de s unde he in luence o
plan subs ances is o signi ican scien i ic and p ac ical impo ance.
Pu pose o he esea ch
To analyze he his ological changes in a li e issues unde he in luence o NaNO2 and
he co ec ion o he iden i ied diso de s unde he in luence o p o idin.
Resea ch me hods and ma e ials
Scien i ic esea ch was conduc ed in collabo a ion wi h employees o Namangan S a e
Uni e si y and he Ins i u e o Bioo ganic Chemis y o he Academy o Sciences o he Republic
o Uzbekis an. The expe imen s we e conduc ed in i o. Fo he expe imen s, ou b ed labo a o y
a s weighing 180-220 g we e selec ed. The eeding o labo a o y animals was ca ied ou in
s anda d a ional i a ium condi ions. Fo he expe imen s, labo a o y animals we e di ided in o
IV g oups and he g oups we e o med as ollows: g oup I - heal hy con ol (physiological
solu ion), g oup II - in oxica ion expe imen al g oup (NaNO2), g oup III - ea men expe imen al
g oup ((NaNO2) + sodium sul a e + asco bic acid), g oup IV - co ec ion expe imen al g oup
((NaNO2) + sodium sul a e + asco bic acid + p o idin). The numbe o a s in each g oup is 5. The
epe i ion o he expe imen s is n = 4-6. The du a ion o he expe imen s is 15 days. When
conduc ing he expe imen s, a dose o 20 mg / kg o NaNO2 was selec ed in he animals.
Ob ained esul s and hei analysis
I is known ha he li e , in addi ion o homeos a ic con ol o he amoun o subs ances
en e ing he blood wi h ood, is also in ol ed in he neu aliza ion o oxic subs ances en e ing he
body (ammonia, in es inal decay p oduc s, bili ubin, e c.). The li e is a e y sensi i e o gan o
he e ec s o oxic subs ances, especially ni i es. Ni i e en e ing he body can cause a ious
changes in li e issue, including impai ed p o ein syn hesis, eplacemen o heal hy issues wi h
sca issue (ci hosis), and a y in il a ion. Ch onic exposu e o ni a es dis up s p o ein syn hesis
in he li e and leads o a change in i s quali a i e composi ion. Di usional changes in he li e
unde he in luence o ni i es, i.e., a de ia ion o he issue s uc u e om he no mal s a e, lead o
he p ocess o a y in il a ion in he li e . This p ocess can be a con ibu ing ac o in he
de elopmen o li e diseases caused by ni i es di ec ly in he li e .
Ch onic li e damage by ni i es is obse ed in li e issue, and he li e is unable o ully
pe o m i s physiological unc ion. In ou s udies, scien i ic esul s we e ob ained in acco dance
wi h he abo e-men ioned explana ions. In ou s udies, when we s udied he li e issue o he
heal hy con ol g oup (physiological solu ion) based on mic oscopic examina ions, i can be seen
ha his g oup e ained he classic li e lobe s uc u e, hepa ocy es we e a anged adially a ound
he cen al ein, and he po al iads (hepa ic hepa ocy es, a e ial ne wo k, po al ein ne wo k,
and bile duc s) we e clea ly dis inguished ana omically (Fig. 1-A). The mo phological and
his oa chi ec u al s uc u e o his g oup o li e issues was p ese ed in a no mal s a e. In he
li e o ep esen a i es o his g oup, we can see ha each unc ional zone was clea ly delimi ed,
and s uc u al uni s we e dis inguished.
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Figu e 1. Mic oscopic appea ance o li e issue o con ol g oup I a s.
No e: Figu e A (S ain hema oxylin eosin. X-100); Figu e V (S ain hema oxylin eosin. X-
400).
In pa icula , i is clea ly seen ha hepa ocy es in he pe ipo al a ea a e a anged co ec ly
and compac ly, and hei cy oplasm has s ong eosinophilic s aining. The nuclei a e o al o ound
in shape, hype ch omic and cen ally loca ed. In he middle lobula a ea, hepa ocy es showed
educed cy oplasmic eosinophilia, and some cells showed binuclea ed hepa ocy es, which is
conside ed a mo phological ea u e cha ac e is ic o egene a i e ac i i y (Fig. 1-B). Al hough
ce ain s uc u al changes we e obse ed, he gene al issue s uc u e was p ese ed.
Pa homo phological changes we e clea ly exp essed in he cen olobula a ea: g anula dys ophy,
pe icellula edema, and nuclea hypoch omia o anuclea ed hepa ocy es we e obse ed in he
cy oplasm o hepa ocy es. The numbe o Kup e cells inc eased signi ican ly, indica ing
inc eased phagocy ic ac i i y in he li e . I is possible ha changes in his zone a e associa ed
wi h hypoxia p ocesses.
Figu e A
Hema oxylin eosin s ain. X-100
Figu e B
Hema oxylin eosin s ain. X-400
Figu e 2. II-in oxica ion (NaNO2) expe imen al g oup-mic ascopic co ing o a li e issue.
Figu e A
Hema oxylin eosin s ain. X-100
Figu e B
Hema oxylin eosin s ain. X-400
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No e: Figu e A (S ain hema oxylin eosin. X-100); Figu e B (S ain hema oxylin eosin. X-
400).
In gene al, he zonal di e en ia ion o li e issue in ou animals o g oup I and he con ol
heal hy (physiological solu ion) g oup ully co espond o he p inciples o he Rappapo model.
When analyzing he mo pho unc ional s a e o he issue wi hin he lobules and acini, i was ound
ha he pe ipo al zone had a well-p ese ed ophic supply, while he cen ilobula zone had a
high sensi i i y o hypoxic-ischemic changes. This is impo an in assessing he local eac i i y o
he li e o pa hological p ocesses and i s mo phological adap a ion capabili ies. The expe imen s
con inued wi h he s udy o mic oscopic changes in he li e issues o animals o he expe imen al
g oup o in oxica ion (NaNO2) o g oup II (Fig. 2).
Also, du ing he expe imen s, by ea ing animals a ec ed by (NaNO2) (g oup III ea men
expe imen al g oup ((NaNO2) + sodium sul a e + asco bic acid), hei li e issues we e
mic oscopically examined (Figu e 3).
Figu e A
Hema oxylin eosin s ain. X-100
Figu e B
Hema oxylin eosin s ain. X-400
Figu e 3. Mic oscopic appea ance o li e issue o a s o he expe imen al g oup o
ea men g oup III.
No e: Figu e A (S ain hema oxylin eosin. X-100); Figu e B (S ain hema oxylin eosin. X-
400).
In he ep esen a i es o he ea men g oup III, i was ound ha he li e issue - he
cy oplasm o hepa ocy es was homogeneous and uni o mly s ained. The nuclei we e loca ed in he
cen al pa o he cell, clea , euch oma ic, wi hou signs o pyknosis and ka yo hexis (Figu e 3-
A). Mi o ic phases and egene a i e symp oms we e isible in some cells. The e we e hyaline
bundles and a dec ease in phagocy osis in he cy oplasm, a small amoun o cen ilobula edema
and nec osis (Figu e 3- B), in lamma o y in il a es in he po al ac s dec eased; he numbe o
lymphocy es and neu ophils app oached he physiological no m. Kup e cells we e ac i e and
p ese ed in shape, he endo helial cells o he sinusoids we e in ac , and he nuclei we e clea and
symme ical. These da a show ha he selec ed sou ces o he ea men o he li e in animals
poisoned wi h NaNO2 (sodium sul a e + asco bic acid) had an e ec i e e ec and led o changes
in he mo pho/physiological pa ame e s o he li e . A he end o he expe imen s, co ec ion
s udies we e conduc ed in animals poisoned by NaNO2, in addi ion o ea men , by adminis e ing
p o idin, and ep esen a i es o his g oup we e designa ed as g oup IV co ec ion expe imen
(NaNO2) + sodium sul a e + asco bic acid + p o idin).
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Figu e А
Hema oxylin eosin s ain. X-100
Figu e B
Hema oxylin eosin s ain. X-400
Figu e 4. Mic oscopic appea ance o li e issue o a s in he IV-co ec ion expe imen al
g oup.
No e: Figu e A (Hema oxylin eosin s ain. X-100); Figu e B (Hema oxylin eosin s ain. X-400).
As a co ec ion, he li e o ou g oup o s udied ep esen a i es showed homogeniza ion
in he cy oplasm o hepa ocy es and a dec ease in he numbe o acuoles, he in ensi y in he
nucleus was euch oma in ype, in some places signs o pyknosis and ka yolysis we e de ec ed, in
some cells hepa ocy es we e de ec ed in he mi o ic phase, he oci o nec osis a ound he cen al
eins we e isible wi h a educed olume o wi h a limi ed ex en (Fig. 4-B). Lymphoid in il a es
in he po al ac dec eased, signs o sligh edema in he sinusoidal space, he e was in ensi y in
he cy oplasm o endo helial cells (Fig. 4-A), s asis and mic ohemo hages we e de ec ed in small
quan i ies in and a ound he mic o ascula space. The numbe o ib ous cells in he pe ipo al
a eas dec eased. The numbe o Kup e cells a ound he cen al ein signi ican ly inc eased.
The abo e expe imen s show ha 20 mg/kg o NaNO2 had a de imen al e ec on he li e
issue o he expe imen al g oup o animals. These changes we e exp essed in he p esence o signs
o acuola and g anula dys ophy in he li e , he occu ence o ocal nec osis oci a ound he
eins, he loss o cellula s uc u e o hepa ocy es, he de ec ion o in lamma o y in il a es and
ib osis (g ow h o collagen issue) in he li e . P o idin educed he ha m ul e ec o NaNO2 on
li e issue and exe ed a co ec i e e ec on li e cells. Unde he in luence o p o idin, he size
o he nec o ic oci a ound he cen al eins o he li e disappea ed, lymphoid in il a es in he
po al ac dec eased. The numbe o ib ous cells in he pe ipo al a eas dec eased. The numbe
o Kup e cells a ound he cen al ein was signi ican ly inc eased.
Conclusion: Thus, p o idin inhibi ed he ha m ul e ec o NaNO2 on li e cells and
exe ed a co ec i e e ec on li e issue. This physiological ac i i y o p o idin, i s abili y o
educe he ha m ul e ec s o oxic subs ances, indica es i s p ac ical impo ance in pha macology.
In he u u e, i will be possible o c ea e pha macological an ido es o de oxi ying
phy op epa a ions based on his subs ance ha help emo e oxic subs ances om he body.
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