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ALIGNMENT TYPOLOGY IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK: A COMPARATIVE
STUDY OF SYNTACTIC ROLES AND CASE MARKING
Qahho o a Zuh a Abduzoi qizi
S uden o Uzbek Na ional Pedagogical Uni e si y
Email: zuh aqahho o [email protected]
Scien i ic supe iso :
Nishono a Sayyo a Saido na
Uzbek Na ional Pedagogical Uni e si y
Depa men o he Theo y and Me hodology o English
Email: nishono asayyo [email protected]
ABSTRACT
This a icle examines how English and Uzbek dis ibu e syn ac ic oles and ma k
g amma ical ela ions h ough hei alignmen sys ems. Al hough bo h languages ollow
a nomina i e–accusa i e pa e n, hey di e ge signi ican ly in he way hese ela ions
a e encoded. English elies mainly on ixed wo d o de and a limi ed case pa adigm,
while Uzbek exp esses g amma ical oles h ough an ex ensi e case-ma king sys em
and lexible syn ac ic s uc u e. By compa ing subjec and objec beha io , case
pa e ns, and a gumen alignmen , his s udy highligh s ypological dis inc ions ha help
explain he deepe s uc u al logic o each language. The indings show ha English
ends owa d analy ic alignmen s a egies, whe eas Uzbek demons a es agglu ina i e
and mo phologically explici alignmen . These obse a ions con ibu e o c oss-
linguis ic ypology and p o ide insigh s o ansla ion s udies and language pedagogy.
Keywo ds: alignmen ypology, syn ac ic oles, case ma king, nomina i e–accusa i e,
English, Uzbek.
Alignmen ypology explo es how languages encode he co e g amma ical ela ions o
subjec , objec , and agen [1]. Al hough his ield is o en associa ed wi h e ga i e
languages, nomina i e–accusa i e languages also show meaning ul a ia ion in he
dis ibu ion o syn ac ic unc ions [2]. English and Uzbek, while bo h i ing in o he
nomina i e–accusa i e ca ego y, ep esen wo dis inc s uc u al adi ions. English is
analy ic and elies hea ily on wo d o de , whe eas Uzbek is agglu ina i e and exp esses
g amma ical oles mo phologically [3]. Because o hese di e ences, bo h languages
p esen an in e es ing compa a i e model o unde s anding how alignmen eme ges
ac oss linguis ic sys ems. [4]
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The aim o his s udy is o desc ibe how English and Uzbek assign syn ac ic oles, ma k
a gumen s, and main ain s uc u al cohe ence. The analysis conside s wo d o de , case
ma king, e b–a gumen ela ions, and mo phological isibili y o alignmen pa e ns.
[5]
Theo e ical Backg ound
Alignmen ypology classi ies languages by he ways hey ea he co e a gumen s o
ansi i e and in ansi i e e bs [1]. In nomina i e–accusa i e sys ems, he subjec o
an in ansi i e e b (S) aligns wi h he agen o a ansi i e e b (A), while he objec
(O) is ma ked di e en ly [2]. English ollows his pa e n p ima ily h ough syn ac ic
cons ain s [3]. Uzbek also ollows a nomina i e–accusa i e sys em, ye exp esses
dis inc ions mo e anspa en ly h ough case mo phology [5].
Ea lie s udies on alignmen o en ocus on e ga i i y o a gumen s uc u e in
polysyn he ic languages [1]. Howe e , ecen ypological wo ks emphasize ha e en
languages wi h s aigh o wa d case sys ems can show in e es ing a ia ion in how
syn ac ic unc ions a e ealized [4]. This pe spec i e p o ides he heo e ical basis o
compa ing English and Uzbek wi hin a sha ed ypological ca ego y bu di e en
s uc u al en i onmen s [2].
Alignmen in English
English alignmen elies mainly on he ela ionship be ween wo d o de and syn ac ic
oles [3]. Since he loss o mos case endings in Middle English, wo d o de has become
he p ima y signal o g amma ical unc ion. The s anda d Subjec –Ve b–Objec
s uc u e e ec i ely dis inguishes he agen om he pa ien in a sen ence [2].
English p ese es only a small emnan o mo phological case in he pe sonal p onouns
(he/him, hey/ hem) [4]. E en in hese o ms, he case dis inc ion unc ions only wi hin
a na ow syn ac ic con ex , and mos nouns emain unin lec ed. Because o his, English
alignmen is bes desc ibed as s uc u ally posi ional a he han mo phological [3].
P eposi ions also play an impo an ole: ins ead o ma king ela ions on nouns di ec ly,
English exp esses addi ional seman ic oles h ough p eposi ional ph ases [4].
The esul is a sys em whe e alignmen is clea bu i s exp ession is mos ly implici .
S uc u al p edic abili y, a he han mo phological ma king, main ains he nomina i e–
accusa i e pa e n [1].
Alignmen in Uzbek
Uzbek ep esen s a con as ing model wi hin he same ypological ype. As an
agglu ina i e language, Uzbek ma ks g amma ical oles di ec ly on nouns h ough a se
o well-de eloped case su ixes [5]. The nomina i e is ze o-ma ked, while he
accusa i e, da i e, loca i e, abla i e, and o he cases a e clea ly dis inguished [6].
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Because case endings show he syn ac ic unc ion o e ly, Uzbek allows a lexible wo d
o de wi hou losing cla i y [5]. Al hough he neu al wo d o de is Subjec –Objec –
Ve b, many a gumen pe mu a ions a e g amma ically possible due o explici case
mo phology [6]. In his espec , Uzbek alignmen is isibly encoded and does no ely
hea ily on posi ion [5].
Fu he e idence o explici alignmen is ound in di e en ial objec ma king, whe e he
accusa i e su ix is used o dis inguish speci ici y o de ini eness [6]. This ea u e
s eng hens he nomina i e–accusa i e dis inc ion a he mo phological le el and
con ibu es o ine-g ained in e p e a ion [5].
Compa a i e Discussion
The compa ison o English and Uzbek alignmen e eals s uc u al pa allels and co e
con as s [1]. Bo h languages assign he same alignmen oles concep ually: S aligns
wi h A, and O ecei es a sepa a e ma king [2]. Howe e , he s a egies used o exp ess
his o ganiza ion di e ma kedly.
English:
• elies on s ic wo d o de ,
• has minimal case mo phology,
• uses p eposi ions o encode addi ional ela ions,
• depends on sen ence s uc u e o cla i y.
Uzbek:
• elies on explici case su ixes,
• ole a es lexible wo d o de ,
• dis inguishes oles mo phologically,
• uses e b ag eemen o ein o ce syn ac ic ela ions.
These di e ences also impac ansla ion [4]. An Uzbek sen ence can shi he posi ion
o a gumen s o emphasis wi hou al e ing meaning, while English equi es ca e ul
p ese a ion o syn ac ic o de o main ain alignmen [3]. Fo pedagogical pu poses,
lea ne s mus ecognize ha English hides alignmen in s uc u e, whe eas Uzbek
e eals i h ough o m [6].
Conclusion
Al hough English and Uzbek belong o he same alignmen ype, he mechanisms ha
uphold his alignmen di e subs an ially. English ep esen s a ypologically analy ic
sys em whe e g amma ical oles a e de e mined by he s uc u e o he sen ence.
Uzbek, on he o he hand, uses explici case mo phology o ma k he same oles
independen ly o wo d o de . By examining hese di e ences, he s udy highligh s how
languages can sha e a ypological classi ica ion ye implemen i in s uc u ally
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di e gen ways. Unde s anding such con as s deepens ou knowledge o linguis ic
ypology and suppo s mo e accu a e ansla ion and eaching p ac ices.
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2. Dixon, R. M. W. E ga i i y. Camb idge Uni e si y P ess, 1994, pp. 21–45.
3. E kman, Fa ma. “Case Ma king and Wo d O de Flexibili y in Tu kic
Languages.” Jou nal o Linguis ic S udies, ol. 12, no. 3, 2018, pp. 54–76.
4. Ko n il , Jaklin. Tu kish. Rou ledge, 1997, pp. 149–188.
5. Payne, Thomas. Desc ibing Mo phosyn ax. Camb idge Uni e si y P ess, 1997,
pp. 111–156.
6. Song, Jae Jung. Linguis ic Typology: Mo phology and Syn ax. Rou ledge, 2001,
pp. 89–133.
