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UDC: 547.13:546.72:631.531
NEW TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF VARIOUS
COORDINATION COMPOUNDS BASED ON COBALT(II) NITRATE AND
THEIR APPLICATION IN MAIZE USING HYDROGEL SYSTEMS
Qayumo a Fa ida Ilxom qizi
Mas e s deg ee Sama kand s a e uni e si y
Nasimo Hasan Mu ado ich
Accosia e p o esso Sama kand s a e uni e si y
Tu dimu a o a Azada Sapa imbe o na
S uden o he ka akalpaks an ins i u e o ag icul u e and ag o echnologies
Email: [email p o ec ed]
Tu imbe o Mu a bay Shamshe o ich
Doc o o Philosophy (PhD) in Ag icul u al Sciences,
Ac ing Associa e P o esso o he Depa men o Ag icul u e, Selec ion and Seed P oduc ion o
Ag icul u al C ops
DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.5281/zenodo.17676000
Abs ac : This s udy ocuses on he de elopmen o new echnologies o syn hesizing
coo dina ion compounds based on Cobal (II) ni a e and hei applica ion in maize using
hyd ogel sys ems. Cobal (II) ions o m s able complexes wi h o ganic and ino ganic ligands,
exhibi ing ca aly ic and g ow h- egula ing p ope ies. The encapsula ion o Co(II) complexes in
polyme -based hyd ogels allows con olled elease, imp o ed nu ien abso p ion, and enhanced
d ough esis ance in maize. The esea ch explo es syn hesis condi ions, s uc u al
cha ac e iza ion, elease kine ics, and biological e iciency unde labo a o y and ield
condi ions. The esul s p o ide a ounda ion o sus ainable ag icul u al applica ions o cobal -
based bios imulan s wi h high e iciency and en i onmen al sa e y.
Keywo ds: Cobal (II) ni a e, coo dina ion compounds, hyd ogel, con olled elease,
maize, bios imulan , sus ainable ag icul u e.
In oduc ion
The de elopmen o inno a i e echnologies in coo dina ion chemis y has
become one o he cen al di ec ions in mode n ma e ials science, ca alysis, and
ag ochemical applica ions. Cobal (II) ni a e and i s coo dina ion compounds a e o
pa icula in e es due o hei di e se oxida ion s a es, ich coo dina ion chemis y,
and signi ican biological and ca aly ic ac i i ies. In ecen yea s, esea che s ha e
ocused on he syn hesis o cobal -based complexes wi h a ious ligands, as hese
compounds exhibi excellen edox s abili y, magne ic p ope ies, and he abili y o
o m s able coo dina ion ne wo ks. These ea u es make cobal (II) coo dina ion
compounds sui able o use in ca aly ic eac ions, en i onmen al p o ec ion
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sys ems, and mo e ecen ly, in ag icul u al bio echnology as componen s o sma
e ilize s and plan g ow h s imulan s.
Cobal is a i al mic onu ien o plan s, playing an essen ial ole in ni ogen
ixa ion, enzyme ac i a ion, and chlo ophyll o ma ion. In legumes, o ins ance,
cobal con ibu es o he ac i i y o ni ogenase enzymes in oo nodules,
acili a ing a mosphe ic ni ogen assimila ion. Howe e , cobal de iciency in soil
can lead o educed plan p oduc i i y, weake esis ance o s ess, and slowe
me abolic ac i i y. The e o e, he use o cobal -con aining compounds in
ag icul u e has a ac ed a en ion as an e ec i e way o inc ease yield, imp o e
plan esilience, and enhance biochemical p ocesses in c ops such as maize (Zea
mays L.), one o he wo ld’s mos impo an ce eal c ops.
T adi ional o ms o mic onu ien e ilize s, howe e , o en su e om low
bioa ailabili y and high leaching a es. To o e come hese limi a ions, ecen
s udies ha e in oduced he concep o hyd ogel-based deli e y sys ems, which can
encapsula e me al complexes and elease hem g adually in o he hizosphe e.
Hyd ogels a e c oss-linked polyme ic ma e ials capable o abso bing and e aining
la ge amoun s o wa e while main aining s uc u al in eg i y. When used as a
ca ie o coo dina ion compounds, hyd ogels can egula e he elease o nu ien s,
minimize losses, and enhance plan up ake e iciency unde a ious soil mois u e
condi ions. Mo eo e , hyd ogels p o ide a mic oen i onmen ha p o ec s ac i e
cobal species om deg ada ion, ensu ing hei long- e m s abili y in ag icul u al
applica ions.
The syn hesis o new cobal (II) ni a e-based coo dina ion compounds has
been explo ed using a a ie y o o ganic and ino ganic ligands such as amino
acids, he e ocyclic bases, and ca boxylic acids. The coo dina ion beha io o
cobal ions depends s ongly on he na u e o he ligands and syn hesis condi ions
including sol en pola i y, empe a u e, and pH. By adjus ing hese pa ame e s,
esea che s can ob ain mononuclea , polynuclea , o polyme ic cobal complexes
wi h dis inc physicochemical and biological p ope ies.
In ag icul u al p ac ice, he in eg a ion o cobal (II) coo dina ion compounds
in o hyd ogel ma ices ep esen s a p omising echnology o sus ainable c op
p oduc ion. Such sys ems can p o ide con olled nu ien deli e y, imp o e wa e
e en ion in he soil, and p omo e uni o m oo de elopmen . Fo maize, which has
a high nu ien and wa e demand, hyd ogel-assis ed cobal e ilize s may
signi ican ly imp o e physiological pa ame e s such as chlo ophyll con en , oo -
shoo a io, pho osyn he ic ac i i y, and g ain yield. Addi ionally, he slow and
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consis en elease o cobal ions can mi iga e he isks o oxici y ha may occu
due o excessi e o une en applica ion o adi ional cobal sal s.
Recen expe imen al s udies ha e demons a ed ha cobal (II) ni a e-based
hyd ogels in luence plan me abolic ac i i ies by enhancing he ac i i y o
an ioxidan enzymes, imp o ing p o ein syn hesis, and accele a ing cell di ision.
The molecula mechanism behind hese e ec s in ol es cobal ’s pa icipa ion in
edox eac ions and i s ole as a co ac o in key enzyma ic sys ems. Mo eo e ,
cobal ions in e ac wi h plan ho mones such as cy okinins and auxins, he eby
modula ing gene exp ession and g ow h egula ion pa hways. Unde s anding hese
molecula -le el in e ac ions can lead o he a ional design o mo e e ec i e
cobal -based bios imulan s ailo ed o speci ic c op needs.
F om an en i onmen al pe spec i e, hyd ogel-suppo ed coo dina ion sys ems
also con ibu e o esou ce conse a ion. By educing nu ien leaching and
e apo a ion losses, hese ma e ials help main ain soil e ili y and minimize
pollu ion o wa e bodies. In a id and semi-a id egions whe e wa e sca ci y is a
majo cons ain , hyd ogels can ac as mois u e ese oi s, suppo ing plan g ow h
e en unde limi ed i iga ion. Consequen ly, he combina ion o coo dina ion
chemis y and polyme science o e s a s a egic solu ion o clima e- esilien
ag icul u e.
The pu pose o he p esen esea ch is o de elop new echnologies o
syn hesizing a ious cobal (II) ni a e coo dina ion compounds and e alua e hei
po en ial applica ion in maize cul i a ion h ough hyd ogel sys ems. The s udy
aims o:
1. Syn hesize and cha ac e ize cobal (II) complexes wi h di e en
o ganic ligands.
2. Inco po a e hese complexes in o hyd ogel ma ices o con olled
nu ien elease.
3. Assess he e ec s o cobal (II)-hyd ogel o mula ions on maize
g ow h pa ame e s, biochemical indices, and yield.
4. Analyze he physicochemical s abili y and elease dynamics o cobal
species om hyd ogels unde simula ed soil condi ions.
This esea ch is expec ed o con ibu e o he g owing ield o sma
ag ochemical echnologies by in oducing inno a i e ma e ials ha b idge
coo dina ion chemis y and ag icul u al science. The success ul de elopmen o
cobal -based hyd ogel e ilize s will no only enhance maize p oduc i i y bu also
pa e he way o eco- iendly and sus ainable ag icul u al p ac ices. Ul ima ely,
hese indings could se e as a ounda ion o u u e wo k on mul i-me al
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coo dina ion sys ems and polyme -suppo ed mic onu ien o mula ions designed
o imp o e plan heal h and soil managemen ac oss di e se ag oecosys ems.
Li e a u e
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