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P e alence and Clinical Co ela es o O e weigh and Obesi y among S a o Usmanu
Dan odiyo Uni e si y, Soko o: A C oss-Sec ional S udy
Hamida Oluwa oyin Ajiboye1, Basi u Shuaibu1*,Msheliza Saminu2, Oyeyiola Tao iq Tunde3
*1Depa men o Physiology, Facul y o Basic Medical Sciences, College o Heal h Sciences, Usmanu Dan odiyo Uni e si y, P.M.B. 2346,
Soko o, Nige ia
1Depa men o Heal h Se ices, Usmanu Dan odiyo Uni e si y, P.M.B. 2346, Soko o, Nige ia
2 The Lep osy Mission Nige ia (TLMN), Fede al Capi al Te i o y, Abuja, Nige ia
3Ancho med Hospi al, Niyi Aniyikaye S ee , Tanke, Ilo in Kwa a S a e, Nige ia
Co esponding Au ho Basi u
Shuaibu
Depa men o Physiology,
Facul y o Basic Medical
Sciences, College o Heal h
Sciences, Usmanu Dan odiyo
Uni e si y, P.M.B. 2346, Soko o,
Nige ia.
A icle His o y
Recei ed: 18 / 08 / 2025
Accep ed: 14 / 11 / 2025
Published: 22 / 11 / 2025
Abs ac : O e weigh and obesi y, diso de s o ene gy me abolism cha ac e ized by excess
adipose issue, con ibu e signi ican ly o global mo bidi y and mo ali y. Wi h inc easing
u baniza ion and li es yle shi s, Nige ia aces ising p e alence a es, including among
uni e si y s a . The s udy aimed o de e mine he p e alence and clinical co ela es o
o e weigh and obesi y among s a o Usmanu Dan odiyo Uni e si y, Soko o (UDUS).
Desc ip i e c oss-sec ional s udy was used among 109 consen ing non-academic and academic
s a o UDUS using s uc u ed ques ionnai es o collec socio-demog aphic and beha io al
da a. An h opome ic measu emen s and biochemical assays, including as ing blood glucose,
lipid p o iles, lep in, and enal unc ion es s, we e pe o med. Da a we e analyzed by using a
logis ic eg ession o iden i y de e minan s o o e weigh and obese, wi h s a is ical signi icance
o p < 0.05. The p e alence o o e weigh and obesi y combined we e 47%, wi h non-academic
s a showing highe isk. Family his o y o diabe es and medica ion use was signi ican which
we e associa ed o e weigh and obesi y (p < 0.05). O he clinical ma ke s such as hype ension
his o y, lipid pa ame e s, as ing glucose, and lep in le els did no show signi ican associa ions.
Occupa ion and ui consump ion equency independen ly p edic ed o e weigh and obesi y
a e adjus ing o age. The high p e alence aligns wi h p io egional s udies and unde sco es
he impac o seden a y wo k and die a y habi s on obesi y isk. The pa adoxical posi i e
associa ion be ween ui consump ion and obesi y may e lec in ake o suga - ich ui
p oduc s. O e weigh and obesi y emain highly p e alen among UDUS s a , in luenced by
occupa ional s a us and die a y pa e ns. Wo kplace heal h in e en ions ocusing on ac i i y
p omo ion and nu i ion educa ion a e essen ial.
Keywo ds: P e alence, o e weigh , Obesi y, UDUS, clinical co ela e.
How o Ci e: Ajiboye, H. O., Shuaibu, B., Saminu, M. & Tunde, O. T. (2025). P e alence and Clinical Co ela es o O e weigh and
Obesi y among S a o Usmanu Dan odiyo Uni e si y, Soko o: A C oss-Sec ional S udy. IRASS Jou nal o Applied Medical and
Pha maceu ical Sciences, 2(11), 19-24.
In oduc ion
The imbalance be ween ene gy in ake and expendi u e such
ha excess ene gy is s o ed in a cells is e e ed o as o e weigh
and obesi y (Heyms ield & Wadden, 2017). These a e he diso de s
o ene gy me abolism in ol ing excess adipose issues s o ed in
he body and can be associa ed wi h medical and psychological
mo bidi ies (Heyms ield & Wadden, 2017). The 5 h leading isks
o dea h wo ldly is he o e weigh and obesi y wi h a leas 2.8
million adul s’ dea hs occu ing annually om complica ions o
o e weigh and obesi y. Acco ding o Wo ld Heal h O ganiza ion
(WHO) abou 1.9 billion o he wo ld popula ion is o e weigh
while 650 million a e obese as o 2016. Mo eo e , abou 44% o
diabe es melli us bu den, 23% o ischemic hea diseases, and 7%–
41% o ce ain cance bu dens a e a ibu able o o e weigh and
obesi y (WHO, 2021).
In Nige ia, he p e alence o o e weigh is 27.6%, while
ha o obesi y is 14.5% (Ijezie e al., 2022). A s udy by H uby and
Hu, s a ed ha nu i ional ansi ion, seden a y li es yle, changing
me hods o anspo a ion and inc easing u baniza ion a e uelling
non-communicable diseases (H uby & Hu, 2015). The poo ea ing
habi s including inc eased in consump ion o high ene gy ood,
high le el o suga , and sa u a ed a s combined wi h he physical
inac i i y ha e led o aise in p e alence o o e weigh and obesi y
in many pa s o he wo ld (Kleinendo s e al., 2018).
The heal h isks associa ed wi h obesi y include co ona y
hea disease (CHD) and o he ca dio ascula diseases like
a he oscle o ic, s oke, high blood p essu e (HBP), wi h he
addi ion o ype 2 diabe es melli us (T2D), kidney disease, sleep
apnoea, os eoa h i is, galls ones, a y li e disease, s ess
incon inence, and some gynaecological abno mali ies (ameno hea
and meno hagia) as well as a ious ypes o cance (Adaja &
Idemudia, 2018). The s udy o Sabi and his colleagues ha e
epo ed ha obesi y and ad ancing in age a e he majo isk
ac o s uelling an aised in he p e alence o ype 2 diabe es
melli us among Nige ian popula ion (Ahmad Sabi e al., 2016).
The s udy o Dankyau and his co- esea che s epo ed a high
p e alence o o e weigh and obesi y (31.4% and 23.2%
espec i ely) among e ia y hospi al wo ke s in No h-Cen al
IRASS Jou nal o Applied Medical and Pha maceu ical Sciences Vol-2, Iss-11 (No embe - 2025): 19-24.
Vol-2, Iss-11 (No embe -2025)
20
Nige ia (Dankyau e al., 2016). A high p e alence o inc eased in
blood p essu e was also epo ed by he s udy o Owolabi and
colleagues (Owolabi e al., 2015) among heal h‑ca e wo ke s in
Nige ia ega dless hei awa eness o he disease. I has also
epo ed ha been a well-known ac ha high body mass index
(BMI) p edisposes o ce ain cance s (Zhu e al., 2005).
The p oblem o high income coun ies like USA ha is 2/3
o he popula ion is obese and o e weigh and hey a e now on he
inc ease in low‑ and middle‑income coun ies, mos especially in
he u ban dwelle s (Iwuala e al., 2015). Ene gy balance is cen al
o li ing a heal hy li e. Ene gy in ake and ene gy expendi u e a e
he e o e needed o be balanced and a e he e o e he majo
mechanisms by which ene gy balance is ob ained (Gadde e al.,
2018).
Me hod o he s udy
S udy loca ion
The s udy was conduc ed in Soko o, he capi al ci y o
Soko o S a e, which is loca ed in Nige ia's No h-wes e n egion o
he coun y and has a land a ea o 26,648.48 squa e kilome es.
Acco ding o he 2006 Na ional Popula ion Census, Soko o s a e
has he popula ion o 3.09 million people, wi h a yea ly g ow h a e
o 3.0%. Usmanu Dan odiyo Uni e si y Soko o (UDUS) is a
esea ch uni e si y in Soko o, Nige ia's no hwes egion. The
uni e si y has many acul ies sp ead ac oss he Main Campus
(pe manen si e), Ci y Campus Complex (consis ing o College o
Heal h Sciences loca ed in UDUTH and empo a y si e, also
known as Ci y Campus), and has a wo k o ce o app oxima ely
5000 people in bo h academic and non-academic di isions.
E hical conside a ion
The e hical conside a ion was ob ained om Usmanu Dan odiyo
Uni e si y Teaching Hospi al (UDUTH), Soko o E hical
Commi ees and g an ed pe mission o conduc his esea ch unde
he egis a ion numbe NHREC/30/012/2019.
Design o he s udy
We used c oss-sec ional desc ip i e s udy in his ou s udy.
Popula ion
The s udy included men and women ha is wo king a UDUS,
including bo h academic and non-academic membe s o he
ins i u ion's s a .
C i e ia o Pa icipan s’ Selec ion
(a) Inclusion c i e ia
In he s udy, indi iduals who appea ed o be heal hy and
pe manen uni e si y employees we e ec ui ed o his s udy.
(b) Exclusion c i e ia
Some subjec s we e excluded om his s udy which include:
1. Non-consen ing indi iduals
2. Se e ely ill s a
3. P egnan women
In o med Consen
A pa icipan in o ma ion slip and a s anda d in o med consen
o m we e dis ibu ed o he a ge popula ion. A s uc u ed
ques ionnai e was gi en o all consen ing membe s o s a o hei
socio-demog aphic in o ma ion, ollowed by an h opome ic
measu es o weigh , heigh , as well as wais ci cum e ence.
Sample calcula ion o he s udy
The sample size used in his s udy was 109 which was de e mined
acco ding o Coch an, (1999) using a popula ion o 10000 using
he o mula below:
n = z2 PQ/d2 (Sha ma e al., 2020)
Whe e:
n = minimum sample size
z = s anda d no mal de ia ion and p obabili y i.e., 0.05 a
95% con idence in e al (1.96).
P = p e alence (20-29.3%), a e age = 26.5% (Ijezie e al.,
2022)
q = 1-p
d = ole ance limi (0.08)
n = (1.96)2 x (0.265) (1- 0.265)/ (0.083)2
0.7482/0.006889
108.6
n = 109
Sampling Technique
Mul i s ages (p obabili y sampling echnique) was used.
Facul ies in bo h Pe manen Si e and Ci y Campus Complex o he
Uni e si y we e in ol ed in he esea ch including Facul y o
Ag icul u e, A s and Islamic S udies, Basic Medical Sciences,
Basic Clinical Sciences, Clinical Sciences, Den al Sciences,
Enginee ing and En i onmen al Design, Educa ion and Ex ension
Se ices, Law, Managemen Sciences, Pha maceu ical Sciences,
Sciences, Social Sciences, and Facul y o Ve e ina y Medicine.
Da a collec ion
The ques ionnai e used in his s udy included i ems such as
gende , age, occupa ional g ade le el, ma i al s a us, ciga e e
smoking s a us, alcohol in ake, cu en ea men his o y, amily
his o y o obesi y, amily his o y o hype ension and diabe es
melli us, die a y pa e ns, hou s o sleep as well as physical
ac i i y. The le el o educa ion was de ined as he highes -g ade
le el a ained in school and pa icipan s we e ca ego ized as Senio
Seconda y Ce i ica e (SSCE)/Diploma and hose wi h a e ia y
educa ion. Pa icipan s we e ca ego ized based on hei g ade le el
in o senio and junio s a . Weigh and heigh we e eco ded using
a weigh scale and me e ule in line wi h WHO p o ocols (WHO,
1995). In addi ion wais Ci cum e ence was also measu ed in line
wi h WHO p o ocol using a non-s e ch ape measu e (WHO,
2018).
Blood Sample collec ion
A 5ml disposable sy inge was used o collec 5 ml o blood
om each pa ien 's cubi al ein in he a m. One ml o he blood
was quickly ans e ed in o an icoagulan ee (plain) bo les o
as ing blood suga (FBS), and he emaining 4mls we e ans e ed
in o plain ubes. The se um was sepa a ed a e he sample in he
plain ubes clo ed and was cen i uged. The o al choles e ol,
iglyce ides, he high-densi y lipop o ein (HDL), he low-densi y
IRASS Jou nal o Applied Medical and Pha maceu ical Sciences Vol-2, Iss-11 (No embe - 2025): 19-24.
Vol-2, Iss-11 (No embe -2025)
21
lipop o ein (LDL), glome ula il a ion a e (GFR), and lep in
le els we e all de e mined using se um samples. Biochemical
Analyses was ca ied ou om he Depa men o Chemical
pa hology, UDUS.
Da a analysis
The da a was analysed using he SPSS® e sion 25 (IBM
Co p, A monk, NY, USA). The ca ego ical a iables ha e hei
da a p esen ed as bo h equency and p opo ions (%).
De e minan s o o e weigh and obesi y we e assessed by
compu ing odds a ios (ORs) using uni a ia e logis ic eg ession,
mul i a ia e ORs and hei 95% con idence in e als (95% CIs)
using mul i a ia e analysis o eg ession. A logis ic eg ession
model analysis, wi h age as a co a ia e, was u ilised o de e mine
he indi idual a ibu es ha con ibu e o o e weigh and obesi y.
In his s udy, he s a is ical signi icance was conside ed as a p-
alue o less han 0.05.
Resul s
Sociodemog aphic in o ma ion o he Responden s
The o al numbe o 114 ques ionnai e was adminis e ed o
he pa icipan s, howe e , only 109 submi ed and ound sui able
o analysis. Thus, gi ing a esponse a e o 95.6%. A o al o 109
esponden s consis ing o 85 (78.0%) male and 24 (22.0%) o he
emale we e ec ui ed o he s udy. Majo i y o he esponden s
we e Hausa/Fulani 73 (67.0 %) by ibe, majo i y had e ia y
educa ion (89.9%), 85 (78.0%) we e ma ied, 91 (83.5%) we e
Muslims, 101 (92.7%) li ed in u ban a ea (92.7%), 65 (59.6) we e
non-academic s a , 50 (45.9%) had abo e a e age mon hly sala y,
and 89 (81.7) used mo o ca as means o anspo . Many o he
pa icipan s p e e ed o ea b eak as 55 (50.5%) o he han snacks
and ied oods, 73 (67.0%) some imes ea swee and chocola e,
and be e ages 64 (58.7%). Mo eo e , he e is no signi ican
di e ence (p = 0.966) among he pa icipan s ha wa ch ele ision
o a leas 2 hou s 53 (48.6) o mo e 44 (40.4) pe week.
Meanwhile, he majo i y o he esponden s had no his o y o
hype ension (60.6%), obesi y (86.2%), diabe es (68.8%), and we e
no on any o m o medica ion (69.7%).
Table 1. Simple Logis ics Reg ession (Bi a ia e) Analysis o he Medical Fac o s as De e minan s o O e weigh and Obesi y among
s a o UDUS
Va iable
C ude OR
(95% CI)
Wald
S a is ics (d )
P- alue*
His o y o
Hype ension
None
Yes (Fa he only)
Yes (Mo he only)
Bo h Pa en s
0.761
(0.546, 1.059)
2.263 (1)
0.105
His o y o Obesi y
None
Yes (Fa he only)
Yes (Mo he only)
Bo h Pa en s
0.606
(0.322, 1.139)
2.423 (1)
0.120
His o y o
Diabe es
None
Yes (Fa he only)
Yes (Mo he only)
Bo h Pa en s
0.651
(0.427, 0.993)
3.979 (1)
0.046
Medica ion
His o y
None
An idiabe ics
An ihype ension
O he s
0.674
(0.436, 0.961)
4.650 (1)
0.031
IRASS Jou nal o Applied Medical and Pha maceu ical Sciences Vol-2, Iss-11 (No embe - 2025): 19-24.
Vol-2, Iss-11 (No embe -2025)
22
Table 2. Simple Logis ics Reg ession (Bi a ia e) Analysis o he Biochemical Fac o s as De e minan s o O e weigh and Obesi y among
s a o UDUS
Va iable
C ude OR
(95% CI)
Wald S a is ics
(d )
P-
alue*
FBS
No mal
Abno mal
1.212
(0.567, 2.590)
0.247 (1)
0.619
To al
choles e ol
No mal
Abno mal
0.642
(0.225, 1.832)
0.687 (1)
0.407
T iacyl
glyce ol
No mal
Abno mal
2.600
(0.482, 14.022)
1.235 (1)
0.266
HDL
No mal
Abno mal
1.027
(0.457, 2.310)
0.004 (1)
0.949
LDL
No mal
Abno mal
1.143
(0.383, 3.406)
0.057 (1)
0.811
Lep in
No mal
Abno mal
0.000
(0.000, 0)
0.000 (1)
0.998
Se um
C ea inine
No mal
Abno mal
0.714
(0.291, 1.754)
0.539 (1)
0.463
Fac o s Associa ed wi h Obesi y among S a o UDUS
F om mul i a ia e eg ession analysis, a e he adjus men o age
o he esponden s, only occupa ion and numbe o ui s ea en pe
week we e obse ed o be s a is ically signi ican and independen
de e minan s o o e weigh and obesi y among s a o he UDUS
(Table 3).
Table 3. Mul iple Logis ics Reg ession (Mul i a ia e) Analysis on De e minan s o O e weigh and Obesi y among S a o UDUS
Va iable
C ude OR a
(95% CI)
Adjus ed OR b
(95% CI)
Wald
S a is ics b
(d )
p
alue
b
Occupa ion
Academic s a
Non-academic s a
0.522
(0.266, 1.022)
6.281
(0.259, 149.266)
7.314 (2)
0.026
F ui s/week
None
Yes
Lee han 3 imes
Mo e han 3 imes
0.672
(0.438, 1.031)
1.529
(34.632, 784.396)
14.105 (3)
0.003
a Simple Logis ics Reg ession, b Mul iple Logis ics Reg ession, P<.05
Discussion
Ou p esen s udy iden i ied a high p e alence o
o e weigh as well as obesi y among UDUS s a , consis en wi h
p io epo s in simila popula ions. Nea ly hal (47%) o s a we e
ei he o e weigh o obese, aligning closely wi h ea lie s udies by
Nkwoka and his colleagues (2014), ha epo ed p e alence o
47% among UDUS employees a decade ago. Compa able ends o
inc easing o e weigh and obesi y ha e been documen ed in
Nige ian uni e si y s a and u ban adul popula ions, e lec ing
apid u baniza ion, li es yle changes, and socioeconomic ac o s
(Ade unji, 2019; Nkwoka e al., 2014; Olowooke e e al., 2018).
The ele a ed a es among non-academic s a suppo he
ecognized associa ion be ween seden a y occupa ional oles and
inc eased adiposi y isk (Hanna e al., 2019).
The analysis e ealed ha he amily his o y ega ding
diabe es and medica ion his o y we e s a is ically signi ican
ela ed wi h o e weigh and obesi y, consis en wi h he sha ed
gene ic and me abolic pa hways in luencing obesi y and i s
como bidi ies (Ng e al., 2014). Howe e , o he clinical ma ke s
including his o y o hype ension and obesi y showed no
signi ican associa ion, which con as s wi h gene al
IRASS Jou nal o Applied Medical and Pha maceu ical Sciences Vol-2, Iss-11 (No embe - 2025): 19-24.
Vol-2, Iss-11 (No embe -2025)
23
epidemiological ends whe e obesi y closely co ela es wi h
hype ension and ca dio ascula isk (Lean e al., 2018; Wo ld
Heal h O ganiza ion, 2020). Lipid p o ile componen s, as ing
blood glucose, and se um lep in le els we e also no signi ican ly
associa ed in his s udy, which may be a ibu ed o sample size,
speci ic popula ion cha ac e is ics, o measu emen ac o s (Ng e
al., 2014).
Mul i a ia e analysis showed ha occupa ion and
equency o ui consump ion independen ly p edic ed
o e weigh and obesi y a e adjus men o age. Non-academic
s a a e mos likely o be o e weigh o obese han academic s a ,
suppo ing p io indings linking seden a y wo k en i onmen s
wi h obesi y isk (Tudo -Locke e al., 2015). The posi i e
associa ion o ui consump ion and obesi y is no ewo hy and
pa adoxical; i mi o s e idence ha while whole ui s a e
p o ec i e agains obesi y, consump ion o ui juices o suga - ich
ui p oduc s may con ibu e o inc eased calo ic in ake and
weigh gain ia high monosaccha ide con en and hepa ic
lipogenesis (B ay & Popkin, 2014; She e ly e al., 2016).
Conclusion
The p esen s udy highligh s a pe sis en ly inc eased
p e alence o o e weigh and obesi y among s a o UDUS,
a ec ing nea ly hal o he popula ion su eyed. Ou indings is
consis en wi h some p e ious esea ch wi h simila se ings,
unde sco ing he public heal h challenge posed by obesi y in his
g oup. The associa ion o obesi y wi h amily his o y o diabe es
and medica ion use ein o ces known gene ic and me abolic
connec ions, al hough some expec ed clinical ma ke s showed no
signi ican links, which may e lec popula ion o me hodological
nuances. The s udy u he iden i ies occupa ional s a us and ui
consump ion equency as independen de e minan s, wi h
seden a y non-academic oles and pa adoxically highe ui in ake
co ela ing wi h g ea e obesi y isk. These insigh s emphasize he
complex in e play o socio-demog aphic, beha io al, and clinical
ac o s in obesi y among uni e si y s a . Add essing hese ac o s
h ough a ge ed wo kplace heal h p og ams and nu i ion
educa ion could mi iga e obesi y’s impac . Fu u e esea ch should
in es iga e he biochemical pa hways and li es yle dynamics in his
popula ion o be e in o m in e en ion s a egies.
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