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O iginal A icle
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF IPC AND BNS IN FORENSIC
MEDICINE: A REVIEW
D . Akanksha1 & D . N.A.R.R. Nishshanka2
1Assis an P o esso , Depa men o Agada Tan a,
Gu u Nanak Ayu edic Medical College & Resea ch Ins i u e, Gopalpu , Ludhiana
2Ayu edic Medical O ice , Depa men o Ayu eda, S i Lanka
Manusc ip ID:
IJAAR-130116
Abs ac :
The Indian Penal Code, a e lec ion o B i ish c iminal law, was
o iginally designed o exe con ol o e and punish a he han p o ec
Indian ci izens. Recognizing he need o legal e o m o align wi h
con empo a y socie al alues, he Union Go e nmen o India has
ini ia ed a se ies o amendmen s. The Minis e o Home A ai s
p esen ed h ee bills in he Lok Sabha aimed a eplacing ou da ed
colonial-e a laws: he Bha a iya Nyaya Sanhi a Bill 2023, Bha a iya
Naga ika Su aksha Sanhi a Bill 2023, and Bha a iya Sakshya Bill
2023, which a ge he IPC 1860, C PC 1973, and Indian E idence Ac
1872 espec i ely[1]. The in oduc ion o he Bha a iya Nyaya Sanhi a
(BNS) o 2023 seeks o add ess hese issues and in oduce c ucial
amendmen s o be e se e he Indian populace. O e ime, he Indian
Penal Code (IPC) has unde gone amendmen s o in oduce new
o ences, modi y exis ing ones, and adjus punishmen se e i y. Cou s
ha e also dec iminalized ce ain ac s, such as consensual in e cou se
be ween same-sex adul s, adul e y, and a emp ed suicide. Addi ionally,
se e al s a es ha e made amendmen s o he IPC, p esc ibing a ying
punishmen s o o ences like sexual c imes, a icking mino s o
p os i u ion, ood and d ug adul e a ion, and desec a ion o eligious
ex s. Va ious Law Commission epo s ha e sugges ed IPC
amendmen s, co e ing a eas such as c imes agains women, ood
adul e a ion, and he use o he dea h penal y. Compa ing he
Bha a iya Nyaya Sanhi a (BNS) and he Indian Penal Code (IPC) in he
con ex o o ensic medicine in ol es examining how each legal
amewo k add esses he collec ion, handling, and use o o ensic
e idence in c iminal in es iga ions and ials.
Keywo ds: Bha a iya Nyaya Sanhi a, Indian Penal Code, O ences,
Punishmen
ISSN: 2347-7075
Impac Fac o – 8.141
Volume - 13
Issue - 1
Sep embe - Oc obe 2025
Pp. 100-107
Submi ed:
30 Sep 2025
Re ised:
25 Oc 2025
Accep ed:
27 Oc 2025
Published:
31 Oc 2025
Co esponding Au ho :
D . Akanksha
Quick Response Code:
Websi e: h ps://ijaa .co.in/
DOI:
10.5281/zenodo.17677979
DOI Link:
h ps://doi.o g/10.5281/zenod
o.17677979
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How o ci e his a icle:
D . Akanksha, D . N.A.R.R. Nishshanka. (2025). Compa a i e Analysis O IPC And BNS In
Fo ensic Medicine: A Re iew. In e na ional Jou nal o Ad ance and Applied Resea ch,
13(1), 100–107. h ps://doi.o g/10.5281/zenodo.17677979
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Aim and Objec i es:
1. To iden i y he di e ences and
simila i ies be ween BNS and IPC in
he con ex o o ensic medicine.
2. To e iew and analyze he speci ic
sec ions o he BNS and IPC ha
pe ain o o ensic medicine.
In oduc ion:
BNS 2023:
The Bha a iya Nyaya Sanhi a (BNS)
eplaces he IPC. I la gely e ains he
p o isions o he IPC, adds some new
o ences, emo es o ences ha ha e been
s uck down by cou s, and inc eases
penal ies o se e al o ences[2].
In oduc ion and pass o bill[3]-
• Fi s in oduced:- 11 Augus 2023
• Second in oduc ion a e inco po a ing
ecommenda ion:-12 Decembe 2023
• Passed:- 25 Decembe 2023
• Come in o ce:- 1 July 2024
Changes and Fea u es:
Key changes in he BNS include[4-6]:
1. O ences agains he body: The IPC
c iminalises ac s such as mu de , abe men
o suicide, assaul and causing g ie ous hu .
The BNS e ains hese p o isions. I adds
new o ences such as o ganised c ime,
e o ism, and mu de o g ie ous hu by a
g oup on ce ain g ounds.
2. Sexual o ences agains women: The IPC
c iminalises ac s such as ape, oyeu ism,
s alking and insul ing he modes y o a
woman. The BNS e ains hese p o isions. I
inc eases he h eshold o he ic im o be
classi ied as a majo , in he case o
gang ape, om 16 o 18 yea s o age. I also
c iminalises sexual in e cou se wi h a
woman by decei ul means o making alse
p omises.
3. Sedi ion: The BNS emo es he o ence
o sedi ion. I ins ead penalises he
ollowing:
a. Exci ing o a emp ing o exci e
secession, a med ebellion, o sub e si e
ac i i ies,
b. Encou aging eelings o sepa a is
ac i i ies, o
c. Endange ing he so e eign y o uni y
and in eg i y o India. These o ences
may in ol e exchange o wo ds o signs,
elec onic communica ion, o use o
inancial means.
4. Te o ism: The BNS de ines e o ism as
an ac ha in ends o:
a. Th ea en he uni y, in eg i y, and
secu i y o he coun y,
b. In imida e he gene al public, o
c. Dis u b public o de .
Punishmen o a emp ing o commi ing
e o ism includes:
a. Dea h o li e imp isonmen and a ine
o Rs 10 lakh, i i esul s in dea h o a
pe son, o
b. Imp isonmen be ween i e yea s and
li e, and a ine o a leas i e lakh upees.
5. O ganised c ime: O ganised c ime
includes o ences such as kidnapping,
ex o ion, con ac killing, land g abbing,
inancial scams, and cybe c ime ca ied ou
on behal o a c ime syndica e. A emp ing
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o commi ing o ganised c ime will be
punishable wi h:
a. Dea h o li e imp isonmen and a ine
o Rs 10 lakh, i i esul s in dea h o a
pe son, o
b. Imp isonmen be ween i e yea s and
li e, and a ine o a leas i e lakh upees.
6. Mob lynching: The BNS adds mu de o
g ie ous hu by i e o mo e people on
speci ied g ounds, as an o ence. These
g ounds include ace, cas e, sex, language,
o pe sonal belie . The punishmen o such
mu de is a minimum o se en yea s
imp isonmen o li e imp isonmen o dea h.
7. Rulings o he Sup eme Cou : The
BNS con o ms o some decisions o he
Sup eme Cou . These include omi ing
adul e y as an o ence and adding li e
imp isonmen as one o he penal ies (in
addi ion o he dea h penal y) o mu de o
a emp o mu de by a li e con ic .
S uc u e o The Bha iya Nyaya Sanhi a,
2023[7]:
The Bha a iya Nyaya Sanhi a is
subdi ided in o 20 chap e s consis ing o
358 clauses. The s uc u e o he code is
simila o he Indian Penal Code. The ou line
o Chap e s, Clauses & o ences a e as
ollow-
Chap e s
Clauses
Con en o Chap e
Chap e 1
Clauses 1 o 3
P elimina y
Chap e 2
Clauses 4 o 13
O punishmen s
Chap e 3
Clauses 14 o 44
Gene al excep ions
O he Righ o P i a e de ence (Sec ions 34 o 44)
Chap e 4
Clauses 45 o 62
O abe men , c iminal conspi acy and a emp
Chap e 5
Clauses 63 o 99
O o ence agains women and child en
O sexual o ences (Sec ions 63 o 79)
O o ences ela ing o ma iage (Sec ions 80 o 87)
O causing misca iage, e c. (Sec ions 88 o 92)
O o ences agains child (Sec ions 93 o 99)
Chap e 6
Clauses 100 o 146
O o ences a ec ing he human body
O o ences a ec ing li e (Sec ions 100 o 113)
O hu (Sec ions 114 o 125)
O w ong ul es ain and w ong ul con inemen
(Sec ions 126 o 127)
O c iminal o ce and assaul (Sec ions 128 o 146)
Chap e 7
Clauses 147 o 158
O o ences agains he s a e
Chap e 8
Clauses 159 o 168
O o ences ela ing o he a my, na y and ai o ce
Chap e 9
Clauses 169 o 177
O o ences ela ing o elec ions
Chap e 11
Clauses 189 o 197
O o ences ela ing o coin, cu ency-no es, bank-no es,
and go e nmen s amps
Chap e 12
Clauses 198 o 205
O o ences by o ela ing o public se an s
Chap e 13
Clauses 206 o 226
O con emp s o he law ul au ho i y o public se an s
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Chap e 14
Clauses 227 o 269
O alse e idence and o ences agains public jus ice
Chap e 15
Clauses 270 o 297
O o ences a ec ing he public heal h, sa e y,
con enience, decency and mo als
Chap e 16
Clauses 296 o 302
O o ences ela ing o eligion
Chap e 17
Clauses 303 o 334
O o ences agains p ope y
O he (Sec ions 303 o 307)
O ex o ion (Sec ions 308)
O obbe y and dacoi y (Sec ions 309 o 313)
O c iminal misapp op ia ion o p ope y (Sec ions
314 o 316)
O ecei ing s olen p ope y (Sec ions 317 o 319)
O audulen deeds and disposi ions o p ope y
(Sec ions 320 o 323)
O mischie (Sec ions 324 o 328)
O c iminal espass (Sec ions 329 o 334)
Chap e 18
Clauses 335 o 350
O o ences ela ing o documen s and o p ope y ma ks
O Documen s (Sec ions 335 o 344)
O p ope y ma ks (Sec ions 345 o 350)
Chap e 19
Clauses 349 o 357
O c iminal in imida ion, insul , annoyance, de ama ion,
e c.
O c iminal in imida ion, insul , annoyance (Sec ions
349 o 355)
O de ama ion (Sec ions 356)
O b each o con ac o a end on and supply wan s o
helpless pe son (Sec ions 357)
Chap e 20
Clauses 358
Repeal and sa ings
Indian Penal Code, 1860
Bha a iya Nyaya
Sanhi a, 2023
Sec ion
Heading
Sec ion
Punishmen
82
Ac o a child unde se en yea s o age(Age o c iminal
esponsibili y in India)
20
No changed
83
Ac o a child 7 -12 yea s o age imma u e unde s anding
21
No changed
84
Ac o a pe son o unsound mind (C iminal esponsibili y o
men al ill)
22
No changed
85
Ac o a pe son in oxica ed in olun a ily (No esponsible)
23
No changed
86
O ence equi ing a pa icula in en o knowledge commi ed
by one who is in oxica ed (Ac o a olun a ily in oxica ed
24
No changed
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pe son)
87
Ac no in ended and no known o be likely o cause dea h o
g ie ous hu , done by consen
25
No changed
88
Ac no in ended o cause dea h, done by consen in good
ai h o pe son’s bene i
26
No changed
89
Ac done in good ai h o bene i o child o insane pe son,
by o by consen o gua dian
27
No changed
90
Consen known o be gi en unde ea o misconcep ion
28
No changed
92
Ac done in good ai h o bene i o a pe son wi hou consen
30
No changed
166B
Punishmen o non- ea men o ic im
200
No changed
174
Non-a endance in obedience o an o de om public se an
208
Changed
176
Omission o gi e no ice o in o ma ion o public se an by
pe son legally bound o gi e i
211
Changed
177
Fu nishing alse in o ma ion
121
Changed
191
Gi ing alse e idence
227
No changed
192
Fab ica ing alse e idence
228
No changed
193
Punishmen o alse e idence
229
Changed
197
Issuing o signing alse ce i ica e
234
No Changed
201
Causing disappea ance o e idence o o ence, o gi ing alse
in o ma ion o sc een o ende
238
No changed
202
In en ional omission o gi e in o ma ion o o ence by pe son
bound o in o m
239
No changed
204
Des uc ion o documen o elec onic eco d o p e en i s
p oduc ion as e idence
241
Changed
228A
Disclosu e o iden i y o he ic im o ce ain o ences, e c.
72
No Changed
284
Negligen conduc wi h espec o poisonous subs ance
286
Changed
299
Culpable homicide
100
No Changed
300
Mu de
101
Changed
302
Punishmen o mu de
103
Changed
303
Punishmen o mu de by li e con ic
104
Changed
304
Punishmen o culpable homicide no amoun ing o mu de
105
Changed
304A
Causing dea h by negligence
106
Changed
304B
Dow y dea h
80
No changed
305
Abe men o suicide o child o insane pe son
107
Changed
306
Abe men o suicide
108
No changed
307
A emp o mu de
109
No Changed
309
A emp o commi suicide
226
Changed
312
Causing misca iage
88
No Changed
313
Causing misca iage wi hou woman’s consen
89
No changed
314
Dea h caused by ac done wi h in en o cause misca iage
90
No Changed
315
Ac done wi h in en o p e en child being bo n ali e o o
cause i o die a e bi h
91
No Changed
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316
Causing dea h o quick unbo n
92
No Changed
317
Exposu e and abandonmen o child unde wel e yea s, by
pa en o pe son ha ing ca e o i
93
No Changed
318
Concealmen o bi h by sec e disposal o dead body
94
No changed
319
Hu
114
No changed
320
G ie ous hu
116
No Changed
323
Punishmen o olun a ily causing hu
115(2)
Changed
324
Volun a ily causing hu by dange ous weapons o means
118(1)
Changed
325
Punishmen o olun a ily causing g ie ous hu
117(2)
No Changed
326
Volun a ily causing g ie ous hu by dange ous weapons o
means
118
Changed
326A
Volun a ily causing g ie ous hu by use o acid, e c.
124(1)
Changed
326B
Volun a ily h owing o a emp ing o h ow acid
124(2)
No Changed
328
Causing hu by means o poison, e c., wi h in en o commi
an o ence
123
No Changed
337
Causing hu by ac endange ing li e o pe sonal sa e y o
o he s
125
Changed
338
Causing g ie ous hu by ac endange ing li e o pe sonal
sa e y o o he s
125
Changed
351
Assaul
130
No Changed
352
Punishmen o assaul o c iminal o ce o he wise han on
g a e p o oca ion
131
Changed
375
Rape
63
Changed
376
Punishmen o ape
64
Changed
376A
Punishmen o causing dea h o esul ing in pe sis en
ege a i e s a e o ic im
66
Changed
376AB
Punishmen o ape on woman unde wel e yea s o age
65(2)
Changed
376 B
Sexual in e cou se by husband upon his wi e du ing
sepa a ion
67
Changed
376C
Sexual in e cou se by a pe son in au ho i y
68
Changed
376D
Gang ape
70
Changed
376DA
Punishmen o gang ape on woman unde six een yea s o
age
70
-
376DB
Punishmen o gang ape on woman unde wel e yea s o
age.
70
-
376E
Punishmen o epea o ende s
71
No Changed
377
Unna u al o ences.
-
-
498
En icing o aking away o de aining wi h c iminal in en a
ma ied woman
84
No Changed
498A
Husband o ela i e o husband o a woman subjec ing he o
c uel y
85
No Changed
509
Wo d, ges u e o ac in ended o insul he modes y o a
79
No Changed
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woman
510
Misconduc in public by a d unken pe son
355
Changed
290
Punishmen o public nuisance in cases no o he wise
p o ided
o
292
Changed
294
Punishmen o Obscene ac s and songs
296
Changed
297
T espassing on bu ial places, e c.
301
No Changed
Discussion:
Compa ing he Bha a iya Nyaya
Sanhi a (BNS) and he Indian Penal Code
(IPC) in he con ex o o ensic medicine
in ol es examining how each legal
amewo k add esses he collec ion,
handling, and use o o ensic e idence in
c iminal in es iga ions and ials. He e a e
some key poin s o compa ison:
1. Upda ed Legal F amewo k o Fo ensic
E idence:
BNS: The BNS is designed o mode nize he
legal amewo k, inco po a ing
ad ancemen s in o ensic science and
echnology. I aims o add ess con empo a y
challenges such as cybe c ime, digi al
e idence, and mo e sophis ica ed o ensic
echniques.
IPC: The IPC, es ablished in 1860, has been
pe iodically amended bu s ill e lec s many
ou da ed p inciples. While i p o ides a
b oad ounda ion, i lacks speci ic p o isions
add essing mode n o ensic science
ad ancemen s and echnology.
2. P ocedu al S anda ds:
BNS: Emphasizes upda ed and igo ous
s anda ds o o ensic p ocedu es, ensu ing
p ope collec ion, p ese a ion, and analysis
o e idence. I aims o minimize he isks o
con amina ion, ampe ing, and p ocedu al
e o s h ough s anda dized p o ocols.
IPC: The IPC, complemen ed by he
C iminal P ocedu e Code (C PC), p o ides
gene al guidelines o handling e idence bu
does no del e in o de ailed o ensic
p ocedu es. The s anda ds a e less speci ic
and may no ully add ess mode n o ensic
me hodologies.
3. Fo ensic Expe ise and Labo a o ies:
BNS: S esses he need o s a e-o - he-a
o ensic labo a o ies and con inuous aining
o o ensic expe s. I ou lines clea
guidelines o he quali ica ions and
ecogni ion o o ensic expe s in legal
p oceedings.
IPC: Does no speci ically add ess he
in as uc u e o expe ise equi ed o
o ensic analysis. The de elopmen and
main enance o o ensic capabili ies a e
handled h ough sepa a e egula ions and
agencies.
4. Vic im P o ec ion and Sensi i i y:
BNS: Emphasizes ic im p o ec ion,
especially du ing o ensic examina ions in
sensi i e cases like sexual assaul . I aims o
uphold he digni y and igh s o ic ims
h oughou he o ensic p ocess.
IPC: P o ides gene al p o ec ion o ic ims
bu lacks de ailed p ocedu al sa egua ds
speci ic o o ensic examina ions. The ocus
on ic im sensi i i y in o ensic con ex s is
less p onounced.
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5. In e na ional Collabo a ion:
BNS: Recognizes he need o in e na ional
coope a ion in o ensic science, p oposing
mechanisms o collabo a ion wi h global
o ensic bodies and law en o cemen
agencies.
IPC: Does no explici ly co e in e na ional
collabo a ion in o ensic ma e s. Such
coope a ion is ypically managed h ough
in e na ional ea ies and ag eemen s ou side
he scope o he IPC.
Conclusion:
The Bha a iya Nyaya Sanhi a
(BNS), p oposed as a eplacemen o he
Indian Penal Code (IPC), aims o mode nize
India's c iminal jus ice sys em, including
aspec s ela ed o o ensic medicine The
BNS aims o p o ide a mo e comp ehensi e,
mode n, and de ailed amewo k o
inco po a ing o ensic medicine in o he
legal sys em. I add esses con empo a y
challenges and ensu es ha o ensic science
is in eg a ed wi h highe s anda ds and
ele ance. In con as , he IPC, while
ounda ional, lacks he speci ici y and
mode ni y needed o handle oday's o ensic
science complexi ies e ec i ely. So, He e’s
how o ensic medicine is add essed and
imp o ed in he BNS compa ed o he
exis ing IPC amewo k.
Re e ences:
1. h ps://www. eelaw.in/legala icles/B
ha a iya-Nyaya-Sanhi a-2023
2. D . Piyush Gup a e al.;Na een agada
an a e am ya ha a Ayu eda; Ram
Ayu eda Sansk i book P akashan,
Jaipu (Rajas han); 2024;302
3. D . Piyush Gup a e al.;Na een agada
an a e am ya ha a Ayu eda; Ram
Ayu eda Sansk i book P akashan,
Jaipu (Rajas han); 2024;302
4. D . Piyush Gup a e al.;Na een agada
an a e am ya ha a Ayu eda; Ram
Ayu eda Sansk i book P akashan,
Jaipu (Rajas han); 2024;303
5. D . Piyush Gup a e al.;Na een agada
an a e am ya ha a Ayu eda; Ram
Ayu eda Sansk i book P akashan,
Jaipu (Rajas han); 2024;304
6. h ps://p sindia.o g/bill ack/ he-
bha a iya-nyaya-sanhi a-2023
7. D . Piyush Gup a e al.;Na een agada
an a e am ya ha a Ayu eda; Ram
Ayu eda Sansk i book P akashan,
Jaipu (Rajas han); 2024;304-306
8. h ps://www.sc ibd.com/documen /697
148286/IPC-1860-BNS-2023-
Compe a i e-Table
