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Go in ha ajan e al.
In . J. Biosci.
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RESEARCH
RESEARCH RESEARCH
RESEARCH PAPER
PAPERPAPER
PAPER
OPEN ACCESS
OPEN ACCESSOPEN ACCESS
OPEN ACCESS
Analysis o cul i a ion and bioac i e compounds on
Pleu o us
lo ida
(F .) Kumm and
Hypsizygus ulma ius
(Bull. ex. F .)
Abi ami Go in ha ajan
*
,
Goma hi Sel am, Ambikapa hy Va a ha aju,
Pannee sel am Annamalai
PG and Resea ch Depa men o Bo any, AVVM S i Pushpam College, Poondi,
(A ilia ed o Bha a hidasan Uni e si y, T ichy-24), Thanja u (D ), Tamil Nadu, India
Key wo ds:
Edible
mush oom, Bioac i e compounds, Di e en sol en s and a ious ag icul u al subs a es
h p://dx.doi.o g/10.12692/ijb/25.2.1-9 A icle published on Augus 03, 2024
Abs ac
Mush oom cul i a ion is one o he mos p o i able business and en i onmen iendly en e p ises, wi h he
a ious ho icul u al c ops in India. In he cu en in es iga ion ocused on he cul i a ion o edible mush oom
wi h wo di e en ag icul u al was
e subs a es we e pe o med. The wo ypes o aw ma e ials such as paddy
s aw and suga cane ash we e used o cul i a ion o Pleu o us lo ida and Hypsizygus ulma ius.
G ow h and
yield pa ame e s o
P. lo ida was ini ia ed om I, II and III ha es
ed s ages we e obse ed. The i s ha es
mush oom in bo h was excellen g ow h and weigh when compa ed wi h he o he wo ha es s. The o al yield
o edible mush ooms in paddy s aw was maximum p oduc ion han ha o suga cane ash espec i ely.
Whe eas H. ulma ius mush oom was mode a e g ow h yield we e pe o med. The biological e iciency o
H.
ulma ius
g ows wi h paddy s aw was maximum yield ound o be eco ded han suga cane ash subs a e
espec i ely. Howe e , he paddy s aw subs a e was ex
cellen o cul i a ion o mush oom when compa ed wi h
suga cane ash subs a es. Maximum ui bodies we e ha es ed when P. lo ida
we e cul i a ed in paddy s aw
subs a es Quali a i e insigh s o bioac i e compounds such as alkaloids, amino acids, co
uma ins, la onoids,
glycosides, phenols, phloba annins, quinones, saponin, s e oids, annin and e penoids we e sc eened om
P.
lo ida
and H. ulma ius
wi h ou di e en sol en s we e used o ex ac ion. Among he ou sol en s ex ac s o
he die hyl e he using P. lo ida
showed maximum bioac i e compounds like alkaloids, amino acids,
couma ines, glycoside, phenols, phloba annins, quinones, saponin, s e oids, annin and e penoids eco ded
espec i ely. These bioac i e compounds a e esponsible o m
any biological p ope ies in ou day oday li e.
Hence, hese bioac i e compounds a e esponsible o many nu aceu ical p ope ies a e desc ibed in
mush ooms o p e en ion o a ious diseases including hype ension o he human e a.
*
Co esponding Au ho : Abi ami Go in ha ajan bio [email protected]
In e na ional Jou nal o Biosciences | IJB |
ISSN: 2220-6655 (P in ) 2222-
5234 (Online)
h p://www
.innspub.ne
Vol. 25, No. 2, p. 1-9, 202
4
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Go in ha ajan e al.
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In oduc ion
Resea ch on he he apeu ic p ope ies o oys e
mush ooms s a ed in he la e 20 h cen u y. Fi s ,
hei hype ensi e p ope ies we e con i med (Bajaj e
al., 1997). Pleu o us mush ooms a e ega ded as
being nu i ious due o hei abundance in p o eins,
ib e, i amins, and mine als because o hei as y
la ou , pleasan pe ume, and medical bene i s,
pleu o us mush ooms a e used as a unc ional ood
(Feeney e al., 2014). Because o hei as y la ou ,
pleasan pe ume, and medical bene i s, Pleu o us
mush ooms a e used as a unc ional ood (Knop e al.,
2015). They ha e been chie ly used in adi ional
medicine in China and o he Asian coun ies (Singh
2011). The subs a e used o hei cul i a ion does
no equi e s e iliza ion, only pas eu iza ion, which is
less expensi e. G owing oys e mush ooms con e a
high pe cen age o he subs a e o ui ing bodies,
inc easing p o i abili y. P. os ea us demands ew
en i onmen al con ols and hei ui ing bodies a e
no o en a acked by diseases and pes s and hey can
be cul i a ed in a simple and cheap way. All his
makes P. os ea us cul i a ion an excellen al e na i e
o p oduc ion o mush ooms when compa ed o
o he mush ooms (Guillamon e al., 2010). The
majo i y o lignocellulosic subs a es and o he was es
p oduced by he ag icul u al, o es y and ood-
p ocessing indus ies a e capable o being colonised
and deg aded by edible mush ooms. Pa icula ly
when compa ed o o he edible mush ooms, P.
os ea us equi es a sho e g owing pe iod. The
subs a e used o hei cul i a ion jus needs o be
pas eu ised, which is less expensi e, a he han
s e ilised (Ca men, 2010). Mush ooms ha e become
well-known globally o hei nu i ional and
he apeu ic p ope ies (Adi ya e al., 2024).
The subs a es ha ha e been used o mush oom
p oduc ion in p e ious s udies include ice s aw, ice
b an, whea s aw, pulp, co ncobs, cocoa shell was e,
co on was e, spen g ain, sawdus , maize husks, and
cassa a peelings (Samuel, 2012; Shah e al., 2004).
O he subs a es a e soybean s aw, paddy s aw, sun
lowe s alks, suga cane bagasse, ui was e, used ea
lea es, bamboo lea es, and maize s alk (Di iba e al.,
2013; Deha iya and Vyas, 2013). Mo e ecen ly,
elabo a ed on he bioac i i ies o polysaccha ides
om Pleu o us species and he de elopmen o new
ex ac ion me hods. The bioac i e compounds
iden i ied in Pleu o us mush ooms can be di ided
in o hose wi h a high molecula weigh and hose
wi h a low molecula weigh (Chukwu ah e al., 2012).
Ma e ials and me hods
Sample collec ion si e
In he p esen s udy Pleu o us lo ida and
Hypsizygus ulma ius s ain isola ed samples
ob ained om esh, heal hy spawn MM spawn lab
GSP mush oom a m, Ka an hai, Thanja u , Tamil
Nadu, India. The mycelia o m o colonies o di e en
s ains was main ained on PDA medium whe e
inocula ed in o 100 ml po a o dex ose b o h
con ained in 250 ml conical lask. A e ou weeks
g ow h o he ungus in he liquid medium we e
obse ed. Ano he ype o cul u es we e main ained
om pe ipla es and es - ubes a e used in he cul u e
was main ained po a o dex ose aga (PDA) medium.
Mush oom cul i a ion
Mush oom cul i a ion was adop ed acco ding o he
Manima an e al. (2017).
Cul u e media
The mush oom s ains can be main ained in semi
syn he ic solid medium. Po a o Dex ose Aga (PDA)
is he mos commonly used media o main aining he
inoculums and hey showed good g ow h a e.
PDA medium composi ion
Dex ose 20.00g Peeled Po a o pieces 250.00g Aga
18.00g Dis illed wa e 1000 ml PH 7.0 o 7.5. Abou
250gms o Po a o ube s we e washed, peeled o , cu
in o small pice and aken in a 500 ml conical lask
con aining 300ml o wa e . I was boiled o abou
hal an hou and he ex ac was decan ed. Abou
18gm o aga sh eds we e weigh ed, aken in ano he
conical lask and 500ml o dis illed wa e was added.
The aga was mel ed o e a hea e . The mol en aga
was hen mixed wi h he po a o ex ac and made up
o 1 li e . Then 15gm o dex ose was added o he
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In . J. Biosci.
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medium and mixed ho oughly. Since he g ow h o
he ungus is la ou ed by acidic ange he pH was
adjus ed o 5-6. The medium was dis ibu ed in
250ml conical lask plugged wi h co on and s e ilized
in an au ocla e. To a oid bac e ial g ow h by
s ep omycin sulpha e was added.
Cul u ing o Pleu o us lo ida and Hypsizygus
ulma ius mycelium on Pe ipla es
Inocula ion echnique
The s e ilized bo les a e placed in he cul u e oom.
The UV lamp is swi ched on o 15 minu es o s e ilize
he ai inside and hen su ace was cleaned using
alcohol o ensu e axeni y be o e he use. The g owing
edge o he ungi om Pe i pla e was cu wi h he
help o a co k bo e and ans e ed o he spawn
bo le in on o he lame. The bo les a e incuba ed
a oom empe a u e. The whi e mycelium is obse ed
in he en i e bo le a e 12 days o inocula ion. This is
known as ‘mo he spawn’.
Subs a es
Mush oom beds can be p epa ed using Paddy s aw
and suga cane ash subs a es. One spawn bo le can
be used o p epa e wo beds. Size o he bed should be
abou 30×60 cm.
Bed p epa a ion
F esh subs a es a e chopped in o pieces o 2-3 inches
leng h and soaked in wa e o 10 hou s. Wa e is
hen d ained o om he subs a es. A e wa ds, he
subs a es a e s e ilized using e ical au ocla e a 15
lbs p essu e o 20 minu es. The s e ilized subs a es
a e placed on a wi e mesh ne o d aining excess
wa e . Poly hene co e s in he size o 30×60cm a e
p ocu ed and illed wi h he ea ed subs a es. Be o e
p epa ing mush oom beds, hands and all he
ins umen s should be s e ilized wi h a dilu e solu ion
o KMnO
4
/ alcohol. A poly hene bag is ied a one
end and s e ilized subs a es a e illed h ough he
open end o abou 5cm in leng h. A hand ul o
spawn om he bo le is sp ead (15g) owa ds he
pe iphe y o his laye . O e he spawn some mo e
subs a es a e pu and p essed ligh ly. This p ocess
is epea ed i e imes. The mou h o he bag is olled
and closed wi h s aple pins.
Holes a e made o e he bag o ae a ion. Inocula ed
paddy s aw bags a e kep in a en ila ion da k
chambe . The mycelia will colonize he en i e paddy
s aw bag wi hin 15 days. Now he poly hene co e is
peeled o and he compac lump o paddy s aw is
placed in a cool shady oom and sp ayed wi h wa e
3-4 imes pe day. The young ui bodies will come
ou om he bag. When he ui bodies a ain ull
g ow h, hey could be ha es ed.
Bioac i e compounds sc eening o mush ooms
Phy ochemical analysis was ca ied ou o sol en s o
mush ooms as pe s anda d me hods (Ebana e al.,
2015) bu wi h some li le modi ica ions.
P epa a ion o ex ac s
A e collec ion, he mush oom samples we e
w apped in newspape and s o ed in mois u e- ee
open spaces. The emo al o all o eign ma e s was
done. Then, hey we e g ound using a me al mo a
and pes le. The powde was collec ed and g ound
again a he end. The bioac i e componen s o oys e
mush ooms we e de e mined using s anda d me hod
(Khan e al., 2006; Ga cha, 1994; So owo a, 1982).
De ec ion o bioac i e componen s
The bioac i e componen analysis was done using
s anda d me hod (AOAC, 1984).
Quali a i e bioac i e compounds analysis
F eshly p epa ed di e en sol en s ex ac s we e
es ed o bioac i e compounds using s anda d
me hods. The bioac i e compounds such as alkaloids,
amino acids, couma ins, la onoids, glycoside,
phenols, phloba annins, quinones, saponins, s e oids,
annins and e penoids we e analysed wi h he
sol en s o aqueous, e hanol, me hanol and die hyl
e he ex ac s (Ha bo ne, 1973).
Quan i a i e bioac i e analysis
P elimina y bioac i e subs ances like alkaloids,
aminoacids, couma ins (Ha bo ne, 1973), la onoids
(Boham and Kocipai, 1994), glycoside, phenols,
phloba annins, quinines (Ha bo ne, 1973), saponins
(Obadoni and Ochuko, 2001), s e oids (Ha bo ne,
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In . J. Biosci.
2024
1973), annins (Van-Bu den, 1981) and e penoids
(Ha bo ne, 1973) we e analysed by using s anda d
me hods.
S a is ical analysis
Expe imen s we e ca ied ou in iplica e and he
esul s a e exp essed as mean alues wi h s anda d
de ia ion.
Resul s
G own on a a ie y o c op esidues as subs a es
we e oys e mush ooms, P. lo ida and H. ulma ius
(Table 1 & 2).
Spawn unning phase
The ideal p imo dial ini ia ion days a ied be ween
species and subs a es, anging om 15-20 days o
he ull spawn un o P. lo ida on paddy s aw o 17-
25 days on suga can ash o H. ulma ius. The leas
op imal g ow h pe iod was eco ded a 16 and 24 days
o P. lo ida and H. ulma ius, espec i ely, when
using paddy s aw as he subs a e. This di e ence
was ound o be s a is ically signi ican , indica ing
ha he speci ic subs a e used had an e ec on he
p imo dial ini ia ion pe iod. Addi ionally, he
di e ence be ween he wo species was also ound o
be s a is ically signi ican , sugges ing ha he e a e
di e ences be ween hem in e ms o hei op imal
g ow h pe iods.
Pin head o ma ion
Among suga cane ash combina ions, he maximum
numbe o days be ween pinhead o ma ion and
ui ing body o ma ion a ied signi ican ly (21 and
28 days o P. lo ida and H. ulma ius, espec i ely).
On paddy s aw, he sho es g ow h pe iods o he
de elopmen o ui ing bodies we e obse ed (19 - 25
days o P. lo ida and H. ulma ius espec i ely).
Table 1. E ec o di e en ag icul u al was e subs a es and biological e iciency o P. lo ida
Subs a es
Size o he bag
Spawn
un
(days)
Pin
head
o ma ion (days)
Yield
pe ha es (g/kg)
To al
Yield
(g/kg)
I
II
III
Paddy s aw
60 × 30 cm
16
19
420
360
260
1,040
Suga cane ash
18
21
380
260
220
860
Table 2. E ec o di e en ag icul u al was e subs a es and biological e iciency o H. ulma ius
Subs a es
Size o he bag
Spawn
un
(days)
Pin
head
o ma ion (days)
Yield
pe ha es (g/kg)
To al
Yield
(g/kg)
I
II
III
Paddy s aw
60 × 30 cm
22
25
360
273
220
853
Suga cane ash
24
28
340
240
190
770
Table 3. Quali a i e analysis o bioac i e compounds o Pleu o us lo ida
Bioac i e compounds
Di e en sol en s
Aqueous
Die hyl e he
E hanol
Me hanol
Alkaloids
+
+
+
+
Amino acids
+
+
+
+
Couma ins
+
+
-
-
Fla onoids
+
-
+
+
Glycosids
+
+
-
+
Phenols
+
+
+
+
Phloba annins
+
+
+
+
Quinones
+
+
-
-
Saponin
-
+
-
-
S e oids
+
+
+
+
Tannin
+
+
-
-
Te penoids
-
+
-
+
(+)P esen (-) Absen
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Table 4. Quan i a i e analysis o bioac i e compounds o P. lo ida
Bioac i e compounds
Quan i y (mg/g)
Aqueous
Die hyl e he
E hanol
Me hanol
Alkaloids
1.05±0.03
1.02±0.06
1.10±0.03
1.09±0.06
Amino acids
2.02±0.23
2.31±0.00
1.63±0.36
1.36±0.30
Couma ins
1.03±0.00
1.03±0.23
-
-
Fla onoids
1.10±0.07
-
1.69±0.00
1.49±0.09
Glycosids
1.03±0.23
1.26±0.20
-
1.00±0.00
Phenols
1.51±0.01
1.26±0.08
1.38±0.03
1.44±0.43
Phloba annins
1.66±0.22
1.30±0.02
1.00±0.00
1.02±0.36
Quinones
1.00±0.02
1.25±0.63
-
-
Saponin
-
1.16±0.03
-
-
S e oids
1.45±0.00
1.75±0.05
1.74±0.03
1.17±0.09
Tannin
1.36±0.00
1.65±0.63
-
-
Te penoids
-
1.63±0.02
-
1.36±0.36
S anda d de ia ion ± e o
F esh weigh o ui ing bodies
On paddy s aw, P. lo ida and H. ulma ius ha es ed
mush ooms had a maximum esh weigh o 420g and
360g, espec i ely, and a minimum esh weigh o
380g and 340g, espec i ely, om he suga cane
was e. On paddy s aw, ha es ed mush ooms had a
maximum esh weigh o 360g and a minimum esh
weigh o 240g o P. lo ida and H. ulma ius,
espec i ely. The highes esh weigh o mush ooms
om he hi d ha es (260g and 220g o P. lo ida
and H. ulma ius) was eco ded on paddy s aw and
he lowes (220g and 190 g o P. lo ida and H.
ulma ius) was eco ded om he suga cane ash
espec i ely. Paddy s aw eco ded he maximum
esh weigh o ha es ed mush ooms (P. lo ida and
H. ulma ius) (420 g and 360 g), whe eas suga cane
ash eco ded he minimum esh weigh (380 g and
340 g) (Table 3 & 4).
Table 5. Quali a i e analysis o bioac i e compounds o H. ulma ius
Bioac i e compounds
Di e en sol en s
Aqueous
Die hyl e he
E hanol
Me hanol
Alkaloids
+
+
+
+
Amino acids
+
+
+
+
Couma ins
+
+
-
-
Fla onoids
+
-
+
+
Glycosids
-
+
-
-
Phenols
+
+
+
+
Phloba annins
+
-
+
-
Quinones
+
+
-
-
Saponin
-
-
-
-
S e oids
+
+
+
+
Tannin
+
+
-
-
Te penoids
-
+
-
+
(+) P esen (-) Absen
Bioac i e compounds o P. lo ida and H. ulma ius
The p esen s udy was ca ied ou using a p elimina y
bioac i e compound analysis o P. lo ida and H.
ulma ius wi h ou sol en s such as aqueous, die hyl
e he , e hanol and me hanol we e pe o med.
Die hyl e he and aqueous ex ac s o P. lo ida
con ain bioac i e compounds wi h medicinal uses.
Bo h aqueous and die hyl e he ex ac s o P. lo ida
con ained alkaloids, amino acids, couma ins,
glycosides, phenols, phloba annins, quinones, and
s e oids. Fla onoids a e no p esen in die hyl e he
bu hey a e p esen in aqueous solu ions. Die hyl
e he con ains saponin and e penoids ha a e absen
om he aqueous ex ac . P. lo ida e hanol and
me hanol ex ac s we e ound o be de oid o some
bioac i e compounds, such as alkaloids, amino acids,
la onoids, phenols, phloba annins and s e oids as
well as couma ins, saponins, quinones and annins
which a e usually absen .
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Table 6. Quan i a i e analysis o bioac i e compounds o H. ulma ius
Bioac i e compounds
Quan i y (mg/g)
Aqueous
Die hyl e he
E hanol
Me hanol
Alkaloids
1.05±0.13
1.00±0.15
1.13±0.13
1.19±0.16
Amino acids
4.00±0.03
3.69±0.55
1.13±0.16
2.16±0.10
Couma ins
1.01±3.00
1.36±0.15
-
-
Fla onoids
1.00±0.09
1.36±0.69
2.19±0.10
2.09±0.19
Glycosids
1.03±0.33
1.23±0.32
-
-
Phenols
1.01±0.11
1.60±0.58
1.08±0.13
1.04±0.43
Phloba annins
1.06±0.02
-
1.10±0.00
2.12±0.26
Quinones
1.10±0.12
1.87±0.00
-
-
Saponin
-
-
-
-
S e oids
1.05±1.00
1.63±0.36
1.04±0.13
1.10±0.00
Tannin
1.06±3.00
1.47±0.26
-
-
Te penoids
-
1.69±0.26
-
1.06±0.00
S anda d de ia ion ± e o
Die hyl e he and aqueous ex ac s o H. ulma ius
e ealed he p esence o medicinally essen ial
bioac i e componen s. The aqueous and die hyl e he
ex ac s o H. ulma ius ha e been loca ed o comp ise
alkaloids, amino acids, couma ins, la onoids,
glycosides, phenols, quinones, s e oids and annin.
These a e commonly p esen and saponin is gene ally
absen . Phloba annins a e p esen in aqueous
solu ions bu a e absen in die hyl e he .
Te penoids a e ound in die hyl e he bu a e absen
om he aqueous ex ac . H. ulma ius e hanol and
me hanol ex ac s ha e been ound o con ain a ew
bioac i e compounds ha a e commonly ound wi h
alkaloids, amino acids, la onoids, phenols,
phloba annins, and s e oids, bu couma ins,
glycosides, quinones, and saponins a e usually
absen . The e hanol ex ac o H. ulma ius, which
u ned in o ound o be wi hou bioac i e compounds,
including e penoids, he me hanol ex ac ca ies
hem (Table 5 & 6).
Discussion
The oys e mush oom (Pleu o us os ea us) was
success ully g own on subs a es used o cul i a ion.
(Obadoni and Ochuko, 2001) epo ed ha
ag icul u al was es o subs a e p oduc ion and
nea ly all ypes o ag icul u al was e can be used o
g ow mush ooms. Oys e mush ooms (P. os ea us)
could be g own on co ncob, inge mille s aw,
bamboo was e, and hei combina ions wi h a ying
g ow h pe o mance. The lowes biological e iciency
and esh weigh we e eco ded om a mix u e o
co ncob and bamboo was e subs a es.
Finge mille s aw was he bes subs a e in e ms o
yield and biological e iciency (Van-Bu den and
Robinson, 1981). The ou Pleu o us species, P.
ci inopilea us, P. e yngii, P. os ea us, and P.
sapidus showed di e en mycelial g ow h a es and
colonisa ion on he di e en subs a es used. I has
been indica ed ha P. os ea us eco ded he sho es
colonisa ion ime o he wo subs a es ollowed by P.
sapidus (B azko a e al., 2022) Howe e , P. e yngii
had he mos ex ensi e mycelial coloniza ion ollowed
by P. ci inopilea us. Co ee pa chmen ga e he
as es mycelia colonisa ion ime as compa ed o he
mycelia colonisa ion on co ee husks. Howe e , his
may also be due o a ia ions in he s uc u e,
chemical composi ion and nu ien con en o he
co ee pa chmen subs a e (2022). The ime i ook
o pinheads (p imo dials) o o m a e he spawn
un a ied be ween he ou mush oom species. P.
os ea us eco ded he ea lies pinhead o ma ion
(20 days), ollowed by P. sapidus (22 days) and
las ly P. ci inopilea us (23 days) and P. e yngii (26
days). This may be due o he a ia ions in
ex acellula enzyme p oduc ion and he p e ailing
mush oom g owing condi ions since each
Pleu o us species equi es di e en en i onmen al
condi ions o CO
2
concen a ion, ela i e humidi y,
and empe a u e (Bul i e al., 2021). They could be
able o a ia ions in cul i a ion and s o age
condi ions (Liuzzi e al., 2023).
7
Go in ha ajan e al.
In . J. Biosci.
2024
Pleu o us mush ooms a e a good sou ce o bioac i e
subs ances. Despi e he ac ha he numbe o
s udies on he heal h-p omo ing e ec s o Pleu o us
mush ooms has inc eased d ama ically in ecen
yea s (Gu a, 2022), P. os ea us and P. lo ida
e ealed he p esence o majo bioac i e componen s
such as la onoids, polyphenols, saponins,
i e penoids and s e oids. This esul is simila o
ha o (Ge achew e al., 2019). The bioac i e
compound such as alkaloids, glycosides, esins and
annins we e absen om he me hanol ex ac s.
Bioac i e compounds ound in edible mush ooms a e
known o play a i al ole in p omo ing heal h. The
absence o alkaloids and glycosides con i ms he
epo (Wona e al., 2018). P elimina y bioac i e
compounds analysis o P. lo ida. We e de e mined
he e hanol ex ac o P. lo ida e ealed he p esence
o medicinally impo an bioac i e ing edien s. The
aqueous ex ac o P. lo ida was ound ha he
alkaloids, la onoids, e penoids, s e oids and ca diac
glycosides whe eas e hanol ex ac o P. lo ida
showed, he p esence o alkaloids, la onoids,
e penoids, saponins, and s e oids. The aqueous
ex ac o P. lo ida was ound o be some
phy ochemical compounds such as phenols, saponins,
annins, quinines, phloba annins and
an h oquinones. The bioac i e cha ac e s o P. lo ida
in es iga ed in wa e and e hanol ex ac we e
summa ised (Iwalokun e al., 2007).
Conclusion
I can be concluded ha he yield o P. lo ida and H.
ulma ius g own on paddy s aw and suga cane ash
as subs a es. The esul s e ealed ha P. lo ida
yielded he maximum biological e iciency on he
paddy s aw subs a es ollowed by H. ulma ius
which p oduced he leas biological e iciency on he
when compa ed wi h suga cane ash subs a es.
Paddy s aw was he bes subs a e in e ms o yield
and biological e iciency. Howe e , he paddy s aw
subs a e was excellen subs a e candida u e o he
g ow h o mush oom g owe s.
The bioac i e componen analysis o edible
mush ooms P. lo ida and H. ulma ius e ealed
he p esence o majo bioac i e componen s such
as alkaloids, amino acids, couma ins, glycosides,
phenols, phloba annins, quinones and s e oids.
The aqueous and die hyl e he sol en s a e he
mos bioac i e compounds p esen in bo h
mush ooms.
Acknowledgmen s
The au ho s since ely acknowledge he se ices
ende ed by he managemen and P incipal o A. V. V.
M. S i Pushpam College (Au onomous), Poondi,
Thanja u o he success ul comple ion o Resea ch
wo k.
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