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A QGIS-BASED APPROACH FOR DEVELOPING
A NON-MOTORISED TRANSPORTATION
SYSTEM IN AN URBAN REGION
MAZEDAN JOURNAL OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING & ARCHITECTURE
e-ISSN: 2582-9564
A icle id- MJCEA0601012
Vol.-6, Issue-1
Recei ed: 5 Sep 2025
Re ised: 20 Oc 2025
Accep ed: 2 No 2025
MOMIN HAMMAD*, FAUWAZ PARKAR, TEHSIN KAZI
DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.5281/zenodo.17678608
Ci a ion: Hammad, M., Pa ka , F., & Kazi, T. (2025). A QGIS-Based App oach o De eloping a Non-Mo o ised
T anspo a ion Sys em in an U ban Region. Mazedan Jou nal o Ci il Enginee ing & A chi ec u e, 6(1), 47–51.
Abs ac
U ban a ic conges ion has in ensi ied in ecen yea s, unde sco ing he need o sus ainable and e icien
anspo a ion al e na i es. Non-mo o ised anspo a ion (NMT) p esen s a p ac ical, a o dable, and en i onmen ally
iendly op ion, pa icula ly o low-income communi ies and s uden popula ions. Howe e , i s adop ion emains limi ed
due o inadequa e in as uc u e, unclea ou e connec i i y, and insu icien public awa eness o NMT egula ions. This
s udy de elops a da a-d i en NMT planning amewo k o add ess hese challenges by designing a comp ehensi e bicycle
ne wo k using QGIS, Google Ea h P o, and OpenS ee Map. The p oposed sys em in eg a es bo h docked and dockless
bike-sha ing models o enhance accessibili y and ope a ional lexibili y. Class II bicycle lanes—pain ed on- oad
co ido s—a e ecommended as he p ima y in as uc u e due o hei cos -e ec i eness and ease o implemen a ion
in dense u ban en i onmen s. Spa ial analysis and ou e mapping suppo he easibili y o his ne wo k, ensu ing
imp o ed connec i i y o exis ing public anspo a ion hubs. The implemen a ion o he p oposed plan is expec ed o
educe a el ba ie s, p omo e in e modal mobili y, and enhance o e all u ban li abili y. By p o iding a lexible and
analy ically g ounded app oach, his s udy con ibu es o sus ainable u ban mobili y planning and highligh s he po en ial
o NMT o mi iga e conges ion while encou aging eco- iendly mobili y beha io in apidly g owing ci ies.
Keywo ds: Non-mo o ised anspo a ion; U ban mobili y planning; Bike-sha ing sys ems; Class II bike lanes;
Sus ainable anspo s a egies.
1. INTRODUCTION
The inc eased u baniza ion and popula ion g ow h in
India's semi-u ban a eas, e.g., he ou ski s o Na i
Mumbai, ha e esul ed in c i ical u ban mobili y and
anspo challenges [1]. The g ow h has esul ed in an
inc eased low o ehicles, leading o hea y a ic
conges ion, inc eased pollu ion, and inc eased
dependency on ossil uels [2]. In his ega d, he c ea ion
o sus ainable, human-o ien ed anspo sys ems is now
no longe a choice bu a equi emen o he c ea ion o
li able and e icien u ban spaces [3]. In di ec esponse
o hese challenges, he c ea ion o Non-Mo o ized
T anspo a ion (NMT) sys ems—pedes ian walkways,
cycling acks, and o he ypes o ac i e mobili y—has
become a i al pa o sus ainable u ban de elopmen [4].
NMT p o ides a low-cos , en i onmen ally iendly, and
heal h-enhancing al e na i e wi h emendous po en ial o
mi iga e emissions, enhance oad sa e y, and make ci ies
mo e inclusi e [5]. In he case o India, howe e , NMT
in as uc u e languishes unde sys emic neglec .
T anspo policies ha e adi ionally been ca - ocused,
pu ing he in e es s o ehicles ahead o people [6-8].
Consequen ly, public a eas adjacen o oads a e con es ed
g ounds, wi h pedes ians' and cyclis s' in e es s
compe ing agains pa ked ca s and shop ac i i ies, o en
pushing hem on o dange ous main ca iageways [9-10].
The impe us o c ea ing a non-mo o ized anspo
(NMT) sys em in he semi-u ban a ea o Pan el, Na i
Mumbai, a ises om he a ea's g owing s a u e as an
eme ging u ban cen e and he impe a i e need o sol e i s
mobili y issues [11-12]. Pan el and Khandeshwa a e a
c i ical ansi ou e o commu e s coming o and om
Mumbai and o he su ounding a eas [13-14]. A la ge
numbe o such commu e s consis s o s uden s a eling
on a daily basis om ailway s a ions o he a ious
colleges and schools in he a ea. These s uden s ypically
encoun e challenges due o he absence o exclusi e
walking and cycling in as uc u e, conges ed oads, and
hea y dependence on mo o ized anspo o sho ips
[15-16] In addi ion, Pan el is also unde going apid
u baniza ion wi h he p oposed Na i Mumbai
In e na ional Ai po (NMIA) and inc easing esiden ial
and comme cial complexes [17-18]. This de elopmen is
p ojec ed o lead o a sha p spike in popula ion densi y and
a el demands, h ea ening o o e load he cu en
anspo a ion sys em. Alongside educa ional ins i u ions,
Pan el also has public pa ks, ma ke s, and o he acili ies
ha d aw bo h esiden s and ou is s alike, u he adding
o he necessi y o e icien and sus ainable local anspo
sys ems [19-20]
This s udy is conce ned wi h he c ea ion o an NMT
sys em o he semi-u ban a ea o Khandeshwa , Na i
Depa men o Ci il Enginee ing, Anjuman-I-Islam's Kalseka Technical
Campus, Pan el, Na i Mumbai, Maha ash a, India
*Co esponding au ho email- [email protected]
MAZEDAN JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING & ARCHITECTURE [e-ISSN: 2582-9564] 48
Mumbai. The a ea is s a egically loca ed nea he
Khandeshwa local ailway s a ion as well as he soon- o-
be-de eloped Na i Mumbai In e na ional Ai po and hus
is an ideal ep esen a i e o an eme ging ansi -o ien ed
cen e . I now does no ha e he specialized in as uc u e
o accommoda e con enien and sa e walking and cycling,
compelling a coe ci e ansi ion owa ds mo o iza ion
e en o sho -dis ance ips. The o e all aim o his
p ojec is o c ea e a de ailed, con ex - ele an NMT plan
o he Khandeshwa a ea. This equi es a ho ough
analysis o he cu en in as uc u e, gap iden i ica ion,
and analysis o he local popula ion's mobili y needs and
pa e ns, including "cap i e use s" wi h no al e na i e.
2. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The p ima y pu pose o his esea ch is o check ou he
ules and guidelines o non-mo o ized anspo . This
esea ch is s ick wi h he Pan el-Khandeshwa a ea since
i 's a good spo . Nex , ga he in o by looking a ound and
asking people (especially s uden s and commu e s) abou
wha 's missing in e ms o walkways and bike pa hs. The
subsequen phase in ol es p ima y da a collec ion,
u ilizing ield obse a ions and use su eys (speci ically
a ge ing cap i e use s such as s uden s and commu e s)
o iden i y exis ing de iciencies in pedes ian and cycling
in as uc u e. This analysis will in o m he de elopmen
o a concep ual NMT sys em plan, including he
de e mina ion o op imal ou e alignmen s and design
speci ica ions. Following he design, a de ailed da a
analysis phase will be unde aken, in ol ing GIS-based
mapping and s a is ical alida ion o assess he easibili y
and e icacy o he p oposed ne wo k. The economic
iabili y will be es ablished h ough a Social Bene i -Cos
Analysis (S-BCA), which will quan i y he p ojec 's cos s
agains i s angible social, en i onmen al, and heal h-
ela ed bene i s. The esea ch concludes wi h he
p esen a ion o he esul s, a inal conclusion,
ecommenda ions o u u e scope, and a comp ehensi e
lis o e e ences.
Policy and F amewo k (IRC Design P inciples: 2011-
2015)
Re iew exis ing ins i u ional suppo , legisla i e and
egula o y amewo k (India's Minis y o U ban
De elopmen To gauge he ci y's p epa edness o pu
NMT i s in e ms o ins i u ional suppo , plans, policies,
in es men , and implemen a ion De elop a checklis o
anspo a ion ins i u ions and hei manda es. E alua e
hem on hei willingness and expe ience in assis ing
NMT ini ia i es Check exis ing policies, plans, and
e iew hem in ligh o NMT p inciple Some o he plans
and policies o be checked: S a e U ban De elopmen and
T anspo Policy [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]
Si e Selec ion
Fo his s udy o non-mo o ized anspo , Khandeshwa
and Pan el ailway s a ions in Na i Mumbai ha e been
selec ed as ocal esea ch loca ions. They a e impo an
nodes in a as -g owing semi-u ban ci yscape. Bo h
s a ions expe ience a high amoun o mixed pedes ian
a ic consis ing o a la ge s uden base om well-known
nea by ins i u ions (like AIKTC, MGM, and Pillai
College) and nume ous commu ing p o essionals des ined
o Mumbai. In addi ion, he s a egic alue o hese
loca ions is compounded by hei nea ness o upcoming
g ow h d i e s, p ima ily he Na i Mumbai In e na ional
Ai po and he new headqua e s o he Pan el Municipal
Co po a ion. This combina ion o exis ing high usage and
u u e de elopmen po en ial posi ions hem as ideal case
s udies o he demand and in eg a ion o non-mo o ized
anspo solu ions.
Field Obse a ion
Field obse a ions a majo anspo poin s, mos ly he
Khandeshwa and Pan el ailway s a ion complexes, we e
made du ing peak mo ning and e ening hou s o ge a
sense o he p e ailing mobili y pa e ns. The obse a ions
a e s ongly suppo i e o he quan i a i e da a ga he ed in
he O igin-Des ina ion su ey. A key cha ac e is ic o he
egion is he huge, ime-c i ical s eam o commu e s. I
was seen ha a la ge numbe o s uden s and wo king
p o essionals lea e he ailway s a ions and p oceed o
ind anspo o he emaining pa o hei jou ney
o hwi h. This places a high bu den on las -mile
connec i i y. The main mode o anspo se ing his
demand is he au o- ickshaw. Long, equen ly
uncoo dina ed queues o ickshaws and hei passenge s
we e a equen sigh , and his esul ed in local a ic
conges ion and bo lenecks a ound he s a ion exi s. This
hea y use o mo o ized anspo , e en o ai ly sho
dis ances o local des ina ions such as AIKTC, Pillai
College, and o he local comme cial a eas, is a majo
conclusion. Mos impo an ly, he cu en in as uc u e is
no capable o add essing his equi emen in a sus ainable
manne . The e is an ob ious lack o special in as uc u e
o Non-Mo o ized T anspo (NMT). Some places ha e
oo pa h bu hey a e no p ope ly main ained and some
places don’ ha e oo pa h a , and hus pedes ians mus
walk on he main ca iageway. Special and secu e bicycle
lanes do no exis . This compels he ull commu e bu den
on o mo o ized modes, adding conges ion, emissions, and
cos s o use s. Analysis o hese sho -dis ance jou neys
(less han 5 km) is a s aigh o wa d oppo uni y. The
exis ing, ine icien sys em can be conside ably enhanced
by adding secu e, dedica ed NMT acili ies since he
a el dis ances a e e y sui able o walking and cycling.
The exis ing ambiance, howe e , makes hem unsa e and
incon enien , lea ing commu e s wi h no al e na i e bu
o adop ickshaws.
O igin and Des ina ion Su ey
Su ey o T a ic Volume. The e a e wo main ypes o
a ic olume su eys: in e sec ion olume and midblock
olume. T a ic olume coun s a e usually eco ded o e
16 hou s (6 AM o 10 PM) o cap u e all peak hou s in
o de o calcula e he peak hou ac o . Only ickshaw
passenge s a e eligible o comple e his o igin and
des ina ion su ey
.
49 A QGIS-Based App oach o De eloping a Non-Mo o ised © Hammad, M., e .al. (2025)
Table 1 O igin and des ina ion da a only o ickshaw ide s
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
C ea e A Hypo he ical Rou e o a Non-Mo o ized
T anspo a ion Sys em
Non-Mo o ized Vehicles (NMV) include cycles, i-
cycles, cycle ickshaws, pushca s, and any o he o m o
mobili y ha is powe ed by humans. These use s a e also
called ‘cap i e cyclis s’(Non Mo o ised T anspo
Planning and Design Guideline, 2014). NMV plays an
impo an andunique ole in e icien anspo sys ems. I
is he mos a o dable mode o anspo o g oups o all
ages and income g oups co e ing di e se accessibili y
needs. U ban local bodies should c ea e ci y-wide NMV
ne wo k plans based on need assessmen , o ensu e ha
he oads and s ee s a e sa e o cycling [23].
Figu e 1 S a ions and ou e leng h. Sou ce: QGIS
Figu e 2 Open S ee Map in QGIS sou ce: Au ho ’s
documen a ion 2025
Quan i a i e Da a Analysis
To iden i y po en ial cycling ou es, a connec i i y
analysis was conduc ed using he QGIS pla o m. The
p ojec a ea and sugges ed s a ion loca ions we e
displayed using he OpenS ee Map (OSM) plug-in, and
he a ibu e able con ained he X and Y coo dina es o
each s a ion. Al hough he e is space a ailable, i is
se e ely cons ained, acco ding o a sui abili y analysis o
he inalized ou es. As a esul , he mos p ac ical choice
was a Class 2 cycle pa h, o which a pile-based cycling
sys em is he bes op ion [24].
Table 2 longi ude and la i ude o s a ions. Sou ce QGIS
No.
x
y
STATION NAME
1
73.093
19.007
KHANDESHWAR STATION A
2
73.098
19.006
KHANDESHWAR STATION B
3
73.105
19.016
MGM COLLAGE
4
73.110
19.004
KHANDA COLONY
5
73.119
18.990
PANVEL STATION A
6
73.119
18.993
PANVEL STATION B
7
73.115
19.011
NEW PANVEL D. MART
8
73.127
18.990
PILLAYE COLLAGE
9
73.106
19.000
PMC
10
73.103
19.000
AIKTC
11
73.090
18.996
AIRPORT
Figu e 3 A ibu e able Sou ce: Au ho s’ Documen a ion
Types o Public Bicycle Sha ing Sys ems (PBS)
Public Bicycle Sha ing Sys ems Public bicycle sha ing
sys ems can be desc ibed as high-quali y, bicycle-based
public ansi sys ems used on a sha ed, sho - e m basis,
and ypically combining wi h public anspo o las -mile
connec ion se ices. Designs a e in as uc u e-dependen
and can usually be di ided in o:
i. S a ion-Based Dock-Based Sys ems: Cycles a e
dispa ched, and e ie ed o ixed,
dedica ed/uni e sal docks wi h designa ed
s a ions in a ci y. Examples o such an
implemen a ion model include one based on
Public-P i a e Pa ne ships (PPP) o publicly
owned, p i a ely ope a ed sys ems. Use
iden i ica ion and acking a e ypically done
using sma ca ds o mobile apps.
ii. F ee-Floa ing (Dock-less) Sys ems: Bicycles a e
no docked and can be locked and le a pa king
loca ions, commonly, bu no exclusi ely, wi hin
a geo enced a ea ope a ed commonly wi h a
O igin
Des ina ion
T ip Pu pose
Weekday T ips
(A g)
Sa
T ips
Sun
T ips
Khandeshwa S a ion
AIKTC College
S uden
2,960
1,480
15
Khandeshwa S a ion
Khanda colony
P o essional
26,250
21,000
2,625
Khandeshwa S a ion
Va ious loca ions
2,916
3,499
4,374
Khandeshwa S a ion
O he Colleges
S uden
2,516
1,258
33
Khandeshwa S a ion
NMIA Ai po
Ai po T a el
800
880
960
Khandeshwa S a ion
New Pan el Municipal Co p.
O icial/Visi o
600(app)
0
0
Pan el (Gene al)
Pillai College
S uden
740
370
0
Pan el Railway S a ion
NMIA Ai po
Ai po T a el
338(app)
372
406
Pan el Railway S a ion
New Pan el Municipal Co p.
O icial/Visi o
226(app ox.)
0
0
T. ips
37,346
28,859
8,413
MAZEDAN JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING & ARCHITECTURE [e-ISSN: 2582-9564] 50
mobile app and GPS acking. Despi e he model
commonly being based upon an o ganiza ion o
p i a e p o ide s wi h ci y go e nmen licenses.
iii. Bicycle Ren al (di e en om Sha ing):
Some imes bicycle en al can be said o be an
ea ly ype o PBS bu mos ly hey a e
cha ac e ized by no being he ac ual PBS, in he
sense ha hey mos ly equi e he cyclis o pick
up a bike, and b ing i back o he same loca ion,
no mally o longe - e m en al, o a way ip
(one place). Ac ual PBS, is simply an expe ience
o he way one ip o ano he des ina ion om
any o he many s a ions
Modal Shi Pe cen ages (Po en ial Use s o he
Sys em)
No all ide s will swi ch o bicycles. We hink, because
o epo s in li e a u e and case s udies ha you' e e y
likely o ind a esea ch s udy om a simila ci y in India,
which showed ha s uden s we e he ea lies and mo e
equen adop e s o a newly in oduced bike sys em. So,
s uden will be assigned he highes modal sha e o 20
pe cen o de ine he pe cen age o he o al ide s who
migh swi ch o bikes. P esumably, a pe cen age o ide s
om you su ey would be willing o use he bike sys em
based on hei ip pu pose [25].
Table 3 Table no 3. Modal Shi P og am
T ip
Pu pose
Assumed
Modal Shi
Ra ionale
S uden
20%
High po en ial. Sho - o-
medium dis ances, cos -
sensi i e use s.
P o essional
10%
Medium po en ial. Good o
las -mile connec i i y om
he s a ion.
O icial/
Visi o
15%
Good o sho , o icial ips
(e.g., s a ion o Municipal
Co p.).
Ai po
T a el
5%
Low po en ial due o luggage,
bu use ul o s a o single-
bag a elle s.
O he
10%
Conse a i e a e age o
a ious ip ypes.
The abo e epo s o be impo an because hey u ilize
in o ma ion mu ual ans e ed om any o by way o
o ganiza ions, like he Ins i u e o T anspo a ion and
De elopmen Policy (ITDP), he Wo ld Bank, o
academic jou nals, on possible modal shi s accomplished
elsewhe e in hei li e a u e su eys, and i is easonable
o assume ha you bike sys em migh see simila shi s
based on ip ypes.
Peak Hou Demand Calcula ion
A bike sys em mus handle he mo ning ush hou . We
assume 20% o all daily bicycle ips will happen du ing
he single busies hou (e.g., 8:30 AM o 9:30 AM).
Example Calcula ion (Khandeshwa S a ion):
P o essional ips o Khanda Colony: 26,250 ( o al ips)
× 10% (modal shi ) = 2,625 bikes T ips/day. Mo ning
peak hou ips om Khandeshwa : (2,625 / 2) × 20%
(peak hou ac o ) ≈ 263 bikes depa ing in one hou . This
p ocess was epea ed o all ou es o igina ing om each
s a ion.
Table 4 Requi ed numbe o cycles and dock
S a ion
Sugges ed
Numbe o
Bicycles
Requi ed
Docks
Key Role
Khandeshwa
S a ion
400 - 450
600+
Mega Hub (O igin)
Khanda Colony
50 - 60
400
Des ina ion (AM),
O igin (PM)
AIKTC College
25 - 30
100
Des ina ion (AM),
O igin (PM)
MGM College
20 - 25
80
Des ina ion (AM),
O igin (PM)
Pillai College
25 - 30
50
Des ina ion (AM),
O igin (PM)
Pan el Railway
S a ion
20 - 25
40
Mino Hub
(O igin)
Pan el
Municipal Co p.
10 - 15
30
Des ina ion
NMIA Ai po
10 - 15
30
Des ina ion
Bu e /Main en
ance Flee
50 - 60
-
Sys em-wide
TOTAL FLEET
650
Bicycles
This pape gi es a comple e p oposal o a sus ainable
bicycle-sha ing sys em along he Khandeshwa -Pan el
oad o Na i Mumbai, which will help sol e las -mile
connec i i y issues. Ou ield a ic su ey e ealed high
dependence on au o- ickshaws by s uden s and wo king
p o essionals and quan i ied a daily equi emen o 37,346
ips, which jus i ies he need o an al e na e mobili y
op ion. U ilizing QGIS in geospa ial analysis, we planned
a 25 km heo e ical ou e be ween 8 s a egic loca ions a
majo hubs such as Khandeshwa S a ion, di e en
colleges, and he NMIA ai po . The plan p ac ically
includes segmen s o mixed- a ic lanes whe e dedica ed
Class 2 bicycle lanes we e no p ac ically iable due o
spa ial limi a ions.
4. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE SCOPE
Ou esea ch indica es ha implemen ing a bicycle-
sha ing sys em in Khandeshwa -Pan el is an ex emely
in elligen and p agma ic solu ion. I will add ess he
p oblem o daily a el o indi iduals who ha e o a el
om he s a ion o college, o ice, o esidence. We
disco e ed ha mo e han 37,000 indi iduals pass h ough
he co ido each day, wi h ickshaw only and o he
passenge s a e o he app o ing he e is a as , exis ing
ma ke o his se ice. We ha e designed a ull plan wi h
8 s a ions along a 25 km ou e connec ing all he key
loca ions.
Mo ing o wa d, his esea ch p esen s some e y
p omising di ec ions o u u e esea ch and de elopmen .
The i s hing o do immedia ely is o con e his s udy
o easibili y in o a p ope De ailed P ojec Repo (DPR)
using comp ehensi e enginee ing su eys o acili a e
ende ing and aising unds unde he sugges ed PPP
model. Ou side o implemen a ion, he ne wo k mus be
ex ended o o he majo nodes in Na i Mumbai such as
Kha gha , Belapu , and Seawoods o o m an in eg a ed
mobili y plan ha in e aces seamlessly wi h he ain,
bus, and he new Me o h ough a single paymen sys em.
Fo imp o ed accessibili y by use s and co e age, a
ollow-up s udy migh conside e alua ing he ad an ages
o adding elec ic bicycles (e-bikes) o he lee so ha i
is simple o a el ac oss lyo e s. Ope a ionally, he
eal- ime da a om he in elligen sys em would be
u ilized o c ea e AI models o dynamic ebalancing and
51 A QGIS-Based App oach o De eloping a Non-Mo o ised © Hammad, M., e .al. (2025)
p edic i e main enance, inc easing e iciency. Las ly,
once he p ojec is up and unning, a comp ehensi e socio-
economic impac su ey mus be pe o med o e alua e i s
success based on analysing ca bon emission cu s,
commu e sa ings, and public heal h imp o emen s.
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he Way Fo wa d. Go e nmen o India.
[5] Ins i u e o T anspo a ion and De elopmen Policy
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[6] Minis y o U ban De elopmen (MoUD). (2012).
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