INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS
ISSN(p in ): 2643-9840, ISSN(online): 2643-9875
Volume 08 Issue 10 Oc obe 2025
DOI: 10.47191/ijm a/ 8-i10-16, Impac Fac o : 8.266
Page No. 5627-5632
IJMRA, Volume 08 Issue 10 Oc obe 2025 www.ijm a.in Page 5627
The Impac o Co e S abili y Exe cises on Imp o ing Mobili y and Reducing Pain
in Low Back Pain
Ha ini Desi U ami1, Rachmah Laksmi Amba dini2
1,2 Uni e si as Nege i Yogyaka a, Yogyaka a, DIY, 55281, Indonesia Co esponding
ABSTRACT: The objec i es o his esea ch a e o de e mine: 1) he e ec o William Flexion exe cises owa ds complain s o lowe
back pain, 2) he e ec o co e s abili y exe cises owa ds he complain s o lowe back pain, 3) he di e ence in he e ec be ween
William Flexion and co e s abili y exe cises owa ds he complain s o low back pain. The ype o his esea ch was a wo g oup
p e es -pos es design expe imen whe e he William Flexion and co e s abili y exe cise me hods we e ea ed ou inely 3 imes
a week o 4 weeks. The esea ch was conduc ed a he Ka ang Malang Campus, Yogyaka a S a e Uni e si y, he esea ch pe iod
was 4 weeks om mid-Oc obe o mid-No embe 2023. The esea ch sample was o abou 40 people, 20 people we e gi en he
ea men o William Flexion exe cise g oup and 20 people we e gi en he Co e S abili y exe cise me hod. The da a analysis
echnique used hypo hesis es ing wi h es analysis. The esul s o he s udy showed ha 1) The e was an e ec o William
Flexion aining on pain (p < 0.05), ange o mo ion (p < 0.05) and unc ion (p < 0.05) on complain s o lowe back pain. 2) The e is
an e ec o Co e S abili y exe cises on pain (p0.05), ange o mo ion (p>0.05) and unc ion (p>0.05) in William Flexion and Co e
S abili y exe cises in cases o low back pain. I was concluded om his esea ch ha William Flexion and Co e S abili y exe cises
can educe complain s o lowe back pain. The e is no signi ican di e ence be ween William Flexion and Co e S abili y exe cises.
The exe cise applica ion can be adjus ed o sui you needs.
KEYWORDS: William Flexion exe cises, Co e S abili y exe cises lowe back pain
I. INTRODUCTION
Back pain is he mos common heal h p oblem in Wes e n indus ialized socie ies, causing su e ing and ha dship o hose
wi h spinal pain (F os , 2019). The exac cause o musculoskele al diso de s depends on age; olde people end o expe ience
musculoskele al pain due o damage o body cells. The ype o wo k o occupa ion, in ensi y o ac i i y, poo pos u e habi s,
excessi e inac i i y du ing physical ac i i ies, inju ies o auma o any pa o he body due o sudden mo emen s, o acciden s
in ol ing ca s o mo o cycles. The impac o musculoskele al diso de s on wo ke s educes e iciency, was es ime a wo k, and
lowe s wo k p oduc i i y. (Cindyas i a, Russeng and Wahyuni, 2014).
The Wo ld Heal h O ganiza ion s a es ha app oxima ely 1.7 billion people su e om musculoskele al diso de s; in 2020, no
ewe han 247,620 people expe ienced spinal inju ies a wo k wi hin 14 days.
The Libe y Mu ual Wo kplace Sa e y Index Mu ual 2021 p o ides da a showing ha spinal inju ies cos U.S. employe s
billions o dolla s annually in wo ke compensa ion, los p oduc i i y, and absen eeism. Lowe back pain is he leading cause o
disabili y wo ldwide wi h a global p e alence o 7.2%, a ec ing 4/5 o people h oughou hei li es hei li es (Shebib, 2019). I is
a medical condi ion a ec ing he bones, ne es, endons, ligamen s, and spinal discs (Mayasa i & Sa a ina, 2018). Di e en ypes
o pain a e expe ienced in back pain el by child en and adul s. Mo eo e , i he back pain expe ienced by child en is accompanied
by o he complain s, such as e e , weigh loss, weakness, numbness, di icul y walking, pain ha adia es o he lowe limbs,
bladde and bowel issues, and pain ha can in e e e wi h a child's sleep (Ame ican Academy o O hopedic Su geons, 2015).
Child en aged 8-12 yea s in Tuzla Can on showed ha 624 child en (48%) expe ienced musculoskele al pain, and 214 child en
(16%) expe ienced ch onic back pain. Ano he s udy indica es ha he p e alence o lowe back pain among school-aged child en
anges om 25% o 55% among hose aged 10 o
15 yea s (Macedo, Sil a, Sousa., e al., 2015). Excessi e ac i i y can lead o damage in connec i e issue, causing pain and impai ed
unc ion ha may wo sen o e ime. Al hough he e is no single exe cise p og am sui able o e e yone wi h low back pain, he e
The Impac o Co e S abili y Exe cises on Imp o ing Mobili y and Reducing Pain in Low Back Pain
IJMRA, Volume 08 Issue 10 Oc obe 2025 www.ijm a.in Page 5628
a e a ious o ms o exe cise o exe cise he apy ailo ed o he ype o complain expe ienced, allowing adjus men s o he
du a ion and in ensi y p o ided (Roy, 2013: 5).
Cases o low back pain caused by sac oiliac join abno mali ies accoun o app oxima ely 13% o low back pain cases, wi h
45% o pain o igina ing om he disc egion and 15-20% om he pa aspinal muscles.
Cases o low back pain caused by sac oiliac join abno mali ies accoun o app oxima ely 13% o low back pain cases, 45% o pain
o igina es om he disc a ea, and 15-20% o pain o igina es om he ace join s. Low back pain is di ided in o wo ypes: acu e
low back pain and ch onic low back pain. Acu e lowe back pain mani es s as sha p, deep, and sudden pain. Addi ionally, he
pie cing pain p e en s one om es ing com o ably.
Any mo emen in he a ec ed lumba egion in ensi ies he pain. Limi ed lumba mobili y is he ini ial esponse o symp oms o
dys unc ion. musculoskele al diso de s ha can cause back pain. The deg ee o musculoskele al pain, including lowe back pain.
Abou 80% o he popula ion has expe ienced back pain a leas once in hei li es. Based on s ong diagnos ic da a, he se e i y
o back pain ela ed o heal h can each 11.9% depending on he diagnosis o symp oms, o 24.7% (Medicine e al., 2010).
Lowe back pain is associa ed wi h muscle, endon, and ligamen s ain in he back a e pe o ming hea y ac i i ies such as
li ing hea y loads in an inco ec posi ion, bending o e o oo long, s anding o si ing in an inco ec posi ion (She man e al.,
2010). Resea ch on lowe back pain (LBP) in he wo kplace indica es ha LBP can be caused by a ious ac o s, including in ec ions,
degene a i e diseases, neoplasms, auma, congeni al diseases, me abolic diso de s. Based on esea ch conduc ed in Indonesia,
he incidence o LBP is es ima ed o a y be ween 7.6% and 37%. In his con ex , i is s a ed ha exe cise can help educe low
back pain complain s. The apeu ic exe cise is one way o add ess low back pain o lowe back pain. Exe cise he apy e ains he
s eng h o he back and abdominal muscles, he eby inc easing hei elas ici y and main aining lumba mobili y. Exe cises o he
lowe back a e necessa y o main ain he unc ion o he back and abdominal muscles, which a e impo an insuppo ing he body.
Exe cise he apy o lowe back pain consis s o a ious conse a i e he apeu ic app oaches, including medica ion, physical
modali ies, ac ion, educa ion, he use o a b ace, and exe cise he apy. This s udy compa ed wo ( wo) exe cises o educe lowe
back pain complain s, be ween he William Flexion exe cise and Co e s abili y. The William Flexion exe cise has he ad an age o
imp o ing lumba lexibili y and educing disabili y in cases o myogenic lowe back pain, inc easing muscle elas ici y and educing
lowe back pain, helping o educe lowe back pain, especially in he abdominal muscles and glu eus maximus muscles, while Co e
s abili y has he ad an age o imp o ing lumba lexibili y and educing disabili y in cases o myogenic lowe back pain, helping o
educe lowe back pain, especially in he abdominal muscles and glu eus maximus muscles, while Co e s abili y has he ad an age
o imp o ing lumba lexibili y and educing disabili y in cases o myogenic low back pain, helping o educe lowe back pain,
especially in he abdominal muscles and glu eus maximus muscles, helping o educe lowe back pain, especially in he abdominal
muscles and glu eus maximus muscles.
The high isk o low back pain among academic s a in his s udy. One way o educe lowe back pain is o apply he William
Flexion exe cise. This simple exe cise was i s in oduced by D . William’s in 1937. The William Flexion exe cise me hod Flexion
exe cise is designed o educe back pain by s eng hening he lumba sac al muscles and s e ching he lowe back a ea. The
p ima y muscles in ol ed a e he abdominal muscles and he glu eus maximus muscles (Luklukaningsih, 2010:124). William
Flexion exe cises aim o educe pain and c ea e s abili y in he lowe unk h ough s eng hening ac i i ies o he abdominal,
glu eus maximus, hams ing, lowe back, and hip lexo muscles. This exe cise me hod p o ides a s e ching e ec on he muscles.
which expe iences sho ening by ac i a ing he Golgi endon and muscle spindle, making he muscles elaxed and lexible so ha
muscle wo k becomes balanced. The lexibili y and co e s abili y esul ing om he William Flexion Exe cise a e also excellen o
imp o ing lexibili y and educing complain s in cases o lowe back pain (Skund ic, e al, 2021).
The William Flexion Exe cise includes loo si -ups ha equi e an up igh body posi ion and engage pos u al muscles, aining he
abdominal and co e muscles ha suppo he spine, he eby engaging o he muscles such as he hip and lowe back muscles,
which can educe lowe back pain.
Co e s abili y exe cises a e designed o de elop muscle s eng h, endu ance, and lexibili y in he muscles suppo ing he
spine o epai damaged issue and enable pa ien s o e u n o no mal daily ac i i ies while imp o ing unc ional mo emen
(Rajabi, 2018). This co e s abili y exe cise p og am is use ul o s abilizing he spine. The co e e e s o he unk muscles
su ounding he spine and abdominal o gans. Co e s abili y and mo o con ol ha e been p o en impo an o ini ia ing unc ional
limb mo emen s. Medical p ac i ione s use co e s eng hening echniques o imp o e pe o mance and p e en inju ies. Co e
s eng hening, o en e e ed o aslumba s abiliza ion, has been used as a he apeu ic exe cise ea men o lowe back pain
condi ions. The wide- anging bene i s o co e s abiliza ion include p e en ing inju ies and alle ia ing lowe back pain. Co e S abili y
exe cises ha e a e y s ong ounda ion in he ea men and p e en ion o lowe back pain and musculoskele al diso de s, as
e idenced by clinical use. Co e s abili y is implemen ed acco ding o a heo e ical amewo k ha dys unc ion in he co e muscles
is associa ed wi h musculoskele al inju ies.
The Impac o Co e S abili y Exe cises on Imp o ing Mobili y and Reducing Pain in Low Back Pain
IJMRA, Volume 08 Issue 10 Oc obe 2025 www.ijm a.in Page 5629
The e o e, exe cises ha es o e and enhance co e s abili y a e associa ed wi h inju y p e en ion and ehabili a ion.
Common causes o lowe back pain include muscle ension, imp ope pos u e, o non-e gonomic posi ioning o he unk muscle
g oup. E gonomic, such as poo si ing habi s, wo king in a ben posi ion o ex ended pe iods, li ing loads in non-e gonomic
posi ions, abno mal spinal alignmen , o ce ain condi ions like age- ela ed diseases. Co e s abili y exe cises ha e unde gone a
p ocess o de elopmen and e inemen o clinical ehabili a ion s a egies ocused on con empo a y co e s abili y p og ams
in ol ing mo o con ol and muscle capaci y. Bo h ac o s ha e a s ong ounda ion as he de elopmen o co e s abili y exe cises,
enhancing he e icacy o co e s abili y exe cises, pa icula ly om a mo o con ol pe spec i e, and he e is e idence o
imp o emen ela ed o he ac o s add essed in he in e en ion, no he cause o he in e en ion (Hodges, 2003). Co e s abili y
exe cise me hods ha e a s ong basis o p e en ing musculoskele al condi ionsand ea ing spinal diso de s. Co e s abili y aining
me hods ha e a s ong ounda ion o p e en ing musculoskele al condi ions and ea ing spinal diso de s. Theli e a u e
The li e a u e suppo ing exe cise p og ams includes co-con ac ing muscles o p o ide join s abili y, balance and dis u bance
exe cises, and plyome ic exe cises. Bo h exe cise me hods, William Flexion Exe cise and Co e S abili y Exe cise, a e equally
e ec i e in imp o ing lumba lexibili y and educing disabili y in cases o low back pain miogenic. William Flexion Exe cise has a
g ea e e ec on lumba lexibili y han Co e S abili y Exe cise, while William Flexion Exe cise helps educe lowe back pain,
especially in he abdominal muscles and glu eus maximus muscles/Exe cises o he ea men o low back pain ha e been
de eloped o main ain spinal s abili y, including William lexion and co e s abili y exe cises. To da e, i is no ye known which
exe cise me hod is mo e e ec i e o ea ing low back pain. The e o e, u he esea ch is needed on his issue.
II. METHOD
Type o Resea ch
This esea ch is a wo-g oup p e es -pos es expe imen al design compa ing di e en exe cise he apy me hods o back pain
complain s. In his s udy, he e was no con ol g oup; all pa icipan s ecei ed he William Flexion and Co e S abili y exe cise
me hod ea men ou inely h ee imes a week o ou weeks.
Resea ch Loca ion
The esea ch was conduc ed a he Ka ang Malang Campus o Yogyaka a S a e Uni e si yYogyaka a, wi h he esea ch pe iod
las ing 4 weeks om mid-Oc obe o mid-No embe 2023.
Resea ch Ins umen s
Acco ding o Sugiyono (2017: 148), esea ch ins umen s a e ools used omeasu e na u al and social phenomena ha a e
obse ed.
a. Visual Analog Scale (VAS)
Pain measu emen using he isual analog scale (VAS). VAS is an ins umen used o assess pain in ensi y using numbe s. In
he VAS me hod, he isualiza ion is in he o m o a 10 cm line, whe e he le end does no indica e pain, while he igh end
indica es se e e pain. The VAS can be illed in wi h The VAS can be illed in wi h indica o s o pain elie .
b. Modi ied Schobe Tes
The modi ied Schobe es aims o measu e he ange o mo ion in he lumba egion.
P ocedu e:
The esponden s ands up igh in an ana omically co ec posi ion. Range o mo ion measu emen is pe o med using a measu ing
ape. The examine places he i s ma k a he midpoin aligned wi h he pos e io supe io iliac spine (PSIS). The second ma k is
placed abo e he i s ma k by d awing a s aigh line upwa d wi h he measu ing ape a a dis ance o 15 cm. The subjec is hen
asked o pe o m lumba lexion (bending o wa d) and ex ension (s anding up igh ) mo emen s acco ding o hei abili y, and
he dis ance o lexion and ex ension is measu ed again and eco ded. The ange o mo ion o he lumbosac al join is calcula ed
by sub ac ing he measu emen om he ini ial mo emen om he measu emen om he inal mo emen (in cm).
The in e p e a ion o his measu emen is ha i he measu emen esul du ing lumba lexion is less han 5 cm and du ing
ex ension is less han 3 cm, i indica es a limi a ion in he ange o mo ion o he lumba -sac al join
c. Modi ied Oswes y Disabili y Indeks (Modi ied Oswes y low back pain disabili y ques ionnai e
The Modi ied Oswes y Disabili y Indeks is a measu emen ool used o assess he le el o disabili y in ques ionnai e o m.
P ocedu e. Each sample o esponden was gi en an explana ion o he pu pose and me hod o comple ing he ODI ques ionnai e.
Responden s we e asked o check he boxes p o ided ha desc ibed he unc ionaldisabili y o he pa ien . Fo each ques ion,
he e we e six answe op ions wi h a o al alue o 5.
Da a Analysis Techniques
The Impac o Co e S abili y Exe cises on Imp o ing Mobili y and Reducing Pain in Low Back Pain
IJMRA, Volume 08 Issue 10 Oc obe 2025 www.ijm a.in Page 5630
Da a analysis echniques use he - es (i he p e equisi e es is me ). The e a e wo - es s used, namely he pai ed es o es
hypo heses 1 and 2 and he independen - es o es hypo hesis 3.
III. RESEARCH RESULT
The esul s o his esea ch hypo hesis es a e based on da a analysis and in e p e a ion o he T- es analysis. a. Hypo hesis
es o he e ec o Co e S abili y and William Flexion on he pain scale. The - es esul s o he exe cise g oup abo e can be
s a ed as a signi icance alue o 0.000, a calcula ed - alue and a able - alue o 2.093. I he signi icance alue is 0.000<0.05 and
he - alue is > 2.262, he e is a signi ican di e ence be ween he p e es and pos es . In he - es o he co e s abili y exe cise
g oup, he esul s show ha he educ ion in pain is mo e signi ican in managing pain. The e o e, i can be concluded ha he
hypo hesis ha Co e S abili y and William Flexion exe cises can educe he pain scale has been p o en. b. Hypo hesis es : Co e
s abili y and William Flexion exe cises can imp o e unc ion. The - able es esul s in Table 8 abo e show a signi icance alue o
0.000, wi h he calcula ed - alue > he - able alue o 2.262. I he signi icance alue is 0.000<0.05 and he calcula ed - alue >
he - able alue o 2.262, hen he e is a signi ican di e ence be ween he p e es and pos es . The e o e, i can be concluded
ha co e s abili y and William Flexion exe cises can imp o e unc ion. c. Co e s abili y hypo hesis es The - able es esul s in
Table 8 abo e show a signi icance alue o 0.000, wi h a -coun alue > able alue o 2.262. I he signi icance alue is 0.000<0.05
and he -coun > able 2.262, hen he e is a signi ican di e ence be ween he p e es and pos es . I can be concluded ha
co e s abili y aining esul s in a mo e signi ican dec ease in ange o mo ion, which has been p o en. d. Di e ences in Resul s
Be ween he William Flexion and Co e S abili y G oups The esul s o he di e ence be ween he William Flexion and Co e S abili y
g oups can be es ed using he MannWhi ney U es . The esul s o he Mann-Whi ney U es can be seen in he able below:
Tes S a is ics
MANN-WHITNEY U
181.000
WILCOXON W
391.000
Z
-.516
ASYMP. SIG. (2- TAILED)
.606
EXACT SIG. [2*(1- TAILED SIG.)]
.620B
a. G ouping Va iable: Type o Exe cise
b. No co ec ed o ies.
Based on he esul s o he Mann-Whi ney U analysis abo e, he U alue is 181, and he Sig o P Value is
0.620 < 0.05. I he p alue is > he c i ical limi o 0.05, hen he e is no signi ican di e ence be ween he wo g oups
Discussion
Lowe back pain i sel is no a diagnosis, bu a he a musculoskele al synd ome cha ac e ized by pain, ension, muscle s i ness,
and discom o in he lowe back and su ounding a eas. Lowe back pain can be in luenced by si ing habi s, wo king posi ions
ha in ol e p olonged bending, li ing and ca ying loads in non-e gonomic posi ions, spinal abno mali ies, o ce ain diseases
such as degene a i e diseases. To educe back pain in his s udy, exe cises we e pe o med using he William lexion exe cise and
co e s abili y aining.
1. The e ec o co e s abili y exe cises showed
A educ ion in pain. Based on he calcula ed - alue and he - able alue o 2.093, i he signi icance le el is 0.000 < 0.05
and he calcula ed - alue is > - able 2.262, he e is a signi ican di e ence be ween he p e es and pos es . In he es o he
co e s abili y exe cise g oup, he esul s showed ha pain educ ion was mo e signi ican in managing pain. The e o e, i ca be
concluded ha he hypo hesis ha Co e S abili y and William Flexion exe cises can educe pain on he pain scale has been p o en.
This exe cise me hod p o ides a s e ching e ec on muscles ha ha e unde gone sho ening by ac i a ing he Golgi endon
o gans and muscle spindles, making he muscles elax and become lexible, he eby balancing muscle unc ion. Flexibili y and co e
s abili y as e ec s o he William Flexion exe cise a e also highly bene icial o imp o ing lexibili y and educing complain s in
cases o lowe back pain (Skund ic e al., 2021). William lexion exe cises include se e al mo emen such as loo si -ups ha
equi e an up igh body posi ion and engage pos u al muscles, aining he abdominal and co emuscles ha suppo he spine,
he eby engaging o he muscles such as he hip and lowe back muscles, he eby educing pain in he lowe back. Co e s abili y
exe cises unde go an e ol ing p ocess and e ined clinical ehabili a ion s a egies ocused on con empo a y co e s abili y
p og ams in ol ing mo o con ol and muscle capaci y. Bo h ac o s ha e a s ong ounda ion as he de elopmen o co e s abili y
The Impac o Co e S abili y Exe cises on Imp o ing Mobili y and Reducing Pain in Low Back Pain
IJMRA, Volume 08 Issue 10 Oc obe 2025 www.ijm a.in Page 5631
exe cises, he inc eased e icacy o co e s abili y exe cises, pa icula l om he pe spec i e o mo o con ol, and he e is e idence
o imp o emen ela ed o he ac o s add essed in he in e en ion, no he cause o he in e en ion. Co e s abili y exe cise
me hod ha e a s ong ounda ion o p e en ing musculoskele al condi ions and ea ing spinal diso de s. Suppo ing li e a u e
o exe cise p og ams includes simul aneous muscle con ac ions o p o ide join s abili y, balance exe cises and dis up ions, as
well as plyome ic exe cises
2. Co e S abili y Exe cise Resul s
Tha Imp o e Func ion The - es esul s show ha he calcula ed - alue > he able - alue o 2.262. I he signi icance
le el is 0.000 < 0.05 and he calcula ed - alue > he able - alue o 2.262, he e o e, he e is a signi ican di e ence be ween he
p e es and pos es . I can be concluded ha co e s abili y exe cises and William Flexion can imp o e unc ion. Co e s abili y has
been p o en o be a spinal s abiliza ion exe cise p og am. Co e s abili y is implemen ed in acco dance wi h he heo e ical
amewo k ha dys unc ion in he co e muscles is ela ed o inju ies (musculoskele al). The e o e, exe cises ha es o e and
imp o e co e s abili y a e ela ed o inju y p e en ion and ehabili a ion. Common causes o lowe back pain include muscle
ension, poo pos u e, o non-e gonomic posi ioning o he unk muscle g oup, such as poo si ing pos u e, p olonged bending
while wo king, li ing hea y objec s in a non-e gonomic posi ion, abno mal spinal alignmen , o ce ai diseases like age- ela ed
condi ions. age- ela ed condi ions. Co e s abili y is an ac i e exe cise designed o s eng hen muscles and enhance s abili y o
suppo he spine and help p e en lowe back pain. By s eng hening he muscles ha s abilize he lumba egion and spine, pain
can be educed and unc ional abili y imp o ed. Co e s abili y imp o es unk s abili y, pel ic loo s abili y, simul aneous
con ac ion o he abdominal muscles, mul i idus muscles, and enhances mo o pe o mance o he spinal muscles in he cen al
egion, which a e pos u al muscles. The e o e, by pe o ming co e s abili y exe cises, a no mal pos u e can be o med wi h
balanced muscle dis ibu ion in he lowe back a ea. Wi h no mal body pos u e and s able muscle wo k balance, blood ci cula ion
is imp o ed, and local me abolism becomes op imal, he eby educing o e en elimina ing pain (Zuh i & Rus an i, 2022).
3. Co e S abili y Exe cise Resul s
Showed a Dec ease in Range o Mo ion The - es esul s in Table 8 abo e show a signi icance alue o 0.000, whe e he
calcula ed - alue is g ea e han he - able alue o 2.262. Thus, he e is a signi ican di e ence be ween he p e es and pos es .
The e o e, i can be concluded ha co e s abili y exe cises esul ed in a mo e signi ican dec ease in ange o mo ion, which has
been p o en. These esul s indica e ha he di e ence ob ained is based on he imp o emen in he educ ion o lowe back pain.
F om he pe cen age ob ained, i is known ha William lexion exe cises ha e a be e e ec compa ed o co e s abili y exe cises.
V. CONCLUSIONS
A. Conclusion
Based on he esul s o he esea ch and p e ious discussions, se e al conclusions we e ob ained, namely:
1. The esul s o he i s - es showed a signi ican di e ence be ween he p e es and pos es , concluding ha William
Flexiom and Co e S abili y exe cises can educe he pain scale has been p o en.
2. he esul s o he second - es show a signi ican di e ence be ween he p e es and pos es , concluding ha Co e s abili y
and William Flexion exe cises can imp o e unc ion, which has been p o en.
3. The esul s o he hi d - es show a signi ican di e ence be ween he p e es and pos es , concluding ha co e s abili y
exe cises ha e esul ed in a mo e signi ican educ ion in ange o mo ion, which has been p o en. Based on he esul s o
he Mann-Whi ney U analysis abo e, i can be concluded ha he e is No. signi ican di e ence be ween Co e s abili y
exe cises and William Flexion exe cises.
B. Recommenda ions
Based on he abo e conclusions, he e a e se e al ecommenda ions ha can be made, namely:
1. Fo employees who ha e lowe back pain (Low Back Pain) can educe i by pe o ming William Flexion o Co e S abili y
exe cises independen ly.
2. Fo u u e esea che s, i is ecommended o conside conduc ing his s udy using di e en subjec s, bo h in e m o quan i y
and quali y le el..
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