REVISTA CADERNO PEDAGÓGICO – S udies Publicações L da.
ISSN: 1983-0882
Page 1
REVISTA CADERNO PEDAGÓGICO – S udies Publicações e Edi o a L da., Cu i iba, .22, n.8, p. 01-33. 2025.
Pha maceu icals in wa e : a bibliome ic e iew o emo al
echnologies, esea ch ends, and socioeconomic ac o s
(2000-2025)
Fá macos na água: uma e isão bibliomé ica de ecnologias de
emoção, endências de pesquisa e a o es socioeconômicos
(2000-2025)
P oduc os a macéu icos en el agua: una e isión bibliomé ica
de ecnologías de eliminación, endencias de in es igación y
ac o es socioeconómicos (2000-2025)
DOI: 10.54033/cadped 22n8-183
O iginals ecei ed: 5/16/2025
Accep ance o publica ion: 6/11/2025
Daiane F ancisca do N. Sil a
Mas e in Ene gy and Nuclea Technologies
Ins i u ion: Uni e sidade Fede al de Pe nambuco (UFPE)
Add ess: Reci e, Pe nambuco, B azil
E-mail: [email p o ec ed]
Jean Fi mino Ca doso
Bachelo in Ci il Enginee ing
Ins i u ion: Uni e sidade Fede al de Pe nambuco (UFPE)
Add ess: Reci e, Pe nambuco, B azil
E-mail: [email p o ec ed]
Daniel Milian Pé ez
Doc o in Ene gy and Nuclea Technologies
Ins i u ion: Uni e sidade Fede al de Pe nambuco (UFPE)
Add ess: Reci e, Pe nambuco, B azil
E-mail: [email p o ec ed]
Abel Gámez Rod íguez
Doc o in Ene gy and Nuclea Technologies
Ins i u ion: Uni e sidade Fede al de Pe nambuco (UFPE)
Add ess: Reci e, Pe nambuco, B azil
E-mail: [email p o ec ed]
REVISTA CADERNO PEDAGÓGICO – S udies Publicações L da.
ISSN: 1983-0882
Page 2
REVISTA CADERNO PEDAGÓGICO – S udies Publicações e Edi o a L da., Cu i iba, .22, n.8, p. 01-33. 2025.
Yaicel Ge P oenza
Doc o in Chemis y
Ins i u ion: Uni e sidade Fede al de Pe nambuco (UFPE)
Add ess: Reci e, Pe nambuco, B azil
E-mail: [email p o ec ed]
An onio Celso Dan as An onino
Doc o in Soil Physics
Ins i u ion: Uni e sidade Fede al de Pe nambuco (UFPE)
Add ess: Reci e, Pe nambuco, B azil
E-mail: [email p o ec ed]
ABSTRACT
Pha maceu ical con amina ion in aqua ic en i onmen s is a g owing global con-
ce n due o i s ecological and public heal h implica ions. These compounds, o en
esis an o con en ional ea men s, o igina e om domes ic, hospi al, and indus-
ial e luen s and pe sis in wa e bodies. This s udy p esen s a bibliome ic e-
iew o scien i ic publica ions om 2000 o 2025, aiming o examine he ela ion-
ship be ween pha maceu ical pollu ion, socioeconomic condi ions, and emedia-
ion echnologies. Da a we e collec ed om Scopus and Web o Science using
he keywo ds “ emo al AND pha maceu icals AND wa e ”. Duplica e eco ds
we e emo ed, and he inal da ase was p ocessed using a cus om Py hon sc ip
o gene a e bibliome ic isualiza ions. A h ee-s age il e ing p ocess was applied
o iden i y ele an s udies, cha ac e ize me hodologies, and selec a icles o ull
eading. Resul s show a consis en inc ease in scien i ic ou pu o e he yea s,
wi h a no able concen a ion o esea ch in China, he Uni ed S a es, and B azil.
Adso p ion was iden i ied as he mos explo ed echnique, o en employing ac i-
a ed ca bon, biocha , and nanoma e ials. Funding ends peaked in 2024, wi h
a sligh d op in 2025 due o incomple e da a. The indings indica e inc easing
global engagemen wi h pha maceu ical emo al, emphasizing he ole o e-
sea ch in add essing bo h en i onmen al and social inequali ies. This e iew
highligh s he need o scalable, e icien , and con ex -sensi i e ea men solu-
ions.
Keywo ds: Wa e Con amina ion. Pha maceu ical Pollu ion. Socioeconomic
Condi ions. Remo al Technologies. Bibliome ic Analysis. Adso p ion.
RESUMO
A con aminação po á macos em ambien es aquá icos é uma p eocupação c es-
cen e de ido aos iscos que ep esen a à saúde pública e ao equilíb io ecológico.
Esses compos os, equen emen e ecalci an es aos a amen os con encio-
nais, são in oduzidos nas águas po esgo os domés icos, hospi ala es e indus-
iais. Es e es udo ap esen a uma e isão bibliomé ica da p odução cien í ica
en e 2000 e 2025, com o obje i o de in es iga a elação en e a poluição po
á macos, as condições socioeconômicas e as ecnologias de emediação em-
p egadas. Fo am u ilizados dados das bases Scopus e Web o Science com os
e mos “ emo al AND pha maceu icals AND wa e ”. Após a emoção de
REVISTA CADERNO PEDAGÓGICO – S udies Publicações L da.
ISSN: 1983-0882
Page 3
REVISTA CADERNO PEDAGÓGICO – S udies Publicações e Edi o a L da., Cu i iba, .22, n.8, p. 01-33. 2025.
duplica as, os dados o am p ocessados po meio de um sc ip desen ol ido em
Py hon. A análise oi conduzida em ês e apas: elegibilidade, ca ac e ização e
lei u a comple a. Os esul ados e elam c escimen o consis en e da p odução
cien í ica, com des aque pa a China, Es ados Unidos e B asil. A adso ção oi a
écnica mais es udada, com uso eco en e de ca ão a i ado, bioca ão e na-
noma e iais. O inanciamen o à pesquisa ap esen ou pico em 2024, com queda
apa en e em 2025 de ido a dados ainda pa ciais. Conclui-se que há um engaja-
men o c escen e na busca po soluções e icazes, escalá eis e adap adas aos
di e en es con ex os socioeconômicos, e o çando o papel da ciência na mi iga-
ção de desigualdades ambien ais.
Pala as-cha e: Con aminação da Água. Poluição po Fá macos. Condições
Socioeconômicas. Tecnologias de Remoção. Análise Bibliomé ica. Adso ção.
RESUMEN
La con aminación po á macos en en o nos acuá icos ep esen a un p oblema
ambien al y sani a io en expansión. Es os compues os, di íciles de elimina me-
dian e a amien os con encionales, p o ienen de desca gas domés icas, hospi-
ala ias e indus iales, pe maneciendo en cue pos de agua. Es e es udio o ece
una e isión bibliomé ica de publicaciones cien í icas en e 2000 y 2025, con el
obje i o de analiza la elación en e la con aminación a macéu ica, las condi-
ciones socioeconómicas y las ecnologías de emediación u ilizadas. Se ecolec-
a on da os de las bases Scopus y Web o Science median e la búsqueda “ e-
mo al AND pha maceu icals AND wa e ”. T as elimina duplicados, los da os ue-
on p ocesados median e un sc ip pe sonalizado em Py hon. La selección de
a ículos se ealizó en es ases: análisis de elegibilidad, ca ac e ización y lec-
u a comple a. Los esul ados mues an un c ecimien o cons an e en la p oduc-
ción cien í ica, des acando China, Es ados Unidos y B asil como p incipales p o-
duc o es. La écnica más in es igada ue la adso ción, u ilizando ca bón ac i-
ado, biocha y nanoma e iales. La inanciación alcanzó su pun o máximo en
2024, con un descenso en 2025 a ibuible a da os incomple os. El es udio e ela
un comp omiso c ecien e con la emediación de con aminan es a macéu icos,
sub ayando la impo ancia de desa olla soluciones e ec i as, accesibles y
adap adas a dis in as ealidades sociales.
Palab as cla e: Con aminación del Agua. Polución Fa macéu ica. Condiciones
Socioeconómicas. Tecnologías de Eliminación. Análisis Bibliomé ico. Adso -
ción.
1 INTRODUCTION
The con amina ion o wa e esou ces by pha maceu ical compounds,
classi ied as pa o he b oade g oup o eme ging con aminan s, has become a
p essing global conce n due o i s po en ial impac s on bo h en i onmen al
REVISTA CADERNO PEDAGÓGICO – S udies Publicações L da.
ISSN: 1983-0882
Page 4
REVISTA CADERNO PEDAGÓGICO – S udies Publicações e Edi o a L da., Cu i iba, .22, n.8, p. 01-33. 2025.
in eg i y and public heal h. These subs ances, commonly e e ed o as
pha maceu ical and pe sonal ca e p oduc s (PPCPs), include a wide ange o
bioac i e molecules such as an ibio ics, analgesics, ho mones, and
an idep essan s (LETSOALO e al., 2023). Thei elease in o aqua ic ecosys ems
occu s h ough se e al pa hways, including discha ges om Was ewa e
T ea men Plan s (WWTPs), e luen s om chemical and pha maceu ical
indus ies (CPI), inapp op ia e p oduc usage and disposal, domes ic and
indus ial ac i i ies, su ace uno and leaching, as well as illegal discha ges and
human ac i i ies (Anlike e al., 2022; Cangola; Abagale; Cobbina, 2024; Delgado
e al., 2023; Ślósa czyk; Wolny; Wi kowski, 2025).
Pha maceu icals a e pa icula ly p oblema ic because hey a e o en
designed o be biologically ac i e and pe sis en . Thei physicochemical
p ope ies—such as high solubili y and esis ance o biodeg ada ion— acili a e
hei mobili y and pe sis ence in aqua ic en i onmen s (Ba aglin e al., 2018).
S udies ha e shown ha e en low concen a ions o pha maceu icals can induce
a a ie y o ad e se e ec s on aqua ic o ganisms, including beha io al changes,
endoc ine dis up ion, oxida i e s ess, and al e a ions in ep oduc i e and
physiological p ocesses (Anlike e al., 2022; Ba aglin e al., 2018; Delgado e
al., 2023). The p esence o an ibio ics in wa e bodies con ibu es o he
eme gence and sp ead o an ibio ic- esis an bac e ia, which poses a se e e
h ea o global public heal h (Ba aglin e al., 2018; Cangola; Abagale; Cobbina,
2024; Ślósa czyk; Wolny; Wi kowski, 2025). In addi ion, some pha maceu icals
can bioaccumula e in aqua ic o ganisms and, h ough he ood chain, each
highe concen a ions in p eda o s, including humans (Ba aglin e al., 2018;
Delgado e al., 2023; Le soalo e al., 2023).
Gi en he limi a ions o con en ional was ewa e ea men p ocesses in
e ec i ely emo ing hese mic opollu an s, he need o ad anced emedia ion
echnologies has become inc easingly e iden . In ecen yea s, signi ican
scien i ic e o s ha e been di ec ed owa d iden i ying inno a i e ma e ials and
me hods capable o mi iga ing he isks associa ed wi h pha maceu ical
con amina ion in wa e (Ahmad e al., 2025; Bo ah e al., 2025; Choudhu y e al.,
2025; Dong e al., 2025; Issaka; Danso-Boa eng; Ba oe, 2024; Sil a e al., 2018;
REVISTA CADERNO PEDAGÓGICO – S udies Publicações L da.
ISSN: 1983-0882
Page 5
REVISTA CADERNO PEDAGÓGICO – S udies Publicações e Edi o a L da., Cu i iba, .22, n.8, p. 01-33. 2025.
Si és; B illas, 2012). Howe e , despi e he g owing body o esea ch on his opic,
gaps emain ega ding he ela ionship be ween he geog aphic dis ibu ion o
con amina ion, local socioeconomic condi ions, and he adop ion o speci ic
emedia ion echnologies. Unde s anding hese dynamics is c ucial o
de eloping s a egies ha a e no only echnically e ec i e bu also socially and
economically iable (Delgado e al., 2023; Cangola; Abagale; Cobbina, 2024;
Vin he e al., 2025).
In esponse o hese gaps, his s udy p esen s a bibliome ic e iew o
publica ions om 2000 o 2025 ha add ess he emo al o pha maceu icals om
wa e , wi h a speci ic ocus on iden i ying ends in esea ch ou pu , leading
coun ies and ins i u ions, mos s udied con aminan s, equen ly used eac i e
ma e ials, and he in e play be ween scien i ic p oduc i i y and socioeconomic
indica o s.
2 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Wa e con amina ion by syn he ic o ganic compounds p esen s nume ous
challenges o en i onmen al p o ec ion and public heal h. Among hese
compounds a e indus ial chemicals, pes icides, and pha maceu ical esidues,
many o which a e no e icien ly emo ed by con en ional WWTPs. The
unde es ima ion o indus ial pollu ion, especially om syn he ic o ganic
compounds, and he u gen need o inno a i e ea men solu ions as
al e na i es o ene gy-ine icien was ewa e incine a ion unde sco e he g a i y
o he p oblem. Technologies such as luo escence spec oscopy s ill ace
di icul ies in quan i ying con aminan s due o in e e ence om luo escen
o ganic ma e (Anlike e al., 2022; Vin he e al., 2025). Addi ionally, p omising
me hods like he use o BioMnOx o mic opollu an emo al s ill equi e ho ough
in es iga ion a ealis ic concen a ions and unde in si u condi ions (Fu gal;
Meye ; Bes e , 2014). Signi ican knowledge gaps pe sis , including he lack o a
cen alized da abase o con aminan abso bance and luo escence p ope ies
(Vin he e al., 2025). Among eme ging con aminan s, pha maceu icals ha e
ecei ed inc easing a en ion in ecen yea s. Beyond hei en i onmen al
REVISTA CADERNO PEDAGÓGICO – S udies Publicações L da.
ISSN: 1983-0882
Page 6
REVISTA CADERNO PEDAGÓGICO – S udies Publicações e Edi o a L da., Cu i iba, .22, n.8, p. 01-33. 2025.
occu ence and e ec s—al eady discussed in he in oduc ion—a en ion has
shi ed owa d imp o ing de ec ion and ea men echnologies speci ic o hese
compounds.
Recen inno a ions in he iden i ica ion o pha maceu icals in wa e
encompass ad anced analy ical echniques and he de elopmen o high-
sensi i i y biosenso s. Un a ge ed High-Resolu ion Mass Spec ome y (HRMS)
enables he iden i ica ion o un o eseen compounds, while luo escence
spec oscopy o e s a cos -e ec i e al e na i e o cha ac e izing dissol ed
o ganic ma e (Anlike e al., 2022; Vin he e al., 2025). Fu he mo e,
elec ochemical and op ical biosenso s, u ilizing ap ame s and me allic
nanopa icles, acili a e he selec i e de ec ion o a ious pha maceu icals a low
concen a ions (Le soalo e al., 2023).
Beyond de ec ion, echnological hu dles pe sis in he de elopmen o
e ec i e ea men me hods o pha maceu ical con aminan s. Nanocellulose
aces p oblems wi h sel -agg ega ion and di icul ies in i s la ge-scale
manu ac u ing and modi ica ion (No din e al., 2024), while nano il a ion
memb anes and nanoma e ials a e s ill unde de elopmen and exhibi limi a ions
such as ouling and high cos s (Le soalo e al., 2023). Modeling pho oca alysis
and op imizing low-cos adso ben s, like powde ed ac i a ed ca bon (PAC), also
equi e u he in es iga ion (Campinas e al., 2021; Du án-Ál a ez e al., 2024;
Mueses e al., 2021).
Among he a ailable echnologies o he emo al o pha maceu ical
compounds om wa e , adso p ion has gained p ominence, o e ing simplici y,
sus ainabili y, and cos -e ec i eness. I allows o he use o di e se ma e ials
such as ac i a ed ca bon, biocha , nano-adso ben s, zeoli es, and o he low-cos
op ions (Le soalo e al., 2023; No din e al., 2024; P iyan V; Na ayanasamy,
2022). While o he echniques like memb anes, ad anced oxida ion p ocesses,
biological and chemical ea men s, and piezoca alysis a e also employed,
adso p ion's e sa ili y and e icacy make i one o he mos p omising
app oaches o emedia ing eme ging con aminan s (Abdullah e al., 2024;
Delgado e al., 2023; Demi i e al., 2025; Mueses e al., 2021). Cu en esea ch
emphasizes he need o al e na i e emedia ion echniques wi h high selec i i y
REVISTA CADERNO PEDAGÓGICO – S udies Publicações L da.
ISSN: 1983-0882
Page 7
REVISTA CADERNO PEDAGÓGICO – S udies Publicações e Edi o a L da., Cu i iba, .22, n.8, p. 01-33. 2025.
and adso p ion a ini y, aiming o o e come he limi a ions o con en ional
echnologies (Le soalo e al., 2023). Key a eas o ocus include he applica ion o
nanoadso ben s and he ma hema ical modeling o sola pho oca aly ic eac o s
o op imize la ge-scale ea men (Mueses e al., 2021; P iyan V; Na ayanasamy,
2022).
Focusing speci ically on he emo al o pha maceu icals om wa e ,
adso p ion p o es o be an e icien echnique, wi h inc easing a en ion on
nanocellulose-based adso ben s and o he nanoma e ials (Fu gal; Meye ;
Bes e , 2014; Le soalo e al., 2023; Mueses e al., 2021). Ca bon nano ubes,
g aphene oxide, and magne ic nanocomposi es a e also being explo ed, despi e
ongoing challenges ela ed o hei cos and po en ial oxici y (Le soalo e al.,
2023). Addi ionally, Ad anced Oxida ion P ocesses (AOPs), memb ane
echnologies, bio ans o ma ions, and he e ogeneous pho oca alysis a e
employed o op imize he emo al o hese pe sis en o ganic pollu an s (Demi i
e al., 2025; Du án-Ál a ez e al., 2024; Le soalo e al., 2023).
Al hough conside able scien i ic p og ess has been made, se e al c i ical
aspec s emain unde s udied. Comp ehensi e da a on he occu ence and isks
o PPCPs in aqua ic sys ems a e s ill limi ed (Cangola; Abagale; Cobbina, 2024).
The concen a ions and impac s o e e ina y pha maceu icals, in pa icula , a e
poo ly unde s ood, highligh ing a c ucial a ea o u u e in es iga ion (Delgado e
al., 2023). This heo e ical o e iew highligh s he complexi y o pha maceu ical
con amina ion in wa e ma ices and ames he a ionale o conduc ing a
bibliome ic e iew. This s udy aims o explo e ends in emedia ion echnologies
and analyze he in luence o socioeconomic condi ions on scien i ic ou pu
be ween 2000 and 2025.
3 METHODOLOGY
This bibliome ic e iew in es iga es he in e ela ion be ween pha maceu-
ical con amina ion in wa e esou ces, he adop ion o emedia ion echnologies,
and local socioeconomic condi ions. Speci ically, i in es iga es (i) he mos p e -
alen pha maceu icals in aqua ic en i onmen s, (ii) he eac i e ma e ials mos
REVISTA CADERNO PEDAGÓGICO – S udies Publicações L da.
ISSN: 1983-0882
Page 8
REVISTA CADERNO PEDAGÓGICO – S udies Publicações e Edi o a L da., Cu i iba, .22, n.8, p. 01-33. 2025.
employed o hei emo al, (iii) he e olu ion o esea ch ou pu and ecen ech-
nological ad ances, and (i ) he geog aphic and ins i u ional dis ibu ion o scien-
i ic con ibu ions. Fu he mo e, i seeks o unde s and how local socioeconomic
condi ions ela e o he de elopmen and applica ion o emedia ion s a egies.
The esea ch encompassed wo ks published be ween he yea s 2000 and
Ma ch 2025, co e ing i ually he en i e de elopmen conce ning he applica ion
o eac i e ma e ials in he emo al o con aminan s om wa e esou ces. The
inclusion o da a up o Ma ch 2025 ensu es a cu en o e iew o ecen ends,
al hough eade s should no e ha he 2025 da ase is pa ial and may no ep e-
sen he ull yea 's ou pu . Scien i ic da a we e collec ed om he Scopus and
Web o Science pla o ms using he combined sea ch e ms: “ emo al AND pha -
maceu icals AND wa e ”. The que y was un es ic ed wi h espec o language o
documen ype, ensu ing b oad co e age.
Basic in o ma ion including i les, publica ion yea s, au ho s, abs ac s,
keywo ds, ci a ions, and a ilia ions we e expo ed om he da abases and p o-
cessed using Py hon. A Py hon sc ip was de eloped o pe o m he bibliome ic
analysis, co e ing he en i e wo k low om da a cleaning o esul s expo . Es-
sen ial lib a ies such as pandas and ma plo lib we e employed o da a manipu-
la ion and isualiza ion. This s age included emo al o duplica e en ies, ch on-
ological o ganiza ion, da a p ep ocessing, analysis o geog aphical a ilia ions,
unding sou ces, and empo al ends. The sc ip gene a ed wo d clouds, dis i-
bu ion cha s, and seman ic ne wo ks, wi h esul s expo ed in o ma s like PNG
and Excel o enhanced in e p e abili y.
Subsequen ly, he documen s we e analyzed in h ee s ages: (1) i les and
abs ac s we e ead o de e mine whe he each wo k me he eligibili y c i e ia. In
his s age, a bibliome ic analysis was also pe o med on he e ie ed documen s
o iden i y esea ch ends and he coun ies mos engaged wi h he subjec . This
analysis u he allowed an explo a ion o he economic implica ions associa ed
wi h conce ns o e he p ese a ion and emedia ion o wa e esou ces; (2) i les,
abs ac s, keywo ds, and me hodology sec ions we e examined o cha ac e ize
each documen in e ms o con aminan emo al s a egy, coun y o s udy, ype
o s udy, and he speci ic wa e ma ix analyzed; (3) inally, a selec ion o
REVISTA CADERNO PEDAGÓGICO – S udies Publicações L da.
ISSN: 1983-0882
Page 9
REVISTA CADERNO PEDAGÓGICO – S udies Publicações e Edi o a L da., Cu i iba, .22, n.8, p. 01-33. 2025.
documen s was chosen o ull eading. This selec ion included only hose s udies
ha add essed s a egies o emo ing pha maceu icals om wa e esou ces
using eac i e ma e ials. Figu e 1 p esen s he lowcha ou lining his p ocess,
along wi h he eligibili y c i e ia applied in he esea ch.
Figu e 1. Flow diag am illus a ing he sequen ial selec ion p ocess o he documen s analyzed.
Sou ce: P epa ed by he au ho s.
Following he gene al bibliome ic analysis, a mo e a ge ed il e ing p o-
cess was conduc ed o selec a icles whose i les con ained keywo ds seman i-
cally aligned wi h he s uc u e “pha maceu ical + wa e + emo al”. Conse-
quen ly, om he ini ial pool o 3,387 a icles encompassed wi hin he bibliome ic
e iew, 95 we e selec ed o ull- ex analysis aimed a cons uc ing a imeline o
key echnological and me hodological de elopmen s.
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This sec ion p esen s and discusses he main indings o he bibliome ic
e iew, o ganized in o wo complemen a y pa s. Fi s , we examine he e olu ion
o scien i ic p oduc ion o e he 2000–2025 pe iod, highligh ing geog aphic dis i-
bu ion, unding sou ces, ins i u ional engagemen , and keywo d dynamics. This
quan i a i e o e iew p o ides insigh in o he global esea ch landscape and i s
d i ing o ces. In he second pa , we syn hesize he key ad ances in con aminan
iden i ica ion and pha maceu ical emo al s a egies, es ablishing a imeline o
REVISTA CADERNO PEDAGÓGICO – S udies Publicações L da.
ISSN: 1983-0882
Page 16
REVISTA CADERNO PEDAGÓGICO – S udies Publicações e Edi o a L da., Cu i iba, .22, n.8, p. 01-33. 2025.
emedia ion o eme ging con aminan s, wi h a speci ic ocus on pha maceu icals
in wa e esou ces. The aim is o map he e olu ion o ea men s a egies,
echnological inno a ions, and esea ch p io i ies om 2000 o 2025, highligh ing
key miles ones and ansi ions in scien i ic app oaches o pha maceu ical
pollu ion. The e iew is o ganized in o subpe iods ha e lec dis inc s ages in
he ield’s de elopmen : om ea ly de ec ion and p oblem ecogni ion (2000–
2005), h ough he eme gence o ad anced echnologies and sou ce con ol
ini ia i es (2006–2010), o he consolida ion o mul i-ba ie s a egies and
nano echnologies (2011–2015), he di e si ica ion o ma e ials and p ocesses
(2016–2020), and, inally, he ecen end owa ds in eg a ed, mul i unc ional
ea men sys ems (2021–2025).
Be ween 2000 and 2005, signi ican p og ess was made in unde s anding
he occu ence, a e, and ea men o eme ging con aminan s, wi h pa icula
emphasis on pha maceu icals in wa e sou ces (O. A. H. Jones e al., 2005;
Lopez e al., 2003; Te nes e al., 2002; Ma amo os e al., 2005). Nume ous
e iews and s udies documen ed he widesp ead de ec ion o hese subs ances
and unde sco ed he limi ed e icacy o con en ional was ewa e ea men
p ocesses (G oss e al., 2004; Lam e al., 2004; Rooklidge e al., 2005).
Pe sis en con aminan s such as iodina ed adiocon as media we e ound in
bo h U.S. and Ge man ea men acili ies, showing esis ance o con en ional
deg ada ion pa hways (D ewes e al., 2001; Te nes e al., 2002; O. A. H. Jones
e al., 2005).
In es iga ions in o an ibio ic biodeg adabili y and esis ance highligh ed
conce ns ela ed o u ban e luen s (Bound & Voul oulis, 2005; Young e al.,
2014), while s udies on il e sys ems epo ed a ying emo al e iciencies o
compounds such as sul ame hoxazole, ime hop im, and lincomycin (Rooklidge
e al., 2005). O he con aminan s o in e es included iclosan, luo oquinolones,
APEMs, and es ogens (G oss e al., 2004; Te nes e al., 2002; Ma amo os e al.,
2005).
Pha maceu icals like ca bamazepine, diclo enac, ibup o en, and clo ib ic
acid we e equen ly s udied due o hei pe sis ence in aqua ic sys ems and e-
sis ance o emo al (Bound & Voul oulis, 2005; O. A. H. Jones e al., 2005; Lam
REVISTA CADERNO PEDAGÓGICO – S udies Publicações L da.
ISSN: 1983-0882
Page 17
REVISTA CADERNO PEDAGÓGICO – S udies Publicações e Edi o a L da., Cu i iba, .22, n.8, p. 01-33. 2025.
e al., 2004; Te nes e al., 2002). Ca eine was ecognized as an an h opogenic
indica o o con amina ion (Te nes e al., 2002; O. A. H. Jones e al., 2005). Slow
sand and oughing il e s showed compound-speci ic pe o mance, wi h adso p-
ion o il e media playing a key ole in emo al mechanisms (Rooklidge e al.,
2005).
As con en ional ea men s p o ed inadequa e o many compounds, a -
en ion shi ed o ad anced echnologies. Memb ane p ocesses such as nano il-
a ion and e e se osmosis demons a ed high emo al e iciencies o pha ma-
ceu icals and adiocon as agen s (Veda yasan, 2000; D ewes e al., 2001). UV-
based oxida ion p ocesses (e.g., UV/H₂O₂) showed p omise o deg ading pha -
maceu ical in e media es, especially in wa e s wi h low u bidi y (Lopez e al.,
2003; Lam e al., 2004). G anula ac i a ed ca bon adso p ion also p o ed e ec-
i e, pa icula ly o compounds like beza ib a e, ca bamazepine, and diclo enac
(Te nes e al., 2002; Young e al., 2014).
Na u al a enua ion p ocesses we e ex ensi ely e alua ed. S udies o i -
e ine anspo , a i icial echa ge, and cons uc ed we lands e ealed pa ial e-
mo al and ans o ma ion o a ious con aminan s, dependen on edox condi-
ions and compound cha ac e is ics (G oss e al., 2004; D ewes e al., 2001; Ma -
amo os e al., 2005). Ri e bank il a ion and eclaimed wa e i iga ion we e ex-
plo ed as mi iga ion s a egies (O. A. H. Jones e al., 2005; Young e al., 2014).
F om he yea s 2006 o 2010, he e olu ion om de ec ion- ocused s udies
o ad anced ea men de elopmen and sou ce con ol ini ia i es e lec s a g ow-
ing unde s anding o he complexi y o mic opollu an emo al. A holis ic, in e-
g a ed app oach emains essen ial o add essing hese pe sis en en i onmen al
challenges.
G owing awa eness o mic opollu an s such as pha maceu icals, endo-
c ine dis up o s, and PPCPs in aqua ic en i onmen s has led o inc eased e-
sea ch e o s (B oséus e al., 2009; Chelliapan e al., 2006; Cue da-Co ea e
al., 2010; G os e al., 2007; Hebe e e al., 2008; Pü mann e al., 2008; Whelehan
e al., 2010). Ini ial s udies p ima ily add essed hei occu ence and quan i ica-
ion in was ewa e and su ace wa e s, e ealing he limi ed emo al capaci y o
con en ional WWTPs (G os e al., 2007). Al hough acu e oxici y o aqua ic
REVISTA CADERNO PEDAGÓGICO – S udies Publicações L da.
ISSN: 1983-0882
Page 18
REVISTA CADERNO PEDAGÓGICO – S udies Publicações e Edi o a L da., Cu i iba, .22, n.8, p. 01-33. 2025.
o ganisms was gene ally low, conce ns abou ch onic oxici y and mix u e e ec s
pe sis ed (G os e al., 2007).
Subsequen esea ch ocused on e alua ing ea men echnologies. Bio-
logical p ocesses such as ac i a ed sludge showed subs ance-speci ic emo al
e iciencies, o en imp o ed by inc easing sludge e en ion ime (SRT), hough
compounds like ca bamazepine emained esis an (Pü mann e al., 2008; Whi e
e al., 2006; G os e al., 2007). Memb ane bio eac o s (MBRs) o e ed imp o ed
ope a ional con ol bu did no consis en ly ou pe o m con en ional ea men s
o mos mic opollu an s (Pü mann e al., 2008; Do dio e al., 2009). Anae obic
ea men was also explo ed unde a ious ope a ional condi ions (Chelliapan e
al., 2006).
Among physicochemical me hods, adso p ion using ac i a ed ca bon
p o ed pa icula ly e ec i e and has been implemen ed in bo h was ewa e and
d inking wa e con ex s (Pü mann e al., 2008; Whi e e al., 2006). Powde ed
ac i a ed ca bon (PAC) educed pha maceu ical loads by up o 80%, albei wi h
highe ope a ional cos s and po en ial impac s on sludge managemen (Pü mann
e al., 2008). Al e na i e adso ben s such as ca bon black ha e been assessed
o NSAIDs unde di e en pH and empe a u e condi ions (Cue da-Co ea e al.,
2010).
Oxida ion echniques, especially ozona ion and AOPs, demons a ed high
deg ada ion e iciency o a ious PPCPs bu we e limi ed by high cos s and he
isk o by-p oduc o ma ion (B oséus e al., 2009; Kim e al., 2009; Pü mann e
al., 2008; Win gens e al., 2008). Memb ane echnologies, including nano il a ion
(NF) and e e se osmosis (RO), showed high ejec ion a es o a wide spec um
o eme ging con aminan s (Whi e e al., 2006; Win gens e al., 2008). Na u al and
semi-na u al sys ems such as bank il a ion and cons uc ed we lands also
showed selec i e e ec i eness, pa icula ly in emo ing an imic obial esidues
and speci ic me aboli es like clo ib ic acid (Hebe e e al., 2008; Do dio e al.,
2009).
A ound he yea 2008, a consensus had o med a ound he necessi y o
mul i-ba ie s a egies combining di e en ea men echnologies o ensu e e -
ec i e emo al o di e se mic opollu an s (Pü mann e al., 2008; Win gens e al.,
REVISTA CADERNO PEDAGÓGICO – S udies Publicações L da.
ISSN: 1983-0882
Page 19
REVISTA CADERNO PEDAGÓGICO – S udies Publicações e Edi o a L da., Cu i iba, .22, n.8, p. 01-33. 2025.
2008). In d inking wa e ea men , he in eg a ion o ac i a ed ca bon and ozo-
na ion is o en ecommended, especially when sou ce wa e s a e ulne able o
con amina ion (Pü mann e al., 2008).
Addi ionally, sou ce con ol measu es ha e been p oposed o educe con-
aminan inpu a i s o igin. These include subs ance low sepa a ion (e.g.,
was ewa e om hospi als), localized ea men sys ems, and decen alized san-
i a ion concep s such as “No-Mix-Toile s” o seg ega ing di e en was ewa e
s eams (Pü mann e al., 2008). Such s a egies may o e mo e sus ainable and
cos -e ec i e solu ions o managing high- isk compounds han end-o -pipe ea -
men s alone.
F om 2011 onwa ds, he ield saw a shi om con en ional me hods o
ad anced oxida ion, adso p ion, biological, and memb ane-based echnologies
o mo e e ec i e PPCPs emo al. S udies explo ed elec ochemical me hods
like elec ocoagula ion, anodic oxida ion (using BDD anodes), and elec o-Fen on
o e ec i e deg ada ion o pha maceu icals (Si és & B illas, 2012). Sul a e adi-
cal-based AOTs using PMS and pe sul a e we e also de eloped as al e na i es
o hyd oxyl adical-based p ocesses (N odzo & Choi, 2011). Re e se osmosis
showed high emo al e iciency (Boleda e al., 2011).
Eme ging con aminan s such as PPCPs in su ace and g oundwa e ha e
aised inc easing conce n due o hei pe sis ence and he limi ed e icacy o con-
en ional ea men me hods (Dola e al., 2012; Ibáñez e al., 2013; Mo ei a e
al., 2015; N odzo & Choi, 2011; Quesada-Peña e e al., 2012). Biodeg ada ion
plays a c i ical ole in p e en ing hei accumula ion (K uglo a e al., 2014).
By 2012, ca aly ic we ai oxida ion (CWAO) wi h ac i a ed ca bon was
p oposed o pa ace amol emo al in a hyb id adso p ion–oxida ion sys em
(Quesada-Peña e e al., 2012). MBR–RO sys ems achie ed >99% emo al o
many mic opollu an s (Dola e al., 2012; Nielsen e al., 2013).
AOPs, including ozona ion and H2O2/UV, we e s udied u he , as we e
adso p ion and me hods like ul asound, pho oca alysis, and Fen on (Nasuhoglu
e al., 2012; Quesada-Peña e e al., 2012). Pilo -scale s udies in 2013 e alua ed
ozone-based AOPs o emo ing up o 60 con aminan s (Ibáñez e al., 2013).
Polishing s eps pos -MBR included O3, O3+H2O2, PAC, and ClO2, wi h PAC
REVISTA CADERNO PEDAGÓGICO – S udies Publicações L da.
ISSN: 1983-0882
Page 20
REVISTA CADERNO PEDAGÓGICO – S udies Publicações e Edi o a L da., Cu i iba, .22, n.8, p. 01-33. 2025.
showing s ong pe o mance (Nielsen e al., 2013). Resin-based adso p ion was
also no ed (G imme , 2013).
In 2014, biodeg ada ion o pha maceu icals in ni i ying sludge was in es-
iga ed a low empe a u es (K uglo a e al., 2014), and emo al e iciency was
compa ed ac oss ea men sys ems like MTP, STS, and we lands (Du e al.,
2014).
La e s udies e iewed MOFs as p omising adso ben s (Hasan & Jhung,
2015), and nanoma e ials (ZnO, TiO2, Ag NPs, ZVI-modi ied biocha ) we e p o-
posed o mic obial con ol (Inyang & Dickenson, 2015). Ae obic G anula Sludge
(AGS) p o ed e ec i e o luoxe ine emo al h ough adso p ion/deso p ion
mechanisms (Mo ei a e al., 2015).
A b oad e iew o 168 mic opollu an s showed a iable emo al in con en-
ional plan s, wi h some compounds like ca eine being well emo ed, while o h-
e s like ca bamazepine pe sis ed. Pos - ea men wi h ozona ion and sand il a-
ion was ecommended (Ma go e al., 2015).
The li e a u e om 2016–2020 e lec s a g owing ocus on di e se emo al
s a egies o eme ging con aminan s, combining adso p ion, AOPs, biological
ea men s, and nano echnology. The e iewed sou ces ocus on emo ing
eme ging con aminan s—including PPCPs, EDCs, and pes icides—such as an-
ibio ics (e.g., amoxicillin, cip o loxacin), analgesics (e.g., diclo enac, ibup o en),
and o he s like ca bamazepine and iclosan (Ahmed e al., 2017; Guo e al.,
2020; Moji i e al., 2020; Rasheed e al., 2019; Sil a e al., 2018a, 2018b; Sophia
A. & Lima, 2018; Usha ipinachand an e al., 2020; Weng e al., 2018; Zhang e
al., 2017).
Adso p ion is widely s udied using ma e ials like ac i a ed ca bon, biocha ,
MOFs, and magne ic o modi ied adso ben s (Rocha e al., 2020; Sil a e al.,
2018b; Sophia A. & Lima, 2018; Thiebaul , 2020). S udies explo e in e ac ions,
kine ics, and mechanisms such as elec os a ic a ac ion (Rocha e al., 2020).
AOPs—Fen on, pho o-Fen on, ozona ion, pho oca alysis, ul asound—a e e-
quen ly ci ed o deg ading pha maceu icals (Ahmed e al., 2017; Mi zaei e al.,
2017; Mon eoli a-Ga cía e al., 2019; Tasca e al., 2020; Tolboom e al., 2019;
REVISTA CADERNO PEDAGÓGICO – S udies Publicações L da.
ISSN: 1983-0882
Page 21
REVISTA CADERNO PEDAGÓGICO – S udies Publicações e Edi o a L da., Cu i iba, .22, n.8, p. 01-33. 2025.
Zhu e al., 2019). Fe a e(VI) and elec ochemical me hods a e also discussed
(Ahmed e al., 2017; Feng e al., 2018).
Biological ea men s include cons uc ed we lands and memb ane bio e-
ac o s (San os e al., 2019; Thiebaul , 2020; Zaied e al., 2020), along wi h an-
ae obic diges ion (Gha as e al., 2017; Moji i e al., 2020). O he echniques in-
clude memb ane il a ion (Ahmed e al., 2017; Mon eoli a-Ga cía e al., 2019),
elec ocoagula ion (Tasca e al., 2020; Zaied e al., 2020), algae-based emo al
(Tolboom e al., 2019), and nanoma e ials like magne ic nanopa icles and sup-
po ed Fe/Ni (Guo e al., 2020; Rocha e al., 2020; Usha ipinachand an e al.,
2020; Weng e al., 2018).
In ecen yea s (2021 onwa ds), eme ging con aminan s, pa icula ly
PPCPs, ha e been inc easingly de ec ed in he en i onmen due o inadequa e
disposal om sou ces such as hospi al sewage, domes ic was e, and pha ma-
ceu ical e luen s (Abbasi e al., 2021). These compounds pose isks o human
heal h, ecosys ems, and can induce an ibio ic esis ance (Adeoye e al., 2024;
Fallah e al., n.d.; Deno a e al., 2024; Masinga e al., 2024; Mo eno-Be medo e
al., 2025).
A wide ange o ma e ials ha e been explo ed o eme ging con aminan s
adso p ion, including g anula ac i a ed ca bon, biocha s, ca bon nano ubes,
me al oxides, and nanocomposi es (Fallah e al., n.d.; Ajiboye e al., 2024;
Adeoye e al., 2024; Ahmad & Ejaz, 2023; Gau am e al., 2024; Mo eno-Be medo
e al., 2025). No ably, BiFeO₃ nanopa icles and chi osan-based composi es ha e
shown high e iciency o d ug emo al (Abbasi e al., 2021; Aminzai e al., 2023).
Func ionalized and magne ic ca bon ma e ials ha e also demons a ed p omising
euse po en ial (Adeoye e al., 2024; Adel Naji & Ta k Abd Ali, 2023).
Biological echniques include ungal and bac e ial bio emedia ion, MBRs,
sequencing ba ch eac o s, and cons uc ed we lands (Chand an e al., 2023;
Alazaiza e al., 2022; Bodle e al., 2022; Hdidou e al., 2022; Sal i-Taga e al.,
2024). In eg a ion o adso p ion wi h biological sys ems has imp o ed he emo al
o a ious d ugs (Chand an e al., 2023).
AOPs, including Fen on, Pho o-Fen on, and Elec o-Fen on, ha e been
ex ensi ely in es iga ed o PPCPs and dye deg ada ion (Ab amo e al., 2022;
REVISTA CADERNO PEDAGÓGICO – S udies Publicações L da.
ISSN: 1983-0882
Page 22
REVISTA CADERNO PEDAGÓGICO – S udies Publicações e Edi o a L da., Cu i iba, .22, n.8, p. 01-33. 2025.
Smułek e al., 2021; Al-how i e al., 2024; Adeoye e al., 2024; Mo eno-Be medo
e al., 2025). Ozona ion and pho oca alysis a e o en coupled wi h o he me hods
o enhanced e iciency (Hom-Diaz e al., 2022; Ponce-Robles e al., 2023). Elec-
ode ma e ials, such as modi ied biocha , ha e imp o ed deg ada ion a es in
Elec o-Fen on sys ems (Mo eno-Be medo e al., 2025). Addi ional ea men ap-
p oaches include coagula ion/ loccula ion wi h na u al coagulan s, memb ane il-
a ion, and in eg a ed AOP-biological p ocesses o comp ehensi e con aminan
emo al (Alazaiza e al., 2022; Miladi e al., 2024; Pachaiappan e al., 2022).
In closing, he ch onological syn hesis ou lined in his sec ion helps con-
ex ualize how scien i ic app oaches o pha maceu ical pollu ion ha e ad anced
o e ime, o e ing a ounda ion o u u e inno a ion and policy de elopmen .
5 CONCLUSION
Pha maceu ical con amina ion in aqua ic en i onmen s is in insically
linked o local socioeconomic condi ions. In egions wi h limi ed sani a ion in a-
s uc u e, ine ec i e was ewa e ea men sys ems, and inadequa e egula o y
amewo ks, pha maceu icals a e mo e likely o pe sis in wa e sou ces. Re-
sea ch ou pu in his ield has g own signi ican ly om 2000 o 2025, e lec ing
inc eased in e na ional collabo a ion, g ea e unding a ailabili y, and heigh ened
awa eness o he en i onmen al and heal h implica ions o pha maceu ical pollu-
an s. Funding agencies in China and Eu ope ha e domina ed he inancial land-
scape, wi h B azilian ins i u ions also playing a ele an ole, indica ing a s ong
geog aphical commi men o add essing his global issue. While high-income
coun ies such as he Uni ed S a es and Ge many lead in publica ion olume,
de eloping economies like India and B azil ha e also con ibu ed subs an ially o
he li e a u e—o en d i en by in e nal policy incen i es and he u gen need o
ensu e wa e quali y o hei popula ions.
F om he ull- ex analysis o key publica ions, se e al ecu ing pa e ns
and echnological p e e ences we e iden i ied. The mos common pha maceu ical
pollu an s include analgesics, an icon ulsan s, an ibio ics, and ho mone- ela ed
compounds—many o which pe sis h ough con en ional ea men . In esponse,
REVISTA CADERNO PEDAGÓGICO – S udies Publicações L da.
ISSN: 1983-0882
Page 23
REVISTA CADERNO PEDAGÓGICO – S udies Publicações e Edi o a L da., Cu i iba, .22, n.8, p. 01-33. 2025.
adso p ion has eme ged as he mos widely s udied app oach, pa icula ly using
ma e ials like ac i a ed ca bon, biocha , ca bon nano ubes, and me al oxides.
Complemen a y s a egies such as AOPs, memb ane il a ion, and biological
sys ems (e.g., memb ane bio eac o s, cons uc ed we lands) ha e also gained
ac ion. Recen ad ances poin o a end owa d in eg a ion: combining ea -
men me hods, employing nanoma e ials, and applying modeling ools o en-
hance pe o mance and scalabili y. These inno a ions e lec he ield’s in e dis-
ciplina y na u e and unde sco e he need o e icien , adap able solu ions, espe-
cially in ulne able egions whe e he heal h and en i onmen al s akes a e high-
es .
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This esea ch was pa ially suppo ed by he Resea ch Suppo Founda ion o he
S a e o Pe nambuco (FACEPE), p ojec numbe s: IBPG-1064-3.09/22 and BFP-
0146-3.09/23 and he Na ional Council o Scien i ic and Technological De elop-
men (CNPq), p ojec numbe : 465764/2014-2 - Obse a ó io Nacional da
Dinâmica da Água e de Ca bono no Bioma Caa inga (ONDACBC). Addi ionally,
he au ho s acknowledge unding om he Human Resou ces T aining P og am
o he B azilian Na ional Agency o Pe oleum, Na u al Gas, and Bio uels (PRH-
ANP) ia PRH 48.1/UFPE (ANP/FINEP G an s No. 48610.201019/2019-38 and
FAPESP G an s No. 2024/10544-2 and 2024/12259-3), suppo ed by esou ces
om oil companies quali ied unde Clause P (Resea ch, De elopmen , and Inno-
a ion) o ANP Resolu ion No. 50/2015.
REVISTA CADERNO PEDAGÓGICO – S udies Publicações L da.
ISSN: 1983-0882
Page 24
REVISTA CADERNO PEDAGÓGICO – S udies Publicações e Edi o a L da., Cu i iba, .22, n.8, p. 01-33. 2025.
REFERENCES
ABBASI, M. A. e al. Phase pu e syn hesis o lan hanum doped bismu h e i e
nanos uc u es o he adso p ion o doxo ubicin. Ce amics In e na ional, n.
10, p. 14390–14398, 2021.
ABDULLAH, H. K. e al. Syne ge ic e ec o Fe2O3 and Na2WO4 piezo ca alys
o emo e pha maceu icals was e in wa e . Ene gy Nexus, n. 16, p. 100332-
100342, 2024.
ABRAMOV, V. e al. Fas Deg ada ion o Te acycline and Cip o loxacin in
Municipal Wa e unde Hyd odynamic Ca i a ion/Plasma wi h CeO2
Nanoca alys . P ocesses, n. 10, p 2063-2078. 10, 2022.
ADEL NAJI, A., TARK ABD ALI, Z. A single-s ep me hod as a g een app oach
o ab ica e magne i e nanocomposi e o emo al o moxi loxacin and cadmium
om aqueous solu ions, En i onmen al Nano echnology, Moni o ing and
Managemen . n. 20, p. 100883-100893, 2023.
ADEOYE, J. B. e al. Ad anced oxida ion and biological in eg a ed p ocesses
o pha maceu ical was ewa e ea men : A e iew. Jou nal o En i onmen al
Managemen . Jou nal o en i onmen al Managemen , n. 353, p. 120170-
120198, 2024.
AHMAD, I. e al. Ca aly ic insigh s in o laccase o sus ainable emedia ion o
mul i ace ed pha maceu ically ac i e mic opollu an s om wa e ma ices: A
s a e-o -a e iew. Jou nal o Wa e P ocess Enginee ing, n. 70, p. 106901-
106918, 2025.
AHMAD, R., EJAZ, M. O. E icien adso p ion o c ys al iole (CV) dye on o
benign chi osan-modi ied L-cys eine/ben oni e (CS-Cys/Ben )
bionanocomposi e: Syn hesis, cha ac e iza ion and expe imen al s udies. Dyes
and Pigmen s, n. 216, p. 111305-111316, 2023.
AHMED, M. B. e al. P og ess in he biological and chemical ea men
echnologies o eme ging con aminan emo al om was ewa e : A c i ical
e iew. Jou nal o Haza dous Ma e ials, n. 323, p. 274–298, 2017.
AJIBOYE, T. O., OLADOYE, P. O., OMOTOLA, E. O. Adso p i e eclama ion o
pha maceu icals om was ewa e using ca bon-based ma e ials: A e iew.
Kuwai Jou nal o Science, n. 51, p. 100225-100238, 2024.
ALAZAIZA, M. Y. D. e al. Applica ion o Na u al Coagulan s o Pha maceu ical
Remo al om Wa e and Was ewa e : A Re iew. Wa e (Swi ze land), n. 14,
p. 140-156, 2022.
AL-HOWRI, B. M. e al. Pa ace amol in di e se wa e sou ces: heal h haza ds
and ea men e icacy emphasizing adso p ion echniques—a e iew.
In e na ional Jou nal o En i onmen al Science and Technology, n. 21, p.
9743-9762, 2024.
REVISTA CADERNO PEDAGÓGICO – S udies Publicações L da.
ISSN: 1983-0882
Page 25
REVISTA CADERNO PEDAGÓGICO – S udies Publicações e Edi o a L da., Cu i iba, .22, n.8, p. 01-33. 2025.
ALNEYADI, S. S. e al. Ibup o en emo al om wa e using he IB-COF
co alen o ganic amewo k. Jou nal o Haza dous Ma e ials Ad ances, n.
15, p. 100451-100461, 2024.
AMINZAI, M. T. e al. A Re iew on Recen Ad ances in Polyme -Assis ed
G een and Sus ainable Technology o Remedia ion o Pha maceu icals om
Wa e and Was ewa e . Wa e , Ai , and Soil Pollu , n. 234, p. 681-708, 2023.
ANLIKER, S. e al. La ge-scale assessmen o o ganic con aminan emissions
om chemical and pha maceu ical manu ac u ing in o Swiss su ace wa e s.
Wa e Resea ch, n. 215, p. 118221-118231, 2022.
BATTAGLIN, W. A, e al. Pha maceu icals, ho mones, pes icides, and o he
bioac i e con aminan s in wa e , sedimen , and issue om Rocky Moun ain
Na ional Pa k, 2012–2013. Science o he To al En i onmen , n. 643, p. 651–
673, 2018.
BODLE, K. B., PERNAT, M. R., KIRKLAND, C. M. Pha maceu ical So p ion o
Lab Ma e ials May O e es ima e Ra es o Remo al in Lab-Scale Bio eac o s.
Wa e , Ai , and Soil Pollu ion, n. 233, p. 100110-100134, 2022.
BOLEDA, M. R., GALCERAN, M. T., VENTURA, F. Beha io o
pha maceu icals and d ugs o abuse in a d inking wa e ea men plan (DWTP)
using combined con en ional and ul a il a ion and e e se osmosis (UF/RO)
ea men s. En i onmen al Pollu ion, n. 159, p. 1584–1591, 2011.
BORAH, G. e al. Mic obial ab ica ion o biogenic nanopa icles and hei
applica ions in wa e emedia ion. To al En i onmen Enginee ing, n. 2, p.
100006-100021, 2025.
BOUND, J. P., VOULVOULIS, N. Household disposal o pha maceu icals as a
pa hway o aqua ic con amina ion in he Uni ed Kingdom. En i onmen al
Heal h Pe spec i es, n. 113, p. 1705–1711, 2005.
BROSÉUS, R. e al. Ozone oxida ion o pha maceu icals, endoc ine dis up o s
and pes icides du ing d inking wa e ea men . Wa e Resea ch, n. 43, p.
4707–4717, 2009.
CAMPINAS, M. e al. To wha ex en may pha maceu icals and pes icides be
emo ed by PAC con en ional addi ion o low- u bidi y su ace wa e s and wha
a e he po en ial bo lenecks? Jou nal o Wa e P ocess Enginee ing, n. 40,
p. 101833-101845, 2021.
CANGOLA, J., ABAGALE, F. K., COBBINA, S. J. A sys ema ic e iew o
pha maceu ical and pe sonal ca e p oduc s as eme ging con aminan s in
wa e s: The pano ama o Wes A ica. Science o he To al En i onmen , n.
911, p. 168633-168648, 2024
CHANDRAN, P. e al. Biological ea men solu ions using bio eac o s o
en i onmen al con aminan s om indus ial was e wa e . Jou nal o Umm Al-
Qu a Uni e si y o Applied Sciences, n. 11, 185-207, 2023.
REVISTA CADERNO PEDAGÓGICO – S udies Publicações L da.
ISSN: 1983-0882
Page 32
REVISTA CADERNO PEDAGÓGICO – S udies Publicações e Edi o a L da., Cu i iba, .22, n.8, p. 01-33. 2025.
TERNES, T. A. e al. Remo al o pha maceu icals du ing d inking wa e
ea men . En i onmen al Science and Technology, n. 36, p. 3855–3863,
2002.
THIEBAULT, T. Raw and modi ied clays and clay mine als o he emo al o
pha maceu ical p oduc s om aqueous solu ions: S a e o he a and u u e
pe spec i es. C i ical Re iews in En i onmen al Science and Technology,
n. 50, p. 1451–1514, 2020.
TOLBOOM, S. N. e al. Algal-based emo al s a egies o haza dous
con aminan s om he en i onmen – A e iew. Science o he To al
En i onmen , n. 665, p. 358-366, 2019.
USHAVIPINACHANDRAN, V. e al. De oxi ica ion o Endoc ine Dis up o s in
Wa e Using Visible-Ligh -Ac i e Nanos uc u es: A Re iew. ACS Applied
Nano Ma e ials, n. 3, p. 11659–11687, 2020.
VEDAVYASAN, C. V. Comba ing wa e sho ages wi h inno a i e uses o
memb anes. Desalina ion, n. 132, p. 345-347, 2000.
VINTHER, L. e al. Fluo escence spec oscopy as an indica o ool o
pha maceu ical con amina ion in g oundwa e and su ace wa e .
Chemosphe e, n. 372, p. 144009-144019, 2025.
WATER QUALITY BY COUNTRY 2025. wo ldpopula ion e iew. A ailable a :
<h ps://wo ldpopula ion e iew.com/coun y- ankings/wa e -quali y-by-coun y>.
Accssed in: 2 jun. 2025.
WENG, X. e al. Simul aneous emo al o amoxicillin, ampicillin and penicillin by
clay suppo ed Fe/Ni bime allic nanopa icles. En i onmen al Pollu ion, n.
236, p. 562–569, 2018.
WHELEHAN, M., VON STOCKAR, U., MARISON, I. W. Remo al o
pha maceu icals om wa e : Using liquid-co e mic ocapsules as a no el
app oach. Wa e Resea ch, n. 44, p. 2314–2324, 2010.
WHITE, J. R., BELMONT, M. A., METCALFE, C. D. Pha maceu ical
compounds in was ewa e : We land ea men as a po en ial solu ion. The
Scien i ic Wo ld Jou nal, n.6, p. 1731,1736, 2006.
WINTGENS, T. e al. Eme ging con aminan s and ea men op ions in wa e
ecycling o indi ec po able use. Wa e Science and Technology, n. 57, p.
99-107, 2008.
WISE Me ics - Beyond-GDP. Uni e si ei Leiden. A ailable a :
<h ps://beyond-gdp.wo ld/wise-da abase/wise-me ics>. Accessed in:
2 jun. 2025.
YOUNG, M. H. e al. Field-Scale Moni o ing o Pha maceu ical Compounds
Applied o Ac i e Gol Cou ses by Recycled Wa e . Jou nal o En i onmen al
Quali y, n. 43, p. 658–670, 2014.
REVISTA CADERNO PEDAGÓGICO – S udies Publicações L da.
ISSN: 1983-0882
Page 33
REVISTA CADERNO PEDAGÓGICO – S udies Publicações e Edi o a L da., Cu i iba, .22, n.8, p. 01-33. 2025.
ZAIED, B. K. e al. A comp ehensi e e iew on con aminan s emo al om
pha maceu ical was ewa e by elec ocoagula ion p ocess. Science o he
To al En i onmen , n. 726, p. 1-27, 2020.
ZHANG, Y. e al. Remo al o eme ging o ganic con aminan s wi h a pilo -scale
bio il e packed wi h na u al manganese oxides. Chemical Enginee ing
Jou nal, n. 317, p. 454–460, 2017.
ZHU, Y. e al. Remo al o chela ed hea y me als om aqueous solu ion: A
e iew o cu en me hods and mechanisms. Science o he To al
En i onmen , n. 678, p. 253-266, 2019.
