Keweenaw Bay Indian Community Climate-Related Change Survey Report

Keweenaw Bay Indian Communi y Clima e-Rela ed Change Su ey Repo
1
2025
Keweenaw Bay Indian Communi y Clima e-Rela ed
Change Su ey Repo
E in Johns on
Ka ena Schmid
Rachel Ta pey
Thi Mai Anh T an
Valo ee Gagnon
Chelsea Schelly
E ika Vye
Keweenaw Bay Indian Communi y –
Na u al Resou ces Depa men
13 Sep embe 2025
Keweenaw Bay Indian Communi y Clima e-Rela ed Change Su ey Repo
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Table o Con en s
Table o Con en s ..................................................................................................................................... 2
Acknowledgmen s .................................................................................................................................... 3
1. In oduc ion ...................................................................................................................................... 4
2. Me hods ............................................................................................................................................. 6
2.1. Su ey design .................................................................................................................................. 6
2.2. E hical s a emen ............................................................................................................................. 6
2.3. Da a collec ion ................................................................................................................................ 6
2.4. Da a analysis ................................................................................................................................... 7
3. Resul s ............................................................................................................................................... 8
3.1. Pa icipan s cha ac e is ics .............................................................................................................. 8
3.2. F equency o o es in e ac ions ...................................................................................................... 9
3.3. Impo ance o o es s..................................................................................................................... 11
3.4. In luence o clima e- ela ed change .............................................................................................. 13
3.4.1. Landscape obse a ions ..................................................................................................... 14
3.4.2. In luence o clima e- ela ed changes on esponden s’ li elihoods and cul u al aspec s ... 19
3.5. Conce ns and Hopes o o es s .................................................................................................... 21
3.5.1. Conce n o o es s ............................................................................................................ 21
3.5.2. Hopes o he u u e o o es s ........................................................................................... 24
4. Discussions and Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 26
Re e ences .............................................................................................................................................. 27
Appendix A. Ques ionnai es ................................................................................................................. 30
Appendix B. C onbach’s alpha esul s ................................................................................................ 33
Appendix C. Responses’ ables ac oss wo g oups ............................................................................. 34
Table 3.2. F equency o isi ing o es s o di e en pu poses be ween T ibal and non-T ibal
g oups ............................................................................................................................................... 34
Table 3.3. Impo ance o o es s o li elihood and cul u al aspec s o T ibal and non-T ibal g oups
......................................................................................................................................................... 36
Table 3.4.1. Changes in landscape epo ed by su eyed pa icipan s. ........................................... 38
Table 3.4.2. In luence o clima e- ela ed changes on di e en li elihood and cul u al aspec s
ac oss T ibal and non-T ibal g oups. ............................................................................................... 40
Acknowledgmen s
Miigwech o all T ibal and non-T ibal pa icipan s who a ended KBIC Pow Wow 2023 and illed ou
ou clima e- ela ed change su ey. Thei in o ma ion and opinions a e ex emely aluable o he
ongoing and u u e guidance o policies and p ojec s, which help o ensu e ou planning and s a egies
align wi h communi y p io i ies, conce ns, and needs.
Miigwech o all he consul an s who pa icipa ed in he c ea ion, design, and con en o he 2023
Su ey, Repo , and Public P esen a ion: Thi Mai Anh T an, Valo ee Gagnon, and Chelsea Schelly o
Su ey Design and Me hods; E ika Vye o Su ey Ques ionnai e. Thei p o essional expe ience and
expe ise con ibu ed o he quali y o he su ey, his epo , and esul ing public p esen a ions.
Miigwech o all he KBIC-NRD and KBIC-Fo es y Depa men S a who dedica ed hei ime and
knowledge: E in Johns on, Wildli e & Habi a Manage ; Ka ena Schmid , Ecologis ; and Rachel
Ta pey, Fo es e .
Miigwech o KBIC Cul u al Commi ee who suppo ed he su ey e o and o ganized ou su ey
boo h a KBIC Pow Wow 2023.
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1. In oduc ion
Fo es s a e undamen al o he sus enance o human li e and li elihoods, se ing as sou ces o ood, wa e ,
shel e , and en i onmen al se ices o coun less communi ies wo ldwide (T umbo e e al., 2015).
Howe e , how hese communi ies in e ac wi h o es s, pe cei e hei signi icance, and na iga e he
impac s o clima e- ela ed changes on o es ecosys ems and associa ed li elihoods can a y signi ican ly
(Lawle and Bullock 2017; Domke e al., 2023).
T ibal communi ies iew o es s as much mo e han jus na u al esou ces. Fo es s a e in e wined wi h
hei cul u al iden i ies, spi i ual belie s, and li elihood ac i i ies such as hun ing, ishing, and ga he ing
medicinal plan s and ood (Dock y e al., 2022). The ela ionships be ween Indigenous communi ies and
o es s a e deeply oo ed and cul i a ed o e gene a ions h ough he ansmission o T adi ional
Ecological Knowledge (Gagnon e al., 2013). The Keweenaw Bay Indian Communi y (KBIC), a Na i e
Ame ican communi y loca ed along Lake Supe io in Michigan's Uppe Peninsula, exempli ies his
p o ound connec ion. As he s a e's la ges ese a ion, KBIC is one o many ibes wi h cen u ies-old
adi ional and spi i ual ies o he land, wa e s, ish, and wildli e. Many T ibal membe s oday p ac ice
subsis ence and comme cial ha es ing as i has been li ed h ough he gene a ions. These T ibal p ac ices
a e also p o ec ed by a land cession ea y be ween he Chippewa and he ede al go e nmen , he 1842
T ea y o La Poin e. Acco ding o he ea y, he bands in en ionally ese ed hei igh s o ish, hun ,
and ga he on ceded e i o ies. Fo many gene a ions, he Ojibwa o KBIC ha e ac i ely engaged in long-
e m planning and s ewa dship o he o es ecosys em while balancing he people's su i ance,
li elihood, and esilience.
On he o he hand, non-T ibal communi ies may ha e less di ec cul u al ies o o es s (Dock y e al.,
2022). Thei in e ac ions wi h o es s a e o en shaped by socioeconomic ac o s like household size and
income (Shishany e al., 2020; Da boe e al., 2023; Chishaleshale e al., 2024). Fo ins ance,
socioeconomic necessi y o en d i es di ec esou ce ex ac ion. Chishaleshale e al. (2024) ound ha
la ge households collec mo e o es p oduc s o mee g ea e subsis ence needs, while Da boe e al.
(2023) no ed ha communi ies in Gambia p io i ized ma e ial goods like imbe and uelwood o e non-
ma e ial bene i s. In con as , weal hie households o en de i e alue om o es s indi ec ly. Acco ding
o Lang e al. (2023), he inancial bene i s o conse a ion, such as inc eased p ope y alues,
disp opo iona ely low o weal hie households, highligh ing a di e en o m o o es eliance based on
economic ad an age a he han daily necessi y.
Inc easing clima e-induced ex eme wea he e en s such as hu icanes, d ough s, and loods pose
signi ican h ea s o bo h T ibal and non-T ibal communi ies such as esul ing in loss o li e, des uc ion
o in as uc u e and p ope y, and dis up ion o economic ac i i ies (Sahu e al., 2022). Howe e ,
Indigenous g oups a e disp opo iona ely impac ed by hese clima e ins abili y e ec s and a e among he
mos ulne able popula ions in he wo ld (Na ional Wildli e Fede a ion, 2011; STACCWG, 2021). The
heigh ened suscep ibili y o Indigenous communi ies s ems om se e al key ac o s. Fi s , many
Indigenous peoples eside in ela i ely isola ed, u al, and en i onmen ally p eca ious a eas like
coas lines, small islands, a c ic egions, ain o es s, and d ylands (F i ze e al., 2008; Why e e al., 2023).
These geog aphical ma ginal a eas a e limi ed in hei access o esou ces and in as uc u e and a e o en
exposed o clima e haza ds such as sea-le el ise, d ough s, loods, and wild i es, which exace ba es he
ulne abili y o Indigenous communi ies o he impac s o clima e change (McMichael e al., 2012; Why e
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e al., 2023). Secondly, T ibal lands o en consis o a agmen ed land base wi h checke boa ded
owne ship o a e con ined wi hin limi ed ese a ions, which complica es he managemen and adap a ion
e o s (Na ional Wildli e Fede a ion, 2011). Finally, Indigenous li elihoods, cul u al p ac ices, and
ce emonies a e o en ied o speci ic species o ecosys ems, dis up ions o hese sys ems jeopa dize
Indigenous ways o li e, and hei knowledge sys ems, and pu he cul u al su i al o T ibal na ions a
isk (Why e e al., 2023).
Public engagemen is he i s c ucial s ep in inco po a ing people’s in e es s, conce ns, and needs
(Kha ibi e al., 2021). In o de o ensu e he ele ance o policy legi imacy and build us wi h
communi ies, he e is an u gen need o inclusi e, communi y-d i en esea ch ha ampli ies he oices
and li ed expe iences o hose mos a ec ed by clima e-induced changes o o es ecosys ems. Cen e ing
Indigenous oices in esea ch and decision-making is also essen ial o espec ing cul u al adi ions,
le e aging adi ional ecological knowledge o sus ainable managemen , upholding sel -de e mina ion
igh s, and p omo ing equi able, cul u ally ele an policies (Why e, 2018; E ickson e al., 2022).
Aligning wi h he UN Decla a ion on he Righ s o Indigenous Peoples, his pa icipa o y app oach os e s
c oss-cul u al dialogue suppo ing collabo a i e solu ions g ounded in di e se knowledge sys ems and
alues (Why e, 2018).
This s udy was pa o a b oade esea ch p ojec “B idging Indigenous and Wes e n Sciences o
Resilience, Li elihood, and S ewa dship Planning: An Ojibwa Fo es Ecosys em Cha ac e iza ion,”
unded by he USDA Na ional Ins i u e o Food and Ag icul u e McIn i e-S ennis and he Na ional
Science Founda ion (awa d #7001323). Conduc ed in pa ne ship wi h he KBIC and ollowing KBIC
Resea ch Guidance (2023), his s udy aims o unde s and he pe spec i es o T ibal and non-T ibal
indi iduals on hei ela ionships wi h o es ecosys ems and hei expe iences wi h clima e- ela ed
change e en s. The KBIC Na u al Resou ces Depa men and Fo es y Depa men join ly collabo a ed
in de eloping and designing he s udy. Fou esea ch ques ions we e:
(1) Wha a e he o es in e ac ions o T ibal and non-T ibal people?
(2) How a e o es s impo an o he well-being o T ibal and non-T ibal people?
(3) How do clima e- ela ed changes in luence he li elihood and cul u al aspec s o T ibal and non-T ibal
people?
(4) Wha a e he conce ns and hopes o local communi ies o he u u e o o es s?
By examining hese ques ions h ough a communi y-di ec ed esea ch app oach, his s udy aims o deepen
he unde s anding o he mul i ace ed oles ha o es s play in sus aining he li es, li elihoods, and
cul u es o bo h T ibal and non-T ibal peoples. Fu he , i also examines he impac s o clima e- ela ed
changes on he cul u e and li elihoods ac oss hese g oups. The indings aim o guide he de elopmen
o inclusi e na u al esou ce policies, clima e adap a ion s a egies, and o es s ewa dship p ac ices ha
accommoda es di e se needs while espec ing he igh s, alues, and aspi a ions o all s akeholde s
con on ing he escala ing challenges o en i onmen al change.

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2. Me hods
2.1. Su ey design
A su ey was designed as a con enience sample o assess he knowledge and pe cep ion o o es oles,
clima e- ela ed change, and he e ec o clima e change on li elihood and cul u al aspec s o bo h T ibal
and non-T ibal people (Appendix A-Ques ionnai es). On he heade o each ques ionnai e, an
in oduc ion was included o in o m he pa icipan s wi h he aim o he s udy and o ob ain consen . The
su ey was composed o eigh ques ions in o al. The demog aphic cha ac e is ics o pa icipan s we e
assessed in he i s h ee ques ions (Ques ion 1 – 3) and included T ibal a ilia ion, coun y/s a e o
esidence, and age. All ques ion and answe op ions we e w i en in English.
Beha io assessmen . One ques ion (Ques ion 4) composed o 12 i ems cap u ed he pa icipan ’s
expe ience on hei in e ac ions wi h o es s in he las yea . The answe op ions we e acco ding o a i e-
poin Like scale (weekly, biweekly, mon hly, bimon hly, once a yea ) along wi h he no applicable
op ion.
Pe cep ion assessmen . Fi s , pa icipan s we e asked o a e (on a scale o 10) he impo ance o o es s
o hei cul u al aspec s and li elihood ac i i ies, which a e composed o 9 i ems (Ques ion 5). Nex , one
ques ion composed o 18 i ems asking pa icipan s o iden i y he changes in he landscape in hei
communi y du ing he las i e yea s (Ques ion 6). The answe s included ou op ions: dec ease, s ay he
same, inc ease, and no su e. A e ha , one ques ion (Ques ion 7) composed o 12 i ems asking o hei
opinions on how he changes in he landscape in luence hei abili y o cul u al and li elihood ac i i ies
compa ed wi h he las i e yea s. The answe op ions ollowed a i e-poin Like scale (much be e ,
somewha be e , s ayed he same, somewha wo se, much wo se) along wi h he no applicable op ion.
Finally, an open-ended ques ion (Ques ion 8) asked pa icipan s o lis hei bigges conce ns and/o hopes
o he u u e o he o es s.
2.2. E hical s a emen
The su ey and ques ionnai es we e app o ed by Michigan Technological Uni e si y Ins i u ional
Re iew Boa d (IRB) and we e designed o ensu e con iden iali y and anonymi y o he pa icipan s. P io
o pa icipa ing in his s udy, e bal consen was ob ained om all pa icipan s. Pa icipan s we e
in o med o wha hey we e being asked o do; hei pa icipa ion was comple ely olun a y, he e was
no isk in ol ed, and could wi hd aw hei consen a any ime.
2.3. Da a collec ion
The su ey was conduc ed a he KBIC summe powwow o wo days. KBIC T ibal leade ship
coo dina ed ou p esence by se ing up ou boo h o ec ui pa icipan s. The boo h included a en , a able
p esen ed wi h su ey ques ionnai es and KBIC Na u al Resou ces Depa men ’s b ochu es, a banne
wi h in o ma ion abou esea ch pa ne ship be ween KBIC and Michigan Technological Uni e si y, a
able wi h h ee d awing p izes including books, jams, kimchi, co ee, ea, mugs, sun ha as incen i es o
pa icipan s, and a able wi h pen, c ayons, colo ing pic u es, and candies o child en.
Two o mo e eam membe s we e p esen a he boo h h oughou he su ey o ec ui s udy pa icipan s.
Team membe s engaged wi h anyone passing by he boo h wi h a g ee ing and a b ie in oduc ion abou
he o es ela ionship and clima e- ela ed change su ey and ha hey would be eligible o en e a
d awing o win one o h ee p izes i hey comple ed he o m. The eam also eminded pa icipan s abou
Keweenaw Bay Indian Communi y Clima e-Rela ed Change Su ey Repo
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he ques ionnai e's leng h, how long i would ake o comple e, and add essed any ques ions o p o ided
addi ional in o ma ion as needed.
2.4. Da a analysis
A e ga he ing all he su eys, he da a we e impo ed in o an Excel sp eadshee . We excluded su eys
submi ed by indi iduals unde 18 yea s o age and su eys whe e ques ions 4-7 we e no comple ely
answe ed. The da a we e hen analyzed and isualized using RS udio ( e sion 2024.04.0 Build 735) and
Mic oso Excel.
Gi en ha his s udy is explo a o y in na u e and aimed a gaining ini ial insigh s, desc ip i e s a is ical
analysis was mo e app op ia e han p edic i e analyses o in e p e ing he esul s. Fu he mo e, o ensu e
he eliabili y o he mul i-i em scales used o assess in e ac ion wi h o es s (Q4), obse a ions o changes
in o es landscapes (Q5), pe cep ions o o es impo ance (Q6), and he in luence o clima e- ela ed
changes (Q7), in e nal consis ency was e alua ed using C onbach’s alpha (Tabe , 2017).
C onbach’s alpha is o en used o assess he deg ee o which a se o i ems measu es a single la en
cons uc , wi h alues anging om 0 o 1 (Geo ge and Malle y, 2003). Gene ally, a C onbach’s alpha o
0.70 o highe is conside ed accep able, while alues be ween 0.60 and 0.70 sugges ques ionable
eliabili y. Values below 0.60 may indica e poo in e nal consis ency and sugges he need o scale
e inemen (Geo ge and Malle y, 2003). As his s udy is explo a o y, sligh ly lowe C onbach’s alpha
alues a e conside ed accep able o iden i ying p elimina y ends and in o ming u u e esea ch
di ec ions (Tabe , 2017).
The ollowing indings a e p esen ed o add ess esea ch ques ions o his s udy.
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3. Resul s
The esul s will be p esen ed in ou p ima y pa s as ollows: Pa icipan s cha ac e is ics, Fo es
in e ac ions ( esea ch ques ion 1), Fo es alues ( esea ch ques ion 2), Clima e- ela ed change impac s
( esea ch ques ion 3), Conce ns and hopes o o es ( esea ch ques ion 4).
3.1. Pa icipan s cha ac e is ics
A o al o 265 esponses we e collec ed. We excluded 9 esponden s who we e unde 18 yea s old and 24
who did no comple e Ques ions 4 o 7.
Ou da a included 232 pa icipan s, wi h 47.5% (n = 110) being T ibal pa icipan s and 52.5% (n = 122)
om non-T ibal pa icipan s. In he T ibal g oup, he majo i y a 21.5% (n = 50) we e om KBIC,
ollowed by 16% (n = 37) om o he T ibal na ions ou side o Michigan, and 10% (n = 23) we e om
T ibal na ions wi hin Michigan. In he non-T ibal g oup, Michigan esiden s ep esen he la ges a
42.2% (n = 98), ollowed by 10.3% (n = 24) we e om o he s a es. Figu e 3.1 shows he g oups
dis ibu ions by su ey esponden s.
Figu e 3.1. Su eyed pa icipan s’ g oup by T ibal a ilia ion and loca ion o esidence
In e ms o hei esiding s a e, he majo i y, a 74.6% (n = 173), we e om Michigan. This was ollowed
by Wisconsin a 7.8% (n=18), Illinois a 4% (n=10), and Minneso a also a 4 % (n=10). The median and
mean age we e 43.5 and 39 yea s old espec i ely, wi h all ages anging om 18 o 85 yea s. A
dis ibu ion o esiding s a es and age o pa icipan s is lis ed in Table 3.1.
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Table 3.1. Dis ibu ion o esiding s a es and age o pa icipan s
Non-T ibal g oup
(n = 122)
T ibal g oup
(n = 110)
O e all
(n = 232)
S a e
Alaska
1 (0.8%)
1 (0.9%)
2 (0.9%)
Illinois
6 (4.9%)
4 (3.6%)
10 (4.3%)
Michigan
99 (81.1%)
75 (68.2%)
174 (75.0%)
Minneso a
4 (3.3%)
6 (5.5%)
10 (4.3%)
Ohio
1 (0.8%)
2 (1.8%)
3 (1.3%)
Vi ginia
2 (1.6%)
0 (0%)
2 (0.9%)
Wisconsin
6 (4.9%)
12 (10.9%)
18 (7.8%)
Cali o nia
0 (0%)
2 (1.8%)
2 (0.9%)
Canada
0 (0%)
6 (5.5%)
6 (2.6%)
Massachuse s
0 (0%)
1 (0.9%)
1 (0.4%)
New Mexico
0 (0%)
1 (0.9%)
1 (0.4%)
Missing
3 (2.5%)
0 (0%)
3 (1.3%)
Age
Mean (SD)
44.1 (19.3)
42.9 (17.8)
43.5 (18.6)
Median [Min, Max]
40.0 [18.0, 85.0]
39.0 [18.0, 81.0]
39.0 [18.0, 85.0]
Missing
11 (9.0%)
12 (10.9%)
23 (9.9%)
3.2. F equency o o es in e ac ions
Pa icipan s a ed hei equencies o 11 o es - ela ed ac i i ies on a six-poin Like scale (weekly,
biweekly, mon hly, bimon hly, once a yea , and no applicable). C onbach’s alpha o he equency o
o es in e ac ions was 0.61 (see Appendix B). Al hough a C onbach’s alpha abo e 0.7 is o en desi ed,
0.61 is accep able in his con ex due o di e si y o ac i i ies included (i.e., ec ea ion, hun ing, ga he ing
medicinal plan s). Addi ionally, he eliabili y sco e o 0.61 can also be explained by di e ences in
ac i i y pa e ns be ween T ibal and non-T ibal pa icipan s. T ibal pa icipan s engaged mo e equen ly
in cul u ally and adi ionally signi ican ac i i ies, such as hun ing, making adi ional ce emonial i ems
and ga he ing medicinal plan s, hus c ea ing he di e se pa e ns o o es usage.
In gene al, a majo i y o pa icipan s engaged wi h he o es o ec ea ion (90%) and spi i ual well-being
and pe sonal en ichmen (81%). O he ac i i ies included ga he ing ma e ials o non-comme cial
ac i i ies (70%), collec ing plan s o adi ional ood o d ink (66%), sha ing knowledge and skills wi h
o he s (65%), ishing (61%), medicinal plan s ga he ing (44%), hun ing (40%), making
adi ional/ce emonial i ems o non-comme cial use (39%), ha es ing ma e ials o comme cial ac i i y
(10%), and apping (12%). Two esponden s added wo ac i i ies: ecological es o a ion and
pa icipa ing in a ai h communi y. Fu he , he e we e di e ences in he equencies o o es - ela ed
ac i i ies be ween T ibal and non-T ibal pa icipan s. Howe e , only making adi ional o ce emonial
i ems appea ed o be signi ican ly di e en (p < 0.001). The esponse esul s a e p esen ed in Figu e 3.2
and Appendix C-Table 3.2.
Hun ing, Fishing, and T apping: T ibal pa icipan s epo ed highe o e all engagemen in hun ing
(46% s. 34% non-T ibal), ishing (65% s. 57%), and apping (15% s. 9%). Howe e , non-T ibal
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Be ies: Al hough he pe cen ages o T ibal and non-T ibal pa icipan s epo ed changes in be y
popula ions migh appea simila , hei esponse pa e ns we e signi ican ly di e en (p = 0.026). A highe
pe cen age o T ibal pa icipan s (33%) epo ed a dec ease in be ies. While a highe pe cen age o non-
T ibal pa icipan s (38%) epo ed no change in end.
In summa y, app oxima ely hal o pa icipan s obse ed changes in o es ege a ion o e he pas i e
yea s. Fo es co e changes we e he mos widely epo ed, wi h abou one- hi d no ing dec eases ac oss
bo h g oups. The mos no able di e ence was ha T ibal pa icipan s obse ed mo e declines in be y
popula ions compa ed o non-T ibal pa icipan s, who gene ally epo ed be y popula ions as s able.
b) Obse a ions ela ed o wildli e, ish, and insec s.
The C onbach’s alpha o obse a ions ela ed o wildli e, ish, and insec s was 0.78, indica ing a good
le el o in e nal consis ency (see Appendix B).
O e all, 49% o pa icipan s epo ed changes in he wildli e, ish, and insec s in hei communi ies in he
las i e yea s. The highes pe cen age o pa icipan s (67%) no iced changes in dee popula ion, ollowed
by 62% obse ed changes in insec s, 48% in ish popula ions in s eams, 37% in bea , and 34% in u ed
g ouse. Th ee esponden s epo ed an inc ease in skunks, abbi s, and bi ds. The e was a signi ican
di e ence be ween T ibal and non-T ibal pa icipan s no icing changes in ish popula ions in s eams (p
= 0.033). Figu e 3.4.1b p esen s he changes in wildli e, ish, and insec s epo ed by pa icipan s.
Bea : Mos pa icipan s (21%) epo ed no change in bea popula ions. Howe e , mo e pa icipan s (18%)
in he T ibal g oup epo ed an inc ease in bea popula ions, compa ed o 9.8% o non-T ibal pa icipan s.
While mos o he non-T ibal pa icipan s (25%) epo ed no change in end.
Dee : On a e age, mos pa icipan s (31%) epo ed an inc ease in dee popula ions, wi h 33% o non-
T ibal pa icipan s and 30% o T ibal pa icipan s. Followed by 27% o pa icipan s epo ed no change
in he popula ion end, wi h simila p opo ions among T ibal (27%) and non-T ibal (26%) pa icipan s.
Ru ed g ouse: Bo h g oups epo ed simila obse a ions ega ding changes in u ed g ouse
popula ions, wi h he majo i y o pa icipan s (22%) epo ed no change end.
Fish popula ion in s eams: The e was a signi ican di e ence (p = 0.033) be ween he wo g oups in
hei obse a ions o changes in ish popula ions in s eams. A sligh ly highe pe cen age o T ibal
pa icipan s (33%) epo ed a dec ease in ish popula ions compa ed o 30% o non-T ibal pa icipan s.
While non-T ibal pa icipan s had a highe pe cen age epo ing no change (25%), compa ed o 15% o
T ibal pa icipan s.
Insec s: On a e age, mos pa icipan s (41%) epo ed an inc ease in insec popula ions, wi h no
di e ence ac oss he wo g oups.

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Figu e 3.4.1b. Changes in landscape epo ed by pa icipan s ela ed o wildli e, ish, and insec s and p
alues (Signi ican codes: 0***’ 0.001‘**’ 0.01‘*’).
In summa y, abou hal o pa icipan s obse ed changes in wildli e and insec popula ions o e he pas
i e yea s. Dee popula ions changes we e mos commonly epo ed, ollowed by insec s. The mos
no able di e ence be ween wo g oups was T ibal pa icipan s epo ed mo e dec eases and ewe “no
change” esponses in ish popula ion han non-T ibal pa icipan s.
c) Obse a ions ela ed o wea he pa e ns and human ac i i ies.
The C onbach’s alpha o obse a ions ela ed o wea he pa e ns and human ac i i ies was 0.71,
indica ing a good le el o in e nal consis ency (see Appendix B).
Keweenaw Bay Indian Communi y Clima e-Rela ed Change Su ey Repo
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O e all, 74.5% o pa icipan s epo ed changes in he wea he pa e ns and human ac i i ies in hei
communi ies in he las i e yea s. The highes pe cen age o pa icipan s (87%) no iced changes in
empe a u e, ollowed by 86% obse ed changes in snow all, 76% in wa e le els in s eams, 75% in
looding, 73% in human ac i i ies, and 63% in soil e osion. Figu e 3.4.1c p esen s he pa icipan s’
answe s o each i em.
Tempe a u e, looding, and soil e osion: The majo i y o pa icipan s obse ed an inc ease in
empe a u e, looding, and soil e osion o e he las i e yea s, wi h a pe cen age o 65%, 50%, and 47%
espec i ely. A ound 39%, 26%, and 17% s a ed ha empe a u es, looding, and soil e osion,
espec i ely, s ayed he same du ing his pe iod. The e we e no di e ences be ween he wo g oups in
iden i ying hese changes.
Wa e le el in s eams: The e was a ma ginally signi ican di e ence be ween he wo g oups in hei
obse a ions o changes in wa e le els in s eams. A highe pe cen age o T ibal pa icipan s (38%)
epo ed an inc ease in wa e le els compa ed o non-T ibal pa icipan s (25%). Addi ionally, mo e non-
T ibal pa icipan s (27%) obse ed a dec ease in wa e le els compa ed o T ibal pa icipan s (23%).
Snow all: Bo h g oups epo ed simila obse a ions ega ding changes in snow all, wi h a ound 37-38%
o pa icipan s indica ing a dec ease in snow all. Howe e , a highe pe cen age o T ibal pa icipan s
(25%) obse ed an inc ease in snow all compa ed o non-T ibal pa icipan s (21%).
Human ac i i ies: Bo h g oups epo ed simila obse a ions ega ding changes in human ac i i ies, wi h
a ound 52-56% o pa icipan s indica ing an inc ease in human ac i i ies o e he las i e yea s.
Keweenaw Bay Indian Communi y Clima e-Rela ed Change Su ey Repo
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Figu e 3.4.1c. Changes in landscape epo ed by pa icipan s ela ed o wea he pa e ns and human
ac i i ies and p alues (Signi ican codes: 0‘***’ 0.001‘**’ 0.01‘*’).
In summa y, app oxima ely 75% o pa icipan s obse ed en i onmen al changes in hei communi ies
o e he pas i e yea s, wi h consensus a ound inc easing empe a u es and human ac i i ies, and
dec easing snow all. While T ibal and non-T ibal g oups epo ed simila pa e ns in mos ca ego ies,
T ibal pa icipan s obse ed mo e inc eases in wa e le els in s eams.
3.4.2. In luence o clima e- ela ed changes on esponden s’ li elihoods and cul u al aspec s
The C onbach’s alpha o in luence o clima e- ela ed changes on li elihoods and cul u al aspec s was
0.86, indica ed high in e nal consis ency (see Appendix B).
Keweenaw Bay Indian Communi y Clima e-Rela ed Change Su ey Repo
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Figu e 3.4.2 and he Appendix-Table 3.4.2 p esen he pe cei ed in luence o clima e- ela ed changes on
11 li elihood and cul u al aspec s among T ibal and non-T ibal pa icipan s. The e was a signi ican
di e ence be ween he wo g oups in pa icipan s’ abili y o medicinal plan s ga he ing (p = 0.006) and
ga he ing ma e ials o making adi ional i ems (p = 0.018).
Figu e 3.4.2. In luence o clima e- ela ed changes on di e en li elihood and cul u al aspec s ac oss
T ibal and non-T ibal g oups and p alues (Signi ican codes: 0***’ 0.001‘**’ 0.01‘*’).
Hun ing, Fishing, and T apping: On a e age, mos pa icipan s epo ed no in luence o landscape
changes on hun ing (23%), ishing (30%), o apping (14%) abili ies. Howe e , he e was a ma ginally
signi ican di e ence (p = 0.057) in hun ing be ween g oups, wi h 18% o T ibal pa icipan s epo ing
somewha wo se impac s compa ed o 11% o non-T ibal pa icipan s.
Keweenaw Bay Indian Communi y Clima e-Rela ed Change Su ey Repo
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Ga he ing medicinal plan s and Collec ing plan s o adi ional ood o d ink: On a e age, mos
pa icipan s pe cei ed no change in abili y o ga he medicinal plan s (24%) o adi ional ood/d ink
plan s (34%). Howe e , T ibal pa icipan s we e signi ican ly mo e likely (23%) o epo somewha
wo se impac s on medicinal plan ga he ing compa ed o non-T ibal pa icipan s (9.8%) (p = 0.006).
Making adi ional ce emonial i ems (non-comme cial use): On a e age, mos pa icipan s pe cei ed
no change in hei abili y o make adi ional ce emonial i ems (25%). Howe e , T ibal pa icipan s we e
signi ican ly mo e likely (15%) o epo somewha wo se impac s compa ed o non-T ibal pa icipan s
(5.7%) (p = 0.018).
Ga he ing ma e ials o non-comme cial ac i i ies and o comme cial ac i i ies: On a e age, mos
pa icipan s epo ed no change in ga he ing o non-comme cial (36%) o comme cial (20%) ac i i ies.
Howe e , a sligh ly highe pe cen age o T ibal pa icipan s el ha clima e- ela ed changes had a
somewha wo se impac on hei abili y o ga he ma e ials o bo h ac i i ies (16% and 11%) compa ed
o non-T ibal pa icipan s (11% and 7.4%).
Rec ea ion, Spi i ual well-being, and pe sonal en ichmen , and Sha ing knowledge and skills wi h
o he s: On a e age, mos pa icipan s pe cei ed no change in hei abili y o ec ea ion ac i i ies (39%),
o spi i ual well-being and pe sonal en ichmen ac i i ies (39%), and o sha ing knowledge and skills
wi h o he s (33%). Howe e , a sligh ly highe pe cen age o T ibal pa icipan s (11% and 13%) el ha
clima e- ela ed changes had much be e e ec s on hei spi i ual well-being and pe sonal en ichmen and
sha ing knowledge and skills wi h o he s compa ed o non-T ibal pa icipan s (6.6% and 4.1%).
In summa y, mos pa icipan s pe cei ed no majo changes in hei li elihoods and cul u al p ac ices due
o clima e- ela ed changes. Howe e , T ibal pa icipan s signi ican ly epo ed mo e nega i e impac s on
ga he ing medicinal plan s and ma e ials o adi ional i ems. Al hough i was no signi ican , T ibal
pa icipan s pe cei ed clima e- ela ed changes as enhancing hei spi i ual well-being and abili y o sha e
knowledge and skills han non-T ibal pa icipan s.
Rega ding esea ch ques ion 3, communi y membe s widely obse ed en i onmen al change, bu hei
impac s we e une en. Non-T ibal pa icipan s ended o ame changes in en i onmen al o ec ea ional
e ms, whe eas T ibal pa icipan s el s onge dis up ions o cul u ally oo ed p ac ices. S a is ically
signi ican di e ences we e seen in be ies, ish popula ions, medicinal plan s, and adi ional ma e ials-
-species and esou ces closely ied o T ibal die s, ce emonies, and medicines. The p ac ical meaning is
ha clima e change is no only an en i onmen al challenge bu also a cul u al one, whe e e en small
ecological shi s can ha e ou sized consequences o hose whose adi ions and li elihoods a e di ec ly
ied o he land.
3.5. Conce ns and Hopes o o es s
3.5.1. Conce n o o es s
Eigh y- ou esponden s exp essed conce ns abou he p esen and u u e s a e o o es s, wildli e
popula ions, and he en i onmen . They ci ed human ac i i ies as a signi ican con ibu ing ac o . Mos
ocused on he ad e se impac s o clima e change on he well-being o a ious species, long- e m
biodi e si y, and he po en ial loss o o es s o u u e gene a ions. Figu e 3.5.1 p o ides a wo d cloud
ha highligh s a ious conce ns o o es s by su eyed esponden s.

Keweenaw Bay Indian Communi y Clima e-Rela ed Change Su ey Repo
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Figu e 3.5.1. Conce ns o he o es s by su eyed esponden s
• Clima e- ela ed conce ns
Clima e change eme ged as he p edominan conce n ac oss bo h demog aphic g oups, hough wi h
a ying emphasis and aming. Among non-T ibal esponden s, clima e- ela ed conce ns ep esen ed
36% o all exp essed conce ns (16 o 45 esponses), making i he mos equen ly ci ed issue.
Responden s desc ibed conce ns anging om b oad impac s—"my bigges conce ns a e clima e change
and de o es a ion"— o speci ic mani es a ions such as "d ough , inc easing empe a u e killing ees" and
"clima e change, d ough s, wild i e."
T ibal esponden s exp essed clima e conce ns in 20% o cases (8 o 40 esponses), o en connec ing
hese changes o cul u al and subsis ence p ac ices. No able esponses included conce ns abou eaching
"a poin o no e u n wi h ou emissions" and obse a ions abou "wa ming empe a u e a ec on animals
and human li e." One ibal esponden speci ically no ed he ulne abili y o cul u ally signi ican
species: "Clima e change and sus ainabili y-mig a ion o sensi i e species such as maple (suga ), black
ash, e c."
• Fo es managemen and ha es ing p ac ices
De o es a ion and o e cu ing conce ns we e p ominen ac oss bo h g oups, ep esen ing 27% o non-
ibal conce ns (12 o 45) and 15% o ibal conce ns (6 o 40). Non- ibal esponden s equen ly
exp essed conce ns abou comme cial p ac ices, wi h commen s such as "so much clea -cu ing. Clima e
change, wa m wea he e ec on o es s. So much new housing and comme cial de elopmen in na u al
o es " and "de o es a ion - man's misuse."
T ibal pe spec i es on ha es ing e lec ed deepe conce ns abou ea y igh s and sus ainable p ac ices.
One esponden no ed ha "o e ha es ing in luences all species on he landscape including U.S. Ou
Keweenaw Bay Indian Communi y Clima e-Rela ed Change Su ey Repo
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ea y igh s ha e al eady been impac ed by de o es a ion." Ano he exp essed conce n abou "big
companies cu oo much ees" and emphasized he need o "p ope land managemen app op ia e
de o es a ion ob aining pe mission om ibal communi ies o land owne s be o e clea cu ing."
• Fo es heal h and ecosys em in eg i y
Fo es heal h conce ns, including disease, pes s, and wild i e, we e mo e p ominen among non- ibal
esponden s (29% o conce ns, 13 o 45) compa ed o ibal esponden s (13% o conce ns, 5 o 40). Non-
ibal esponden s equen ly ci ed speci ic h ea s such as "in asi e species," " o es i es, o e
ha es ing," and "disease in ees (maple, oak)." One esponden de ailed he complexi y o hese issues:
"monocul u e o maple caused eme ald ash bo e in he maple popula ion."
T ibal esponden s exp essed o es heal h conce ns wi h emphasis on d ough impac s and species-
speci ic ulne abili ies. No able conce ns included "we a e expe iencing a eally bad d ough ," " ees
dying," and speci ic men ions o cul u ally impo an species: "conce ned abou black ash, wild ice, clean
wa e , dee heal h."
• Access igh s and cul u al p ese a ion
Access and cul u al igh s conce ns e ealed di e ences be ween g oups. While ep esen ing 11% o non-
ibal conce ns (5 o 45), hese issues cons i u ed 10% o ibal conce ns (4 o 40) bu ca ied signi ican ly
di e en meanings. Non- ibal conce ns ocused p ima ily on ec ea ional access and p i a iza ion:
"p i a iza ion o public land," "land access in Keweenaw coun y has been educed due o new owne ship,"
and desi es o "mo e access o o es s wi hou paymen ."
T ibal conce ns cen e ed on undamen al cul u al and subsis ence igh s. One esponden desc ibed losing
access o adi ional ga he ing a eas: "Much o he Hu on is no moni o ed and is un by lampe s ( ee
camping). My amilys gene a ional bluebe y picking spo was picked h ough by campe s, can' p ac ice
ga he ing igh s." Ano he exp essed b oade cul u al conce ns: "bigges conce n is losing ou young
people and cul u es." The in e sec ion o access and cul u al p ac ice was e iden in conce ns abou "no
ha ing access o cul u al p ac ices" and "p i a iza ion, dec easing access because o ail/ oad e osion."
• Human impac and de elopmen p essu es
Human impac conce ns we e exp essed by 22% o non- ibal esponden s (10 o 45) and 18% o ibal
esponden s (7 o 40). Non- ibal esponses o en ocused on de elopmen p essu e and mismanagemen :
"so much new housing and comme cial de elopmen in na u al o es ," "de elopmen , misuse,
mismanagemen ," and "mechanical o e use-on ail and o ails."
T ibal esponden s emphasized dis espec ul human beha io and sys emic issues: "people’s lack o
espec o ou land and wa e . I seems o be a 'use and abuse' men ali y," "people lea ing old campsi es
and ga bage in he o es s," and conce ns abou "b own si es and pollu ion in soil including ga bage and
sal which mu a e plan babies and dehyd a e plan s."
• Species and wildli e conce ns
Wildli e and species conce ns we e equally p ominen be ween g oups, wi h 22% o non- ibal conce ns
(10 o 45) and 18% o ibal conce ns (7 o 40) add essing hese issues. Non- ibal esponden s ocused
Keweenaw Bay Indian Communi y Clima e-Rela ed Change Su ey Repo
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on popula ion dynamics and habi a : "dec easing o dee popula ion," "clima e change and human
enc oachmen may cause educe in wildli e popula ions," and "in asi e species, de elopmen , no ha ing
access o cul u al p ac ices, dec ease in o e all well-being o species and biodi e si y."
T ibal pe spec i es o en connec ed wildli e conce ns o b oade ecosys em heal h and adi ional
p ac ices: "na u al wildli e no being a ailable o pass on o my child en," and de ailed obse a ions abou
ecosys em changes: " he u u e o wol and dee managemen wi h emphasis on wol hun ing nega i ely
impac ing ou na u al ecology wi h ewe wol es and inc ease o dee wi h ising empe a u e. I ea o
CWD and EHD sp ead o he U.P."
• Wa e quali y and pollu ion
Wa e and pollu ion conce ns we e mo e p ominen among T ibal esponden s (18% o conce ns, 7 o
40) compa ed o non-T ibal esponden s (9% o conce ns, 4 o 45). T ibal conce ns o en emphasized he
connec ion be ween wa e quali y and cul u al p ac ices: " o keep ou wa e s clean and accessible o ou
na i e communi ies," and " he sp aying o pes icides on a m land and he e ec on he en i onmen in
he long un."
Non-T ibal wa e conce ns ocused mo e on gene al en i onmen al con amina ion: "gene al clima e
change, de o es a ion and con amina ion h ough chemicals," "pollu ion and dumping in p o ec ed a eas,"
and " ising wa e empe a u e."
3.5.2. Hopes o he u u e o o es s
The e we e 106 esponden s who exp essed hei aspi a ions o he u u e o o es s. The majo i y
emphasized sus ainable managemen p ac ices, o es p o ec ion, inc eased public access, and espec
o Indigenous adi ions in o es managemen . The o e a ching goal is o main ain heal hy o es s o
he bene i and enjoymen o u u e gene a ions while balancing ecological conse a ion wi h human
use. Figu e 3.5.2 p esen s a wo d cloud highligh ing he cen al message o hope o he u u e o
o es s.
• P ese a ion and p o ec ion
Bo h g oups s ongly emphasized o es p ese a ion, hough wi h di e en amings. Non-T ibal hopes
equen ly ocused on conse a ion ou comes: " o es s a e p ese ed and p o ec ed," "p ese a ion o
o es s," and "I hope we a e able o p o ec o es s be e ." The emphasis was o en on main aining cu en
o es condi ions: " o es s s ay he same" appea ed mul iple imes in non-T ibal esponses.
T ibal hopes o p ese a ion o en connec ed o cul u al con inui y and in e gene a ional esponsibili y:
"we ha e o es s o ou u u e gene a ions," "p ese a ion, ha es ing o all u u e gene a ion," and
"sus ainabili y o he o es s o he u u e gene a ions." One esponden exp essed hope o "sus ain and
imp o e heal h o ou ela i es (all li ing beings)," e lec ing Indigenous concep s o kinship wi h na u al
sys ems.
Keweenaw Bay Indian Communi y Clima e-Rela ed Change Su ey Repo
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Figu e 3.5.2. Hopes o he u u e o o es s by su eyed esponden s
• Sus ainable managemen and es o a ion
Sus ainable managemen hopes we e exp essed ac oss bo h g oups bu wi h di e en emphases. Non-
T ibal esponden s ocused on echnical managemen app oaches: " o es sus ainable ha es , cu ing,"
"conse a ion. Replacing ees a e ha es ," and "biodi e si y, wild i e p e en ion, e ec i e
managemen ."
T ibal hopes emphasized holis ic and cul u ally app op ia e managemen : "ob iously sus ainable
ha es ing is a mus !!" "main aining esou ces in a sus ainable manne so we don' lose i o u u e
gene a ion," and "p ope land managemen app op ia e de o es a ion ob aining pe mission om T ibal
communi ies o land owne s be o e clea cu ing."
• Educa ion and cul u al connec ion
Educa ional hopes we e exp essed by bo h g oups bu e lec ed di e en p io i ies. Non-T ibal
esponden s hoped o inc eased en i onmen al awa eness: "hopes o inc ease in educa ion on cul u al
signi icance o o es s/na u e," "sus ainable ha es and mo e public educa ion," and "ge ing mo e people
in ol ed wi h en i onmen al causes."
T ibal educa ional hopes cen e ed on cul u al ansmission and espec : "lea n 7 g and a he eachings,"
"I hope all o es s s ay sa e and keep he young people in ol ed in he na u e," and "hope ha he nex
gene a ion ge ou doo s." One esponden speci ically hoped o "mo e people will become awa e and
ake esponsibili y o land s ewa dship and p o ec ing wa e and plan and animal ela i es and land back."
• Access and equi y
Keweenaw Bay Indian Communi y Clima e-Rela ed Change Su ey Repo
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Keweenaw Bay Indian Communi y Clima e-Rela ed Change Su ey Repo
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Appendix B. C onbach’s alpha esul s
Cons uc
Numbe o i ems
C onbach’s alpha
F equency o o es in e ac ions
11
0.61
Pe cep ions on he impo ance o o es s
8
0.77
Obse a ions ela ed o o es co e and plan s
6
0.91
Obse a ions ela ed o wildli e, ish, and
insec s
5
0.78
Obse a ions ela ed o wea he pa e ns and
human ac i i ies
6
0.71
In luences o clima e- ela ed changes on
esponden s’ li elihoods and cul u al aspec s
10
0.86
Keweenaw Bay Indian Communi y Clima e-Rela ed Change Su ey Repo
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Appendix C. Responses’ ables ac oss wo g oups
Table 3.2. F equency o isi ing o es s o di e en pu poses be ween T ibal and non-T ibal g oups
Cha ac e is ic
O e all,
N = 2321
Non-T ibal,
N = 1221
T ibal,
N = 1101
p- alue2
01.Hun ing
0.11
Once a yea
53 (23%)
22 (18%)
31 (28%)
Bimon hly
8 (3.4%)
3 (2.5%)
5 (4.5%)
Mon hly
12 (5.2%)
6 (4.9%)
6 (5.5%)
Biweekly
3 (1.3%)
0 (0%)
3 (2.7%)
Weekly
16 (6.9%)
10 (8.2%)
6 (5.5%)
No applicable
140 (60%)
81 (66%)
59 (54%)
02.Fishing
0.12
Once a yea
41 (18%)
18 (15%)
23 (21%)
Bimon hly
31 (13%)
12 (9.8%)
19 (17%)
Mon hly
38 (16%)
23 (19%)
15 (14%)
Biweekly
8 (3.4%)
2 (1.6%)
6 (5.5%)
Weekly
23 (9.9%)
14 (11%)
9 (8.2%)
No applicable
91 (39%)
53 (43%)
38 (35%)
03.T apping
0.3
Once a yea
13 (5.6%)
4 (3.3%)
9 (8.2%)
Bimon hly
2 (0.9%)
2 (1.6%)
0 (0%)
Mon hly
5 (2.2%)
2 (1.6%)
3 (2.7%)
Biweekly
1 (0.4%)
0 (0%)
1 (0.9%)
Weekly
7 (3.0%)
3 (2.5%)
4 (3.6%)
No applicable
204 (88%)
111 (91%)
93 (85%)
04.Medicinal plan s ga he ing
0.051
Once a yea
34 (15%)
12 (9.8%)
22 (20%)
Bimon hly
24 (10%)
11 (9.0%)
13 (12%)
Mon hly
25 (11%)
10 (8.2%)
15 (14%)
Biweekly
5 (2.2%)
2 (1.6%)
3 (2.7%)
Weekly
14 (6.0%)
7 (5.7%)
7 (6.4%)
No applicable
130 (56%)
80 (66%)
50 (45%)
05.T adi ional ood o d ink
0.11
Once a yea
53 (23%)
31 (25%)
22 (20%)
Bimon hly
36 (16%)
11 (9.0%)
25 (23%)
Mon hly
35 (15%)
18 (15%)
17 (15%)
Biweekly
10 (4.3%)
6 (4.9%)
4 (3.6%)
Weekly
19 (8.2%)
10 (8.2%)
9 (8.2%)
No applicable
79 (34%)
46 (38%)
33 (30%)
06.Making adi ional
/ce emonial i ems (non-
comme cial use)
<0.001***
Once a yea
31 (13%)
9 (7.4%)
22 (20%)
Bimon hly
21 (9.1%)
6 (4.9%)
15 (14%)
Keweenaw Bay Indian Communi y Clima e-Rela ed Change Su ey Repo
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Mon hly
26 (11%)
10 (8.2%)
16 (15%)
Biweekly
3 (1.3%)
1 (0.8%)
2 (1.8%)
Weekly
9 (3.9%)
1 (0.8%)
8 (7.3%)
No applicable
142 (61%)
95 (78%)
47 (43%)
07.Ga he ing ma e ials o non-
comme cial ac i i y
0.3
Once a yea
57 (25%)
32 (26%)
25 (23%)
Bimon hly
37 (16%)
13 (11%)
24 (22%)
Mon hly
39 (17%)
23 (19%)
16 (15%)
Biweekly
12 (5.2%)
6 (4.9%)
6 (5.5%)
Weekly
18 (7.8%)
9 (7.4%)
9 (8.2%)
No applicable
69 (30%)
39 (32%)
30 (27%)
08.Ha es ing ma e ials o
comme cial ac i i y
0.3
Once a yea
26 (11%)
10 (8.2%)
16 (15%)
Bimon hly
18 (7.8%)
9 (7.4%)
9 (8.2%)
Mon hly
13 (5.6%)
5 (4.1%)
8 (7.3%)
Biweekly
3 (1.3%)
1 (0.8%)
2 (1.8%)
Weekly
10 (4.3%)
4 (3.3%)
6 (5.5%)
No applicable
162 (70%)
93 (76%)
69 (63%)
09.Rec ea ion
0.13
Once a yea
22 (9.5%)
8 (6.6%)
14 (13%)
Bimon hly
24 (10%)
12 (9.8%)
12 (11%)
Mon hly
39 (17%)
22 (18%)
17 (15%)
Biweekly
32 (14%)
17 (14%)
15 (14%)
Weekly
91 (39%)
55 (45%)
36 (33%)
No applicable
24 (10%)
8 (6.6%)
16 (15%)
10.Spi i ual well-being and
pe sonal en ichmen
0.2
Once a yea
19 (8.2%)
7 (5.7%)
12 (11%)
Bimon hly
15 (6.5%)
11 (9.0%)
4 (3.6%)
Mon hly
29 (13%)
13 (11%)
16 (15%)
Biweekly
28 (12%)
16 (13%)
12 (11%)
Weekly
98 (42%)
49 (40%)
49 (45%)
No applicable
43 (19%)
26 (21%)
17 (15%)
11.Sha ing knowledge and skills
wi h o he s ( eaching, educa ion,
aining…)
0.3
Once a yea
29 (13%)
13 (11%)
16 (15%)
Bimon hly
22 (9.5%)
10 (8.2%)
12 (11%)
Mon hly
37 (16%)
23 (19%)
14 (13%)
Biweekly
12 (5.2%)
4 (3.3%)
8 (7.3%)
Weekly
51 (22%)
24 (20%)
27 (25%)
No applicable
81 (35%)
48 (39%)
33 (30%)
1Median (IQR); n (%)
2Fishe ’s exac es ; Pea son’s Chi-squa ed es .
Signi ican codes: 0‘***’ 0.001‘**’ 0.01‘*’
Keweenaw Bay Indian Communi y Clima e-Rela ed Change Su ey Repo
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Table 3.3. Impo ance o o es s o li elihood and cul u al aspec s o T ibal and non-T ibal g oups
Cha ac e is ic
O e all,
N = 2321
Non-T ibal,
N = 1221
T ibal,
N = 1101
p- alue2
01.Iden i y and cul u al he i age
0.004**
1 – No a all impo an
10 (4.3%)
8 (6.6%)
2 (1.8%)
2
2 (0.9%)
1 (0.8%)
1 (0.9%)
3
7 (3.0%)
5 (4.1%)
2 (1.8%)
4
3 (1.3%)
2 (1.6%)
1 (0.9%)
5
14 (6.0%)
11 (9.0%)
3 (2.7%)
6
9 (3.9%)
5 (4.1%)
4 (3.6%)
7
15 (6.5%)
8 (6.6%)
7 (6.4%)
8
22 (9.5%)
13 (11%)
9 (8.2%)
9
14 (6.0%)
8 (6.6%)
6 (5.5%)
10 – Ex emely impo an
117 (50%)
45 (37%)
72 (65%)
No applicable
19 (8.2%)
16 (13%)
3 (2.7%)
02.Spi i ual well-being and
pe sonal en ichmen
0.2
1 – No a all impo an
5 (2.2%)
4 (3.3%)
1 (0.9%)
2
2 (0.9%)
1 (0.8%)
1 (0.9%)
3
3 (1.3%)
2 (1.6%)
1 (0.9%)
4
2 (0.9%)
2 (1.6%)
0 (0%)
5
8 (3.4%)
3 (2.5%)
5 (4.5%)
6
9 (3.9%)
4 (3.3%)
5 (4.5%)
7
7 (3.0%)
4 (3.3%)
3 (2.7%)
8
26 (11%)
17 (14%)
9 (8.2%)
9
20 (8.6%)
11 (9.0%)
9 (8.2%)
10 – Ex emely impo an
138 (59%)
64 (52%)
74 (67%)
No applicable
12 (5.2%)
10 (8.2%)
2 (1.8%)
03.Abili y o sha e knowledge
and skills
0.029*
1 – No a all impo an
5 (2.2%)
4 (3.3%)
1 (0.9%)
2
10 (4.3%)
6 (4.9%)
4 (3.6%)
3
13 (5.6%)
6 (4.9%)
7 (6.4%)
4
5 (2.2%)
3 (2.5%)
2 (1.8%)
5
22 (9.5%)
18 (15%)
4 (3.6%)
6
6 (2.6%)
3 (2.5%)
3 (2.7%)
7
18 (7.8%)
8 (6.6%)
10 (9.1%)
8
18 (7.8%)
9 (7.4%)
9 (8.2%)
9
20 (8.6%)
12 (9.8%)
8 (7.3%)
10 – Ex emely impo an
91 (39%)
36 (30%)
55 (50%)
No applicable
24 (10%)
17 (14%)
7 (6.4%)
Keweenaw Bay Indian Communi y Clima e-Rela ed Change Su ey Repo
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04.Accessing o esh ai and
clean wa e
0.5
1 – No a all impo an
5 (2.2%)
4 (3.3%)
1 (0.9%)
2
1 (0.4%)
1 (0.8%)
0 (0%)
3
2 (0.9%)
0 (0%)
2 (1.8%)
4
1 (0.4%)
0 (0%)
1 (0.9%)
5
1 (0.4%)
0 (0%)
1 (0.9%)
6
4 (1.7%)
2 (1.6%)
2 (1.8%)
7
5 (2.2%)
3 (2.5%)
2 (1.8%)
8
10 (4.3%)
6 (4.9%)
4 (3.6%)
9
15 (6.5%)
10 (8.2%)
5 (4.5%)
10 – Ex emely impo an
177 (76%)
89 (73%)
88 (80%)
No applicable
11 (4.7%)
7 (5.7%)
4 (3.6%)
05.Oppo uni ies o ec ea ion
0.082
1 – No a all impo an
4 (1.7%)
4 (3.3%)
0 (0%)
2
1 (0.4%)
1 (0.8%)
0 (0%)
3
2 (0.9%)
1 (0.8%)
1 (0.9%)
4
2 (0.9%)
0 (0%)
2 (1.8%)
5
6 (2.6%)
0 (0%)
6 (5.5%)
6
3 (1.3%)
2 (1.6%)
1 (0.9%)
7
8 (3.4%)
3 (2.5%)
5 (4.5%)
8
23 (9.9%)
12 (9.8%)
11 (10%)
9
22 (9.5%)
12 (9.8%)
10 (9.1%)
10 – Ex emely impo an
155 (67%)
82 (67%)
73 (66%)
No applicable
6 (2.6%)
5 (4.1%)
1 (0.9%)
06.Accessing o subsis ence
sou ces
0.14
1 – No a all impo an
13 (5.6%)
8 (6.6%)
5 (4.5%)
2
14 (6.0%)
11 (9.0%)
3 (2.7%)
3
7 (3.0%)
5 (4.1%)
2 (1.8%)
4
3 (1.3%)
1 (0.8%)
2 (1.8%)
5
13 (5.6%)
7 (5.7%)
6 (5.5%)
6
8 (3.4%)
6 (4.9%)
2 (1.8%)
7
7 (3.0%)
2 (1.6%)
5 (4.5%)
8
19 (8.2%)
10 (8.2%)
9 (8.2%)
9
15 (6.5%)
8 (6.6%)
7 (6.4%)
10 – Ex emely impo an
108 (47%)
47 (39%)
61 (55%)
No applicable
25 (11%)
17 (14%)
8 (7.3%)
07.Accessing o medicinal sou ce
0.053
1 – No a all impo an
23 (9.9%)
16 (13%)
7 (6.4%)

Keweenaw Bay Indian Communi y Clima e-Rela ed Change Su ey Repo
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2
12 (5.2%)
10 (8.2%)
2 (1.8%)
3
13 (5.6%)
8 (6.6%)
5 (4.5%)
4
6 (2.6%)
3 (2.5%)
3 (2.7%)
5
16 (6.9%)
9 (7.4%)
7 (6.4%)
6
10 (4.3%)
6 (4.9%)
4 (3.6%)
7
8 (3.4%)
5 (4.1%)
3 (2.7%)
8
11 (4.7%)
6 (4.9%)
5 (4.5%)
9
10 (4.3%)
5 (4.1%)
5 (4.5%)
10 – Ex emely impo an
97 (42%)
37 (30%)
60 (55%)
No applicable
26 (11%)
17 (14%)
9 (8.2%)
08.Accessing o income sou ce
om comme cial ac i i y
0.048*
1 – No a all impo an
36 (16%)
25 (20%)
11 (10%)
2
11 (4.7%)
6 (4.9%)
5 (4.5%)
3
7 (3.0%)
4 (3.3%)
3 (2.7%)
4
9 (3.9%)
6 (4.9%)
3 (2.7%)
5
13 (5.6%)
4 (3.3%)
9 (8.2%)
6
6 (2.6%)
1 (0.8%)
5 (4.5%)
7
4 (1.7%)
1 (0.8%)
3 (2.7%)
8
12 (5.2%)
4 (3.3%)
8 (7.3%)
9
14 (6.0%)
10 (8.2%)
4 (3.6%)
10 – Ex emely impo an
66 (28%)
29 (24%)
37 (34%)
No applicable
54 (23%)
32 (26%)
22 (20%)
1Median (IQR); n (%)
2Fishe ’s exac es ; Pea son’s Chi-squa ed es .
Signi ican codes: 0‘***’ 0.001‘**’ 0.01‘*’
Table 3.4.1. Changes in landscape epo ed by su eyed pa icipan s.
Cha ac e is ic
O e all,
N = 2321
Non-T ibal,
N = 1221
T ibal,
N = 1101
p- alue2
01.Fo es co e
0.6
Dec ease
82 (35%)
44 (36%)
38 (35%)
S ayed he same
67 (29%)
39 (32%)
28 (25%)
Inc ease
14 (6.0%)
6 (4.9%)
8 (7.3%)
No su e
69 (30%)
33 (27%)
36 (33%)
02.Ceda
0.8
Dec ease
46 (20%)
22 (18%)
24 (22%)
S ayed he same
76 (33%)
39 (32%)
37 (34%)
Inc ease
4 (1.7%)
2 (1.6%)
2 (1.8%)
No su e
106 (46%)
59 (48%)
47 (43%)
03.Bi ch
0.5
Dec ease
59 (25%)
27 (22%)
32 (29%)
S ayed he same
73 (31%)
37 (30%)
36 (33%)
Inc ease
4 (1.7%)
2 (1.6%)
2 (1.8%)
Keweenaw Bay Indian Communi y Clima e-Rela ed Change Su ey Repo
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No su e
96 (41%)
56 (46%)
40 (36%)
04.Balsam i
0.8
Dec ease
25 (11%)
12 (9.8%)
13 (12%)
S ayed he same
84 (36%)
46 (38%)
38 (35%)
Inc ease
6 (2.6%)
4 (3.3%)
2 (1.8%)
No su e
117 (50%)
60 (49%)
57 (52%)
05.Maple
0.4
Dec ease
26 (11%)
10 (8.2%)
16 (15%)
S ayed he same
77 (33%)
42 (34%)
35 (32%)
Inc ease
22 (9.5%)
14 (11%)
8 (7.3%)
No su e
107 (46%)
56 (46%)
51 (46%)
06.Be ies
0.026*
Dec ease
57 (25%)
21 (17%)
36 (33%)
S ayed he same
77 (33%)
46 (38%)
31 (28%)
Inc ease
14 (6.0%)
10 (8.2%)
4 (3.6%)
No su e
84 (36%)
45 (37%)
39 (35%)
07.Bea
0.2
Dec ease
34 (15%)
17 (14%)
17 (15%)
S ayed he same
49 (21%)
30 (25%)
19 (17%)
Inc ease
32 (14%)
12 (9.8%)
20 (18%)
No su e
117 (50%)
63 (52%)
54 (49%)
08.Dee
>0.9
Dec ease
32 (14%)
17 (14%)
15 (14%)
S ayed he same
62 (27%)
32 (26%)
30 (27%)
Inc ease
73 (31%)
40 (33%)
33 (30%)
No su e
65 (28%)
33 (27%)
32 (29%)
09.Ru ed g ouse
0.4
Dec ease
30 (13%)
16 (13%)
14 (13%)
S ayed he same
51 (22%)
31 (25%)
20 (18%)
Inc ease
22 (9.5%)
9 (7.4%)
13 (12%)
No su e
129 (56%)
66 (54%)
63 (57%)
10.Fish popula ion in s eams
0.033*
Dec ease
73 (31%)
37 (30%)
36 (33%)
S ayed he same
47 (20%)
31 (25%)
16 (15%)
Inc ease
11 (4.7%)
2 (1.6%)
9 (8.2%)
No su e
101 (44%)
52 (43%)
49 (45%)
11.Insec s
0.8
Dec ease
25 (11%)
15 (12%)
10 (9.1%)
S ayed he same
41 (18%)
20 (16%)
21 (19%)
Inc ease
94 (41%)
49 (40%)
45 (41%)
No su e
72 (31%)
38 (31%)
34 (31%)
12.Tempe a u e
0.7
Dec ease
17 (7.3%)
7 (5.7%)
10 (9.1%)
S ayed he same
39 (17%)
22 (18%)
17 (15%)
Inc ease
150 (65%)
80 (66%)
70 (64%)
No su e
26 (11%)
13 (11%)
13 (12%)
Keweenaw Bay Indian Communi y Clima e-Rela ed Change Su ey Repo
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13.Flooding
0.3
Dec ease
10 (4.3%)
3 (2.5%)
7 (6.4%)
S ayed he same
61 (26%)
36 (30%)
25 (23%)
Inc ease
116 (50%)
58 (48%)
58 (53%)
No su e
45 (19%)
25 (20%)
20 (18%)
14.Wa e le el in s eams
0.12
Dec ease
58 (25%)
33 (27%)
25 (23%)
S ayed he same
54 (23%)
34 (28%)
20 (18%)
Inc ease
73 (31%)
31 (25%)
42 (38%)
No su e
47 (20%)
24 (20%)
23 (21%)
15.Snow all
0.5
Dec ease
86 (37%)
44 (36%)
42 (38%)
S ayed he same
63 (27%)
38 (31%)
25 (23%)
Inc ease
53 (23%)
26 (21%)
27 (25%)
No su e
30 (13%)
14 (11%)
16 (15%)
16.Soil e osion
0.053
Dec ease
15 (6.5%)
3 (2.5%)
12 (11%)
S ayed he same
39 (17%)
24 (20%)
15 (14%)
Inc ease
108 (47%)
58 (48%)
50 (45%)
No su e
70 (30%)
37 (30%)
33 (30%)
17.Human ac i i ies
0.6
Dec ease
13 (5.6%)
7 (5.7%)
6 (5.5%)
S ayed he same
40 (17%)
25 (20%)
15 (14%)
Inc ease
125 (54%)
63 (52%)
62 (56%)
No su e
54 (23%)
27 (22%)
27 (25%)
1Median (IQR); n (%)
2Fishe ’s exac es ; Pea son’s Chi-squa ed es .
Signi ican codes: 0‘***’ 0.001‘**’ 0.01‘*’
Table 3.4.2. In luence o clima e- ela ed changes on di e en li elihood and cul u al aspec s ac oss
T ibal and non-T ibal g oups.
Cha ac e is ic
O e all,
N = 2321
Non-T ibal,
N = 1221
T ibal,
N = 1101
p- alue2
01.Hun ing
0.057
Much wo se
8 (3.4%)
3 (2.5%)
5 (4.5%)
Somewha wo se
33 (14%)
13 (11%)
20 (18%)
S ayed he same
54 (23%)
25 (20%)
29 (26%)
Somewha be e
14 (6.0%)
8 (6.6%)
6 (5.5%)
Much be e
3 (1.3%)
0 (0%)
3 (2.7%)
No applicable
120 (52%)
73 (60%)
47 (43%)
02.Fishing
0.12
Much wo se
7 (3.0%)
3 (2.5%)
4 (3.6%)
Somewha wo se
37 (16%)
21 (17%)
16 (15%)
S ayed he same
69 (30%)
35 (29%)
34 (31%)
Somewha be e
12 (5.2%)
3 (2.5%)
9 (8.2%)
Keweenaw Bay Indian Communi y Clima e-Rela ed Change Su ey Repo
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Much be e
6 (2.6%)
1 (0.8%)
5 (4.5%)
No applicable
101 (44%)
59 (48%)
42 (38%)
03.T apping
0.4
Much wo se
6 (2.6%)
2 (1.6%)
4 (3.6%)
Somewha wo se
10 (4.3%)
5 (4.1%)
5 (4.5%)
S ayed he same
32 (14%)
15 (12%)
17 (15%)
Somewha be e
5 (2.2%)
2 (1.6%)
3 (2.7%)
Much be e
3 (1.3%)
0 (0%)
3 (2.7%)
No applicable
176 (76%)
98 (80%)
78 (71%)
04.Medicinal plan s ga he ing
0.006**
Much wo se
7 (3.0%)
3 (2.5%)
4 (3.6%)
Somewha wo se
37 (16%)
12 (9.8%)
25 (23%)
S ayed he same
55 (24%)
25 (20%)
30 (27%)
Somewha be e
10 (4.3%)
6 (4.9%)
4 (3.6%)
Much be e
5 (2.2%)
1 (0.8%)
4 (3.6%)
No applicable
118 (51%)
75 (61%)
43 (39%)
05.T adi ional ood o d ink
0.4
Much wo se
9 (3.9%)
4 (3.3%)
5 (4.5%)
Somewha wo se
36 (16%)
15 (12%)
21 (19%)
S ayed he same
80 (34%)
42 (34%)
38 (35%)
Somewha be e
16 (6.9%)
8 (6.6%)
8 (7.3%)
Much be e
6 (2.6%)
2 (1.6%)
4 (3.6%)
No applicable
85 (37%)
51 (42%)
34 (31%)
06.Making adi ional
/ce emonial i ems (non-
comme cial use)
0.018*
Much wo se
8 (3.4%)
2 (1.6%)
6 (5.5%)
Somewha wo se
23 (9.9%)
7 (5.7%)
16 (15%)
S ayed he same
58 (25%)
28 (23%)
30 (27%)
Somewha be e
11 (4.7%)
5 (4.1%)
6 (5.5%)
Much be e
4 (1.7%)
1 (0.8%)
3 (2.7%)
No applicable
128 (55%)
79 (65%)
49 (45%)
07.Ga he ing ma e ials o non-
comme cial ac i i y
0.2
Much wo se
8 (3.4%)
2 (1.6%)
6 (5.5%)
Somewha wo se
32 (14%)
14 (11%)
18 (16%)
S ayed he same
83 (36%)
49 (40%)
34 (31%)
Somewha be e
10 (4.3%)
6 (4.9%)
4 (3.6%)
Much be e
6 (2.6%)
1 (0.8%)
5 (4.5%)
No applicable
93 (40%)
50 (41%)
43 (39%)
08.Ha es ing ma e ials o
comme cial ac i i y
0.6
Much wo se
7 (3.0%)
2 (1.6%)
5 (4.5%)
Somewha wo se
21 (9.1%)
9 (7.4%)
12 (11%)
S ayed he same
47 (20%)
27 (22%)
20 (18%)
Somewha be e
12 (5.2%)
6 (4.9%)
6 (5.5%)