1
Godi ey e al.
In . J. Biosci.
2020
RESEARCH PAPER OPEN ACCESS
E ec o selec ed pes icidal plan s lea powde on
Callosob unchus macula us
in s o ed cowpea (
Vigna
unguicula a
(L.) Walp
Juliana Godi ey1*, E nes Mbega1, Pa ick A. Ndakidemi1
1Depa men o Sus ainable Ag icul u e, Biodi e si y and Ecosys em Managemen , School o Li e
Science and Bio-Enginee ing, Tanzania
1The Nelson Mandela A ican Ins i u ion o Science and Technology (NM-AIST), P. Box 447,
A usha, Tanzania
Key wo ds: Ac ellic dus ; Dysphania amd osioides; Hyp is sua eolens; Ocimum sua e; O iposi ion.
h p://dx.doi.o g/10.12692/ijb/16.6.1-10
A icle published on June 16, 2020
Abs ac
Among he majo insec s o age pes s o cowpea a e cowpea wee ils (Callosob uchus macula us) which is a big
h ea causing huge pos ha es loss. This s udy used double bagging expe imen o es he pes icidal ac i i y o
plan s lea powde s o Ocimum sua e, Hyp is sua eolens and Dysphania amb osioides on Callosob unchus
macula us in s o ed cowpea. The expe imen was a anged in Randomized Block Design (RBD) wi h 3
eplica ions. The plan powde s we e applied a he a es o 30, 60 and 90 g 1.5 kg-1 o cowpea seeds sp ead on
he su ace o he inne co on bag o 2 kg illed wi h 1.5 kg o cowpea seeds. The s o age ime was h ee mon hs
consecu i e. The e ec i eness was compa ed wi h he syn he ic pes icide Ac elic® dus (2 g) as he posi i e
con ol and un ea ed cowpea seeds as a nega i e con ol. Based on he esul s, all pes icidal lea powde showed
a di e en le el o pes icidal ac i i ies a he es ed a es. Highe dosages o plan lea powde s a 60 and 90 g o
H. sua eolens and D. amb osioides and 90 g o O. sua e signi ican ly (P < 0.001) a ec ed insec s’ mo ali y,
su i o ship and educed seed damage. Compa a i ely, H. sua eolens and D. amb osioides a 90 g we e mo e
e ec i e in inhibi ing egg deposi ion by C. macula us jus as success ul as he posi i e con ol. The e o e, his
s udy demons a es ha , O. sua e, H. sua eolens and D. amb osioides lea powde can e ec i ely o e
p o ec ion in s o ed cowpea seeds agains C. macula us when applied a high dosages.
* Co esponding Au ho : Juliana Godi ey julianashik[email p o ec ed]m
In e na ional Jou nal o Biosciences | IJB |
ISSN: 2220-6655 (P in ), 2222-5234 (Online)
h p://www.innspub.ne
Vol. 16, No. 6, p. 1-10, 2020
2
Godi ey e al.
In . J. Biosci.
2020
In oduc ion
Cowpea, Vigna unguicula a (L.) Walp, is a widely
g own legume ha belongs o he amily
Leguminosae, sub amily Papilionaceae (Mkenda e
al., 2015). I is an impo an g ain legume g own in
mos pa s o Eas e n and Wes e n A ica bu also in
B azil and India (Ileke e al., 2012). In Tanzania i is
cul i a ed in semia id a eas like Shinyanga, M wa a
and Kigoma due o i s abili y o ole a e mois u e
s ess (Mkenda e al., 2015). Nu i ionally, cowpea
has high p o ein con en o abou 23 o 25 %, hus
o ming a cheap al e na i e sou ce o die a y p o ein
pa icula ly o low income people who a e unable o
a o d he cos o animal p o eins oods (B isibe e al.,
2011; Ileke and Olo uah, 2012). This helps in
minimizing he isk o malnu i ion o young
child en. In addi ion, cowpea con ain high i on
con en wi h low a con en whe e he young g een
lea es a e consumed as ege ables, hus p o iding
addi ional nu ien s including i amins o consume s
(Adedi e e al., 2011). This c op is usually g own as
monoc op o in e c opped wi h o he ce eal c ops
(Myaka e al., 2002). Being a leguminous plan , i
ixes ni ogen and hus, adds up soil e ili y whe e i
is g own (B isibe e al., 2011).
Cowpea p oduc ion is cons ained by high in es a ion
o insec pes a s o age which cause yea ly economic
loss o se e al billion dolla s wo ldwide (Odeyemi e
al., 2006). In A ica, loss due o s o age insec pes s
goes up o 80 % yea ly, con ibu ing o ood insecu i y
and low-income gene a ion o a me s (B isibe e al.,
2011; Ileke and Olo uah, 2012). C. macula us has
been men ion by se e al schola s as an impo an
s o age pes o cowpea (Adedi e e al., 2011, Mkenda
e al., 2015; Odeyemi e al., 2006). In es a ion o
cowpea seeds p ima ily happens in he ield whe e
insec s a e hen ca ied in o s o e and mul iplica ion
con inues e y apidly (Adedi e e al., 2011).
Fo many yea s, chemical con ol has been he
employed me hod in he managemen o cowpea
wee ils (Odeyemi, 2006; Ileke e al., 2013; Mkenda e
al., 2015;). Al hough chemical con ol seems o be
e ec i e in con olling C. macula us, he nega i e
impac s associa ed wi h he use o chemicals a e
eminen such as pes ’s esis ance de elopmen ,
inc eased ood oxici y, ecological consequences and
some imes le hal e ec s o non- a ge o ganisms ha e
aised a conce n o consume s and e en esea che s
(Odeyemi, 2006; Ileke e al., 2013). In addi ion, e en
he con en ional umiga ion echnology used in he
de eloped coun ies, is cu en ly being inspec ed o a
numbe o easons such as ozone des uc ion
po en ial o me hyl b omide and ca cinogenic
conce ns wi h phosphine (Adedi e, 2011). All hese
ha e esul ed in o a call o new me hods o con ol
s o ed p oduc s insec pes s ha a e eadily a ailable,
a o dable and e en ha mless o human heal h and
he en i onmen . In esponse o his, locally a ailable
plan s wi h pes icidal p ope ies can be used as an
al e na i e o syn he ic pes icide in he s o age o
cowpea. The e o e, his s udy aimed a e alua ing he
e ec o pes icidal lea powde s de i ed om h ee
known pes icidal plan s Ocimum sua e, Hyp is
sua eolens and Dysphania amb osioides on cowpea
wee ils (Callosob uchus macula us).
Ma e ials and me hods
Expe imen al si e
The expe imen was ca ied ou in a special s o age
oom designed a Nelson Mandela A ican Ins i u ion
o Science and Technology (NM-AIST), A usha-
Tanzania. The oom was well en ila ed wi h enough
ai ci cula ion inside.
Insec s
The Adul cowpea wee il (C. macula us) used o
es ablish a colony we e ob ained om highly in es ed
cowpea g ains bough om he local ma ke in Moshi
Tanzania. Insec s we e iden i ied wi h a Uni e si y
En omologis in he labo a o y o Li e Sciences and
Enginee ing Depa men a he NM-AIST, A usha,
Tanzania. Rea ing o cowpea wee il was done in
en ila ed 10 L plas ic con aine s hal illed wi h 5 kg
o unin ec ed cowpea seeds, co e ed on op wi h 10
mm mesh sie e o allow ee ai mo emen while
es ic ing wee ils om escaping. Rea ing was ca ied
ou a oom empe a u e 25±3 °C and ela i e
humidi y (RH) 75±5 %. Adul wee ils we e kep o
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Godi ey e al.
In . J. Biosci.
2020
20 days o allow hei mul iplica ion, a e which hey
we e ha es ed and used in he expe imen .
Insec icidal plan ma e ials
Plan ma e ials used in his s udy we e Ocimum
sua e, Hyp is sua eolens and Dysphania
amb osioides. O. sua e and H. sua eolens we e
handpicked om a ms a Kibosho illage whe e as D.
amb osioides was collec ed a Lyamungo illage bo h
in Moshi Tanzania. These plan species we e selec ed
o his ial because hey a e adi ionally used by
a me s in he local a eas as medicines and hei
eadily a ailable in he no he n Tanzania (whe e his
esea ch was conduc ed). Ma u ed plan s lea es we e
d ied unde shed o educe pho olysis o bioac i e
compounds and hen g ound in o a ine powde by
using an elec ic mill, hen packed in o a plas ic
con aine wi h ai igh lid o main ain he a oma and
s o ed in he da k a ambien condi ions o 25±3 °C
and 75±5 % RH.
Cowpea seeds
Cowpea seeds used o his expe imen we e newly
ha es ed by a me s om Tundu u Dis ic , in
M wa a –Tanzania. The seeds we e ee om
insec icides. They we e cleaned ho oughly by
winnowing and mechanical so ing o emo e in es ed
and damaged g ains. The clean seeds we e s e ilized
by placing hem in o a eeze a 7 °C o 24 hou s,
hen hea ed in an o en a 60 °C o 24 hou s o kill
any la ae and adul cowpea wee ils ha migh
emain in he p ocess o cleaning.
Tes ing he E ec o Lea Powde o C. macula us
The dosages we e se a di e en a es (0 g-nega i e
con ol, 30 g, 60 g and 90 g 1.5 kg-1 o cowpea seeds)
o each o he insec icidal plan powde used, so as o
ob ain he e ec i e dose. To es he e ec o lea
powde , 1.5 kg o heal hy, esh, clean, and unb oken
cowpea g ains we e loaded in o 2 kg sisal s o age
bags. Each bag wi h cowpea seeds was placed inside
ano he bag o he same olume and he lea powde
o O. sua e, H. sua eolens and D. amb osioides a
di e en a es (30, 60 and 90 g) we e hen sp ead on
he ou e su ace o he inne bags (Double bagging
expe imen ).
Th ee ea men s (O. sua e, H. sua eolens and D.
amb osioides) lea powde a a es 30, 60 and 90 g
1.5 kg-1 cowpea seeds plus he posi i e and nega i e
con ol we e a anged in Randomized Comple e
Block Design (RCBD) in 3 eplica es. Expe imen al
bags in each ea men (including he nega i e
con ol) we e a anged o su ound a single plas ic
con aine con aining hea ily in es ed cowpea seeds
le opened o allow mo emen o wee ils o he
su oundings.
Da a collec ion
A subsample o 1000 cowpea seeds was d awn ou
om each bag o insec pes ’s assessmen . Coun ing
o C. macula us (li e and dead) seeds wi h eggs on he
su ace, damaged seeds (seeds wi h holes and/o
la al inside) was done a e e e y 21 days. A e
assessmen e e y hing we e aken back in o he
espec i e bag and he bags we e sealed. The
expe imen an o h ee consecu i e mon hs.
Analysis o da a
Da a collec ed we e subjec ed STATISTICA (da a
analysis so wa e sys em Ve sion 8.0). o es o
ea men e ec s o e he s udy pe iod. One-way
analysis o a iance (ANOVA) was used o analyze he
collec ed da a and Fishe s Leas Significan Di e ence
(LSD) es was used o compa e ea men means a 5
% con idence in e al (P = 0.05).
Resul s
E ec o Pes icidal Lea Powde s on Li e Adul C.
macula us
The applica ion o plan lea powde s a a es o 30,
60 and 90 g 1.5 kg-1 o cowpea seeds, showed a ied
pes icidal e ec s on he su i al o adul C. macula us
and hei di e ences we e s a is ically signi ican (P ≤
0.001) (Table1). The highes mean numbe o li e C.
macula us we e eco ded in he bags wi h nega i e
con ol all o e 12 weeks o insec pes ’s assessmen .
Fo he i s h ee weeks all es ed plan s lea powde
a he a es o 30, 60 and 90 g 1.5 kg-1 o cowpea seeds
e ec i ely inhibi ed adul C. macula us eme gence
4
Godi ey e al.
In . J. Biosci.
2020
simila o he posi i e con ol (Ac elic® dus )
Howe e , om 6 o 12 weeks, he e ec s we e dose
dependen whe eby inc eased a e o lea powde
consequen ly inc eased pes icidal e ec agains C.
macula us on s o ed cowpea. O. sua e a 90 g and H.
sua eolens and D. amb osioides, a 60 and 90 g
signi ican ly (P ≤ 0.001) inhibi ed he eme gence o
adul C. macula us when compa ed wi h hei
espec i e lowe a es.
Table 1. Mean numbe o li e C. macula us in s o ed cowpea ea ed wi h h ee pes icidal lea powde .
T ea men s
Ra es (g) 1.5 kg-1
3weeks
6weeks
9weeks
12weeks
Con ol (- e)
0
8.00±1.53a
10.67±1.20a
12.67±0.88a
85.67±5.21a
O. sua e
30
0.33±0.33b
5.00±1.53b
6.00±0.58bc
26.33±4.91b
O. sua e
60
0.33±033b
5.00±0.58b
5.00±0.58c
17.67±1.86b
O. sua e
90
0.33±0.33b
1. 00±0.58c
0.67±0.67d
3.00±0.58c
H. sua eolens
30
1.67±0.33b
6.33±0.88b
7.33±0.88b
20.33±1.45b
H. sua eolens
60
0.00±0.00b
0.67±0.33c
0.67±0.33d
1.00±0.58c
H. sua eolens
90
0.67±0.67b
0.33±0.33c
0.33±0.33d
0.67±0.33c
D. amb osieides
30
1.00±0.58b
6.33±1.20b
7.67±0.88b
22.00±3.21b
D. amb osieides
60
0.00±0.00b
0.33±0.33c
0.67±0.67d
1.00±0.58c
D. amb osieides
90
0.67±0.00b
0.67±0.33c
0.33±0.33d
0.33±0.33c
Ac ellic dus (+ e)
2
0.00±0.00b
0.00±0.00c
0.00±0.00d
0.00±0.00c
One Way ANOVA
(F-s a is ics)
12.71***
30.15***
36.05***
54.65***
Con ol (- e) = nega i e con ol, + e = posi i e con ol; *** signi ican a P ≤ 0.001 and means wi hin he same
column ollowed by he same le e (s) a e no signi ican ly di e en a (P = 0.05) om each o he using Fishe ’s
Leas Signi ican Di e ence (LSD) es .
The E ec o Pes icidal Lea Powde on he Mo ali y
o Adul C. macula us
Di e en e ec s we e obse ed by supplying 30, 60
and 90 g o plan lea powde on he mo ali y o adul
C. macula us. The esul s showed signi ican
di e ence (P ≤ 0.001) in he mean numbe o dead
adul C. macula us ac oss ea men s all o e 12
weeks (Table 2).
The highes mo ali y was obse ed ou side he bags
ea ed wi h Ac ellic dus (2 g) h oughou he s udy
pe iod. The esul o he i s week obse a ion o H.
sua eolens and D. amb osioides a 90 g was
s a is ically simila o posi i e con ol ollowed by 90
g o O.sua e and 60 g o H. sua eolens and D.
amb osioides. The e we e inc eased numbe s o dead
insec s in ea men s in ol ing H. sua eolens and D.
amb osioides plan lea powde a he a es o 60 and
90 g and O. sua e a 90 g 1.5 kg-1 o cowpea seeds
a e he i s 3 weeks up o 9 h weeks o ea men
indica ing high e ec i eness o hese plan s ma e ials
in educing he numbe o adul C. macula us a high
a es o applica ion. Howe e , mo ali y s a ed o
dec ease a e 12 weeks o ea men con a y o
Ac elic® dus 2 g ha main ained i s e ec i eness.
This showed ha , mo ali y o adul C. macula us
ea ed wi h plan lea powde was a ec ed by
inc eased a e o plan ma e ial and i s exposu e ime
o cowpea seeds.
The e we e no dead insec s ound in un ea ed bags
(nega i e con ol) h oughou 12 weeks o
assessmen . In his case, he lowes mo ali y was
obse ed in a nega i e con ol while he highes
numbe was obse ed in he bags ea ed wi h
Ac elic® dus (posi i e con ol) whe e dead insec s
we e obse ed ou side he bags. Addi ionally, 30 g o
all plan lea powde had a low pes icidal e ec on he
mo ali y o C. macula us.
5
Godi ey e al.
In . J. Biosci.
2020
Table 2. Mean numbe o dead C. macula us in s o ed cowpea ea ed wi h h ee pes icidal lea powde .
T ea men s
Ra es (g) 1.5 kg-1
Week 3
Week 6
Week 9
Week 12
Con ol (- e)
0
0.00±0.00e
0.00±0.00d
0.00±0.00
0.00±0.00
O. sua e
30
6.67±1.20d
8.67±1.20c
12.00±1.15e
11.67±2.33e
O. sua e
60
9.00±0.58cd
13.00±2.08bc
17.67±0.88cde
12.33±1.76de
O. sua e
90
15.67±0.88b
17.00±1.53ab
24.33±2.03ab
17.33±0.88bcd
H. sua eolens
30
9.33±0.88c
12.00±2.52bc
12.00±1.73e
13.00±2.08cde
H. sua eolens
60
16.00±1.00b
20.00±1.53a
21.67±2.19abcd
17.33±1.20bcd
H. sua eolens
90
17.67±0.88ab
21.00±1.73a
23.33±5.36abc
19.33±0.33b
D. amb osieides
30
7.67±0.88cd
10.67±1.45 c
16.00±1.53de
13.33±1.85cde
D. amb osieides
60
15.67±1.45b
16.67±3.38ab
19.33±2.03bcd
18.33±1.45bc
D. amb osieides
90
17.00±1.15ab
19.67±2.33a
21.33±1.20abcd
18.33±0.88bc
Ac ellic dus (+ e)
2
19.00±1.15a
21.67±2.73a
26.33±2.91a
29.67±4.98a
One-Way ANOVA
(F-s a is ics)
61.54***
18.01***
19.96***
21.54***
Con ol (- e) = nega i e con ol, + e = posi i e con ol; *** signi ican a P ≤ 0.001 and Means wi hin he same column
ollowed by he same le e (s) a e no signi ican ly di e en a (P = 0.05) om each o he using Fishe ’s Leas Signi icance
Di e ence (LSD) es .
The E ec o Pes icidal Lea Powde on he
O iposi ion o C. macula us
Plan s lea powde supplied a a es o 30, 60 and 90
g 1.5 kg-1 o cowpea seeds displayed di e en e ec s
on o iposi ion o C. macula us. Al hough, he
e ec i eness depends on he dosage o plan lea
powde and i s exposu e ime o C. macula us ye ,
di e en a es o pes icidal lea powde we e
s a is ically signi ican (P ≤ 0.001) when compa ed
wi h nega i e con ol which had highes mean
numbe o cowpeas wi h eggs on he su ace
h oughou he s udy (Table 3).
A e he i s 6 weeks o ea men , all pes icidal lea
powde a 60, and 90 g e ec i ely inhibi ed eggs
laying capaci y o C. macula us almos in a simila
manne o he posi i e con ol. Gene ally, H.
sua eolens and D. amb osioides a he highes a e o
90 g es ed in his s udy main ained hei
e ec i eness up o 12 weeks o ea men .
Table 3. Mean numbe on o iposi ion by C. macula us in s o ed cowpea ea ed wi h h ee pes icidal lea
powde .
T ea men s
Ra es (g) 1.5 kg-1
Week 3
Week 6
Week 9
Week 12
Con ol (- e)
0
50.33±4.91a
98.67±7.22a
234.33±3.53a
536.33±9.39a
O. sua e
30
20.00±1.53b
47.00±4.16b
139.00±23.12b
246.67±41.91b
O. sua e
60
6.67±1.45cd
12.67±3.18d
70.67±6.44c
124.00±22.54de
O. sua e
90
2.33±0.33d
3.00±1.00de
64.67±23.47c
60.67±24.34
H. sua eolens
30
18.33±6.36bc
31.67±1.86c
88.33±5.78c
210.00±25.32bc
H. sua eolens
60
6.67±3.18cd
3.33±1.20de
6.00±3.46d
56.33±4.33 g
H. sua eolens
90
1.33±1.33d
0.67±0.67de
5.33±1.76d
3.33±1.45h
D. amb osieides
30
20.33±6.06b
31.33±3.48c
59.33±20.30c
172.00±20.26cd
D. amb osieides
60
6.67±2.40cd
1.67±0.88de
5.67±1.20d
106.00±5.13e
D. amb osieides
90
3.3±2.40d
0.67±0.67de
4.67±1.20d
4.67±0.88gh
Ac ellic dus (+ e)
2
0.00±0.00d
0.00±0.00e
0.33±0.33d
2.00±0.58h
One-Way ANOVA
(F-s a is ics)
19.38***
87.87***
49.82***
129.58***
Con ol (- e) = nega i e con ol, + e = posi i e con ol; *** signi ican a P ≤ 0.001 and Means wi hin he same column
ollowed by he same le e (s) a e no signi ican ly di e en a (P = 0.05) om each o he using Fishe ’s Leas Signi icance
Di e ence (LSD) es .
6
Godi ey e al.
In . J. Biosci.
2020
The end was di e en om O. sua e which showed
less pes icidal ac i i y a e 9 weeks o ea men .
All pes icidal lea powde a 30 g displayed he leas
e ec i eness in a ec ing egg laying capaci y by C.
macula us. Ac elic® dus 2 g showed he g ea es
capaci y o inhibi o iposi ion by C. macula us han
he es o he ea men s.
The E ec o Pes icidal Lea Powde on Cowpea
Damage by C. Macula us
Supplying plan lea powde a a es 30, 60 and 90 g
1.5 kg-1 o cowpea seeds, displayed a ied pes icidal
e ec s on p o ec ing cowpea g ains agains C.
macula us damage. Ac elic dus a 2 g showed high
e ec i eness in con olling cowpea damage by C.
macula us (Table 4).
Table 4. Mean numbe o damaged seeds by C. macula us in s o ed cowpea ea ed wi h h ee pes icidal lea
powde .
T ea men s
Ra es (g) 1.5 kg-1
Week 3
Week 6
Week 9
Week 12
Con ol (- e)
0
27.67±4.98a
33.00±3.06a
107.67±13.13a
132.67±16.60a
O. sua e
30
12.00±1.73b
18.33±1.45b
39.33±1.86b
77.00±6.25b
O. sua e
60
10.67±0.88b
12.00±1.53bc
15.00±2.00c
68.67±6.57b
O. sua e
90
7.00±1.15bc
8.67±0.88bcd
10.00±1.53c
9.67±0.67c
H. sua eolens
30
10.33±1.45b
11.00±1.15bcd
36.00±6.03b
70.00±7.77b
H. sua eolens
60
9.33±0.88b
7.33±1.20bcd
7.00±2.65c
7.67±0.88c
H. sua eolens
90
8.67±2.03b
6.67±1.20cd
7.00±2.08c
5.00±1.15c
D. amb osieides
30
11.00±1.00b
12.67±2.73bc
33.33±8.37b
60.00±4.36b
D. amb osieides
60
8.67±1.20b
8.00±1.53bcd
10.67±0.88c
8.33±0.67c
D. amb osieides
90
6.33±2.85bc
7.33±2.03bcd
5.00±0.58c
5.00±0.58c
Ac ellic dus (+ e)
2
0.00±0.00c
0.33±0.33d
1.00±0.58c
1.33±0.33c
One-Way ANOVA
(F-s a is ics)
15.77***
9.66***
49.01***
47.84***
Con ol (- e) = nega i e con ol, + e = posi i e con ol; *** signi ican a P ≤ 0.001 and Means wi hin he same
column ollowed by he same le e (s) a e no signi ican ly di e en a (P = 0.05) om each o he using Fishe ’s
Leas Signi icance Di e ence (LSD) es .
The highes g ain damage was obse ed in a nega i e
con ol h oughou he s udy pe iod. All plan s lea
powde a a es 30, 60 and 90 g 1.5 kg-1 o cowpea
seeds displayed simila e ec in educing cowpea
damage in he i s h ee weeks o ea men .
Howe e , om 6 o 12 weeks, hei di e ences we e
s a is ically signi ican (P ≤ 0.001) and was dose
dependen . T ea men s wi h
O. sua e a 90 g, H. sua eolens and D. amb osioides
a a es 60 and 90 g showed p omising esul s in
p o ec ing he g ains agains C. macula us damage
simila o syn he ic chemical.
Discussion
Pe o mance o O. sua e on C. macula us
Ocimum sua e con ains ph y ochemical eugenol as a
majo bio-ac i e compound ha exci e insec icidal
ac i i ies such as epellency, umigan , con ac
oxici y, mo ali y and de e en e ec agains s o age
insec pes o di e en c op including Si ophilus
zeamais, P os ephanus unca us (Obeng-O o i and
Reichmu h, 1997; Obeng-O o i e al., 2000). In he
p esen s udy, O. sua e exhibi ed pes icidal ac i i ies
agains C. macula us a high dosage (60 and 90 g) o
plan lea powde ha e ec i ely educed o iposi ion
and he numbe o adul C. macula us eme gence up
o 6 weeks o hei s o age (Table 1 & 3). Obeng-
O o i and Reichmu h, (1997) epo ed on oxici y o
Eugenol agains ou species o s o ed-p oduc
Coleop e a when he s o e ime inc eased. In his
ega ds, O. Sua e can be used as a g ain p o ec an in
a sho - e m s o age. Thus, he e should be pe iodic
7
Godi ey e al.
In . J. Biosci.
2020
eapplica ion o his plan ma e ials i hey a e o be
used o a long- e m s o age (Muzemu e al., 2013).
Howe e , o he s udies ha e shown ha mixing O.
sua e wi h o he pes icidal ma e ials such as
Cymbopogon ci a us e ec i ely p olong he s o age
ime o cowpea seeds agains C. macula us by
inhibi ing o iposi ion and numbe o adul eme gence
(Ojianwuna, 2011).
A highe dose o 90 g, plan lea powde o O. sua e
showed e ec i eness in inc easing adul mo ali y o
C. macula us. This esul is simila o he wo k o
Bekele e al., (1999) in which O. sua e g ound d y
lea es wo ked bes a he highe dosage and e oked
100% mo ali y o h ee s o ed insec pes s Si ophilus
zeamais, Rhyzope ha dominica and Si o oga
ce ealella. Ocimum species a e known o ha e
epellen and oxican e ec agains a ious s o ed
insec pes s (Bekele e al., 1999; Hassanali e al.,
1990) which migh be he eason o high mo ali y
and educed o iposi ion caused by his plan
ma e ials o C. macula us. The p o ec ion o g ains
agains insec damage by he lea es o O. sua e o m
he basis o hei use by small scale a me s as
adi ional g ain p o ec an in sho - e m s o age.
Pe o mance o H. sua eolens on C. macula us
Hyp is sua eolens is known o con ain sabinene (41.0
%), e pinen-4-ol (12.31 %), β-pinene (10.0 %) and β-
ca yophyllene (8.0 %) as ou majo compounds wi h
biological ac i i ies agains se e al ield and s o age
insec pes s (T ipa hi and Upadhway, 2009; Sha ma
and T ipa hi, 2008; Chi and Apiah, 2012; Hassan e
al., 2018). In his s udy, lea powde o H. sua eolens
showed high e ec i eness on educing o iposi ion,
adul eme gence, seed damage and inc easing
mo ali y o C. macula us a he highe dose o 60 and
90 g o e he pe iod o 12 weeks (Table 2). The
epellency p ope y o H. sua eolens con ibu ed o
he educed o iposi ion which consequen ly esul ed
in o inhibi ion o la al de elopmen ha could g ow
in o pupa and hence low numbe o adul cowpea
eme gence. Hassan e al., (2018) epo ed 100 % o
eggs’ mo ali y when lea powde o H. sua eolens
we e es ed on C. macula us eggs o es he o icidal
ac i i y. O he schola s ha e also epo ed on simila
e ec o he H. sua eolens plan ma e ials on
con olling cowpea wee ils (T ipa hi and Upadhway,
2009; Adebayo and Eyo, 2014) and maize wee ils
(Asawalam e al., 2007). In his ega ds, H.
sua eolens seems o ha e p o ec an s abili y agains
s o age insec pes s o a longe pe iod han O. sua e
and hence can be used as an al e na i e o syn he ic
pes icide.
Pe o mance o D. amb osioides on C. macula us
The chemical sc eening o D. amb osioides iden i ied
he plan o ha e se e al chemical compounds
including asca idole (54 %), isoasca idole, (28 %) and
p-cymene (8 %) (Dembi sky e al., 2008; Mkenda e
al., 2015). I has been used o ea ing diseases and
p ese ing pos ha es g ains om wee il a ack
(Tapondjou e al., 2002; Dembi sky e al., 2008;
Salimena e al., 2015; Mkenda e al., 2015). In he
p esen s udy, D. amb osioides a he a es o 60 and
90 g, exhibi ed high e ec i eness on educing adul
mo ali y, educed seed damage and inhibi ion o
adul eme gences. The e ec i eness o D.
amb osioides could be as a esul o biological ac i i y
o asca idole compound ha con ains insec icidal
ac i i y agains insec s’ pes s. Chu e al. (2011)
epo ed asca idole o be he ac i e cons i uen
agains he s o age wee il Si ophilus o yzae. Simila
o o he plan ma e ials used in his s udy, D.
amb osioides was e y e ec i e a highe dosage o
plan lea powde . Mkenda e al., (2015) epo ed a
comple e seed p o ec ion, highe mo ali y o
C. macula us and lowe numbe o holes pe cowpea
seed using D. amb osioides powde . Simila o esul s
ob ained in his s udy, he e ec i eness o D.
amb osioides plan ma e ials agains se e al insec
pes s ha e been widely epo ed (Tapondjou e al.,
2002; Chiasson e al., 2004; Denloye e al., 2010;
Mkenda e al., 2015).
Conclusion
Gene ally, he h ee pes icidal lea powde e alua ed,
p o ide p o ec ion o cowpea g ains om C.
macula us a he high a es o plan lea powde
which may be as a esul o o icidal and la icidal
8
Godi ey e al.
In . J. Biosci.
2020
p ope ies possessed by he es ed plan ma e ials
ha killed ew eggs laid while p e en ing he ew once
ha ha ched o g ow in o la a. Fu he mo e, high
mo ali y caused by plan lea powde migh also be
due o con ac oxici y o he es ed plan powde s
which a ec insec ’s su i al hus kill hem. Plan s
lea powde showed dec eased end o insec
mo ali y a e he 12 weeks sugges ing as
deg adable na u e o bioac i e compounds p esen in
hese plan s’ ma e ial and hence sa e y o human
heal h as well as li le o no esidue o en i onmen .
Among he pes icidal lea powde used, H. sua eolens
and D. amb osioides a 90 g e ec i ely educed he
o iposi ion in s o ed cowpea simila o Ac elic® dus .
In his ega ds, small holde a me s esiding in a eas
whe e hese ma e ials a e locally a ailable, can u ilize
hese plan ma e ials as g ain p o ec an s in s o ed
cowpea. By conside ing ha , adul cowpea wee ils do
no eed on s o ed cowpea seeds bu only deposi hei
eggs, ha ing good con ol o inhibi o in somewha
educe eggs deposi ion could p olong he s o age ime
o he g ains. The e o e, based on he esul s
ob ained om his s udy, pes icidal plan s lea
powde a e good p o ec an s o s o ed cowpea
p oduc as hey can e ec i ely p o ec he g ains
agains C. macula us howe e , i s applica ion can
only be ce ain o high dose.
Acknowledgemen
The au ho s a e hank ul o A ican De elopmen
Bank A DB (G an No. 2100155032816) o inancial
suppo p o ided o accomplish his s udy.
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