17
Di e si y, conse a ion, and endemism o he ba s (Chi op e a)
o Mexico
Ameyalli Ma ín-Ven u a1, Liliana Rosas-Du án1, Cá ol Sie a-Du án1,2 , Joaquín A oyo-Cab ales3,
Rod igo A. Medellín1
1 Labo a o io de Ecología y Conse ación de Ve eb ados Te es es, Ins i u o de Ecología, Uni e sidad Nacional Au ónoma de México, Coyoacán, Mexico Ci y
C.P 04510, Mexico
2 BiBio Resea ch G oup, Na u al Sciences Museum o G anolle s, A /F ancesc Macià 51, G anolle s 08402, Spain
3 Labo a o io de A queozoología, Subdi ección de Labo a o ios y Apoyo Académico, Ins i u o Nacional de An opología e His o ia, Mexico Ci y, Mexico
Co esponding au ho : Rod igo A. Medellín ([email p o ec ed])
Copy igh : © Ameyalli Ma ín-Ven u a e al.
This is an open access a icle dis ibu ed unde
e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion
License (A ibu ion 4.0 In e na ional – CC BY 4.0).
Resea ch A icle
Abs ac
An upda ed checklis o he ba s o Mexico is p esen ed, comp ising eigh ami-
lies, 71 gene a, and 146 species. Since he las checklis published by Ramí ez-Pu-
lido e al. (2014), wo new species ha e been desc ibed: Vampy essa illai and
Co yno hinus leonpaniaguae, and wo mo e, Phyllops alca us and Phyllos omus has a-
us, we e eco ded o he i s ime in he coun y. Addi ionally, 22 axonomic changes
ha e occu ed since he p e ious lis . O he 146 ba species eco ded, 20 a e endemic
o Mexico, highligh ing he coun y’s megadi e si y, e lec ion o i s unique biogeog aph-
ic and ecological cha ac e is ics. This ema kable dis inc ion also b ings signi ican e-
sponsibili y, as Mexico holds he highes numbe o endemic ba species wo ldwide.
Consequen ly, p o ec ing hese endemic species and hose a isk o ex inc ion mus be
a op p io i y in he coun y’s decision-making p ocesses and conse a ion policies.
Key wo ds: Hibe na ion, La in Ame ica, mig a ion, ichness, species lis , axonomic upda e
In oduc ion
Because o i s complex geog aphy, which includes ex ensi e moun ain ang-
es such as he Sie a Mad e O ien al, he Sie a Mad e Occiden al, and he
T ans-Mexican Neo olcanic Bel , as well as opical jungles, dese s, and coas -
al ecosys ems, and also because i s longi udinal ex en om 14 o 32 deg ees
no h, encompassing he comple e limi s be ween he Nea c ic and he Neo op-
ical egions a ound he opic o Cance , Mexico is one o he mos biodi e se
coun ies in he wo ld (Mo one 2019). The con as ing opog aphy and clima ic
condi ions o Mexico ha e os e ed his ema kable biological ichness, wi h
ba di e si y s anding ou among mammalian g oups (Medellín e al. 2008).
Ba s (Chi op e a) ep esen he second-la ges g oup o mammals in e ms o
species ichness in Mexico and wo ldwide (Simmons and Ci anello 2024). Wi h
o e 140 species eco ded in he coun y, ba s play essen ial oles in ecosys ems by
pa icipa ing in key p ocesses such as plan pollina ion, insec popula ion con ol,
and seed dispe sal (Medellín e al. 2017). Due o hei sensi i i y o en i onmen al
changes, ba s also se e as excellen indica o s o he conse a ion s a us o
Academic edi o : Nil on Cáce es
Recei ed:
28 June 2025
Accep ed:
23 Sep embe 2025
Published:
21 No embe 2025
ZooBank: h ps://zoobank.
o g/40989999-D23D-4C21-BADD-
5D3968B9A768
Ci a ion: Ma ín-Ven u a А, Rosas-
Du án L, Sie a-Du án C, A oyo-
Cab ales J, Medellín RA (2025)
Di e si y, conse a ion, and endemism
o he ba s (Chi op e a) o Mexico.
ZooKeys 1261: 17–38. h ps://doi.
o g/10.3897/zookeys.1261.163471
ZooKeys 1261: 17–38 (2025)
DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1261.163471
18
ZooKeys 1261: 17–38 (2025), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1261.163471
Ameyalli Ma ín-Ven u a e al.: Ba s o Mexico
ecosys ems, anging om empe a e o es s o u ban and opical en i onmen s
(Medellín e al. 2000; Basile e al. 2020; Ramos-H e al. 2020; Cajaiba e al. 2021;
Dambly e al. 2021; Gu ié ez-G anados and Rod íguez-Zúñiga 2024).
Ve y li le has been done on wo ecology s a egies o Mexican ba s: mig a ion
and hibe na ion. Mig a ion is de ined as a cyclical, seasonal, p edic able, and
synch onized mo emen be ween wo egions, usually sepa a ed by long dis-
ances, and enabling species o comple e dis inc s ages o hei li e cycle and
op imize adap a ion o seasonally a ailable esou ces (Bu ke e al. 2019). Hibe -
na ion is a con olled educ ion o body empe a u e and physiological unc ions
ha can las days, weeks, o mon hs and equi es p io a accumula ion (Al ing-
ham 2011; Geise 2021). Unde s anding hese s a egies and which species o
Mexican ba s employ hem is essen ial o guiding conse a ion e o s.
Despi e hei impo ance, in o ma ion ega ding he ecology and dis ibu-
ion o many ba species emains limi ed. Mos esea ch e o s ocus on e-
co e y p og ams o a e a ge ed owa d speci ic species. Tha is he case o
Lep onyc e is ye babuenae Ma ínez & Villa-R, 1940, a species ha was con-
side ed Th ea ened in Mexico and Endange ed in he U.S. This a ac ed much
a en ion and lo s o esea ch p omp ed i s eco e y by 2013 (Medellín and To -
es-Knoop 2015; Medellín e al. 2018; Medellín 2019; La e y e al. 2025). O he
species o aspec s o he biology o ba s ha e also p oduced ocal wo k on pa -
icula opics such as molecula gene ics, e olu ion, ecology, o conse a ion.
The s udy o hese mammals is an e ol ing ield, and in ecen yea s, he lis
o species in Mexico and he es o he wo ld has inc eased signi ican ly due
o new axonomic and biogeog aphic esea ch. Mexico has wi nessed a ecen
s ong impulse s udying he axonomy and dis ibu ion o ba s. As a esul , new
species and p e iously un eco ded species ha e been ecen ly disco e ed in he
coun y (e.g. A anda-Coello e al. 2025; López-Cuama zi e al. 2024). Gi en his
dynamism, main aining an upda ed lis o ba s in Mexico is c ucial o assessing
hei conse a ion s a us, unde s anding hei di e si y pa e ns, and designing
e ec i e p o ec ion s a egies and policies (Simmons and Ci anello 2024).
In his con ex , i is essen ial o ga he and analyze he mos ecen knowl-
edge abou he ba species p esen in Mexican e i o y, conside ing hei le els
o endemism and hei na ional and in e na ional conse a ion s a us. This up-
da e will no only s eng hen scien i ic esea ch bu will also p o ide key in o -
ma ion o decision-making ega ding conse a ion and he managemen o
he ecosys ems in which hese o ganisms play i al oles.
Me hodology
This lis compiles all species cu en ly ecognized in he li e a u e by mos au-
ho s as esiden in Mexico. Th ough a comp ehensi e analysis, we iden i ied
species whose axonomy o dis ibu ion has changed and inco po a ed ecen -
ly desc ibed species wi h a dis ibu ion in he coun y. We also assessed hei
conse a ion s a us a bo h na ional and in e na ional le els, as well as hei
geog aphic dis ibu ion, o iden i y endemic species and a eas wi h g ea e
species ichness wi hin Mexican e i o y.
To compile his lis , we conduc ed a c i ical assessmen o include each spe-
cies ha ha e been ecen ly ecognized o newly epo ed in he coun y. Ou
wo k was based on he na ional lis s by Medellín e al. (2008) and Ramí ez-Pu-
19
ZooKeys 1261: 17–38 (2025), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1261.163471
Ameyalli Ma ín-Ven u a e al.: Ba s o Mexico
lido e al. (2014), as well as he in e na ional lis s by Wilson and Mi e meie
(2019) and Simmons and Ci anello (2024). Addi ionally, we inco po a ed axo-
nomic e isions published a e he lis ing by Ramí ez-Pulido e al. (2014) such
as Ri as-Camo e al. (2020), Ga bino e al. (2024), and López-Cuama zi e al.
(2024). I is necessa y o men ion ha we a e no ollowing he ASM Mammal
Di e si y Da abase because he e is a lag be ween he new axonomic p oposals
and hei appea ance in such a da abase (Mammal Di e si y Da abase 2025).
The geog aphic dis ibu ion o species was de e mined by e iewing he dis-
ibu ion maps p o ided by Wilson and Mi e meie (2019), Simmons and Ci -
anello (2024), da abases om Comisión Nacional pa a el Conocimien o y Uso
de la Biodi e sidad (CONABIO), Global Biodi e si y In o ma ion Facili y (GBIF),
and In e na ional Union o Conse a ion o Na u e (IUCN), as well as p e ious
s udies on he p esence o ba s in di e en egions o Mexico such as he ba s
o Tabasco (Ga cía-Mo ales, 2021; Pé ez-Ne zahual e al. 2023), Campeche
(Mejenes-López e al. 2024), Ve ac uz (Ce ón-He nández e al. 2022), and Du-
ango (To es-Mo ales e al. 2010), among o he s. Based on hei dis ibu ion,
we iden i ied species endemic o Mexico.
The conse a ion s a us o each species included in he lis was de e mined
using he classi ica ion om he mos ecen e sion o he Mexican ede al
lis o endange ed species (NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2025) and he IUCN Red
Lis . Fo species e alua ed in he Mexican ede al lis , we used he ca ego ies
“Th ea ened”, “Special P o ec ion”, and “Endange ed”. Meanwhile, o species
assessed in he IUCN Red Lis , we conside ed he ca ego ies “Nea Th ea -
ened”, “Vulne able”, “Endange ed”, and “C i ically Endange ed” o iden i y hose
equi ing u gen conse a ion a en ion.
Resul s
A o al o 146 ba species a e ecognized in Mexico, classi ied in o 71 gene a and
eigh amilies (Table 1). This places he coun y among he op en wo ldwide in
ba di e si y. As a esul , he lis o ba species o Mexico has expanded compa ed
o he las upda e by Ramí ez-Pulido e al. (2014), which eco ded 139 species.
This inc ease is la gely a ibu ed o signi ican ad ances in molecula e-
sea ch o e he pas decade, which ha e enabled a mo e comp ehensi e unde -
s anding o ba di e si y. These de elopmen s ha e acili a ed he axonomic
e ision and eclassi ica ion o se e al species, as well as he desc ip ion o
newly ecognized axa, such as Vampy essa illai Ga bino, He nández-Canchola,
León-Paniagua & Ta a es, 2024 and Co yno hinus leonpaniaguae López-Cuama -
zi, O ega, Ospina-Ga cés, Zúñiga & MacSwiney G., 2024. Bo h desc ip ions we e
suppo ed by in eg a i e s udies combining de ailed mo phological analyses, in-
cluding c anial and den al ai s, wi h gene ic e idence based on mi ochond ial
and nuclea DNA sequences (Ga bino e al. 2024; López-Cuama zi e al. 2024).
Addi ionally, he p esence o Phyllops alca us (G ay, 1839) a species no p e-
iously ecognized as pa o Mexico’s ba auna, has been documen ed. This
Ca ibbean-endemic ba was ecen ly eco ded on Cozumel Island, whe e esiden
popula ions ha e been con i med (Ri as-Camo e al. 2020), hus signi ican ly ex-
ending he known geog aphic ange o he genus. I s ecen disco e y in he coun-
y sugges s possible p e iously undocumen ed dispe sal ou es o shi s in dis i-
bu ion pa e ns, indica ing ha addi ional popula ions in Mexico may ye be ound.
20
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Ameyalli Ma ín-Ven u a e al.: Ba s o Mexico
Table 1. Full lis o he ba species o Mexico.
Family/Sub amily Genus Species
Emballonu idae
Balan iop e yx Balan iop e yx io Thomas, 1904
Balan iop e yx plica a Pe e s, 1867
Cen onyc e is Cen onyc e is cen alis Thomas, 1912
Diclidu us Diclidu us albus Wied-Neuwied, 1820
Pe op e yx Pe op e yx kapple i Pe e s, 1867
Pe op e yx mac o is (J. A. Wagne , 1820)
Rhynchonyc e is Rhynchonyc e is naso (Wied-Neuwied, 1820)
Saccop e yx Saccop e yx bilinea a (Temminck, 1838)
Saccop e yx lep u a (Sch ebe , 1774)
Noc ilionidae Noc ilio Noc ilio albi en is Desma es , 1818
Noc ilio lepo inus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Thy op e idae Thy op e a Thy op e a icolo Spix, 1823
Mo moopidae
Mo moops Mo moops megalophylla (Pe e s, 1864)
P e ono us
P e ono us ul us (Thomas, 18)
P e ono us gymnono us (J. A. Wagne , 1843)
P e ono us mesoame icanus (Smi h, 1972)
P e ono us mexicanus (Mille , 1902)
P e ono us psilo is (Dobson, 1878)
Phyllos omidae
Mac o inae Mac o us Mac o us cali o nicus Bai d, 1858
Mac o us wa e housii G ay, 1843
Mic onyc e inae
Lamp onyc e is Lamp onyc e is b achyo is (Dobson, 1879)
Mic onyc e is Mic onyc e is mic o is Mille , 1898
Mic onyc e is schmid o um Sanbo n, 1935
T inyc e is T inyc e is nice o i (Sanbo n, 1949)
Desmodon inae
Desmodus Desmodus o undus (É. Geo oy Sain -Hilai e, 1810)
Diaemus Diaemus youngi (Jen ink, 1893)
Diphylla Diphylla ecauda a Spix, 1823
Loncho hininae Loncho hina Loncho hina au i a Tomes, 1863
Phyllos ominae
Ch o op e us Ch o op e us au i us (Pe e s, 1856)
Ga dne yc e is Ga dne yc e is keenani (Handley, 1960)
Lophos oma Lophos oma nica aguae (Goodwin, 1942)
Lophos oma e o is (W. B. Da is & Ca e , 1978)
Mac ophyllum Mac ophyllum mac ophyllum (Schinz, 1821)
Mimon Mimon cozumelae Goldman 1914
Phyllode ma Phyllode ma s enops (Pe e s, 1865)
Phyllops Phyllops alca us (G ay, 1839)
Phyllos omus Phyllos omus discolo (Wagne , 1843)
Phyllos omus has a us (Pallas, 1767)
Tona ia Tona ia bake i Williams, Willig & Reid, 1995
T achops T achops co ini Goldman, 1925
Vampy um Vampy um spec um (Linnaeus, 1758)
Glossophaginae
Anou a Anou a pe uana lasiopyga (Pe e s, 1868)
Choe oniscus Choe oniscus godmani (Thomas, 1903)
Choe onyc e is Choe onyc e is mexicana Tschudi, 1844
Glossophaga
Glossophaga commissa isi Ga dne , 1962
Glossophaga leachii (G ay, 1844)
Glossophaga mo enoi Ma ínez & Villa-R., 1938
Glossophaga mu ica Me iam, 1898
Hylonyc e is Hylonyc e is unde woodi Thomas, 1903
Lep onyc e is Lep onyc e is ni alis (Saussu e, 1860)
Lep onyc e is ye babuenae Ma ínez & Villa-R, 1940
Lichonyc e is Lichonyc e is obscu a Thomas, 1895
Musonyc e is Musonyc e is ha isoni Schaldach & McLaughlin, 1960
21
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Ameyalli Ma ín-Ven u a e al.: Ba s o Mexico
Family/Sub amily Genus Species
Ca ollinae Ca ollia
Ca ollia pe spicilla a (Linnaeus, 1758)
Ca ollia sowelli Bake , Sola i & Ho mann, 2002
Ca ollia sub u a (Hahn, 1905)
Glyphonyc e inae Glyphonyc e is Glyphonyc e is syl es is Thomas, 1896
S enode ma inae
A ibeus
A ibeus hi su us K. Ande sen, 1906
A ibeus in e medius J.A. Allen, 1897
A ibeus jamaicensis Leach, 1821
A ibeus li u a us (Ol e s, 1818)
Cen u io Cen u io senex G ay, 1842
Chi ode ma
Chi ode ma sal ini Dobson, 1878
Chi ode ma scopaeum Handley, 1966
Chi ode ma illosum Pe e s, 1860
De manu a
De manu a az eca (K. Ande sen, 1906)
De manu a phaeo is Mille , 1902
De manu a ol eca (Saussu e, 1860)
De manu a wa soni (Thomas, 1901)
Enchis henes Enchis henes ha ii (Thomas, 1892)
Pla y hinus Pla y hinus helle i (Pe e s, 1866)
S u ni a S u ni a hondu ensis Goodwin, 1940
S u ni a pa idens Goldman, 1917
U ode ma
U ode ma con exum Lyon, 1902
U ode ma da isi Bake & McDaniel, 1972
U ode ma magni os um Da is, 1968
Vampy essa Vampy essa hyone Thomas, 1909
Vampy essa illai Ga bino, He nández-Canchola, León-Paniagua & Ta a es, 2024
Vampy odes Vampy odes majo Allen, 1908
Na alidae Na alus Na alus mexicanus Mille , 1902
Na alus lana us Tejedo , 2005
Molossidae
Cynomops Cynomops mexicanus (Jones & Genoways, 1967)
Eumops
Eumops au ipendulus (Shaw, 1800)
Eumops e ox (GundlachinPe e s, 1861)
Eumops hansae Sanbo n, 1932
Eumops nanus (Mille , 1900)
Eumops pe o is (Schinz, 1821)
Eumops unde woodi Goodwin, 1940
Molossus
Molossus al a ezi Gonzalez-Ruiz, Rami ez-Pulido & A oyo-Cab ales, 2011
Molossus az ecus Saussu e, 1860
Molossus coibensis J. A. Allen, 1904
Molossus molossus (Pallas, 1766)
Molossus nig icans Mille , 1902
Molossus sinaloae J. A. Allen, 1906
Nyc inomops
Nyc inomops au ispinosus (Peale, 1849)
Nyc inomops emo osaccus (Me iam, 1889)
Nyc inomops la icauda us (É. Geo oy Sain -Hilai e, 1805)
Nyc inomops mac o is (G ay, 1839)
P omops P omops cen alis Thomas, 1915
Tada ida Tada ida b asiliensis (I. Geo oy Sain -Hilai e, 1824)
22
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Ameyalli Ma ín-Ven u a e al.: Ba s o Mexico
Family/Sub amily Genus Species
Vespe ilionidae
An ozous An ozous pallidus (Le Con e, 1856)
Baeodon Baeodon alleni (Thomas, 1892)
Baeodon g acilis (Mille , 1897)
Baue us Baue us dubiaque cus (Van Gelde , 1959)
Co yno hinus
Co yno hinus leonpaniaguae López-Cuama zi, O ega, Ospina-Ga cés, Zúñiga & MacSwiney G., 2024
Co yno hinus mexicanus G. M. Allen, 1916
Co yno hinus ownsendii (Coope , 1837)
Neoep esicus Neoep esicus b asiliensis (Desma es , 1819)
Neoep esicus u inalis (d’O bigny & Ge ais, 1847)
Ep esicus Ep esicus uscus (Paliso de Beau ois, 1796)
Eude ma Eude ma macula um (J. A. Allen, 1891)
Idionyc e is Idionyc e is phyllo is (G. M. Allen, 1916)
Lasionyc e is Lasionyc e is noc i agans (Le Con e, 1831)
Lasiu us
Lasiu us bo ealis (Mülle , 1776)
Lasiu us cine eus (Paliso de Beau ois, 1796)
Lasiu us ega (Ge ais, 1856)
Lasiu us an zii (Pe e s, 1870)
Lasiu us in e medius H. Allen, 1862
Lasiu us xan inus (Thomas, 1897)
Myo is
Myo is albescens (È. Geo oy Sain -Hilai e, 1806)
Myo is au iculus Bake & S ains, 1955
Myo is cali o nicus (Audubon & Bachman, 1842)
Myo is ca e i (LaVal, 1973)
Myo is elegans Hall, 1962
Myo is e o is (H. Allen, 1864)
Myo is ex emus Mille & Allen, 1928
Myo is indleyi Bogan, 1978
Myo is o idens Mille & Allen, 1928
Myo is ciliolab um (Me iam, 1886)
Myo is occul us Hollis e , 1909
Myo is pilosa ibialis LaVal, 1973
Myo is planiceps R.H. Bake , 1955
Myo is hysanodes Mille , 1897
Myo is eli e (J. A. Allen, 1890)
Myo is i esi Menegaux, 1901
Myo is olans (H. Allen, 1866)
Myo is yumanensis (H. Allen, 1866)
Nyc iceius Nyc iceius hume alis (Ra inesque, 1818)
Pa as ellus Pa as ellus hespe us (H. Allen, 1864)
Pe imyo is Pe imyo is sub la us (F. Cu ie , 1832)
Rhogeessa
Rhogeessa aenea Goodwin, 1958
Rhogeessa bickhami Bai d, Ma chan-Ri adenei a, Pe ez & Bake , 2012
Rhogeessa genowaysi Bake , 1984
Rhogeessa mi aLaVal, 1973
Rhogeessa pa ula H. Allen, 1866
Rhogeessa umida H. Allen, 1866
23
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Ameyalli Ma ín-Ven u a e al.: Ba s o Mexico
Likewise, Phyllos omus has a us (Pallas, 1767) was ecen ly epo ed in
Mexico (A anda-Coello e al. 2025). This eco d ex ends he species’ no he n
dis ibu ion by app oxima ely 120 km om he nea es p e iously documen ed
occu ence in Gua emala and ep esen s he second species o he genus e-
co ded in ou coun y.
On he o he hand, he p esence o Na alus lana us Tejedo , 2005 is ecog-
nized as he second species o he genus Na alus in Mexico, suppo ed by
p e ious s udies (Rod íguez-He e a e al. 2011; Ramí ez-Pulido e al. 2014;
Tejedo 2019), which ein o ces he need o con inue e alua ing c yp ic di e -
si y in he coun y.
Species wi h changes in nomencla u e and axonomy
Taxonomic analyses o he chi op e an auna ha e iden i ied 23 ba species
in Mexico ha ha e unde gone axonomic es uc u ing and nomencla u al
changes, spanning ou amilies: Mo moopidae, Phyllos omidae, Molossidae,
and Vespe ilionidae (Table 2). No ably, se e al gene a p e iously hough o
con ain a limi ed o poo ly de ined numbe o species ha e been shown o en-
compass g ea e di e si y, including axa endemic o Mexico. These e isions
include he ede ini ion o geog aphic anges o species once conside ed wide-
sp ead and he o mal desc ip ion o new species, suppo ed by mo phological,
gene ic, and ecological e idence. In all cases, he Mexican axa main ain close
a ini ies wi h he o iginal species complexes bu exhibi su icien di e gence
o jus i y hei ecogni ion as dis inc species.
Mo eo e , se e al axa p e iously classi ied as subspecies ha e been e-
classi ied as independen species, he eby ede ining hei axonomic ank and
imp o ing he esolu ion o ba biodi e si y assessmen s in Mexico. Among
he mos no able nomencla u al changes is Anou a pe uana lasiopyga (Pe e s,
1868; o me ly A. geo oyi), whose ecogni ion as a dis inc species is suppo -
ed by mo phome ic analyses, ecological niche modeling, and DNA ba coding
(Molina i e al. 2023). Simila ly, phylogene ic and mo phological analyses by
Fonseca e al. (2024) e ealed ha he genus T achops comp ises a leas h ee
dis inc species, wi h T achops co ini Goldman, 1925 (p e iously T. ci hosus)
being he only one occu ing in Mexico.
In addi ion, A ibeus in e medius J.A. Allen, 1897, a species no p e iously
included in ea lie checklis s, is ecognized he e based on mo phological and
molecula e idence p o ided by Ma chán-Ri adenei a e al. (2012) and La sen
e al. (2013), espec i ely. These s udies highligh ed ecological di e ences be-
ween A. in e medius and closely ela ed species as a key ac o con ibu ing o
he specia ion p ocess.
The amily Vespe ilionidae has unde gone signi ican axonomic e isions.
The genus Baeodon was ini ially sepa a ed om Rhogeessa in he 1970s and
1980s, hough i was la e conside ed a subgenus. Howe e , Roeh s e al.
(2011), h ough nuclea DNA analyses, con i med ha Baeodon is a dis inc
genus comp ising wo species, Baeodon alleni (Thomas, 1892) and Baeodon
g acilis (Mille , 1897), bo h o which a e endemic o Mexico. In addi ion, a new
genus, Neoep esicus, was ecen ly es ablished o accommoda e Neoep esicus
b asiliensis (Desma es , 1819) and Neoep esicus u inalis (d’O bigny & Ge ais,
1847), species p e iously included in he genus Ep esicus (Cláudio e al. 2023).
24
ZooKeys 1261: 17–38 (2025), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1261.163471
Ameyalli Ma ín-Ven u a e al.: Ba s o Mexico
Table 2. Taxonomic changes in ba s o Mexico om 2014 o 2024. Upda es o a o al o 22 species we e eco ded dis-
ibu ed ac oss ou amilies.
Family Cu en nomencla u e P e ious nomencla u e Bibliog aphic e e ence
Mo moopidae
P e ono us ul us P e ono us da yi Pa an and Ma oig 2016
P e ono us mesoame icanus P e ono us pa nellii Pa an and Ma oig 2016
P e ono us mexicanus P e ono us pa nellii mexicanus Pa an and Ma oig 2016
P e ono us psilo is P e ono us pe sona us Pa an and Ma oig 2016
Phyllos omidae
Anou a pe uana lasiopyga Anou a geo oyi Molina i e al. 2023
A ibeus in e medius A ibeus li u a us in e medius La sen e al. 2013
Chi ode ma scopaeum Chi ode ma sal ini scopaeum Ga bino e al. 2020
Glossophaga mu ica Glossophaga so icina mu ica Calaho a-Olia e al. 2021
Ga dne yc e is keenani Mimon c enula um Hu ado and D’Elía 2018
Lophos oma nica aguae Lophos oma b asiliense Esqui el e al. 2022
Tona ia bake i Tona ia sau ophila Basan es e al. 2020
T achops co ni T achops ci hosus Fonseca e al. 2024
U ode ma con exum U ode ma biloba um con exum Man illa-Meluk 2014
U ode ma da isi U ode ma biloba um Man illa-Meluk 2014
Molossidae Molossus nig icans Molossus u us Lou ei o e al. 2020
Vespe ilionidae
Baeodon alleni Rhogeessa alleni Roeh s e al. 2011
Baeodon g acilis Rhogeessa g acilis Roeh s e al. 2011
Lasiu us an zii Lasiu us blosse illii Bai d e al. 2015
Myo is ca e i Myo is nig icans ca e i No aes e al. 2022
Myo is ex emus Myo is nig icans ex emus No aes e al. 2024
Myo is pilosa ibialis Myo is keaysi Ca ion-Bonilla and Cook 2020
Neoep esicus b asiliensis Ep esicus b asiliensis Cláudio e al. 2023
Neoep esicus u inalis Ep esicus u inalis Cláudio e al. 2023
Ba ichness pa e ns in Mexico
The ba auna o Mexico ai h ully e lec s he coun y’s megadi e si y, as
well as i s biogeog aphic and ecological pa e ns and p ocesses. Ba spe-
cies ichness ollows a dis inc la i udinal g adien (Fig. 1). Sou he n egions,
pa icula ly in he s a es o Chiapas, Oaxaca, Ve ac uz, and he Yuca án Pen-
insula, show he highes species ichness, wi h up o 89 species eco ded in
he Sel a Lacandona egion o Chiapas, Mexico p ecisely wha would be ex-
pec ed om deep Neo opical a ini ies. In con as , no he n a eas and he
cen al highlands display lowe di e si y, wi h signi ican ly ewe species, as
would co espondingly be expec ed o he Nea c ic egion. As is well known,
Mexico is he only coun y ha con ains he en i e y o he limi s be ween
any wo majo Biogeog aphical egions, so he no he n hal o Mexico is
pa o he Nea c ic egion, and he sou he n hal is pa o he Neo opical
egion. As wi h o he axonomic g oups such as ep iles, amphibians, and
plan s, he highes ba di e si y occu s in he Neo opical egion o sou he n
Mexico. This pa e n e lec s he g ea e ecological complexi y o opical
en i onmen s, wi h di e si y dec easing p og essi ely owa d he no h as
condi ions become inc easingly a id and empe a e.
25
ZooKeys 1261: 17–38 (2025), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1261.163471
Ameyalli Ma ín-Ven u a e al.: Ba s o Mexico
Endemism o ba s in Mexico
Twen y ba species endemic o Mexico we e iden i ied, spanning 12 gene a
and ou amilies (Table 3). The amily Vespe ilionidae is pa icula ly no able
o i s high di e si y, accoun ing o o e 60% o he endemic species eco ded.
These esul s unde sco e Mexico’s excep ional ichness and uniqueness in ba
biodi e si y, es ablishing he coun y as bo h a con inen al leade in endemic
ba species and a c i ical cen e o chi op e an endemism.
On he o he hand, 45% o he Mexican endemic ba species all unde some
isk ca ego y, ei he in NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2025 o he IUCN Red Lis . Among
hese, i e species a e in a c i ical condi ion, as hey a e lis ed as h ea ened
unde bo h egula o y amewo ks: Musonyc e is ha isoni Schaldach & Mc-
Laughlin, 1960, Myo is planiceps R.H. Bake , 1955, Myo is i esi Menegaux,
1901, Rhogeessa genowaysi R.J. Bake , 1984, and Rhogeessa mi a LaVal, 1973.
In pa icula , hose classi ied as Endange ed (EN) by he IUCN ace a high isk
o ex inc ion in he sho e m.
Mos Mexican endemic species a e loca ed in he opical d y o es s o
he wes e n and sou he n egions o he coun y, wi hin he Mexican T ansi-
Figu e 1. G adien o ba species ichness in Mexico. Species di e si y is highe in he sou he n pa o he coun y, whe e
opical habi a s p edomina e, and dec eases owa d he no h in mo e a id a eas. In his ep esen a ion, ed indica es a
g ea e numbe o species, while g een ep esen s lowe species ichness.
12.750
12.750
17.750
17.750
22.750
22.750
27.750
27.750
32.750
32.750
-114.400
-114.400
-109.400
-109.400
-104.400
-104.400
-99.400
-99.400
-94.400
-94.400
-89.400
-89.400
Ba species ichnessBa species ichness
Numbe o species
0
89
Paci ic oceanPaci ic ocean
T opic o Cance
Gul o MexicoGul o Mexico
32
ZooKeys 1261: 17–38 (2025), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1261.163471
Ameyalli Ma ín-Ven u a e al.: Ba s o Mexico
Conclusions
I is clea ha Mexico has been a hub o ba s udies o decades. Today he
coun y con ains 146 ba species, bu axonomy is only ca ching up and we
expec many mo e species o be disco e ed in he nex decade o so. The geo-
g aphical ea u es o Mexico, including i s e y complex opog aphy wi h many
moun ain anges c issc ossing he coun y om no h o sou h and om eas
o wes , as well as i s la i udinal s e ch con aining he T opic o Cance , Mexico
has mo e endemic species o ba s and o he mammals, han any o he coun y
in he wo ld. As a as we know, no o he coun y in he wo ld su passes he 20
endemic species o ba s in Mexico. This is bo h a g ea dis inc ion, and also
an eno mous esponsibili y; he conse a ion o hose 20 species is he sole
obliga ion o Mexico. Many o hese endemic species inhabi he opical d y
o es o he wes , o he s along he T ans-Mexican olcanic bel , and o he s
in he Gul o Cali o nia and i s islands. Addi ional endemic species can be
ound in he no heas e n Sie a Mad e O ien al. E iden ly, much mo e esea ch
is s ill needed o he axonomy o Mexican ba s o be inally unde s ood in
i s en i e y. Some axonomic gaps ha wa an u gen a en ion a e he gen-
e a Myo is, Ep esicus, Neoep esicus, Rhogeessa, Eumops, and e en g oups like
Mic onyc e is, Pe imyo is, and Molossus. Geog aphically, addi ional axonomic
wo k on ba s is u gen ly needed in he ain o es s o Chiapas and Oaxaca, and
also in he mon ane o es s o he T ans-Mexican olcanic bel .
In e ms o ex inc ion isk, ocusing on hose ca ego ies ha indeed ep-
esen isk o ex inc ion, ha is A and P in he Mexican legisla ion and Vu,
En, and C acco ding o IUCN (see Table 3), only i e species: L. ni alis (A,
En), M. ha isoni (P, Vu), M. planiceps (P, En), M. i esi (P, Vu), R. genowaysi
(A, En) ha e somewha coinciden al classi ica ion ankings. This is su p ising
and conce ning, gi en ha 38 species a e lis ed in he Mexican legisla ion, al-
hough 17 o hose a e unde Special P o ec ion (P ), a ca ego y ha does no
necessa ily ep esen ex inc ion isk (SEMARNAT 2025), and o he 14 spe-
cies lis ed unde he IUCN ca ego ies o NT, Vu, En, and C , only 9 a e included
in he h ee ca ego ies ha IUCN conside s o be ue isk o ex inc ion (Vu,
En, C ). Bu his limi ed coincidence aises conce ns abou he equi alence
o objec i i y sha ed be ween hese wo sys ems. Ou analysis se es as a
basis o con inue p omo ing con e ging, mo e obus classi ica ion in he wo
sys ems. Fo one, homologa ion among he h ee sys ems used he e, IUCN,
he Mexican legisla ion, and he expe elici a ion (Adams e al. 2024) would
be desi able, and an analysis o which species in need o conse a ion e o s
equi e a en ion is u gen .
Ba species lis s a he coun y le el a e an impo an sou ce o in o ma-
ion ha can help he decision-making p ocess and conse a ion policy. Fo
example, o se biodi e si y moni o ing p ac ices and conse a ion p io i ies
wi hin he coun y, o conduc assessmen s o ecological impo ance and
ecosys em se ices, o guide legisla ion and en i onmen al impac assess-
men , and hese lis s also a e he i s s ep o neighbo ing coun ies o iden-
i y and plan collabo a i e conse a ion p og ams aimed a p o ec ing sha ed
species, o e en indi iduals when hose species mig a e om one coun y
o ano he . These lis s also should be e isi ed e e y ew yea s o keep hem
accu a e and up o da e.
33
ZooKeys 1261: 17–38 (2025), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1261.163471
Ameyalli Ma ín-Ven u a e al.: Ba s o Mexico
Acknowledgemen s
We exp ess ou since e g a i ude o Claudia Mo eno o he aluable echnical
suppo and Juan J. Pellón o his commen s. We a e g a e ul o he Na ion-
al Geog aphic Socie y o unding his esea ch and likewise o he Sec e a ía
de Ciencia, Humanidades, Tecnología e Inno ación (SECIHTI) o i s suppo
h ough he Ayudan es de In es igado es Nacionales Ni el III. Finally, we ex end
ou app ecia ion o all he au ho s ci ed he e, whose wo k con inues o enhance
ou unde s anding o he di e si y and axonomy o Mexican ba species.
Addi ional in o ma ion
Con lic o in e es
The au ho s ha e decla ed ha no compe ing in e es s exis .
E hical s a emen
No e hical s a emen was epo ed.
Use o AI
No use o AI was epo ed.
Funding
Funding was ecei ed om he Na ional Geog aphic Socie y, Rolex Awa ds o en e -
p ise, Sec e a y o Science and Technology, Mexican Fede al Go e nmen , and he Whi -
ley Fund o Na u e.
Au ho con ibu ions
Ma in and Rosas w o e and analyzed he in o ma ion. Sie a c ea ed he igu e and con-
ibu ed o edi ing and w i ing. A oyo con ibu ed o edi ing and w i ing. Medellin con-
cep ualized and di ec ed he p oduc ion o he manusc ip , w o e and edi ed.
Au ho ORCIDs
Ameyalli Ma ín-Ven u a h ps://o cid.o g/0009-0002-6876-3330
Liliana Rosas-Du án h ps://o cid.o g/0009-0000-1465-6594
Cá ol Sie a-Du án h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0002-7956-6204
Joaquín A oyo-Cab ales h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0002-9095-489X
Da a a ailabili y
All o he da a ha suppo he indings o his s udy a e a ailable in he main ex .
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