1
Desc ip ion and li e his o y o a new genus and species o
Limacodidae (Lepidop e a, Zygaenoidea) om Taiwan, he i s
wi h a monkey-slug-like ca e pilla om ou side he New Wo ld
Yu-Chi Lin1, Rung-Juen Lin2, Ma c E. Eps ein3
1 Depa men o Li e Science, Na ional Taiwan No mal Uni e si y, Tingzhou Rd., Taipei 116059, Taiwan
2 Depa men o Pedia ics and Medical Gene ics, Na ional Taiwan Uni e si y Hospi al, Zhongshan S. Rd., Taipei 100226, Taiwan
3 Cali o nia Depa men o Food & Ag icul u e, 3294 Meadow iew Rd., Sac amen o, CA 95832-1448, USA
Co esponding au ho : Ma c E. Eps ein (ma [email p o ec ed])
Copy igh : © Yu-Chi Lin e al.
This is an open access a icle dis ibu ed unde
e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion
License (A ibu ion 4.0 In e na ional – CC BY 4.0).
Resea ch A icle
Abs ac
The genus Yu engus gen. no . is es ablished o a new species o Limacodidae, Y. a o-
phaneu oides sp. no . Yu engus is om Taiwan, ye i s la a is simila o monkey-slug
ca e pilla s in he New Wo ld (Phobe on Hübne , 1825: Limacodidae) in being co e ed
wi h hai y, de achable ube cles. Monkey-slug ca e pilla s a e cu en ly known o o m a
monophyle ic g oup which include as many as eigh gene a in he Ame icas e e ed o as
he Phobe on complex by Eps ein (1996). Al hough he la a o Yu engus appea s, in pa -
icula , mos simila o he genus Phobe on, a close look a mo phology e eals unda-
men al di e ences ha a e sha ed wi h Asian Ph ixolepia Bu le , 1877. Ca e pilla s o he
new genus a e s uc u ally simila o Ph ixolepia, bu Ph ixolepia is mo e anslucen , less
hai y, and di e s in o he cha ac e s including hose o adul s, sepa a ed by wing pa e n
and geni alia. In addi ion o desc ibing he new genus Yu engus, we explo e whe he i is
indeed in he same clade as he Phobe on complex o gene a om he New Wo ld. The
li e his o y and mo phology o adul s and imma u e s ages a e desc ibed in his s udy.
Key wo ds: De achable ube cles, hag mo h, imma u e, mimic y, monkey slug, Ph ixolepia,
Yu engus
In oduc ion
The slug ca e pilla mo hs (Limacodidae) exhibi a ema kable di e si y in
la al o m. Al hough all limacodid ca e pilla s ha e a slug-like en al su ace,
he do sa a e classi ied in o h ee main ypes: 1) he “Ne le slug” ca e pilla , he
mos common, is a med wi h ows o spines; 2) he “Gela ine slug” ca e pilla ,
a non-s inging ype o limacodid la ae, has a ela i ely smoo h su ace; and
3) he slug ca e pilla wi h leshy, de achable ou g ow hs (= ube cles), he
a es , has many ine se ae (Dya 1896, 1907, 1914; Cock e al. 1987; Eps ein
1996; Zaspel e al. 2016; Lin e al. 2019). Among he las g oup, one o he
mos biza e and ecognizable species is he hai y non- enomous “monkey-
slug” ca e pilla o “hag mo h”, Phobe on pi hecium (Smi h, 1797), whose lu y
appea ance esul s om i s se ae-co e ed de achable ube cles.
Academic edi o :
E ik J. an Nieuke ken
Recei ed:
11 Ap il 2025
Accep ed:
22 May 2025
Published:
21 No embe 2025
ZooBank: h ps://zoobank.
o g/97F0A5BC-0978-4ABE-
89D5-261193215560
Ci a ion: Lin Y-C, Lin R-J, Eps ein
ME (2025) Desc ip ion and li e
his o y o a new genus and species
o Limacodidae (Lepidop e a,
Zygaenoidea) om Taiwan, he i s
wi h a monkey-slug-like ca e pilla
om ou side he New Wo ld. ZooKeys
1261: 1–15. h ps://doi.o g/10.3897/
zookeys.1261.155406
ZooKeys 1261: 1–15 (2025)
DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1261.155406
2
ZooKeys 1261: 1–15 (2025), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1261.155406
Yu-Chi Lin e al.: A new genus o Limacodidae wi h monkey-slug-like ca e pilla s
The New Wo ld genus Isochae es Dya , 1899 has simila bu anslucen u-
be cles, hence he common name “spun-glass-slug mo h”, al hough o he gen-
e a occu in bo h he Neo opics and pa s o Asia (Eps ein and Co ales 2004;
Solo ye and Wi 2009; Lin e al. 2019). New Wo ld limacodid gene a known
o possess de achable ube cles all appea o be in he clade e e ed o as he
Phobe on complex (Eps ein 1996): Phobe on Hübne , 1825, Isochae es Dya ,
1899, Ala odia Möschle , 1886, some species in Euphobe on Dya , 1905, Vipso-
phobe on Dya , 1905, Mic ophobe on Dya , 1912, Leucophobe on Dya , 1897,
and Heu e es G o e & Robinson, 1868 (see e iew o Heu e es, Ala odia, and
Leucophobe on in Eps ein and Mille 1990). In Asia, Ph ixolepia Bu le , 1877
and Olona Snellen, 1900 a e he only published examples o ca e pilla s wi h
hese de achable ube cles (Solo ye 2009a; Solo ye e al. 2012).
The only mode n phylogene ic s udies o Limacodidae ha included mo e
han one genus in he Phobe on complex a e hose wo ks by Zaspel e al. (2016)
and Eps ein e al. (in p ess). Zaspel included Phobe on pi hecium (Smi h),
Isochae es beu enmuelle i (H. Edwa ds), Vipsophobe on ma isa (D uce), and
Ala odia slossoniae (Packa d). Eps ein e al. includes he same species, excep
Phobe on hippa chia (C ame ) a he han P. pi hecium, and Mic ophobe on
a he han V. ma isa. In bo h s udies, he Phobe on complex is a clade among
he gela ine ca e pilla s. This is con a y o Dya (1899), which had Phobe on
as sis e o he “spined Eucliids” now e e ed o as ne les. Cu iously, Dya was
awa e ha Phobe on ed as i s ins a s, unlike he ne les ha as (mol quick-
ly wi hou eeding) in hei i s ins a , bu he held he iew ha hese we e an
ea ly b anch o ne les a he han a gela ine (see Zaspel e al. 2016).
Lin e al. (2019) indica ed ha (Ph ixolepia + Isochae es) + “sp. 2” (= Yu en-
gus a ophaneu oides) we e a monophyle ic g oup wi hin he gela ine g oup.
Liang e al. (2024), which did no include New Wo ld axa such as Isochae es,
ound ha Ph ixolepia + Pseudidonau on He ing was sis e o bo h he gela ine
and ne le clades. Al hough he posi ion o Ph ixolepia + Pseudodinau on is di -
e en , his esul showing Pseudidonau on o be sis e o Ph ixolepia sugges s
ha i may be ano he g oup wi h deciduous ube cles.
Lin did no desc ibe Yu engus in 2019 because i s adul s we e known only
om emale samples. The la a and adul mo phology o he new genus and
species a e undamen ally di e en om o he s known o ha e deciduous u-
be cles om Asia: Ph ixolepia, Olona, and Pseudidonau on (Holloway 1986;
Cock e al. 1987; Solo ye 2009a, 2009b; Solo ye e al. 2012; Wu e al. 2021).
Limacodid di e si y in Taiwan is no ably high, gi en he island’s ela i ely
small land a ea. O e 30 yea s ago he amily was known o be ep esen ed
by 31 gene a and 50 species, as documen ed by Inoue (1992) in Lepidop-
e a o Taiwan. Solo ye (2017) added six addi ional species o he auna,
inc easing he o al o 43 gene a and 58 species. P io o he addi ion o
Yu engus a ophaneu oides sp. no ., acco ding o he Ca alogue o Li e in
Taiwan websi e, he e we e 44 gene a and 62 species o Limacodidae e-
co ded in Taiwan (Shao and Chung 2024).
He ein, we desc ibe he new species in a new genus as well as i s li e his o y
wi h a di ec ion owa ds u u e phylogene ic s udies ha will need mo e axon
sampling o be e unde s and he e olu ion o he unique la al cha ac e is ics
ound in Yu engus. This should elucida e whe he deciduous ube cles in Asian
and New Wo ld limacodids a e ances al o independen ly de i ed.
3
ZooKeys 1261: 1–15 (2025), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1261.155406
Yu-Chi Lin e al.: A new genus o Limacodidae wi h monkey-slug-like ca e pilla s
Ma e ials and me hods
La e ins a s we e collec ed in he ield in New Taipei Ci y om hei la al hos
plan s, ypically on he abaxial su ace o ma u e lea es. Eggs and ea ly ins a s
we e ob ained om a emale ha was collec ed a a me cu y ligh ap in Hual-
ien Coun y. La ae we e ea ed indi idually in plas ic con aine s (150 × 75 × 45
mm). F esh oliage was p o ided wi h mois issue pape o p e en dehyd a ion.
The ea ing condi ions we e kep a a cons an empe a u e o 25 °C and 16:8
[L:D] pe day. Desc ip ions o he imma u e s ages and obse a ions on he spe-
cies’ biology we e based on he ea ing lo HSU 16C67M, 22B39M, and 22B40M.
The ea ing lo ollows he sys em o Powell and De Benedic is (1995), whe e
“HSU 22B40M” e e s o he name o he ea ing da abase (HSU), he yea (22 o
2022), he mon h (B o Feb ua y), he sequen ial numbe o collec ion (15), and
he axonomic g oup (M o mo h). Vouche ma e ial is deposi ed in he Depa -
men o Li e Science, Na ional Taiwan No mal Uni e si y, Taipei, Taiwan (NTNU).
Scanning elec on mic oscopy (SEM) o adul legs and ca e pilla s was pe -
o med wi h JEOL JSM-5600 scanning elec on mic oscope. Following c i ical
poin d ying (CPD), we a ached he samples o s ubs (15 mm diame e ) and
used a LADD c i ical-poin d ye and coa ed hem wi h gold palladium using a
JEOL JEE-400 Vacuum E apo a o .
Wing ena ion was p epa ed by i s emo ing wings wi h mic o-scisso s and
o ceps unde he mic oscope. The wings we e hen mois ened wi h 70% e ha-
nol in a pe i dish. A dilu ed bleach solu ion ( a io o bleach o wa e was one o
ou ) was pou ed in o he pe i dish o soak he wing se o a ew minu es, a e
which he scales o he wing we e emo ed by a ine b ush. Finally, he wing
se was ixed in 95% e hanol and hen 100% e hanol be o e being moun ed in
Eupa al and p ese ed on glass mic oscope slides.
Dissec ion o he geni alia was pe o med by i s emo ing he en i e abdo-
men, which was placed in 10% KOH and boiled o 10 min. The abdominal in eg-
umen and geni al capsule s ained in a weak solu ion o Ph halocyanine pigmen
o an hou , and hen ans e ed o 30% e hanol o cleaning, dissec ion, and ex-
amina ion. Comple ed dissec ions we e ixed in 95% e hanol and hen 100% e h-
anol be o e being moun ed in Eupa al and p ese ed on glass mic oscope slides.
Mo phological cha ac e s ollow hose in Eps ein e al. (in p ess). P ima y
ypes a e deposi ed in he ollowing collec ions:
BMNH The Na u al His o y Museum, London
NTNU Depa men o Biology, Na ional Taiwan No mal Uni e si y, Taipei
Resul s
Yu engus Lin, Lin & Eps ein, gen. no .
h ps://zoobank.o g/FCB81D71-7956-4D9F-BAD6-85B9BD7BC7D5
Type species. Yu engus a ophaneu oides sp. no . (he e designa ed).
Diagnosis. No known adul s o la ae o Limacodidae om Asia a e simila
in gene al appea ance o Yu engus. S uc u ally hey a e mos compa able o
Ph ixolepia as la ae (Figs 36–39, 52–56) and adul s (Figs 57, 58), al hough adul
Ph ixolepia o ewing lacks he dis inc whi e o ewing spo s and da k subapical
4
ZooKeys 1261: 1–15 (2025), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1261.155406
Yu-Chi Lin e al.: A new genus o Limacodidae wi h monkey-slug-like ca e pilla s
ma king on en al su ace (Figs 9–12), ha e male ili o m (Fig. 15) a he han
bipec ina e an enna (Fig. 13), ha e Rs4 o igina ing beyond discal cell (Fig. 18)
a he han om discal cell, ha e gna hos p esen (Fig. 21) a he han absen ,
ha e coiled duc us bu sae (Fig. 22) a he han s aigh , and he labial palp 3 d seg-
men is much sho e compa ed o 2nd segmen compa ed o Yu engus (Fig. 16)
(No e: he desc ip ion o Yu engus is ound below unde Y. a ophaneu oides).
E ymology. The genus is named a e D Yu-Feng Hsu, he ad iso o he
i s wo au ho s, who has p o ided suppo and encou agemen o limacodid
s udies o e he pas 10 yea s.
Yu engus a ophaneu oides Lin, Lin & Eps ein, sp. no .
h ps://zoobank.o g/D5DB4CBA-9BE3-49B0-BFB8-3749632A3D31
Figs 1–8, 13, 14, 17, 19, 20, 23–34, 41–51
Type ma e ials. Holo ype. Taiwan • 1 ♂; New Taipei Ci y, Wulai, Xin u Rd.;
24.8259, 121.5240; al . 380 m; 28 Feb. 2022; Y.C. Lin, R. J. Lin, C J. Hung & H.
Chang leg.; ea ed om O eocnide peduncula a, pupa ed 21 Ma . 2022, eme ged
17 Ap . 2022; HSU 22B39M (Figs 1, 2).
Pa a ypes. Taiwan • 1 ♂; New Taipei Ci y, Wulai, Xin u Rd.; 24.8259,
121.5240; al . 380 m; 28 Feb. 2022; Y.C. Lin, R.J. Lin, C.J. Hung & H. Chang
leg.; ea ed om O eocnide peduncula a, pupa ed 25 Ma . 2022, eme ged
23 Ap . 2022; HSU 22B39M (Figs 7, 8, 13, 14, 17, 19) • 1 ♂; New Taipei Ci y,
Wulai, Xin u Rd.; 24.8259, 121.5240; al . 380 m; 28 Feb. 2022; Y.C. Lin, R.J.
Lin, C.J. Hung & H. Chang leg.; ea ed om Mussaenda pa i lo a, pupa ed 9
Ma . 2022, eme ged 31 Ma . 2016; HSU 22B40M (Figs 3, 4) • 1 ♀; New Taipei
Ci y, Wulai, Xinxian; 24.8355, 121.5274; al . 220 m; 31 Ma . 2016; M.X. Luo &
H.P. Lu. leg.; ea ed om Smilax b ac ea a, eme ged 4 May 2016; GenBank:
MK128293; HSU 16C67M (Figs 5, 6, 20).
Diagnosis. See unde Yu engus abo e.
Desc ip ion. Male (Figs 1–8, 13, 14, 17). Head: ons hai y, b own wi h yellow
scaling; eyes semio al, black; an enna bipec ina e om base o apex, medi-
al side o an enna p o usions sho e han he la e al side; labial palpus up-
cu ed wi h he apex poin ing do sally, co e ing da k b own scales do sally and
yellow scales en ally, wi h he 3 d segmen longe han 1/3 o 2nd segmen
(Fig. 14); p oboscis p esen (Fig. 13). Tho ax: da k b own, wi h long, yellow
hai s la e ally and pos e io ly nea abdomen; legs b own, banded wi h yellow
on a si (Fig. 7), midleg wi h one pai o ibial spu s, hindleg wi h wo pai s
o ibial spu s, each pai o unequal leng h (Fig. 8). Fo ewing: 8.16–8.79 mm
long (x
–: 8.44 ± 0.32 mm, n = 3). Uppe side g ound colo da k b own, a ed-
dish-b own spo su ounded by black a apex, h ee black pa ches on discal
cell, discal a ea, and pos discal a ea. Fou whi e spo s om inne ma gin o
discal cell (la e wo some imes in isible) (Figs 1, 3), inge wi h da k-b own
scales. Unde side g ound colo da k b own, b oadly pale g ey along inne ma -
gin, a eddish-b own spo su ounded by black a apex. Fo ewing ena ion: Rs2
and Rs3 on common b anch o igina ing om Rs1 nea discal cell; Rs4 o igina -
ing om discal cell; MS bisec ing discal cell; 1A+2A wi h basal o k. Hindwing:
uppe side da k b own; inge wi h con as ing pale-yellow scales, becoming
mos ly black nea o nus. Unde side simila o uppe side. Hindwing ena ion:
5
ZooKeys 1261: 1–15 (2025), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1261.155406
Yu-Chi Lin e al.: A new genus o Limacodidae wi h monkey-slug-like ca e pilla s
Figu es 1–8. Adul s o Yu engus a ophaneu oides sp. no . 1, 2. Male, holo ype, HSU 22B39M, uppe side and unde side;
3, 4. Male, pa a ype, HSU 22B40M, uppe side and unde side; 5, 6. Female, pa a ype, HSU 16C67M, uppe side and unde -
side; 7, 8. Male legs, pa a ype, HSU 22B39M, wi h scales and wi hou scales (le o igh : o eleg o hind leg). Scale ba s:
10 mm (1–6), 1 mm (7, 8).
6
ZooKeys 1261: 1–15 (2025), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1261.155406
Yu-Chi Lin e al.: A new genus o Limacodidae wi h monkey-slug-like ca e pilla s
MS p esen in discal cell; a e y sho c oss ein be ween R and RS a he
p oximal hi d o he wing, inside he discal cell; RS and M1 mee a ou e end
o discal cell; CuP, 1A+2A, and 3A p esen as ypical in Limacodidae. Abdomen:
da k-b own do sum, yellow in pos e io hal o en um.
Female (Figs 5, 6, 50, 51). Simila o male, bu la ge ( o ewing 11.14 mm
long, om base o apex); an enna ili o m; g ound colo o wing b own, hind-
wing wi h a small da k-b own spo a apex, inge o hindwing b own wi h da k
scales h oughou ; he 5 h a some e wi h a iangula , ecessed pad bea ing
sensilla and spinules (Fig. 51); abdomen b own en ally.
Male geni alia (Fig. 19). Uncus na ow h oughou and cu ed sligh ly downwa d
a apex. Gna hos absen . Tegumen and inculum wide han he uncus. Jux a ough-
ly iangula , sligh ly scle o ized, and se ose. Val a elonga e, ound a apex and wi h
sho hai s on inne su ace and sligh ly na ow a base; medial po ion wi h scle o-
ized p ocess wi h dis al saw ee h. Saccus sho . Phallus s aigh , ubula .
Female geni alia (Fig. 20). Papillae anales la , d op-shaped; an e io apophyses
sho , digi a e, pos e io apophyses abou wo imes as long as an e io apoph-
yses. Duc us bu se memb anous and s aigh . Co pus bu sae o a e, abou wo-
hi ds leng h o duc us bu se; signum wi h spines: wo la ge and a ew small ones.
Figu es 9–12. Adul s o Ph ixolepia inouei; 9, 10. Male, uppe side and unde side; 11, 12. Female, uppe side and unde -
side. Scale ba : 10 mm.
7
ZooKeys 1261: 1–15 (2025), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1261.155406
Yu-Chi Lin e al.: A new genus o Limacodidae wi h monkey-slug-like ca e pilla s
Imma u e s ages (Figs 23–34, 41–49). Egg (Fig. 23): la o al, 1.92–2.00 mm
in long axis (1.97 ± 0.05 mm, n = 3) and 1.22–1.30 mm in sho axis (1.26 ± 0.04
mm, n = 3). Fi s ins a la a (Fig. 24): yellow g ound-colo ed body wi h b oken
o ange s ipes on mid-do sum and do sola e al lines. P o ho ax (T1) wi hou
ube cles and T2 and T3 each ha e h ee ube cles on each side, one D ube cle
on A1, wo ube cles—D and SD—on A2–A9; each ube cle has h ee se ae. Two
L se ae on each segmen . Ea ly o mid-ins a la ae (Figs 25–28): g ound colo
o body yellow o whi e; some indi iduals wi h black pa ches on he ange o
T3–A1 and A3–A5 (Fig. 26); some indi iduals in he s age be o e he inal ins a
(Fig. 28) wi h he sligh ly isible colo o he inal ins a . Final ins a la a (Figs
29–32): 12.10–12.48 mm in leng h (12.3 ± 0.19 mm wi hou spine leng h, n =
3), 4.93–6.69 mm in wid h o A3 (5.93 ± 0.9 mm wi hou spine leng h, n = 3).
Head da k b own; lab um wi h mul iple spinules an e io ly and la e ally (Fig. 42);
s emma a wi h gaps o app oxima ely he wid h o a s emma be ween s emma
1 and s emma 2, and be ween s emma 5 and s emma 6 (Fig. 43); has only one
se a (enci cled by s emma a); spinne e b ush-like wi h apex ape ed (Fig. 44).
Body slug-like, g ound colo black. P o ho ax (T1) whi e wi h no ube cles;
Figu es 13–16. Adul head. 13. Male head o Yu engus a ophaneu oides sp. no . wi h only one side o labial palp and
small p oboscis, pa a ype, HSU 22B39M; 14. Labial palp wi hou scales o Y. a ophaneu oides sp. no .; 15. Male head o
P. inouei wi h only one side o labial palp and small p oboscis; 16. Labial palp wi hou scales o P. inouei. Scale ba : 1 mm.
8
ZooKeys 1261: 1–15 (2025), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1261.155406
Yu-Chi Lin e al.: A new genus o Limacodidae wi h monkey-slug-like ca e pilla s
meso ho ax (T2) wi h wo single black D ube cles, one single black SD ube -
cle, and wo sho whi e L ube cles; me a ho ax (T3) wi h a b anched D ube cle
( wo black b anched pa s on a quad ipa i e base, Fig. 32), and wo single black
SD ube cles, and wo sho whi e L ube cles. Fi s abdominal segmen (A1)
wi h only a b anched D ube cle. Abdominal segmen s wi h same D ube cles as
A2–A8 as A1 bu ha e one single black SD ube cle on each segmen , wo sho
whi e ou g ow hs o L o A2–A8. The longes D ube cle is on A4 and he e a e
ed pa ches on he ube cle apices o A5–A8, especially dis inc on A6 and A7;
one long ube cle o D and one whi e ube cle o L o A9. All ube cles bea
nume ous plumose se ae (Fig. 46) and a single long b is le wi h ac ile unc ion,
and hose o D and SD can be easily de ached when ouched. The p e a sal
claw o he ho acic leg (Fig. 45) is wide p oximally, hook-like dis ally, wi h hai -
like se ae. Cocoon (Figs 33, 34): sphe oid, 8.36–6.80 mm in long axis (7.57 ±
0.78 mm, n = 3) and 6.96–5.63 mm in sho axis (6.19 ± 0.69 mm, n = 3), b own,
wi h silk blending se ae o inal ins a and o ming a hin ou e memb ane. Pupa
(Figs 47–49): hin cu icle, pupal eyepiece wi h a ac u e line, maxilla wi hou
maxilla y ex ension, pupal ons ough and shag eened, do sum o abdominal
segmen s wi h pa ch o spicules along an e io ma gin.
E ymology. The speci ic name a ophaneu oides is de i ed om he swal-
low ail genus A ophaneu a Reaki (Papillionidae) and he La in su ix -oides,
which means “-like”, because he black and ed ou g ow hs o he inal ins a
Figu es 17, 18. Wing ena ion. 17. Yu engus a ophaneu oides sp. no ., pa a ype, HSU 22B39M; 18. Ph ixolepia inouei.
Scale ba : 5 mm.
9
ZooKeys 1261: 1–15 (2025), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1261.155406
Yu-Chi Lin e al.: A new genus o Limacodidae wi h monkey-slug-like ca e pilla s
is eminiscen o A ophaneu a la ae. The species epi he is a compound de-
sc ip i e name comp ising an adjec i e combina ion wi h he ending o he sec-
ond name in masculine o m o ag ee in gende wi h he gene ic name.
Dis ibu ion. Yu engus a ophaneu oides is usually ound om mon ane a -
eas a low al i ude in Taiwan.
Figu es 19–22. Geni alia. 19. Yu engus a ophaneu oides sp. no ., male, pa a ype, HSU 22B39M; 20. Y. a ophaneu oides
sp. no ., emale, pa a ype, HSU 16C67M; 21. Ph ixolepia inouei, male; 22. P. inouei, emale. Scale ba : 1 mm.
