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DESIGN OF HANDMADE SOLAR BOILER AND
EFFECT OF THERMAL INSULATIONS IN HEAT CONSERVATION
Abdul Ka im Pouya
Asia Uni e si y, Facul y o Enginee ing, Ci il Depa men
Fe dowsi S ee , He a , A ghanis an.
h ps://doi.o g/10.5281/zenodo.17688061
Abs ac . This pape epo he esul s o an expe imen on a handmade sola boile
ocusing on he e ec o he mal insula ions o be e hea conse a ion and be e e iciency o
he de ice by using a conca e downwa d dish co e ed by aluminum shee s, he dish used o
e lec he sola adia ion o he wa e ank. The boile body is a box mad o polys y ene oam
boa ds wi h leng h, wid h and heigh o 45cm, 43cm and 28.5cm espec i ely. The pu pose o his
esea ch was o each he 60⁰C wa e empe a u e, bu handmade boile eached a empe a u e
abou 10⁰c mo e han he a ge .
Key wo ds: sola boile , he mal insula ion, hea conse a ion.
1. In oduc ion
The idea o using sola ene gy collec o s o ha ness he sun’s powe is eco ded om he
p ehis o ic imes when a 212 BC he G eek scien is /physician A chimedes de ised a me hod o
bu n he Roman lee . A chimedes epu edly se he a acking Roman lee a i e by means o
conca e me allic mi o in he o m o hund eds o polished shields; all e lec ing on he same
ship.
The mos widely-used sola he mal applica ions is he sola wa e hea ing (SWH) sys em
[8]. In he nine een h cen u y, hea ing was a big p oblem. People gene ally used a cook s o e o
his pu pose. They we e using wood o hea y hods o coal li ed, hen he uel had o be kindled
and he i e pe iodically s ocked. In ci ies, he weal hie hea ed hei wa e wi h gas
manu ac u ed om coal. To ci cum en hese p oblems, many handy a me s o p ospec o s o
o he ou doo s men de ised a much sa e , easie , and cheape way o hea wa e – placing in o
he sun a me al wa e ank pain ed black o abso b as much sola ene gy as possible. These we e
he i s sola wa e hea e s on eco d. The downside was ha e en on clea , ho days i usually
ook om mo ning o ea ly a e noon o he wa e o ge ho . And as soon as he sun wen down,
he anks apidly los hei hea because hey had no p o ec ion om he low ai empe a u e in
he nigh .
Nowadays many kinds o insula ions a e in esea che s’ se ice o sa e he collec ed sola
ene gy in a be e manne . The mal insula o s ha e been used in hea s o age sys ems o p e en
empe a u e g adien he eby minimizing hea losses o he su oundings [4]. The he mal
insula ion is p o ided by embedding insula ion ma e ials a leas on he oo a eas and he
e ical walls o he sys em [5]. New hea insula ion ma e ial has been widely used in ae ospace,
ene gy, chemical and me allu gical indus ies, an impo an de elopmen end is he esea ch
and de elopmen o composi e unc ion o hea insula ion ma e ials wi h low he mal
conduc i i y [2].
In o de o ob ain he high s eng h and low he mal conduc i i y o composi e insula ion
ma e ials, The species and he composi ion o ma e ial need o change [3].
Because o he global conce n abou educing ca bon emissions, di e en policies could
be applied o educe ca bon emissions, such as enhancing enewable ene gy deploymen and
encou aging echnological inno a ions [6].
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Acco ding o he Renewable Ene gy Policy Ne wo k (2010), app oxima ely 70 million
houses use SWH sys ems wo ldwide [9]. Many coun ies s a ed o use acili ies which uses
enewable ene gy, bu his echnology is young and no el in A ghanis an, ha need esea ch
in es iga ion.
The sola ene gy has a e y insigni ican usage in hea ing wa e . The egional dis ibu ion
o esiden ial wa e hea ing uel ype in USA in as ollows, 54% o he esiden ial wa e hea ed
by na u al gas. 39% o he wa e hea ed by elec ici y, 6% o he demanded ho wa e hea ed by
o he sou ces o ene gy, bu only 1% o he wa e hea ed by using he sola ene gy [1]. In
Ame ica, wi h powe accoun ing o 40% o CO2 emissions, he U.S. aces challenges in
p oducing elec ici y cleanly [7]. The usage o enewable ene gy is el o be inc eased, because
he o ganic sou ces o ene gy will be inished and now i is he main cause o he ai pollu ion.
The app op ia e design o SWH sys ems is impo an o assu e good pe o mance and
maximize he economic bene i s o hese sys ems. These design me hods can be b oadly
classi ied in o wo ca ego ies, namely, co ela ion-based me hods and simula ion-based me hods
[10].
2. Me hodology
2.1 Synopsis o boile in o ma ion
Figu es 1 (a) and 1(b) show he 3D iews, and dimensions o he boile , and igu e 2 show he
ma e ial used, wall sec ion and de ailed dimensions o walls and loo . To p e en he hea loss
in h ee possible ways by adia ion, con ec ion, and conduc ion, we insula ed he box as
ollowing echniques. The de ice is a box shaped boile made o polys y ene oam boa ds o
3cm hickness, which polys y ene oam boa ds p e en he hea loss by conduc ion. Also he
boile walls and loo was insola ed by aluminum oil o p e en hea loss by adia ion, and o
keep a minimum he hea loss by con ec ion he box was ai igh en as much as possible. A 2
le e capaci y PET bo le was used as a wa e ank o he boile , he bo le was pain ed black o
be e abso p ion o he sola hea .
a) Box dimensions b) 3D iew o Boile
Figu e 1 a) Shows he dimensions o he boile and b) Shows he 3D iew o he boile
To inc ease he e iciency o he
de ice, a conca e down aluminum co e ed plas ic dish was used o e lec he sola adia ion o
he back side o he PET bo le.
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Also o abso b mo e hea by de ice i was co e ed by a black pape . The op su ace o
he boile was co e ed by a anspa en ac ylic shee o pass he sola adia ion and also keep he
box ai igh .
a) Ma e ial used in boile b) De ailed dimensions
Figu e 2 a) show he ma e ial used in sola biole , and b) show he de ailed dimensions o
walls and loo o he box shaped handmade sola biole .
A e comple ing design and building o he sola boile , wo days expe imen has been
done and empe a u e da a was eco ded accu a ely o u he s udying on he e iciency o he
de ice. To gi e mo e s eng h o he esea ch he empe a u e o he wa e inside he bo le also
calcula ed by o mulas and inally he esul s was compa ed.
2.2. Fo mulas used o calcula ions
In exis ence o de e en insula ions used in he handmade sola boile s ill he e a e some
hea losses in he sys em.
As pe ene gy conse a ion law he amoun o ene gy en e ed o a boile is equal o he
amoun o ene gy s o ed in de ice plus hea loss o m he sys em. The Ene gy balance equa ion
o a sola boile is as ollows:
(Inpu Hea ) = (s o age Hea ) + (hea loss om de ice)
The pa s o o mula explained as below:
: Sola abso p i i y (0.99), I: sola adia ion incoming in o he anspa en shee
(W/m2)
: Speci ic hea capaci y o wa e (j/ (kg (4186), : Mass o he wa e wi hin he
bo le (kg) (2)
, : Wa e empe a u e ( ), : Wa e empe a u e, : ea lie empe a u e, : ime (s)
: Ou side ai empe a u e ( ), : A ea o wall, : he mal ansmi ance o wall i
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: A ea o he mal ansmi ance o anspa en pa , : A ea o he mal
ansmi ance o anspa en o he mal insula ion boa d, sola pe meabili y o anspa en
shee (0.99)
: Re lec i i y o aluminium co e (0.3), : A ea o bo le ace (m2)
Calcula ion o wa e empe a u e by o mulas:
( Ka ) ( kb ) ( kc )
( kd )
. = + . +
.
=
(1)
The mal ansmi ance coe icien o insula ion sides and back (2)
The mal ansmi ance coe icien o anspa en shee (3)
(2) (3)
: Thickness o polys y ene oam (m) (0.06), : The mal conduc i i y o
polys y ene oam(w/m. )(0.037)
: Thickness o anspa en shee (m) (0.0001), : The mal conduc i i y o
anspa en shee (w/m. )(0.19)
: Ex e io su ace coe icien o hea ans e (w/m. ) (11) (Close as igh ly as ac o y
p oduc )
: In e io su ace coe icien o hea ans e (w/m. ) (11)
: The mal esis ance o closed ai gap (m. ) (0.09) (Close as igh ly as handc a
double wall)
The empe a u e o he wa e inside he bo le can be calcula ed om equa ion (1) and he
he mal ansmi ance coe icien o box walls and anspa en shee was calcula ed by equa ion
(2) and equa ion (3) espec i ely.
2.3 The mome e s and Da a Logge a angemen
In his s udy a co ela ion me hod was used. By using Excel p og am o calcula ion o
he o mulas and expe imen on boile unde he di ec sunligh , he co ela ion o he wo ways
o calcula ion has been compa ed oge he . To calcula e and eco d he empe a u e inside he
bo le, ou side o he bo le and ai empe a u e ou side o he box, h ee he mome e s used and
connec ed o he da a logge o eco d he empe a u e da a du ing he expe imen . The da a
logge eco ded he empe a u e in a minu e base.
3. Resul s and discussion
Two days o expe imen has been don on he sola boile a e i was comple ed and
assembled oge he and he il angle o sola boile was 30 deg ees. The he mal senso s such as
he mocouple, py ome e and da a logge was connec ed o he su ace o he bo le, back o he
bo le, inside he wa e , su ace o he boile , and back o he boile and he da a was eco ded in
each minu e.
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Also he wa e empe a u e was calcula ed om equa ion 1 and inally he esul s was
plo ed in excel p og am and g aphs was compa ed oge he .
Figu e 3 show he compa ison o es ima ed wa e empe a u e and expe imen based
wa e empe a u e oge he .
The da a has been eco ded om 3:00 am ill 17:00 pm in each minu e. The wa e
empe a u e has been de i ed bo h om he p ac ical expe imen and om he equa ion (1) and
he esul has been d awn in he Fig.3.
As i ’s isible in he Fig.3, he wa e empe a u e eco ded du ing he expe imen is abou
69.3˚C app oxima ely 70˚C, and he highes empe a u e alue which has de i ed om he
o mula is 71.86 app oxima ely 72 a 13:53 pm. The di e ence be ween he expe imen al
alue and es ima ed alue om he o mula is no so much high, he e o e i shows ha he
o mula ha e enough accu acy and also make su e ha expec ed empe a u e o he wa e by
using he mal insula ions in such manne is ealis ic and us wo hy.
4. Conclusion
F om he expe imen da a and calcula ed da a i can be concluded ha he bes boile is
ha one which can conse e hea ene gy and si e eco ded da a be e y close o he da a
calcula ed by he o mula. The di e en laye s o he insola ion p e en ed he hea ans e and
ene gy loss o he boile e y well. Di e en expe imen has been done in designing he sola
boile , bu a e when he esul s collec ed om he expe imen s, he sola boile which has he
conca e down dish inside had he bes esul in compa ison o o he sola boile s. This boile ise
up he wa e empe a u e by abou 10 deg ee mo e han o dina y sola boile . Also i was
clea ed ha he o mula o es ima ion o wa e empe a u e ha e a sa is ac o y and eliable
alue, so i is possible o calcula e he expec ed wa e empe a u e wi hou doing expe imen .
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In addi ion, he conca e down dish used in he handmade sola boile inc eased he
e iciency o he boile by glin ing he sola adia ion o he opposi e side o he wa e ank.
Re e ences
1. K. Hudon, T. Me igan, J. Bu ch and J. Magui e Low-Cos Sola Wa e Hea ing Resea ch
and De elopmen Roadmap, Na ional Renewable Ene gy Labo a o y o he U.S.
Depa men o Ene gy, Augus 2012.
2. Yu Yanjun, The esea ch and de elopmen o hea insula ion ma e ials wi h low he mal-
conduc i i y in high empe a u e, SHANDONG POLYTECHNIC, Jinan 250104, China,
MEBE 2015.
3. Xia Shuqin Tang Zhuxing e c. P epa a ion o ino ganic composi e insula ing ma e ial
ou sou cing exhaus pipe slee e. Mode n echnical ce amics. 1997.1
4. Gesa, F. New on1, A se A. Roy2 & Aondoakaa, I. Solomon3, In es iga ion o he
The mal Insula ion P ope ies…, Ame ican Jou nal o Enginee ing Resea ch. 2014.
5. No o A. V, Bayon J.R, Cas o-F esno D and Rod iguez-He nandez J. „ Re iew o
Seasonal hea S o age in La ge Basin: Wa e Tanks and G a el Wa e Pi s. Applied
Ene gy, 87: 390, 397. 2010.
6. Sh. Abolhosseini, Al. Heshma i, J. Al mann, A Re iew o Renewable Ene gy Supply and
Ene gy E iciency Technologies, The Ins i u e o he S udy o Labo (IZA), 2014.
7. Ene gy E ciency and Renewable Ene gy: Ha nessing he Powe o he Consume .
Bloombe g and ABB,2011.
8. M.R. Islam.; K. Suma hy; S.U. Khan, Sola wa e hea ing sys ems and hei ma ke ends.
Renew. Sus ain. Ene gy Re . 2013, 17, 1–25.
9. Renewable Ene gy Policy Ne wo k. Renewable Ene gy 2010: Key Fac s and Figu es o
Decision Make s. Global S a us Repo . A ailable online: h p://www. en21.ne /gs
(accessed on 10 July 2015).
10. G.N. Kulka ni, S.B. Keda e, S. Bandyopadhyay, De e mina ion o design space and
op imiza ion o sola wa e hea ing sys ems. Sol. Ene gy 2007, 81, 958–968.
