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THE ROLE AND POSITION OF THE PUBLIC PROSECUTOR IN SECURING
CRIMINAL JUSTICE ACCORDING TO THE CRIMINAL PROCEDURE LAW OF
AFGHANISTAN
Abdul Khaliq Haqqani He a i
Teaching Assis an .
Membe o he Academic S a , Facul y o Sha ia and Islamic Sciences, Jami Uni e si y o
He a , A ghanis an
Abdul Gha oo Hakimi^1^
Mas e 's S uden in C iminal Law and C iminology, Facul y o Law and Poli ical Sciences, Jami
Uni e si y o He a , A ghanis an
^1^ Co esponding Au ho : Gha oo Hakimi [email protected]
h ps://doi.o g/10.5281/zenodo.17688147
Abs ac . The P osecu o (Sa nwal / Public P osecu o ) as one o he mos impo an
pilla s o he c iminal jus ice sys em plays a undamen al ole in gua an eeing he igh s o he
pa ies o a case and ensu ing social o de and secu i y. The C iminal P ocedu e Law o
A ghanis an has ou lined he du ies and au ho i ies o he P osecu o a a ious s ages o
li iga ion, om he disco e y o a c ime and p elimina y in es iga ion o ial and execu ion o
he sen ence. The impo ance o his esea ch lies in he ac ha he e iciency and independence
o he P osecu o 's O ice can di ec ly impac he ealiza ion o c iminal jus ice and inc ease
public us in he judicial sys em. The main esea ch ques ion is: Wha is he posi ion o he
P osecu o acco ding o he C iminal P ocedu e Law o A ghanis an and wha is hei ole in
secu ing c iminal jus ice? The esea ch hypo hesis is ha he P osecu o , possessing legal
au ho i ies and ins i u ional independence, plays a pi o al ole in gua an eeing c iminal jus ice,
p o ec ing he ic im, and sa egua ding public in e es s. This esea ch has been conduc ed using
lib a y esou ces and a desc ip i e-analy ical me hod, examining laws and legal documen s. The
indings indica e ha s eng hening he independence and specialized capaci ies o p osecu o s
can educe exis ing challenges in he c iminal li iga ion p ocess and enhance he posi ion o his
ins i u ion in ealizing c iminal jus ice.
Keywo ds: P osecu o , C iminal Jus ice, C iminal P ocedu e Law o A ghanis an,
In es iga ion.
In oduc ion
The ins i u ion o he "P osecu o 's O ice" (Sa nwali) is conside ed one o he
undamen al pilla s o he c iminal jus ice sys em; an ins i u ion ha is no only legally impo an
bu has also been add essed om social, mo al, and human pe spec i es in laws. In he legal
sys em o A ghanis an, he C iminal P ocedu e Law, as he main amewo k o c iminal
p ocedu es, has p ecisely speci ied he du ies and powe s o he Public P osecu o and explained
hei ole in gua an eeing he igh s o he pa ies, secu ing jus ice, and main aining public o de .
The Public P osecu o plays a cen al ole in he ealiza ion o c iminal jus ice a a ious
s ages o li iga ion, om he disco e y o he c ime and p elimina y in es iga ions o ial and
execu ion o he sen ence. The impo ance o his ma e becomes mo e appa en when we
ealize ha abuse o au ho i y, ailu e in pe o ming du ies, o lack o anspa ency in he
pe o mance o he P osecu o can lead o he iola ion o he accused's igh s, ha m o he
ic im, and public dis us in he judicial sys em.
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Legal and ju isp uden ial li e a u e shows ha nume ous schola s and ju is s such as
A debili, Khaleghi, and o he s ha e elabo a ed on he p inciples and ules o c iminal p ocedu e
and he posi ion o he P osecu o , bu ew s udies ha e cohe en ly examined he ole and
posi ion o he P osecu o (Public P osecu o ) in secu ing c iminal jus ice by di ec ly e e encing
he C iminal P ocedu e Law o A ghanis an.
Acco dingly, he aim o his esea ch is o explain he legal posi ion and analyze he
du ies and au ho i ies o he P osecu o wi hin he amewo k o he C iminal P ocedu e Law o
A ghanis an, and o examine hei ole in gua an eeing he igh s o he accused, p o ec ing he
ic im, and sa egua ding public in e es s. To achie e his goal, his esea ch a emp s o answe
ques ions such as: Wha is he posi ion o he P osecu o in he C iminal P ocedu e Law o
A ghanis an and wha is hei ole in secu ing c iminal jus ice? Wha is hei ole in gua an eeing
c iminal jus ice and p o ec ing he igh s o he pa ies? The esea che 's hypo hesis is ha he
P osecu o , possessing legal au ho i ies and ins i u ional independence, plays a cen al ole in
gua an eeing c iminal jus ice, p o ec ing he ic im, and p ese ing public in e es s, and wha
challenges exis in he pa h o pe o ming hei du ies? The esea ch me hod in his s udy is
desc ip i e-analy ical, and using lib a y esou ces, especially he C iminal P ocedu e Law o
A ghanis an, he Cons i u ion, ela ed laws, and legal schola ly wo ks, he posi ion and ole o
he P osecu o ha e been analyzed. An e o has been made o p esen a clea and documen ed
pic u e o he posi ion o his ins i u ion in he c iminal jus ice sys em o A ghanis an by
accu a ely ci ing legal ex s, and o p o ide a basis o i s e o ms and imp o ed unc ioning.
1. Concep ual F amewo k
E e y esea ch con ains a se o gene al opics and a se ies o concep s and e ms ha
play he main ole in ha esea ch. De ining and explaining key e ms, undamen al concep s,
and ou lining he gene al issues o he esea ch is conside ed a g oundwo k o en e ing he main
discussions o he s udy and helps p epa e a clea and anspa en space o unde s anding he
main issues.
1.1. Concep o P osecu o 's O ice (Sa nwali):
"Sa nwali" is a Pash o wo d, de i ed om "Sa na". I s meaning in Da i is supe ision,
obse a ion, sc u iny, and e alua ion. I s concep implies ha an ac ion is pe o med on a subjec
o an objec a e ca e ul examina ion.
1.2. Concep o P osecu o (Sa nwal):
This e m e e s o a pe son appoin ed by he go e nmen o en o ce he law uni o mly.
In ou coun y, any o ice pe o ming p o essional du ies wi hin he p osecu o 's o ice is
called a "Sa nwal" (S ep by S ep, 2020).
1.3. Concep o Fai T ial:
No only mus he es ablishmen o a cou comply wi h he law and in e na ional
s anda ds, bu i s p ocedu al law mus also adhe e o clea and ecognized in e na ional
p inciples and s anda ds. Adjudica ing dispu es and c iminal accusa ions equi es a ai ial,
which necessi a es p ede e mined p ocedu al law and a se o basic condi ions (Kashani, 2004:
201). A ai ial is a p ocess based on he p inciple o innocence and he p ese a ion o human
digni y; adhe ence o i s equi emen s p omises digni ied conduc and judgmen s based on
jus ice and ai ness. A c iminal ial is ai i conduc ed by an impa ial and unbiased cou ,
based on legal o mali ies, and du ing which he undamen al and legal igh s o he accused a e
espec ed (Amadeh, 2009: 17).
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1.4. Concep o C iminal Jus ice:
C iminal jus ice means adminis e ing jus ice owa ds hose accused o commi ing
c imes. This concep encompasses he se o laws, p ocedu es, and ins i u ions used o adminis e
jus ice conce ning c imes and c iminals. In ac , c iminal jus ice seeks o main ain social o de
and p o ec ci izens om ha m by applying punishmen and e o ming o ende s (Omidi, p. 22).
1.5. Concep o C iminal P ocedu e Law:
The law ha egula es he s ages o c iminal li iga ion om he disco e y o he c ime o
he execu ion o he sen ence (Akhundi, 1989: 20).
1.6. Concep o In es iga ion:
"Tahqiq" is an A abic wo d and e m meaning " o sea ch". In es iga ion is de ined in
Clause (2) o A icle (23) o he P o isional C iminal P ocedu e Law as ollows: "The main
pu pose o c iminal in es iga ion is o disco e he u h." Al hough he a o emen ioned
de ini ion p ima ily poin s o he pu pose o in es iga ion, we can also in e i s de ini ion om i .
Al e na i ely, "In es iga ion means eaching he u h and eso ing o legal p ocedu es o
asce ain he u h o he ma e ."
2. His o y o he P osecu o 's O ice in A ghanis an
In he yea 1300 A.H. (1921 AD), he Fundamen al O ganiza ion Regula ion was
published and enac ed. The S a e Council was es ablished a he cen e , and in he p o inces, he
High Go e nmen and ad iso y councils o he kilans (majo p o inces) we e o med. The
ju isdic ion o e o icials' ials belonged o he S a e Council and ad iso y councils.
Consequen ly, he e was a need o c iminal p osecu o s a a ious s ages o ials o
pu sue accusa ions and ile cases agains accused o icials as p osecu ing a o neys. La e , he
imes demanded he exis ence o a p osecu o o ma e s in ol ing "Huquq Allah" (Righ s o
God). This necessi y acili a ed he inclusion o annexes in he Fundamen al O ganiza ion
Regula ion o A ghanis an. Fo he i s ime, he e m "P osecu ing A o ney" was used.
Acco ding o he men ioned annex, he P osecu ing A o ney a he cen e was appoin ed
by he Minis y o Jus ice, and in he p o inces by he Depu y Go e no o High Go e no .
Then, in he Cons i u ion o 1343 A.H. (1964 AD), he O ice o he Public P osecu o was
es ablished as an o icial s a e o gan. I was eco ded in (A icle 103) as ollows: "The
in es iga ion o c imes is ca ied ou by he Public P osecu o , who is pa o he execu i e
b anch o he go e nmen , in acco dance wi h he p o isions o his law." In he 1964
Cons i u ion, in he chap e on he judicia y, due o he simila i y o unc ions and based on legal
de ini ions ha uni ied accusa ion and ial, he s anding judicia y was e med "accusa o y
judicia y" and he si ing judicia y was e med "adjudica o y judicia y." The Law on O ganizing
he A ai s o he P osecu o 's O ice was enac ed on 26 Aq ab 1343 A.H. (No embe 16, 1964)
wi h 24 a icles and published in issue numbe 17 o he O icial Gaze e. This law in oduced
he P osecu o 's O ice as he High O ice o he Public P osecu o and he A o ney Gene al as
he Public P osecu o o A ghanis an. A e wa ds, on 25 Hamal 1359 A.H. (Ap il 14, 1980), he
Fundamen al P inciples, which se ed as a p o isional cons i u ion, we e app o ed by he
Re olu iona y Council o he ime. They became e ec i e on 7 Saw 1359 A.H. (Ap il 27,
1980). A icle (58) o his law sepa a ed he A o ney Gene al's O ice om he Minis y o
Jus ice o A ghanis an o he i s ime and conside ed i an independen o gan wi hin he s a e
s uc u e. This a icle placed he A o ney Gene al's O ice as a uni ied sys em based on he
p inciple o cen aliza ion and leade ship o p osecu o 's o ices unde he au ho i y o he
A o ney Gene al. In he yea 1365 A.H. (1986 AD), changes occu ed in he s a e leade ship.
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The Cons i u ion was app o ed by he Loya Ji ga and signed by he P esiden on 9 Hamal
1366 A.H. (Ma ch 29, 1987). Chap e Nine o his cons i u ion speci ically discusses he
A o ney Gene al's O ice. Howe e , du ing he ule o he Islamic Emi a e, based on Dec ee No.
"12" da ed 16 Hoo 1375 A.H. (Ma ch 6, 1997), he A o ney Gene al's O ice was once again
downg aded o ganiza ionally and placed unde he Minis y o Jus ice. Based on Dec ee No.
"109" da ed 23/5/1419 A.H. (No embe 11, 1998), he au ho i y o he p osecu o 's o ice was
also delega ed o judges. A icle Twel e o his dec ee s a es: "The wo k o in es iga ion o he
p osecu o 's o ice is assigned o he judicia y. Judges a e obliged o comple e he case ile
wi hin one week and submi i o he cou o decision." A e he all o he Islamic Emi a e
go e nmen , in he mon h o Jadi 1380 A.H. (Decembe 2001/Janua y 2002), he A o ney
Gene al's O ice egained i s s uc u e and au ho i y. The Cons i u ion o A ghanis an was
app o ed by he Loya Ji ga and signed and enac ed by he P esiden on 6 Dalw 1382 A.H.
(Decembe 27, 2003). The A o ney Gene al's O ice also egained i s c edibili y. A icle (134)
o his law s a es: "The disco e y o c ime is ca ied ou by he police, and he in es iga ion o
c imes and iling o a case agains he accused in cou is ca ied ou by he P osecu o 's O ice in
acco dance wi h he p o isions o he law. The P osecu o 's O ice is pa o he execu i e b anch
and is independen in i s unc ions." A e he o ma ion o he elec ed go e nmen in
A ghanis an, he o ganiza ional s uc u e o he A o ney Gene al's O ice also de eloped. This
o ice, which was p e iously a subse o he Minis y o Jus ice, was ans o med in o an
independen o ice. The High O ice o he A o ney Gene al had ou depu yships, each o
which had se e al subuni s (di ec o a es) wi hin i s s uc u e. This o ice had abou 5,000
employees in he cen e and p o inces. These employees included p o essional, adminis a i e,
and hi ed s a . (Cons i u ion, 2003) Bu wi h he e u n o powe o he Islamic Emi a e in 1400
A.H. (2021 AD), he A o ney Gene al's O ice was again abolished as in he p e ious pe iod,
and i s au ho i y was delega ed o judges. (Gene al Di ec o a e o Moni o ing and Follow-up o
Dec ees and O de s)
3. The Role and Posi ion o he P osecu o
The ole o he P osecu o , in acco dance wi h Clause (2) o A icle (23) o he
P o isional C iminal P ocedu e Law, is as ollows: "The P ima y P osecu o , o achie e his
goal, conside s he ollowing si ua ions:
1- E alua ing all aspec s and e idence o he case.
2- Asce aining whe he a c ime has been commi ed o no .
3- Iden i ying he esponsible pe son o pe sons."
These h ee a o emen ioned objec i es cons i u e he undamen al and basic aims o he
in es iga ion because eaching he u h is impossible wi hou he in es iga ing P osecu o
eso ing o he h ee objec i es men ioned abo e. These s a ed objec i es o he in es iga ion a e
wha lead he in es iga ing P osecu o o employ he essen ial means o p o ing he c ime.
Al hough he h ee objec i es abo e a e b ie ly men ioned in he P o isional C iminal
P ocedu e Law, in o de : he i s objec i e in ol es he in es iga ing P osecu o 's e alua ion o
all aspec s and e idence o he case, which means examining inc imina ing and exculpa o y
e idence equally o achie e absolu e jus ice. As an example, we will ci e Clause (3) o A icle
(24) o he P o isional C iminal P ocedu e Law, which e e s o he P osecu o 's in es iga i e
ac ions o achie e he a o emen ioned objec i e: Clause (3) o A icle (23): "The P osecu o ,
while conduc ing in es iga ions, is obliged o e alua e e idence p o ing o disp o ing he c ime
equally and o conside he in e es s o he a ec ed pe sons."
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To explain he second objec i e o he in es iga ion, we mus simply men ion ha i is he
in es iga ing P osecu o who, based on he sanc i y o he p o ession, can de e mine h ough
a ious p o essional and legal me hods whe he a c ime has ac ually occu ed o no ? Because i
a c ime has no occu ed, punishmen lacks legi imacy. Achie ing his objec i e wi hou an
in es iga ion is impossible; he in es iga ing P osecu o mus eso o legal in es iga i e
p ocedu es o achie e his objec i e and de e mine whe he a c ime has ac ually been commi ed
o no . The hi d objec i e also poin s o a majo and undamen al issue: ha du ing he
p osecu o ial in es iga ion, achie ing his goal means iden i ying he esponsible pe sons who
bea esponsibili y o commi ing he c ime. This is because whene e a pe son commi s a
c ime, hey y o e ade he law o escape punishmen . The e o e, i is he in es iga ing
P osecu o who inds hem h ough hei p o essional ac ions and p esen s legally inc imina ing
e idence agains hem, and subsequen ly, h ough judicial p osecu ion by he ial P osecu o ,
hey a e b ough o he bench.
4. Legal Au ho i ies and Du ies o he P osecu o (Public P osecu o ) in he
C iminal P ocedu e Law o A ghanis an
4.1. Au ho i y o he P osecu o Rega ding Release o De en ion o a Suspec
Acco ding o A icle 88 o he C iminal P ocedu e Law o A ghanis an, he P osecu o
has he au ho i y o ac as ollows a e ecei ing he case ile om he police:
4.1.1. I he de en ion o he suspec is no necessa y, hey immedia ely issue an o de o
hei elease, as he si ua ion may equi e, wi h o wi hou inancial bail, conside ing he
p inciple o innocence.
4.1.2. I he P osecu o deems he de en ion o he suspec necessa y o comple ing he
in es iga ions and conside ing he ci cums ances o he c ime and he suspec , acco ding o hei
legal au ho i y, hey can issue an o de o he de en ion o he suspec o 7 wo king days in
misdemeano s and 15 wo king days in elonies.
4.1.3. In si ua ions whe e he con inuous p esence o he suspec is necessa y o
conduc ing he in es iga ion, and a he same ime, he na u e o he c ime in e ms o se e i y
and ligh ness and he ci cums ances o he suspec do no equi e hei de en ion, he P osecu o
can obliga e he suspec o epo o he police s a ion, o p ohibi hem om lea ing he ci y o
equen ing speci ic places, o equi e a gua an ee o appea ance. This p e en s he dep i a ion
o pe sonal libe y on one hand, and on he o he hand, ensu es he suspec is p esen when hei
p esence a he P osecu o 's O ice is necessa y. (Rasouli, 2015, p. 202)
4.2. Au ho i y o Demand P ocedu es
Conside ing A icle 89 o he C iminal P ocedu e Law, he P osecu o has he au ho i y
o, in case o non-compliance wi h legal p o isions o he exis ence o gaps and de iciencies,
send he case ile back o he in es iga i e au ho i ies o co ec ion o p ocedu es and
comple ion. Fo example, i he P osecu o obse es ha legal p o isions we e no obse ed in
p epa ing epo s and collec ing e idence, o i he case ile was sen o he P osecu o 's O ice
wi hou su icien e idence, hey e e he ma e o he in es iga i e au ho i ies o necessa y
ac ions.
4.3. Au ho i y o Demand Collec ion o New E idence
When he case o case ile documen s a e ecei ed by he P osecu o 's O ice, acco ding
o A icle 90 o he C iminal P ocedu e Law, i he P osecu o de e mines ha in he e e ed
case, meaning he e a e o he c iminal aspec s o he case o he e a e o he indi iduals in ol ed
in he c ime as pa ne s o accomplices agains whom e idence has no been collec ed, hen in
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ela ion o wha has been e e ed o he P osecu o , hey ca y ou ac ions and simul aneously
obliga e he police, na ional secu i y o icials, and o he ele an judicial seizu e o ice s o ake
ac ion ega ding collec ing e idence in such cases and agains such pe sons.
4.4. Au ho i y o Follow Up on Viola ions by Police and Na ional Secu i y O icials
I he P osecu o obse es ha du ing c iminal p ocedu es ela ed o disco e y and
collec ion o in o ma ion/e idence by he police o na ional secu i y o icials, illegal ac ions ha e
been pe o med, o hey ha e been negligen in hei du ies, he P osecu o can e e he ma e o
he ele an ins i u ion o ake legal ac ion agains such indi iduals. I he police o na ional
secu i y o icials ha e commi ed iola ions in hei du ies, hey a e e e ed o he ele an
ins i u ions o hese iola ions o be add essed acco ding o he p o isions o ele an laws and
legal sanc ions, which may include ecommenda ion, wa ning, sala y deduc ion, and i
necessa y, ans e o dismissal om du y.
No e: Wha should be done i he men ioned o icials commi a se ious and in en ional
c ime? In cases whe e such illegal ac s ha e been commi ed in en ionally by police o na ional
secu i y o icials o o he ele an judicial seizu e o ice s, i is necessa y o he P osecu o o
p osecu e hem judicially acco ding o legal p o isions because, acco ding o he Cons i u ion
and o he laws, all a e equal be o e he law in e ms o igh s and du ies, and commi ing a c ime
by any pe son o ins i u ion mus be punished. Wi hou a sys em whe e punishmen and penal y
exis and ind hei place, one canno speak o e o ming he sys em.
4.5. Au ho i y o he P osecu o in he Ma e o De aining a Suspec and Accused
The P osecu o has he au ho i y o de ain a pe son o he i s ime o a pe iod o 7 days
in misdemeano s and 15 days in elonies. Acco ding o (A icle 100 o he C iminal P ocedu e
Law), i comple ing he in es iga ion and p epa ing he indic men is no possible wi hin his
pe iod, he P osecu o can eques he ex ension o he accused's de en ion om he p ima y
cou o en days in misdemeano s and up o 30 days in elonies. I his pe iod is s ill
insu icien , he p ima y cou can, upon he P osecu o 's eques , ex end i o ano he en days
in misdemeano s and ano he 30 days in elonies. In all hese ci cums ances, i is s ipula ed ha
he P osecu o mus pay mo e a en ion and decide on he empo a y dep i a ion o libe y o he
suspec o accused only when he e is a se ious necessi y. Fu he mo e, hey mus conside
p opo ionali y. Al hough he law has speci ied ce ain du a ions, i is be e o conside he
minimum o hese e ms. I be o e he expi a ion o his pe iod, i is es ablished by he
P osecu o ha he e is no need o con inue he empo a y dep i a ion o libe y o he suspec o
accused, hey can decide o elease hem wi h inancial bail, a equi emen o epo , o o he
alid gua an ees.
4.6. Au ho i y o he P osecu o Rega ding he Legali y o De en ion
The P osecu o has he au ho i y o de ain a suspec o accused in he ollowing cases:
4.6.1. I he c ime is a elony and he e is jus i ied e idence indica ing he commission o
he c ime by he suspec o accused.
4.6.2. I he c ime is lag an (caugh in he ac ).
4.6.3. I he iden i y o su name o he suspec o accused is unknown.
4.6.4. In cases whe e, based on he assessmen o he ele an au ho i ies, he e is a ea
o he suspec o accused hiding o leeing.
4.6.5. Si ua ions whe e he e is a possibili y o he loss o al e a ion o e idence,
documen s, and c iminal eco ds.
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4.6.6. I he suspec o accused does no ha e a pe manen esidence in he ju isdic ion
whe e hei case is being examined. In his case as well, since i may no be possible o summon
hem and his would cause a was e o ime o he o icial au ho i ies, he P osecu o may see i
o ake such ac ion. On he o he hand, i a pe son has no ixed job, is a epea o ende , he e is a
possibili y o c ime being commi ed by hem, o hey canno p o ide a gua an ee o appea
be o e he ele an au ho i y when necessa y, in such ci cums ances, ac ion is aken ega ding
dep i a ion o es ic ion o libe y.
5. The Role o he P osecu o be o e he Cou s (Appeals and Supe ision)
In his pa o ou discussion, we will poin ou he P osecu o 's ole in ha ing he au ho i y o
appeal agains he e dic s and o de s o he cou s o highe cou s, because he P osecu o is
one pa y o he case, and he o he pa y in c iminal ma e s is he accused. P incipally, bo h
pa ies ha e he igh o appeal he e dic s o he p ima y cou s o highe cou s; a h ee-s age
li iga ion p ocess has been es ablished o ensu e g ea e jus ice. And o ensu e jus ice, i is
necessa y o he pa y o he ial who objec s o he e dic o o de o he cou o submi hei
appeal o he highe cou . Fo ins ance, ega ding he igh o appeal, A icle (63) o he
P o isional C iminal P ocedu e Law s a es: "The con ic ed pe son o he p ima y P osecu o can
appeal agains he e dic o he p ima y cou ." The appeal deadline and i s p ocedu e a e
explained in Clause (3) o A icle (63) o he P o isional C iminal P ocedu e Law: "The appeal
eques is submi ed o he egis y o he cou ha issued he e dic o o he egis y o he
ele an appella e cou wi hin (20) days..." In addi ion o he appeal in c iminal ma e s,
cassa ion is also legi ima e; he pa ies o he case, he P osecu o and he con ic ed accused,
ha e he igh o ile a cassa ion appeal agains he appella e cou 's e dic o he C iminal
Di isions o he Sup eme Cou based on he na u e o he case. As A icle (71) o he
P o isional C iminal P ocedu e Law s a es: "The con ic ed pe son, he ic im, o he appella e
P osecu o can ile a cassa ion appeal agains he e dic o he appella e cou o he Sup eme
Cou in he ollowing ci cums ances." The deadline o cassa ion appeal di e s om he
deadline se o appeal; as eco ded in A icle (72) o he said law: "The objec ion eques is
submi ed o he egis y o he appella e cou ha issued he e dic o o he egis y o he
ele an chambe o he Sup eme Cou unde he condi ions men ioned in Clause (3) o A icle
(63) wi hin a pe iod o (30) days." The appealing P osecu o does no ha e absolu e au ho i y o
appeal agains a cou e dic ; he e a e speci ic cases in which a e dic can be appealed i i
alls unde hose speci ic cases. And hose cases a e: e o in he applica ion o law and e o in
he in e p e a ion o law, which we will add ess each.
5.1. E o in he Applica ion o Law: I he appealing P osecu o , du ing legal
supe ision o he e dic , inds ha he e dic was issued due o an e o in he applica ion o
law, hey appeal agains he e dic and submi hei de ailed appeal o he highe cou . I he
appeal is agains he e dic o he p ima y cou o he appella e cou , he appella e P osecu o
submi s hei de ailed appeal o he appella e cou . And i he appeal is agains he e dic o he
appella e cou , a de ailed appeal is submi ed o he Sup eme Cou by he P osecu o o he
A o ney Gene al's O ice. Tha is, om an o ganiza ional pe spec i e, he e is one P osecu o
co esponding o each c iminal cou , and ha same P osecu o ep esen s he case be o e he
cou ega ding he appeal. I wan o cla i y he e m "e o in he applica ion o law" wi h an
example. Fo example, he p ima y cou in a case o he o p ope y om Ahmad's house
sen ences he accused o six mon hs o en o ceable imp isonmen , while he accused in
commi ing his c iminal ac used police uni o ms and duplica e keys, and also some agg a a ing
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ci cums ances men ioned in he law we e p esen in his case. Since he e dic should no be o
a educed punishmen bu o an agg a a ed punishmen , he e o e, in his case, he cou has
issued he e dic wi h a legal e o , and he e dic is appealed by he P osecu o . To pu i
clea ly, i we s a e ha he p inciple o p opo ionali y be ween c imes and punishmen s has no
been conside ed in he appealed e dic .
5.2. E o in he In e p e a ion o Law: I i is ound om he cou 's e dic ha an
e o in he in e p e a ion o law has occu ed, hen likewise, he cou 's e dic ha con ains an
e o in in e p e a ion is subjec o appeal. E o in he in e p e a ion o law e e s o a si ua ion
whe e he cou has made a mis ake in cha ac e izing he c ime. Fo example, he ac commi ed
by he accused alls unde he ca ego y o he and he cons i uen elemen s o he apply o i ,
bu he cou punishes he accused wi h he punishmen o b igandage (qa i' al- a iq), while
he e is a di e ence be ween he wo c imes in e ms o hei cons i uen elemen s.
In his case, he cou 's e dic in ol es an e o in he in e p e a ion o law, and he
c iminal cha ac e iza ion has been in e p e ed om he o b igandage. The eques o e iew
(Tajdid-e Naza /Reconside a ion) o he inal e dic s o he cou s by he P osecu o in c iminal
ma e s is a p ocess es ablished wi hin he h ee-s age li iga ion sys em o ensu e jus ice and
p e en injus ice. The P osecu o has speci ic du ies and au ho i ies in all h ee s ages o c iminal
li iga ion, as men ioned be o e, such as iling a case a he p ima y cou s age, appealing o
accep ing he e dic s o he p ima y and appella e cou s. A e he h ee-s age li iga ion
p ocess, whe e he e dic eaches i s inal s age and is he e o e called a inal e dic (which
includes he e dic o he Sup eme Cou , as i ma ks he end o he li iga ion p ocess), i is s ill
deemed necessa y o ensu ing jus ice and achie ing c iminal jus ice o ha e an ex ao dina y
addi ional p ocess so ha i he inal e dic is also based on an e o , an ex ao dina y s age
exis s o co ec ha e o . This s age is ealized when i s legal condi ions a e me and pu in o
p ac ice, and ha s age is he e iew s age (Ma hal-e Tajdid-e Naza ).
Re iew is conside ed o he bene i o he con ic ed pe son and he o ende , and e iew
o he inal e dic s o he cou s akes place in he p esence o legal g ounds. As A icle (81) o
he P o isional C iminal P ocedu e Law has an icipa ed he condi ions o e iew, s a ing:
"Reques o e iew o inal e dic s in misdemeano and elony cases can be made o he
bene i o he con ic ed pe son in he ollowing ci cums ances:"
5.2.1. I he ac s on which he judgmen is based a e inconsis en wi h he ac s p esen in
ano he inal e dic .
5.2.2. When he c iminal judgmen is based on a judgmen issued by a ci il cou and he
men ioned ci il cou judgmen is annulled.
5.2.3. When a e he judgmen , e en s occu o documen s a e p esen ed ha we e no
known a he ime o he ial and hese e en s o documen s may p o e he innocence o he
con ic ed pe son.
5.2.4. When alse es imony, o ge y o documen s, o some illegal ac ions o wi nesses
o expe s a e e ealed, which he inal e dic was issued based on.
5.2.5. When he accused is con ic ed in a mu de case, new elemen s eme ge ha p o e
he non-occu ence o he pe son's dea h.
5.2.6. I he judgmen is issued a he end o he p oceedings wi hou o mal no i ica ion
o he accused, o i du ing he ial he igh o be p esen was no gi en o hem, esul ing in
hem being dep i ed o he igh o choose a de ense lawye , o i he eason o he con ic ed
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pe son's absence was no clea ly and uly known, o i he cou did no pay a en ion o his
ma e ."
All six cases men ioned in he clauses o A icle (81) o he P o isional C iminal
P ocedu e Law a e su icien o e iew; i he men ioned cases exis , he e iew s age is
ini ia ed.
The ques ion a ises: wha is he ole o he P osecu o in he e iew, and why ha e we
included his opic in his hesis?
The answe is: because i conce ns e iew in c iminal ma e s, and he P osecu o has a
signi ican ole in c iminal ma e s ha canno be igno ed. The e o e, he P osecu o is one o
hose who, by law, can eques a e iew o he bene i o he con ic ed pe son i he six cases o
A icle (81) o he P o isional C iminal P ocedu e Law exis . As A icle (82) o he P o isional
C iminal P ocedu e Law s a es ega ding his igh o he P osecu o : "The P osecu o , and he
con ic ed pe son o hei de ense lawye , hei close ela i es o hei hei s ha e he igh o
eques a e iew o he inal e dic s o he cou s." In addi ion o he p o ision o he abo e
a icle, which gi es he P osecu o he igh o eques a e iew o he inal e dic s o he cou s,
he ole o he P osecu o in he e iew s age becomes signi ican . As ega ding he e iew
p ocedu es, he ole o he P osecu o is legally es ablished. Rega ding he ole o he P osecu o
in he e iew p ocedu es, Clauses (3-5) o A icle (83) o he P o isional C iminal P ocedu e
Law, men ioned below, explici ly s a e:
Clause (3): "The e iew eques is e alua ed and examined by a panel composed o one
judge om he Sup eme Cou and wo judges om he appella e cou , who a e appoin ed by he
Chie Jus ice o he Sup eme Cou . The A o ney Gene al exp esses hei opinion ega ding he
e iew eques ."
Clause (5): "I he e iew eques and i s ela ed case ile a e ecei ed by he Sup eme
Cou , he Sup eme Cou se s a da e o he hea ing o he case and no i ies he appellan and he
A o ney Gene al a leas i e days be o e he s a o i s session. The P osecu o and he
con ic ed pe son o he de ense lawye ha e he igh o exp ess hei iews du ing he case
hea ing session ega ding he e iew."
6. Execu ion o Final and De ini i e Ve dic s o he Cou s by he P osecu o
When inal and de ini i e e dic s o he cou s a e issued and he li iga ion p ocess ends
as a esul o hese inal and de ini i e e dic s, he need o hei execu ion is el because cou
e dic s a e ine ec i e wi hou hei execu ion; hei e ec lies in hei execu ion. Since he
execu ion o e dic s is he du y o he execu i e b anch o he h ee pilla s o he s a e, and he
P osecu o 's O ice, based on A icle (134) o he Cons i u ion, is pa o he execu i e b anch bu
independen in i s unc ions. The execu ion o inal and de ini i e cou e dic s is also ca ied
ou by he P osecu o 's O ice. In addi ion o he speci ic du ies o in es iga ion and judicial
p osecu ion, he P osecu o 's O ice also bea s he du y o execu ing cou e dic s. As Clause (4)
o A icle (8) o he P o isional C iminal P ocedu e Law s a es: "The p ima y P osecu o 's
O ice implemen s he inal e dic s. Fo his pu pose, he appella e cou and he Sup eme Cou
send he issued e dic back o he p ima y P osecu o 's O ice along wi h he seized documen s
and objec s." The ex o he men ioned a icle explici ly s a es ha he p ima y P osecu o 's
O ice implemen s he inal e dic s o he cou s because he case was judicially p osecu ed
h ough he p ima y P osecu o 's O ice, and he c iminal case was ini ially iled in cou . When
he li iga ion p ocess concludes, i mus e u n o he ini ial au ho i y ha iled he case.
