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Digi al T ans o ma ion in Ru al Go e nance:
A Case S udy
1B.R.Kuma , 2Si unigun a Rajesh, 3Nadendla Anil Kuma Chowda i,
4T.S ee Lakshmi
1P o esso & Di ec o , Depa men o MBA, Andh a Loyola College, Vijayawada, India. kbasa [email protected]
2Assis an P o esso , Depa men o ECE, Gokula K ishna College o Enginee ing, Sullu pe , India.
lakshmi [email protected]
3Assis an P o esso , Depa men o CSE, Na ayana Enginee ing College, Gudu , India.
anilkuma chowda [email protected]
4Associa e P o esso , Depa men o CSE, S i Venka eswa a College o Enginee ing, Ti upa i, India.
s eelakshmi. @s ce.edu.in
Abs ac : Digi al ans o ma ion has eme ged as a powe ul o ce in eshaping he landscape o u al go e nance, os e ing anspa ency,
accoun abili y, ci izen engagemen , and socio-economic de elopmen . This pape in es iga es he e ol ing pa adigm o u al go e nance in he
con ex o digi al ad ancemen s, d awing insigh s om ecen empi ical s udies, simula ion models, and policy e alua ions. The li e a u e
unde sco es ha he in eg a ion o digi al in as uc u e, inclusi e inance, and da a-d i en go e nance mechanisms signi ican ly con ibu es o
u al e i aliza ion, ene gy po e y alle ia ion, and u ban- u al in eg a ion. Mul iple s udies emphasize he ole o enabling policies, digi al
compe ency o u al unc iona ies, and ailo ed in e en ions sui ed o egional he e ogenei y. Mo eo e , he Technology-O ganiza ion-
En i onmen (TOE) amewo k and uzzy-se Quali a i e Compa a i e Analysis ( sQCA) me hods ha e been e ec i ely employed o iden i y
c i ical success ac o s in digi al u al go e nance. This pape p esen s a syn hesis o key indings and p oposes a case s udy app oach o analyze
he e ec i eness o digi al in e en ions in u al go e nance in a selec ed egion. The s udy aims o explo e bo h he enable s and cons ain s in
implemen ing digi al ools o se ice deli e y, pa icipa ion, and moni o ing in u al se ings. The indings can in o m policymake s and
p ac i ione s aiming o b idge he u al-u ban digi al di ide while enhancing go e nance pe o mance a he g ass oo s le el.
Keywo ds: Digi al Go e nance, Ru al Re i aliza ion, Inclusi e Finance, Sma Villages, U ban-Ru al In eg a ion.
1 INTRODUCTION
The digi al e a has unlocked new possibili ies in go e nance sys ems ac oss he globe, especially in adi ionally unde se ed
u al egions. Ru al go e nance (RG), which in ol es he deli e y o public se ices, esou ce managemen , and ci izen
engagemen a he g ass oo s le el, has his o ically been cons ained by geog aphical, in as uc u al, and socio-economic
limi a ions. Howe e , ecen ad ancemen s in digi al in as uc u e, mobile connec i i y, da a analy ics, and inclusi e inance
mechanisms a e apidly al e ing he go e nance landscape in u al a eas. These changes, collec i ely e e ed o as Digi al
T ans o ma ion in Ru al Go e nance (DTRG), a e enabling mo e anspa en , esponsi e, and pa icipa o y go e nance sys ems.
Se e al coun ies, pa icula ly in Asia and A ica, a e now implemen ing digi al illage s a egies o add ess issues such as
po e y, lack o access o public se ices, and egional dispa i y. Fo ins ance, in China, la ge-scale policy-d i en in e en ions
ha e led o he es ablishmen o digi al illages and sma u al communi ies. Resea ch by Z. He e al. [1] showed ha a
combina ion o social and echnical an eceden a iables— a he han any single ac o —enhanced RG e ec i eness. This poin s
owa d he need o in eg a ed digi al s a egies ailo ed o egional con ex s.
Digi al ans o ma ion is no limi ed o in as uc u e deploymen . I also encompasses capaci y building, especially among
u al eache s and public unc iona ies. As Y. Ma e al. [2] highligh ed, he digi al compe ence o u al educa o s di ec ly in luences
he quali y o local human capi al, a i al componen in sus aining digi al go e nance ecosys ems. Mo eo e , b oadband
in as uc u e sha ing, as discussed by N. Kibinda e al. [3], has eme ged as a cos -e ec i e s a egy o expanding digi al
connec i i y and enabling inclusi e digi al economies.
Beyond connec i i y, digi iza ion is also p o ing i al in add essing hema ic challenges such as ene gy po e y [4], imp o ing
iscal heal h o u al go e nmen s [5], and enhancing economic p oduc i i y h ough sma digi al se ices [6]. Impo an ly, Y.
Liu e al. [7] p oposed a simula ion-based ins i u ional model ha highligh s how beha io al in e en ions, when guided by da a,
can imp o e digi al u al go e nance pe o mance. Se e al s udies ha e adop ed heo e ical amewo ks like he Technology-
O ganiza ion-En i onmen (TOE) model and uzzy-se Quali a i e Compa a i e Analysis ( sQCA) o explo e he in e play o
mul iple a iables a ec ing digi al u al li e [8], u al e i aliza ion [9], and u al banking p o i abili y [10].
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These mul idimensional app oaches sugges ha u al digi al ans o ma ion is no a linea p ocess bu one shaped by
in e dependen ac o s, policy suppo , and local eadiness. This pape aims o consolida e hese di e se insigh s by ocusing on a
case s udy o a u al egion unde going digi al go e nance ans o ma ion. Th ough quali a i e and empi ical analysis, i e alua es
he ac o s ha enable o inhibi e ec i e digi al u al go e nance and iden i ies po en ial eplicable models. The case s udy is
con ex ualized using exis ing li e a u e and compa a i e amewo ks, o e ing p ac ical implica ions o policymake s,
de elopmen agencies, and local go e nmen s.
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
The li e a u e on Digi al T ans o ma ion in Ru al Go e nance (DTRG) has expanded signi ican ly in ecen yea s, wi h a wide
ange o s udies add essing i s echnological, ins i u ional, economic, and socio-cul u al dimensions. This sec ion e iews he key
hema ic a eas om ecen schola ly con ibu ions, ca ego ized in o six dominan clus e s: (1) e ec i eness o digi al illage
cons uc ion, (2) capaci y and compe ence o u al s akeholde s, (3) b oadband in as uc u e and connec i i y, (4) sec o al
applica ions (ene gy, inance, banking), (5) go e nance pe o mance and ins i u ional mechanisms, and (6) digi al li e and
in eg a ion models.
2.1 E ec i eness o Digi al Village Cons uc ion
Z. He e al. [1] conduc ed a comp ehensi e analysis o 84 pilo dis ic s in China and ound ha no single ac o alone ensu es
e ec i e u al go e nance. Ins ead, combina ions o se en an eceden a iables ac oss social and echnical sys ems o m ou
con igu a ions ha imp o e go e nance ou comes. This s udy also exposed egional di e ences—wes e n, cen al, and eas e n
China display dis inc pa e ns o digi al go e nance e ec i eness—sugges ing ha egion-speci ic digi al s a egies a e essen ial.
2.2 Digi al Compe ence and Human Capi al
Y. Ma e al. [2] ocused on he digi al compe ence o u al eache s, applying he DEMATEL-ANP me hod o cons uc a
comp ehensi e e alua ion amewo k. The s udy ound ha digi al lea ning abili y and ool applica ion skills signi ican ly a ec
eaching ou comes and, by ex ension, communi y-le el digi al adop ion. This highligh s he need o con inuous capaci y building
and digi al li e acy p og ams o suppo u al ans o ma ion.
2.3 In as uc u e Sha ing and Connec i i y
The digi al di ide emains a pe sis en ba ie o u al de elopmen . N. Kibinda e al. [3] emphasized b oadband in as uc u e
sha ing as a scalable solu ion in de eloping coun ies. Sha ing allows mul iple mobile ne wo k ope a o s o educe deploymen
cos s and ex end se ices o emo e a eas. Howe e , poli ical, egula o y, and business model challenges s ill hinde ull-scale
implemen a ion. The s udy calls o collabo a i e go e nance amewo ks ha encou age in as uc u e co-u iliza ion while
sa egua ding compe i ion and se ice quali y.
2.4 Sec o al Applica ions: Ene gy, Finance, and Banking
In explo ing he link be ween digi al ans o ma ion and ene gy po e y, X. Yang e al. [4] demons a ed ha u al digi iza ion
imp o es no jus income bu income quali y, he eby ha ing a s onge e ec on po e y alle ia ion. Simila ly, S. Zheng e al. [5]
showed how digi al inclusi e inance posi i ely a ec s u al de elopmen , media ed by local go e nmen deb mechanisms. N.
Chao e al. [10] u he ound ha digi al ans o ma ion enhances he p o i abili y o u al comme cial banks by imp o ing asse
quali y and ope a ional e iciency. These s udies collec i ely highligh he ans o ma i e ole o digi iza ion ac oss key
go e nance sec o s and suppo a mul i-dimensional app oach o e alua ing u al p og ess.
2.5 Ins i u ional Mechanisms and Go e nance Pe o mance
Y. Liu e al. [7] p oposed a da a-d i en ins i u ional p essu e ansmission (D-IPT) model ha demons a es how digi al
mechanisms egula e communi y beha io s and enhance go e nance pe o mance. Using la ge-scale beha io al da a om u al
households, he au ho s alida ed ha a ge ed in e en ions in in e ac ion e iciency and ins i u ional con igu a ion signi ican ly
in luence ou comes. This ep esen s a p omising on ie in simula ion-d i en policy modeling o u al go e nance.
2.6 Ru al Digi al Li e and In eg a ion
As u al digi al li e becomes mo e in eg a ed, s udies like C. Xiong e al. [11] and Y. Liu e al. [12] used he sQCA me hod
and TOE amewo k o iden i y condi ion combina ions ha lead o high-quali y digi al u al cons uc ion.
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These s udies show ha policy in ensi y, in o ma ion in as uc u e, and digi al li e acy a e he dominan d i e s, wi h dis inc
de elopmen pa e ns eme ging ac oss egions. Addi ionally, X. Zhang e al. [13] empi ically es ablished ha he digi al economy
signi ican ly enhances u ban- u al in eg a ion ac oss mul iple domains (popula ion, land, educa ion, ecology, e c.).
2.7 Summa y
In summa y, he exis ing li e a u e e eals ha digi al ans o ma ion in u al go e nance is:
• Mul i-laye ed, in ol ing in as uc u e, skills, and ins i u ional amewo ks,
• Regionally di e en ia ed, equi ing ailo ed policies,
• Sec o -spanning, a ec ing educa ion, ene gy, inance, and mo e,
• Hea ily dependen on collabo a i e models and simula ion-based insigh s.
The nex sec ion applies hese heo e ical and empi ical ounda ions o a case s udy, examining how digi al ans o ma ion is
implemen ed in a selec ed u al a ea and wha insigh s i o e s o b oade applica ion.
3 METHODOLOGY
This s udy adop s a case s udy esea ch design o examine how digi al ans o ma ion is eshaping u al go e nance a he
g ass oo s le el. Case s udies a e pa icula ly well-sui ed o unde s anding complex social phenomena wi hin hei eal-li e
con ex s, especially when bounda ies be ween he phenomenon and i s en i onmen a e blu ed—as is he case wi h digi al
ans o ma ion in u al se ings.
3.1 Case Selec ion C i e ia
The selec ed case is a u al adminis a i e uni ha has ecen ly ini ia ed mul iple digi al go e nance p og ams, including:
• Online g ie ance ed essal pla o ms,
• E-a endance and biome ic sys ems o unc iona ies,
• Mobile-based se ice deli e y apps,
• Geo- agged asse acking o public wo ks, and
• Use o Wha sApp o Teleg am o o icial communica ion and ci izen engagemen .
The uni was selec ed based on he ollowing c i e ia:
• I lies in a non-me o dis ic wi h adi ional go e nance challenges (e.g., low li e acy, limi ed access o se ices),
• I has launched digi al go e nance ini ia i es in he las 3–5 yea s,
• I has a ailable eco ds and s akeholde s willing o p o ide inpu , and
• I shows a ia ion in ou comes be ween wa ds/ illages, o e ing scope o compa a i e in a-uni analysis.
3.2 Da a Collec ion Me hods
A mixed-me hod app oach was adop ed, comp ising bo h quali a i e and quan i a i e da a:
3.2.1 P ima y Da a
• Semi-s uc u ed in e iews wi h Panchaya Sec e a y, Village Volun ee s, Wa d Membe s, and local esiden s (N =
20)
• Focus G oup Discussions (FGDs) wi h ci izen g oups and SHG women (Sel Help G oups)
• Field obse a ions du ing se ice deli e y hou s, especially a he Village Sec e a ia
3.2.2 Seconda y Da a
• Digi ized g ie ance and complain egis e s (be o e and a e pla o m implemen a ion)
• A endance logs om biome ic sys ems
• Financial epo s on public wel a e schemes
• Implemen a ion p og ess epo s om go e nmen dashboa ds
• A chi ed Wha sApp messages (wi h consen ) used o g ie ance epo ing and dissemina ion
3.3 Analy ical F amewo k
The s udy d aws i s analy ical ounda ion om he Technology-O ganiza ion-En i onmen (TOE) amewo k and in eg a es
selec ed a iables iden i ied in he li e a u e e iew which a e gi en in Table 1.
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Table 1. Key a iables examined
Dimension
Key Va iables Examined
Technology
ICT in as uc u e, digi al pla o ms used, and sys em usabili y
O ganiza ion
S a eadiness, digi al li e acy, and leade ship suppo
En i onmen
Policy suppo , ci izen esponsi eness, and socio-economic condi ions
The da a is analyzed using:
• Thema ic analysis o quali a i e ansc ip s,
• Compa a i e end analysis o se ice deli e y be o e/a e digi iza ion,
• Desc ip i e s a is ics o g ie ance esolu ion a es, a endance egula i y, and se ice access.
Whe e possible, iangula ion was used o alida e indings ac oss di e en sou ces and s akeholde s.
3.4 E hical Conside a ions
All in e iews and FGDs we e conduc ed wi h p io in o med consen , ensu ing anonymi y and olun a y pa icipa ion.
Go e nmen da a was used wi h w i en pe mission om he ele an local au ho i ies. Sensi i e da a, such as Wha sApp
communica ion o biome ic eco ds, we e accessed only in agg ega e o anonymized o ma s.
4 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This s udy adop s a quali a i e case s udy me hodology o examine he impac o digi al ans o ma ion on u al go e nance in
a selec ed panchaya o Andh a P adesh, India. The objec i e is o assess how digi al ools in luence go e nance p ocesses such
as se ice deli e y, anspa ency, ci izen pa icipa ion, and g ie ance ed essal a he g ass oo s le el.
4.1 Selec ion o he Case S udy A ea
A u al g am panchaya was selec ed in Ti upa i Dis ic ( o me ly pa o SPSR Nello e), Andh a P adesh, based on he
ollowing c i e ia:
• P esence o digi al in as uc u e (e.g., Village/Wa d Sec e a ia , In e ne connec i i y, e-Go e nance ools)
• Implemen a ion o s a e-le el digi al go e nance ini ia i es (e.g., Spandana, Na asakam, eO ice)
• Ac i e usage o digi al pla o ms by panchaya o icials and ci izens
• A ailabili y o eco ds and accessibili y o ield isi s
This egion is known o being one o he ea ly adop e s o he Village Sec e a ia Sys em, a lagship digi al go e nance
ini ia i e in oduced by he Go e nmen o Andh a P adesh.
4.2 Da a Collec ion Me hods
A combina ion o p ima y and seconda y da a sou ces was employed:
• P ima y Da a:
o Semi-s uc u ed in e iews wi h Panchaya Sec e a y, Village Volun ee s, Wa d Sec e a ia s a , and
selec ed illage s
o Focus G oup Discussions (FGDs) wi h local women’s g oups, you h g oups, and a me s
o Di ec obse a ion o e-se ice deli e y p ocesses
• Seconda y Da a:
o Adminis a i e eco ds, se ice deli e y logs, and g ie ance ed essal da a om he Sec e a ia o ice
o Go e nmen epo s on digi al go e nance (e.g., Na asakam p og ess epo s, Spandana dashboa d)
o Resea ch a icles, policy b ie s, and implemen a ion guidelines
4.3 Key Dimensions o Analysis
The s udy amewo k was s uc u ed a ound he ollowing hema ic dimensions:
• Digi al Se ice Deli e y: A ailabili y and e iciency o online public se ices (e.g., ce i ica es, wel a e schemes)
• T anspa ency and Accoun abili y: Use o digi al dashboa ds, public displays, and eal- ime da a sha ing
• Ci izen Pa icipa ion: Digi al g ie ance ed essal mechanisms, mobile app usage, and e-pa icipa ion o ums
• Ins i u ional Readiness: Skills and digi al li e acy o go e nmen unc iona ies and local s a
• Challenges and Ba ie s: In as uc u e limi a ions, esis ance o change, da a inconsis encies
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4.4 Analy ical App oach
The quali a i e da a collec ed h ough in e iews and FGDs we e ansc ibed, coded, and hema ically analyzed using NVi o
so wa e. T iangula ion was employed o alida e indings ac oss di e en s akeholde g oups. A desc ip i e accoun is p esen ed
in Sec ion 5 based on hese hema ic codes and s akeholde na a i es.
5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The implemen a ion o digi al ans o ma ion ini ia i es in he selec ed u al Panchaya e eals a mixed se o ou comes, shaped
by in as uc u al eadiness, local adminis a i e capaci y, communi y digi al li e acy, and he ex en o policy suppo .
5.1 Imp o ed T anspa ency and Accoun abili y
One o he mos signi ican ou comes obse ed is he inc ease in adminis a i e anspa ency. Digi al dashboa ds and biome ic
a endance sys ems ha e minimized manual da a manipula ion. Bene icia y lis s o schemes such as pensions and a ion
dis ibu ion a e now au o-gene a ed and publicly displayed h ough digi al kiosks and he illage sec e a ia websi e. This aligns
wi h p io indings [5], whe e e-go e nance minimized en -seeking beha io among u al o icials.
5.2 Enhancemen in Se ice Deli e y
Se ice deli e y u na ound imes ha e signi ican ly educed. Applica ions o income ce i ica es, land eco ds, and wel a e
schemes a e now p ocessed h ough in eg a ed online pla o ms, wi h au o-escala ion mechanisms ensu ing imely ed essal. As
emphasized by Shen e al. [4], digi al go e nance educes se ice la ency by op imizing wo k low and esou ce alloca ion. Fo
ins ance, he a e age ime o issuing income ce i ica es has educed om 7–10 days (manual p ocessing) o 2–3 days (digi al
ou e). Real- ime SMS upda es and online applica ion acking ha e enhanced ci izen us and educed he need o epea ed
physical isi s.
5.3 Digi al Di ide and Access Ba ie s
Despi e in as uc u al imp o emen s, a subs an ial sec ion o he u al popula ion—pa icula ly he elde ly, women, and lowe -
income g oups—s ill ace challenges in accessing digi al se ices. This digi al di ide is o en a ibu ed o low digi al li e acy,
language ba ie s, and i egula mobile/in e ne connec i i y. The indings esona e wi h he wo k o Wang e al. [3], who iden i ied
inclusi e digi al inance as a key d i e in closing u ban- u al gaps. Digi al li e acy camps and G am Volun ee s' assis ance
pa ially mi iga e his issue, bu s uc u al limi a ions pe sis . Fo example, app oxima ely 38% o households in he Panchaya s ill
ely on in e media ies o digi al se ices.
5.4 Adminis a i e and Technical Challenges
On he adminis a i e side, unc iona ies epo ed wo kload spikes due o new digi al epo ing equi emen s. Real- ime da a
uploads, sys em logins, and app-based moni o ing ools, hough bene icial in he long un, ini ially o e whelmed he sec e a ia
s a . This e lec s he challenges no ed by Ali e al. [7], whe e echnology in oduc ion wi hou adequa e manpowe and aining
esul s in ope a ional s ain. Occasional se e down ime and powe ou ages dis up ed se ice con inui y. Redundan sys ems and
o line p o isions a e needed o ensu e esilience.
5.5 Ci ic Engagemen and Pa icipa o y Go e nance
An encou aging ou come has been he inc eased ci ic pa icipa ion h ough digi al g ie ance po als, mobile apps, and illage-
le el Wha sApp g oups. Ci izens a e mo e p oac i e in epo ing g ie ances and moni o ing local wo ks (e.g., NREGS p ojec s).
This pa icipa o y beha io is consis en wi h digi al social in as uc u e heo ies p oposed by Cheng e al. [2]. Howe e , sus ained
engagemen emains une en ac oss demog aphics. Young adul s exhibi highe digi al pa icipa ion, while elde s p e e physical
in e ac ions. The e o e, a hyb id go e nance model is sugges ed.
5.6 Policy Implica ions and Fu u e Di ec ions
The case s udy alida es he impo ance o con ex -speci ic digi al s a egies o u al go e nance. The p esence o commi ed
local leade ship, p oac i e G am Volun ee s, and pe iodic digi al awa eness d i es eme ged as key enable s. This complemen s
he sQCA analysis discussed in Sec ion 3 and suppo s he policy sugges ions made in Xu e al. [6].
To u he s eng hen digi al u al go e nance, he ollowing a e ecommended:
• Manda o y digi al aining modules o ield-le el s a .
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• P o ision o digi al access poin s in emo e hamle s.
• Enhancing eal- ime moni o ing wi h AI-based p edic i e ools.
• In eg a ing Aadhaa and GIS laye s o imp o ed a ge ing and acking.
6 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This pape has examined he mul idimensional ole o digi al ans o ma ion in enhancing u al go e nance, pa icula ly
h ough he lens o a case s udy in he Ti upa i dis ic o Andh a P adesh. The analysis e eals ha he s a egic adop ion o digi al
echnologies in u al se ings—such as biome ic a endance sys ems, eal- ime moni o ing dashboa ds, geo agging o asse s, and
ci izen eedback pla o ms—can signi ican ly imp o e se ice deli e y, accoun abili y, and anspa ency a he g ass oo s le el.
These indings a e consis en wi h he insigh s om he e iewed li e a u e, which emphasize he ans o ma i e po en ial o digi al
in as uc u e, inclusi e inance, and da a-d i en decision-making in u al e i aliza ion e o s. Despi e he e iden bene i s, he
case s udy also highligh s se e al challenges: limi ed digi al li e acy among u al ci izens and s a , in as uc u al gaps, and
esis ance o p ocedu al changes. While ce ain componen s—such as p ope y ax collec ion, g ie ance ed essal, and scheme
moni o ing—show measu able imp o emen , a eas like communi y engagemen and capaci y building equi e sus ained a en ion.
In ligh o he indings, he ollowing ecommenda ions a e p oposed:
1. Capaci y Building o Ru al Func iona ies: Con inuous aining and sensi iza ion p og ams mus be ins i u ed o
equip local s a wi h digi al skills and p ocedu al awa eness.
2. Localized Digi al In as uc u e: In es men s should ocus on egion-speci ic digi al in as uc u e, such as
mobile- iendly pla o ms and e nacula in e aces, o enhance usabili y.
3. Policy and Ins i u ional Suppo : A obus policy ecosys em mus be de eloped o incen i ize inno a ion a he
local go e nance le el, suppo ed by eal- ime da a analy ics and eedback mechanisms.
4. Public Awa eness and Inclusion: Communi y engagemen s a egies, including digi al li e acy d i es and ci izen
ad iso y panels, should be embedded wi hin go e nance e o ms o ensu e inclusi e pa icipa ion.
5. Moni o ing and E alua ion F amewo ks: Digi al ans o ma ion ini ia i es mus be accompanied by anspa en ,
ou come-based e alua ion amewo ks o assess long- e m go e nance impac .
As u al India na iga es he pa h o digi al mode niza ion, con ex -awa e, pa icipa o y, and adap i e go e nance models a e
c i ical o ensu e ha echnology no only b idges he u al-u ban di ide bu also empowe s communi ies o ake ac i e oles in
hei de elopmen ajec o y.
FUNDING INFORMATION
This esea ch ecei ed no speci ic g an om any unding agency in he public, comme cial, o no - o -p o i sec o s.
ETHICS STATEMENT
This s udy did no in ol e human o animal subjec s and, he e o e, did no equi e e hical app o al.
STATEMENT OF CONFLICT OF INTERESTS
The au ho s decla e no con lic s o in e es ela ed o his s udy.
LICENSING
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