PSIAD 1
† Fo ma ing no e: All quo ed emphases a e edi o ial. Whe e p ac ical, he ull PDF e sion links each
appendix ci a ion o i s i le page, while each appendix i le links back o i s ini ial ci a ion.
Wo king Pape - Ve sion 3.2 (No 23, 2025)
© 2025 A seniy Vodopyano . All igh s ese ed.
Physicalism’s Sel -Re u a ion Is as Implici
as I s Agen -Causa ion Denial (PSIAD)
Au ho : A seniy Vodopyano
1
P e-p in a chi ed a SSRN Elec onic Jou nal: h ps://doi.o g/10.2139/ss n.5401163
P e-p in indexed on PhilPape s: h ps://philpape s.o g/ ec/VODPSI
Abs ac
PSIAD is a wo-pa p oo cen e ed on he concep o
genuine pe sonal con ol
. A
concep o en e e ed o as
agen -causa ion
and
oli ion
. Lemma 1 shows ha GPC
denialism is sel - e u ing, while Lemma 2 shows ha physicalism/ma e ialism
necessi a es GPC denialism. The e o e, his o e all p oo shows physicalism o be sel -
e u ing. I.e., PSIAD shows ha accep ing any co esponding coun e (by way o
compa ibilism, epiphenomenalism, quan um inde e minacy, eme gen is /non educ i e
physicalism, p ope y dualism, a gumen s om inc eduli y
, e c.)—p o ably en ails
abandoning undamen al p inciples o logic and physics.
Keywo ds
: Philosophy o Mind, Mind–Body P oblem, Libe a ian F ee Will,
Compa ibilism, De e minism, Ma e ialism, Eme gen ism, Subs ance Dualism,
Panpsychism, Mys e ianism
1 Cen e o S udies in Founda ional Dualism
ORCID:
0009-0007-1900-6073
Email:
[email p o ec ed]
PSIAD 2
No. I ega d consciousness as undamen al. … We canno ge behind consciousness.
—Max Plank,
The Obse e
(Sulli an 1931b), in esponse o whe he
“consciousness can be explained in e ms o ma e and i s laws”
Consciousness canno be accoun ed o in physical e ms. Fo consciousness is absolu ely
undamen al. I canno be accoun ed o in e ms o any hing else.
—E win Sch ödinge ,
The Obse e
(Sulli an 1931a)
2
2 The wo Nobel lau ea es— enowned o o igina ing (Plank) and o mula ing he cen al equa ion o
(
Sch ödinge
) wha is widely ega ded as humani y’s mos success ul scien i ic heo y (see
Appendix O
)
—s a ed his conclusion nea ly a cen u y ago. A g owing numbe o academics ha e since come o
concu (see
Appendix A
).
PSIAD 3
In oduc ion, Me hods And Con ex
• Despi e some slow ans o ma ion in his ega d,
3
o a ge physicalism (as p omised in
abs ac ) s ill ul ima ely en ails a ge ing a ounda ional p emise o mode n scien i ic
discou se. Li le can be aken o g an ed when na iga ing such deeply con en ious
e i o y. Hence, PSIAD
4
is s uc u ed in somewha unusual, mul ilaye ashion (in ended
o sc u iny by bo h expe s and a id non-expe s). While i s cen al con ibu ion (Lemma
1) is only 77 wo ds long and i s sel -su icien co e p oo is only ~1700 wo ds o e all,
said co e is backed by h ee laye s o auxilia y suppo :
(a) Se e al de ailed oo no es p o ide addi ional speci ici y.
(b) A 10,000-wo d appendix sec ion p o ides ex ensi e supplemen a y ci a ions and
se e al ancilla y a gumen s.
(c) While he o hcoming companion book (
Djin in he Machine
; i le inspi ed by
Thomas Huxley and S ephen Hawking) del es deepe ye in o a ious adjacen p oo s,
po en ial coun e s he e o and suchlike.
• I should also be no ed ha a la e olume o he o e all co esponding
Two Na u es
book
-
se ies—helps elucida e how he scien i ic app oach o belie o ma ion is
ne e heless objec i ely supe io o he eligious one
5
and why none o his wo k ele a es
eligious explana ions abo e genuinely scien i ic ones.
3 As exempli ied in
Appendix A
.
4
Appendix B
p o ides some addi ional con ex ia i s elabo a ion on his ac onym choice.
5 As also b ie ly co e ed in
Appendix C
.
PSIAD 4
Fu he Disambigua ion o Genuine Pe sonal Con ol (GPC)
• As mean he e, GPC is synonymous wi h p ima y de ini ions o e ms like
oli ion
,
agen -causa ion
,
sel -causal de e mina ion
and
[libe a ian] ee will
. E.g., OED ap ly
de ines he la e as: “The powe o an indi idual o make ee choices, no de e mined
by… he laws o physical causali y, a e, e c.” As dis inc om:
- I mmacula e “ ee choice” ha is ne e in luenc ed by p eceding physical causes.
-
[Physicalis ] Compa ibilism
. Whe e econcilia ion o pu e physics wi h ee will is
sough h ough he ollowing ede ini ion/claim: all ou mo i a ions and beha io s a e
ul ima ely p eselec ed o us by p eceding physical causes, bu while hose p eselec ed
beha io s con o m o hose p eselec ed mo i a ions—we quali y as possessing genuine
ee will.
6
Ins ead, GPC would allow subjec s who a e egula ly in luenced by p eceding physical
causes, o subs an i ely anscend being me e e oless ex ensions/ma ione es he eo .
7
• GPC can be u he o malized/disambigua ed ia he ollowing sho al e na i e
de ini ion: he minimum equi emen o easonably esol ing he
anscenden al
,
a p io i
pa adox es ablished in Lemma 1 (L1). Which is wha ul ima ely keeps his e m om
being a bi a y.
6
Appendix D
co obo a es.
7 On op o he key second de ini ion abo e,
Appendix E
supplemen a ily expands u he ye —on wha
so o c i e ia would help dis inguish “subs an i e” om illuso y in his case.
PSIAD 5
Lemma 1.
The Ma ione e-Scien is Pa adox: GPC Denialism (I.e., he Posi ion Tha
Humans Hold Ze o GPC) Is Sel -Re u ing
S1. I humans indeed hold ze o GPC, hen we [a e me e conscious ma ione es who]
possess ze o capaci y o pe sonally e i y he alidi y o any possibili y wha soe e .
S2. Which would imply he e being ze o genuine human capaci y o hus e i y he ze o-
GPC possibili y i sel .
S3. Any claim o any such human ze o-GPC e i ica ion, he e o e p o ing una oidably
sel - e u ing.
S4. And when any e i iable eason o us o accep a possibili y, p o es una oidably
sel - e u ing—so, e ec i ely, does ha possibili y i sel .
8 9
8 The abo e conclusion is so inescapable, because when a possibili y inhe en ly e u es any e i iable
eason o us o belie e he ein—we a e objec i ely le wi h ze o e i iable eason o belie e he ein.
The smalles possible amoun he eo . Cons i u ing ou igh e u a ion by any
humanly- e i iable/scien i ic measu e.
I.e., GPC p o es a b u e, anscenden al scien i ic ac (in he same sense ha “b u e ac s o
expe ience… do no need u he jus i ica ion” (No on 2003, 668). No me ely so because i is he only
cohe en ounda ion (sine qua non) o genuine human e i ica ion and he e o e genuine human science
(making i as empi ically g ounded as human science i sel ), bu —e en mo e impo an ly—because i s
denial simply p o es sel - e u ing.
9
• Is ‘compa ibilis ee will’ no su icien o esol e his pa adox? No emo ely; because i all ou
mo i a ions and beha io s a e ul ima ely p eselec ed o us by p eceding causes (
Appendix D
), we s ill
lack any “capaci y o pe sonally e i y he alidi y o any possibili y wha soe e .” A mos , we a e
me e e i ica ion ins umen s; wi h co esponding accu acy hinging en i ely on calib a ions ha we can
ne e pe sonally con ol. I.e., Ou assessmen will ne e be accu a e, unless hose p eceding causes
happen o calib a e us acco dingly. Only genuine pe sonal con ol o e s any possibili y o genuinely
pe sonal such ‘calib a ion’/ e i ica ion; and hence, o genuinely esol ing he Ma ione e-Scien is
Pa adox (L1).
• Which (as elabo a ed upon in L2.S1.1.1–2 below) mo eo e implies ha we possess genuine pe sonal
‘adminis a i e’/‘building block’ ype con ol o e e en he co e selec ion c i e ia upon which ou
choices a e based. O he wise, ‘ou choices’ would s ill be ully elian upon hose ex e nal
p ecalib a ions and L1 would emain un esol ed.
• While any inc eduli y-based coun e s (e.g., ‘how could his possibly wo k?’) being o e uled by he
a o emen ioned anscenden al, a p io i na u e o he co esponding p oo ; no unlike Desca es’s
Cogi o. Such coun e s we e mo eo e likewise applied o quan um non-locali y/supe posi ion when i
was i s subs an ia ed; s i ling i al scien i ic p og ess had hey been (illogically) accep ed.
PSIAD 6
Segue
Though i pa ially echoes p e ious wo k (e.g., Kan ’s
condi ions o he possibili y o
knowledge
, Desca es’s
Cogi o
)— he p oo con ained in Lemma 1 abo e is appa en ly
qui e no el. The main con ibu ion o Lemma 2 below howe e , is i s syn hesis o la gely
well-es ablished a gumen s in o a single uni ied p oo . I s o e all conclusion especially,
ce ainly being no hing new.
10
Lemma 2.
Physicalism Necessi a es GPC Denialism
S1. GPC/
Agen -Causa ion
Is Fundamen ally Incompa ible wi h Ele men al Physics
No only is his pa icula conclusion deeply uncon o e sial
11
, bu i can be subs an ia ed
on se e al key on s.
S1.1. Founda ional/On ological (Mos Impo an )
A co ne s one pos ula ion o elemen al physics (bo h classical and quan um) is:
No elemen al physical en i y can change i s own dynamics (e.g., momen um, ene gy,
pa h). In place o such
agen -causa ion
, all said dynamics a e decided ins ead h ough
e en -causa ion
12
. I.e., Th ough p eceding physical causes which boil down o
in e ac ions om o he such en i ies and he p ese
undamen al laws/pa ame e s
ha
dic a e all
13
co esponding ou comes (including
quan um andomness
,
unce ain y
p inciple
, e c.).
No only is said pos ula ion/p eclusion a s a k logical implica ion, bu i has p o en so
i onclad o e cen u ies o s udy as o i sel ha e been bu essed in o many o he mos
undamen al co esponding p inciples; all o which would be unp eceden edly
14
iola ed i
pu e elemen al physics ea u ed GPC. E.g.,
Conse a ion o ene gy
and
he i s law o
he modynamics
(ene gy canno be c ea ed, only ans e ed),
conse a ion o momen um
and
New on’s laws o mo ion
(momen um canno be c ea ed, only ans e ed),
U -
conse a ion law
a la ge (
ex nihilo nihil i
;
om no hing, no hing comes
),
physical
10 See
Appendix F
.
11
Appendix G
expands.
12 Ibid.
13 See
Appendix H
.
14
Appendix I
co obo a es
.
PSIAD 7
causal comple eness
and
causal closu e
o he physical
(
physical[is ] causali y
; all
physical e en s a e owed o ully-su icien p eceding physical causes).
Mo e p ecisely, he mul iple le els on which GPC in pu e elemen al physics would
unp eceden edly
15
iola e each abo emen ioned p inciple, include:
S1.1.1. Ini ial Sel -Causal (
Causa Sui
) Th us
a. Physical ene gy/momen um is equi ed o ini ia e any change in a pu ely-physical
elemen al en i y’s [physical] dynamics.
b. I all ene gy/momen um indeed long p eda es all cu en elemen al dynamical changes
and indeed only ollows s ic ixed ules, hen (pe ‘a’ abo e) all said changes mus be
en i ely a ibu able o p eexis ing physical causes; no said en i y’s own GPC. I.e., To
e en -causa ion, no [genuine] agen -causa ion.
c. As such, he e y ini ia ion o any pu ely-physical GPC change in any such en i y’s
dynamics, mus en ail said en i y sel -gene a ing nonze o new physical
ene gy–
momen um
16
om li e al no hingness.
(As, again, he e is no o he sou ce/ ounda ion i can
come om in a pu ely-physical sys em.) Which would al eady clea ly iola e each
17
a o emen ioned undamen al p inciple.
S1.1.2. Sel -De e mina ion Exace ba ions
I only done in a blind/uncon olled way howe e , he sel -gene a ion o hose
ini ial
oli ion h us s
alone—canno cons i u e GPC. Said pu ely-physical elemen al en i y mus
also be capable:
a. O exe cising GPC o e how said h us s a e di ec ed; i.e., o e which pa h i
subsequen ly akes. (O he wise—ins ead o GPC—i is me ely sel -gene a ing ‘ andom
dice olls’.)
b. O mo eo e exe cising such pe sonal con ol o e he selec ion c i e ia upon which
said choices a e based.
c. And e en o [ e]assessing, modi ying and c ea ing new such c i e ia; down o he
co esponding building block le el; in a uly pe sonal, meaning ul way.
15 Ibid.
16 The mos s aigh o wa d con i ma ion o co esponding coupling is simply ha GPC ac ualiza ion
equi es momen um c ea ion, which is impossible wi hou ene gy c ea ion (
Appendix
J.4
con i ms
).
17 Appendices
J.2–J.4
expand.
PSIAD 8
O he wise said en i y’s beha io emains ully p eselec ed by wha e e p io causes
de e mined said selec ion c i e ia; ul ima ely allowing said en i y no mo e GPC han
possessed by a complex
Rube Goldbe g con ap ion
(i.e., none).
This compounds each iola ion es ablished in S1.1.1 abo e, because hese addi ional
laye s o con ol would—in u n— equi e hose pu ely-physical elemen al en i ies o sel -
gene a e a mo e ene gy–momen um ye .
S1.1.3.
GPC Ac ualiza ion Mechanism
Canno Ul ima ely Be Physical
Though his may al eady be clea om s1.1.1–2 abo e, lis ed below a e wo addi ional
easons why his conclusion is so pa icula ly inescapable.
S1.1.3.1. Physics: No Componen s, No Mechanism
a. Pu ely physical GPC ac ualiza ion, would equi e some pu ely physical GPC-
ac ualiza ion mechanism.
b. No mechanism [and ce ainly no such mechanism] can consis o a singula physical
componen .
c. Ye an elemen al physical en i y mus i sel [by de ini ion] consis o a singula
componen .
d. E go, an elemen al physical en i y canno possess a pu ely-physical GPC-ac ualiza ion
mechanism. And i i does possess GPC none heless, he co esponding ac ualiza ion mus
be nonphysical
18
in na u e.
S1.1.3.2. Physics: No C i e ia, No Meaning
Le us igno e he p e ious a gumen he e and mo eo e (gene ously
19
) g an ha bo h
physical
meaning
and
physical selec ion c i e ia
a e easible co esponding concep s o
begin wi h. I is es ablished ia
L1.ii/L
2.S1.1.2 abo e, ha meaning ul building-block-
le el ( e)con igu a ion o co e pe sonal selec ion c i e ia—is a equisi e GPC capaci y.
This howe e , is logically impossible unde pu e physics:
a. Much as buildings canno disassemble/ eassemble hei own ounda ions, pu ely
physical en i ies canno in p inciple pe o m meaning ul/pe sonal building-block-le el
econ igu a ion o hei own co e physical selec ion c i e ia; because wi hou co e
18 Nonphysical need no be o en i ely di e en composi ion, jus adically/ undamen ally so (Appendix
J.1.3
expands).
19 See
Appendix K
.
PSIAD 9
physical selec ion c i e ia, physical meaning has no basis. I.e., Such [meaning ul]
pu ely-physical disassembly/ eassembly o co e selec ion c i e ia— equi es said
c i e ia. This
in ini e- eg ess/homunculus allacy
p ecludes pu ely physical such
en i ies om possessing said capaci y and hus, om possessing GPC.
b. The only hope o his c i e ial pa adox being ou maneu e ed, hinges on some
inne mos nonphysical/‘ x- ac o ’ ype componen (s) p o iding addi ional
co esponding deg ees o eedom. I.e., On said en i y possessing some nonphysical
mind/consciousness which can manipula e nonphysical selec ion c i e ia—along wi h
hei building blocks—in ways ha physical componen s/p ocesses canno in p inciple
pe mi (again, pe ‘a’ di ec ly abo e).
While any such nonphysical mechanism hailing- om and mo ing he physical, would
implici ly iola e each undamen al p inciple in ques ion all o e again.
20
In Sum o S1.1
And so, in each o hose h ee cases (S1.1.1–3), all o hose undamen al p inciples would
be iola ed.
21
S1.2. Empi ical
a. No , a e many cen u ies o s udy, is he e any [expe imen al o obse a ional]
e idence o he con a y. I.e., O elemen al physical en i ies possessing GPC.
b. All empi ically- e i ied co esponding heo ies (in bo h classical and quan um
domains) likewise lea ing no oom o GPC beha io in elemen al physics.
22
S1.3. P ecluded by he Ve y ‘Language O Physics’
The law/ ule based ma hema ical ‘language o physics’
23
is i sel undamen ally incapable
o compu ing/exp essing GPC. Because in o de o be uly compu able/exp essible
( a he han me ely loosely-desc ibable) ia any ixed co esponding law(s)/ ule(s),
x
mus be s ic ly go e ned he eby. E en quan um andomness quali ies; as i is so s ic ly
go e ned by unde lying ules (e.g., physical causali y, laws o chance
24
) as o allow
quan um mechanics o be he mos widely/accu a ely p edic i e physics heo y o all
20 Appendices
J.2
–
J.4
expand.
21 Appendix
J.4
expands.
22 Ins ead, lea ing oom o beha io dic a ed by p eceding (de e minis ic and/o pu ely- andom)
causes only. (
Appendix L
expands.)
23
Appendix M
con i ms.
24 See
Appendix N
.
PSIAD 16
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PSIAD 19
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PSIAD 21
Appendices
This appendix sec ion con ains ap opos ci a ions and some supplemen a y a gumen s.
Said a gumen s a e mos ly ligh elabo a ion on wha is al eady implied in he main ex .
Whe eas—aside om co obo a ing less- han-ob ious basics—said ci a ions se e
supplemen a y e e ence and ein o cemen pu poses only. Once again, PSIAD’s co e
s eng h is in ended o be sel -con ained ( a he han elian on ei he such seconda y
a gumen s o appeals o au ho i y
1
).
1
Appendix C
elabo a es.
PSIAD 22
Appendix A.
Sch ödinge and Plank Ce ainly No Alone
a. The cu en poin —along wi h a ious co esponding nuances—is co e ed a mo e
leng h in Appendices
J
and
K
. E.g., J.2.4.1.e.ii (Chu chland 2011, 17; Chu chland
2014, 37):
“We ha e he e a ga he ing consensus ha he… conscious… is some hing ha he
physical sciences… will ne e explain.”
b. O pe he
Royal Ins i u e o Philosophy
(McHen y 2010, 16):
“We ha e come a long way in ha he numbe o philosophe s who no longe ega d
[ he iew ha ‘consciousness [i]s some hing no explicable in physical e ms’] as
inc edible has inc eased signi ican ly. Gi en he s alema e in explaining consciousness
in con empo a y philosophy o mind, e en panpsychism has been e-in oduced in o
mains eam by he likes o Da id Chalme s, Galen S awson, Da id Sk bina, and
William Seage .”
c. And u he echoed in
Psychology Today
, by he cogni i e scien is bes known o
disco e ing he
Subliminal Senso y Bu e S o e
(Pang, 2024):
“[Enough] schola s ha e sugges ed ha [consciousness] is a undamen al aspec o he
uni e se[ ha ] his iew, [some imes e e ed o as conscious] undamen alism is no
longe jus a inge heo y bu has some espec ed suppo e s (Ho man e al., 2022;
Schu ge & G aziano, 2022).”
PSIAD 23
Appendix B. PSIAD Ac onym Elabo a ion
The ac onym o his p oo ’s i le—PSIAD—is p onounced “psy add” o jus “sad.” Which
is ap opos because:
a. This p oo add esses he ques ion o whe he o no ce ain i e u able ace s o ou
psyches necessi a e li ing he longs anding ban on open, la ge-scale scien i ic inqui y
in o an en i e addi ional ounda ion.
b. And i such a s aigh o wa d p oo canno be easonably e u ed, is i no indeed ‘an
objec i ely sad hing’ ha an en i e domain—wi h i s un old scien i ic po en ial—
emains so ho oughly
1
o e looked (me ely o p olong physicalism’s illogical,
unscien i ic eign)?
A e all, pe
S an o d Encyclopedia o Philosophy
(SEP): “Philosophy, in pa icula
philosophy o mind, is pa o cogni i e science”
(Thaga d 2003
)
.
1
Appendix D
elabo a es.
PSIAD 24
Appendix C
. Au ho i y and Science
The co e eason why claims om mains eam academic sou ces a e ci ed he e “ o
e e ence and ein o cemen only,” is he same eason why (as men ioned a he ou se )
scien i ic belie is demons ably supe io o he eligious. Which boils down o he la e
exal ing au ho i y o e unde lying e idence, whe eas he o me is mean o cons i u e he
e e se app oach. The ollowing ou ci a ions—pa icula ly he las —bes illus a e he
a ionale guiding his pape ’s e e ence use.
a. Pe Galileo (Galilei 1957, 134):
“Fo in he sciences he au ho i y o housands… is no wo h as much as one iny
spa k o eason in a[ single] indi idual.”
b. Ano he amed as onome , Ca l Sagan (1995, 31), la e elabo a ing:
“One o he g ea commandmen s o science is, ‘Mis us a gumen s om au ho i y’.
(Scien is s, being p ima es, and hus gi en o dominance hie a chies, o cou se do no
always ollow his commandmen .) Too many such a gumen s ha e p o ed oo
pain ully w ong. Au ho i ies mus p o e hei con en ions like e e ybody else. This
independence o science, i s occasional unwillingness o accep con en ional wisdom,
makes i dange ous o doc ines... Because science ca ies us owa d an unde s anding
o how he wo ld is, a he han how we would wish i o be, i s indings may no in all
cases be immedia ely comp ehensible o sa is ying.”
c. Encyclopedia B i annica (Resche and Schag in 2025) co obo a ing he
ex book
allacy
s a us o he e e se app oach (unde “co ec and de ec i e a gumen o ms”:
“kinds o allacies”: “ma e ial allacies”):
“Fallacies o ele ance… include… he a gumen
ad e ecundiam…
which seeks o
secu e accep ance o he conclusion on he g ounds o i s endo semen by pe sons
whose iews a e held in gene al espec .”
.
d. As does he ollowing ex book by Tu s Uni e si y psychology p o esso and ounding
edi o o
The Jou nal o Expe imen al Psychology
:
“
A gumen um ad e ecundiam
(appeal o au ho i y). The de ense o a belie o
opinion on he basis o i s being held by someone who is ecognized o be an
au ho i y on he subjec ” (Nicke son 2020, 175).
PSIAD 25
“The idea ha appealing o au ho i y can be legi ima e and use ul, unde some
ci cums ances, is widely acknowledged. ...Fe guson (1994) a gues ha e en in
science, whe e objec i e e idence is… he ul ima e a bi e o wha o belie e, appeal
o au ho i y is common: ‘The opinions and p ejudices o he acknowledged expe s o
ou gene a ion s ongly in luence which heo ies o he scien is s ake se iously, which
hey sco a , and wha a enues o inqui y hey ollow’ (p. 66). …Appeal o au ho i y
becomes… abused when one uses i in lieu o appealing o mo e di ec ele an
e idence… One is gi ing au ho i y mo e han i s due when one ails o ecognize he
possibili y ha au ho i ies can be w ong e en in hei a eas o expe ise” (Nicke son
2020, 294).
PSIAD 32
Appendix I. Has Quan um Mechanics (QM) o Anyo he Aspec o Elemen al
Physics Been P o en o Viola e Any o These Laws/P inciples? (No.)
Ca ea : No a PSIAD Mus , bu Happens o Be So
Mus his be he case o PSIAD o wo k? No unless he e is a easonable, pu ely-
physicalis delinea ion o he co esponding mechanism which can also accoun o GPC.
In lieu he eo , o he such iola ions would only g ow he lis o phenomena ha
physicalism canno explain. Cons i u ing only mo e co esponding p oblems; a he han
easonable solu ions wi h which o coun e PSIAD. Tha said, he ac ha hese p inciples
ha e no o he p o en excep ions [much less pu ely physicalis ones]—does s eng hen
PSIAD u he ye .
I.1. Ene gy–Momen um Conse a ion
a. Pe he college physics ex book by Dallas Uni e si y Physics Depa men chai , R.
Olenick and Cal ech’s F. Gilloon Dis inguished P o esso o Physics, D. Goods ein e al.:
“The law o conse a ion o ene gy is one o he mos undamen al laws o physics.
No ma e wha you do, ene gy is always conse ed” (2008, 219).
“The law o conse a ion o momen um [is] like ha o conse a ion o ene gy[—]a
as and powe ul p inciple. I makes an o e all s a emen abou na u e wi hou
ussing o e he de ails o he o ce in ol ed. …The wo d
in e ac
in physics means
ha some o ce is applied be ween he objec s. We may no know he de ails o he
o ce, and we may no know whe he he objec s ha e ouched o [pe ‘quan um
nonlocali y’] in e ac ed a a dis ance wi hou di ec con ac , bu we can conclude ha
o a b ie ime he pa icles ha e exe ed o ces on each o he om he ac ha he
mo ion o each objec is changed. By using he laws o conse a ion o ene gy and
momen um, we can p edic much abou he subsequen mo ion o pa icles in his
ype o encoun e ” (2008, 275).
b. “Physics does no allow any excep ions. The p inciple o ene gy conse a ion has been
es ed again and again and always comes ou a winne ” (Koch 2009, 41).
c. “The law o conse a ion o ene gy s a es ha ene gy can no be c ea ed o des oyed...
The law o conse a ion o ene gy applies always, e e ywhe e, in any si ua ion” (Du y,
1998).
PSIAD 33
d. “I a sys em is isola ed (NOT in luenced by ex e nal o ces) Conse a ion o
Momen um is always alid" (Velissa is and E himiou 2015).
e. See also J.2.4.2.c below (Chu chland 2011, 45; Chu chland 2014, 55): ”momen um in
any closed sys em is always conse ed.”
In Sum o I.1: No p o en physicalis excep ions o ene gy o momen um conse a ion
exis .
I.2.
Some hing om No hing
The closes ha mode n elemen al/ undamen al physics comes o a genuine
ex nihilo nihil
i
iola ion—i.e., o some hing a ising om uly no hing—is wha ’s known as he
quan um acuum luc ua ion
phenomenon. Said acuum ha ing some imes been
misleadingly equa ed wi h ‘no hingness’ in popula science books such as Law ence
K auss’s
A Uni e se om No hing: Why The e Is Some hing Ra he han No hing
(2012).
a. Among his amed c i iques o his K auss book/claim, Di ec o o he MA P og am in
The Philosophical Founda ions o Physics a Columbia Uni e si y, Da id Albe (2012),
w o e:
“K auss… appa en ly means o announce… ha he laws o quan um mechanics ha e
in hem he makings o a ho oughly scien i ic… explana ion o why he e is some hing
a he han no hing. …I kid you no . Look a he sub i le. Look a how Richa d
Dawkins sums i up in his a e wo d…
[Bu ] whe e, o s a e s, a e he laws o quan um mechanics hemsel es supposed o
ha e come om? K auss is mo e o less up on .. abou no ha ing a clue[. Mo eo e ]
he undamen al physical laws ha K auss is alking abou [—] he laws o ela i is ic
quan um ield heo ies[—]ha e no hing wha soe e o say on he subjec o whe e
[ hei ] ields came om… [Ye hose] ela i is ic-quan um- ield- heo e ical acuum
s a es—no less han gi a es o e ige a o s o sola sys ems—a e pa icula
a angemen s o elemen a y physical s u . The ue ela i is ic-quan um- ield-
heo e ical equi alen o he e no being any physical s u a all isn’ his [as K auss
de ines i , bu ] he simple absence o … ields.”
PSIAD 34
b. E en o e a decade ea lie , physicis John D. Ba ow (Di ac P ize and he Gold Medal
o he Royal As onomical Socie y) made i clea ha he quan um acuum has by hen
long been es ablished as a om ue no hingness:
“The quan um e olu ion showed us why he old pic u e o a acuum as an emp y box
was un enable. [I s] s a e was by no means emp y. …A acuum ene gy… pe mea ed
e e y ib e o he Uni e se. [Said ene gy] was de ec ed and shown o ha e a angible
physical p esence” (2000, 10).
c. The abo e conclusions we e hen only u he ein o ced ia mul iple s udies (Choi
2013; Läh eenmäki e al. 2013):
“The scien is s de ailed hei indings online… in P oceedings o he Na ional
Academy o Sciences. ‘This wo k and a numbe o o he ecen wo ks demons a e ha
he acuum is no emp y bu ull o i ual pho ons,’ says heo e ical physicis S e en
Gi in a Yale.”
d. Sean Ca oll, in his own di ec esponse o K auss’s book/claim, likewise w o e (2012):
“Do ad ances in mode n physics and cosmology help us add ess hese unde lying
ques ions, o why he e is some hing called he uni e se a all, and why he e a e hings
called ‘ he laws o physics,’ and why hose laws seem o ake he o m o quan um
mechanics…? In a wo d: no. I don’ see how hey could. Some imes physicis s p e end
ha hey a e add essing hese ques ions, which is oo bad, because hey a e jus being
lazy and no hinking ca e ully abou he p oblem.”
e. A decade la e , Ca oll’s disbelie in he e y co esponding possibili y was ap ly
o malized ia
The Rou ledge Companion o he Philosophy o Physics
(2021, 703):
“E e y a emp o answe he ques ion ‘Why is he e some hing a he han no hing?’
ul ima ely g ounds in a b u e ac [wi h] no u he explana ion.”
See also pa I.3 below.
In Sum o I.2: The e exis no p o en physicalis iola ions o
ex nihilo nihil i
.
I.3. Physical[is ]: Causal Closu e, Comple eness, Causali y
Gi en how closely hese p inciples a e ela ed, he in o ma ion below also u he
PSIAD 35
con i ms I.2 abo e. I.e., I
ex nihilo nihil i
is iola ed in pu e elemen al physics, hen
some hing physical mus ha e come om li e al no hingness, which would in u n mean
ha said new physical phenomenon was causeless and hus iola es physical[is ]
closu e/comple eness/causali y. And he e o e, con e sely, he con i ma ions below as o
he lack o any p o en such iola ions in elemen al physics—also ea i m he (I.2
co obo a ed) lack o any
ex nihilo nihil i
iola ions.
a. B ad o d Eme i us Philosophy o Science P o esso , F iedel Weine (1998), no only
con i ms ha QM does no iola e physical causali y, bu emphasizes he impo ance o
ca e ul co esponding dis inc ion:
“Despi e popula imp essions ha quan um mechanics has spel he end o causali y,
quan um mechanics does no abandon causali y. [Ins ead, q]uan um mechanical
e idence led o a ca e ul dis inc ion be ween de e minism and causali y.”
b. Vilasini and Renne (2024) es ablished ha , as ph ased by Sea le (2025):
“Quan um p ocesses a e cons ained by classical causali y.”
c. Gi en he abo e, i is also unsu p ising ha he ollowing wo ci a ions con i m QM’s
cen al equa ion o be desc ibing causal p ocesses:
i. “The cen al equa ion o quan um mechanics [is] he Sch ödinge equa ion”
(Schome us, n.d.).
ii. “The Sch ödinge equa ion has all he ea u es o a causal connec ion” (London and
Baue 1983, 232).
d. No is his a su p ise gi en ha e en in his seminal wo k on QM, physicis John on
Neumann (1956 En ico Fe mi Awa d and Na ional Medal o F eedom) w o e:
“[The Sch ödinge equa ion] desc ibes how he sys em changes con inuously and
causally” (1955, 229).
e. SEP also blun ly s a es (O’Conno and Wong 2025):
“Physicalism[’s] hesis is s anda dly unde s ood o en ail ‘ he causal closu e o he
physical’… accoun s [ ha iola e causal closu e] a e inconsis en wi h physicalism.”
PSIAD 36
. In he seminal collabo a ion be ween Nobel lau ea e neu ophysiologis (Eccles) and
p eeminen philosophe o science bes known o his all-impo an
alsi iabili y
p inciple
(Poppe ), he au ho s likewise s a e:
“The physicalis p inciple o he closedness o he physical wo ld… is o decisi e
impo ance [i.e.,] he cha ac e is ic p inciple o physicalism o ma e ialism” (1977, 51).
In Sum o I.3: The e exis no p o en physicalis iola ions o physical[is ]: causal closu e,
comple eness, causali y.
In Sum o Appendix I: Any physicalis iola ion o he undamen al physical p inciples
lis ed in L2.S.1.1, would indeed be scien i ically “unp eceden ed”.
PSIAD 37
Appendix J. Can ‘Physicalis GPC’ A oid Viola ing Any o These O he wise-
Immu able
1
P inciples? (No.) Is Founda ional Dualism Really a Signi ican
Imp o emen ? (Yes.)
The wo main poin s men ioned in he i le abo e, a e elabo a ed upon ia pa s J.1 and
J.2
(in e e se o de ). Pa
J.3
con i ms ha
s ong eme gence
is pu ely specula i e.
While pa
J.4
is a ligh elabo a ion on why Lemma 2’s “In Sum o S1.1” co ec ly s a es
ha all o hose undamen al p inciples a e iola ed in each o hose h ee cases (as
desc ibed in L2 S1.1.1–3).
J.1.
Is Founda ional Dualism Really a Signi ican Imp o emen ?
J.1.1. A e These P inciples No Equally Viola ed Unde Founda ional Dualism? (No.)
I me i s eemphasis ha a emp ing o i GPC in o physicalism is wha makes
co esponding iola ions so inescapable and ex eme. Some hing changed d ama ically
unde a dualis scena io whe e GPC s ems ins ead om a sepa a e, nonphysical
ounda ion. Fo s a e s:
ex nihilo nihil i
and
physical[is ] comple eness/closu e/causali y
iola ions—would all no longe apply in he la e case. As GPC would hen ha e a
dis inc (
non no hing
) sou ce and physics could no longe be conside ed a
closed/isola ed
sys em
;
whe e all causes a e s ic ly in e nal/physical. Said dualism could well also p o e
key o esol ing he emaining wo iola ions, because (i) ene gy and momen um
conse a ion laws we e likewise concei ed unde hose
closed/isola ed physicalis sys em
assump ions and (ii) said laws s a e ha while ene gy–momen um canno be c ea ed, i
can be con e ed om o he co esponding o ms. Some hing pe ec ly allowable unde
he dualis GPC scena io (unlike i s pu ely physicalis coun e pa ).
a. Pe
Wo ld Almanac and Book o Fac s 2023
:
“Conse a ion o Momen um: All mo ing objec s ha e momen um, and in a closed
sys em, o al momen um is always conse ed. …Conse a ion o Ene gy: The o al
amoun o ene gy in a closed sys em will no change excep when con e ed”
(Janssen 2022, p. 2027).
1 As es ablished in
Appendix I
.
PSIAD 38
b. See also:
• J.2.4.2.c below: “momen um in any closed sys em is always conse ed” (Chu chland
2011, 45; Chu chland 2014, 55).
• I.1.d abo e: “The p inciple o conse a ion o momen um… is alid only i he ne
ex e nal o ce ac ing on he sys em is ze o… [I.e.,] I a sys em is isola ed (no in luenced
by ex e nal o ces) Conse a ion o Momen um is always alid” (Velissa is 2015).
I.e., Founda ional dualism would:
• En i ely emo e hose a ious, o he wise-inescapable iola ions o undamen al logic.
• En i ely emo e he mos se e e co esponding iola ions o undamen al physics.
• Supply a dis inc (and o he wise dis inc ly-absen ) possibili y o hose wo emaining
undamen al physics iola ions being esol ed.
• And e en i some o m o hose la e wo iola ions ul ima ely emains, his is no
longe ei he logic-b eaking no unexpec ed [unde ounda ional dualism].
In Sum o J.1.1: Recas ing GPC in said dualis e ms deescala es an o he wise-
una oidable b eakdown o undamen al logic and physics alike, down o he so o
anomalies expec ed i an en i e ounda ion—so ex ensi ely dismissed and excluded in
mains eam academia—indeed exis s and in e ac s wi h he physical. Via some
unsu p isingly s ill-undisco e ed nexus.
J.1.2. “Dismissed And Excluded”
a. As obse ed by Lib a y o Cong ess Dis inguished Schola Chai (Schneide 2012, 62):
“Subs ance dualism is all oo o en dismissed as ‘ inge’ by mains eam philosophy o
mind. [I.e., By mains eam cogni i e science
2
. Due o a] p esump ion in a o o
subs ance physicalism
.
”
b. As echoed by SEP (Robinson 2024):
“Al hough dualism has been ou o ashion… he a gumen is by no means o e . Some
dis inguished neu ologis s, such as… Eccles (Poppe and Eccles 1977) ha e con inued
o de end dualism as he only heo y ha can p ese e he da a o consciousness.”
c. And by Resea ch Associa e a Ox o d’s Ian Ramsey Cen e (Wei 2024, 21):
2 See
Appendix B
.
PSIAD 39
“Acco ding o a widely held iew in he philosophy o mind… subs ance dualism need
no be aken se iously.”
J.1.3.
Does Some O he D awback O e ide The Me i s Co e ed in J.1.1? (No.)
“The eason s anda dly o e ed o he supposed incohe ence o Ca esian in e ac ionis
dualism is ha i is di icul o ‘concei e’ how wo subs ances wi h such adically di e se
na u es… could exe cise causal in luence on each o he . …An hony Kenny, a philosophe
well known o his philosophical acui y as well as his o ical e udi ion, w i es: ‘On
Desca es’[s] p inciples i is di icul o see how an unex ended hinking subs ance can
cause mo ion in an ex ended un hinking subs ance and how he ex ended un hinking
subs ance can cause sensa ions in he unex ended hinking subs ance. The p ope ies o
he wo kinds o subs ance seem o place hem in such di e se ca ego ies ha i is
impossible o hem o in e ac .’
7
The ouble is ha his is all ha Kenny has o say abou
Desca es’s di icul ies wi h mind–body causa ion—and, as a as I know, ha is p e y
much all we ge om Desca es’s c i ics and commen a o s. Bu as an a gumen his is
incomple e… As i s ands, i is no much o an a gumen ; a he , i only exp esses a
ague, inchoa e dissa is ac ion… Why is i incohe en o hink ha he e can be causal
in e ac ion be ween hings in ‘di e se ca ego ies’? Why is i ‘impossible’ o hings wi h
di e se na u es o en e in o causal ela ions wi h one ano he ?” (Kim 2005, 73-74).
Some o he mo e ob ious co esponding e u a ions include:
a. Non Sequi u
As men ioned b ie ly in oo no e 18, jus because he e a e wo sepa a e ounda ions—
does no mean ha he phenomena hey si e mus lack any common p ope ies; ei he o
which can se e as a nexus o hei in e ac ion.
b. Sailed Ship
The non sequi u na u e o said “ ague… dissa is ac ion,” is only u he highligh ed by
he eali y ha he mos dominan /mains eam co esponding posi ions (compa ibilism
and non educ i e/eme gen is physicalism) al eady accep ha i educibly/inexplicably
dis inc men al p ope ies in e ac wi h hei physical coun e pa s. As co e ed in
Appendix D abo e and no e J.2 below.
PSIAD 40
c. Tex book
Inc eduli y
Fallacy
No o men ion he inhe en illogic o such inc eduli y appeals:
i. “A gumen om pe sonal inc eduli y [is] he allacy o in e ing ha because you…
ind some hing imp obable o ha d o belie e, i is he e o e un ue, and ins ead you
p e e ed explana ion is ue” (Bebbing on 2011, 27).
ii. A Sp inge logic ex book elabo a es unde i s “Fallacies” chap e (Swa 2018,
499):
“Inc eduli y
…In he his o y o science he e ha e been nume ous occasions whe e scien is s
ha e been collec i ely mis aken in hei ejec ion o a new idea: o en he mis ake
hen s ems om his [i.e., ‘inc eduli y’] allacy… some his o ical examples ha a e
based on his allacy [include :]
‘Hea ie - han-ai lying machines a e impossible.’ (Lo d Kel in, p esiden Royal
Socie y, 1895)…
‘All a ick. …Absolu e swindle .’ (membe s o B i ain’s Royal Socie y, 1926,
a e a demons a ion o ele ision)
‘Space a el is bunk.’ (Si Ha old Spence Jones, As onome Royal o B i ain,
1957, wo weeks be o e he launch o Spu nik).”
In Sum o J.1 and Segue o J.2: (i) I should now be clea ha —despi e being “ou o
ashion” [and co esponding mechanisms he e o e unsu p isingly emaining poo ly
unde s ood]—Lemma 1 indeed exposes such dualism as he a mo e easonable op ion.
(ii) I mo eo e me i s emphasis ha he scien i ic cos o shi ing away om physicalism
and owa d such dualism p o es a lowe ye , gi en wha emains o mains eam
physicalism.
J.2.
Mains eam (I.e., Non educ i e/Eme gen is ) Physicalism
As subs an ia ed sho ly, he exis ence o he nonphysical (namely o “i educibly
dis inc ” consciousness) has al eady p o en so undeniable, ha i is now accep ed e en
unde he mos mains eam physicalism i e a ions. Appendix D has mo eo e al eady
demons a ed ha epiphenomenalism (i.e., he iew ha men al causa ion is al oge he
PSIAD 41
illuso y) has likewise become a mino i y iew. The mos mains eam co esponding
scien i ic iew now al eady being ha he nonphysical genuinely exis s and impac s
physics, bu also ha i s emmed om physics in some inexplicable/i educible way and
ha i s impac is limi ed o e en -causa ion.
While his iew excludes GPC and is he e o e e u ed in Lemma 1 wi hou posing a
challenge o Lemma 2, a b ie u he look a co esponding de ails is ne e heless
help ul; e ealing ha he iola ions in ques ion ha e been ound e en by mains eam
schola s o apply e en o such mains eam-accep ed/de e minis ic men al causa ion. No
only ein o cing conclusions o Lemma 2 u he ye , bu also unde sco ing jus how low
ha 10.1-men ioned “scien i ic cos ” has long been.
10.2.1. Is Non educ i e/Eme gen is Physicalism Really so Mains eam? (Yes.)
a. As epea edly a i med ia
Encyclopedia o Science and Religion
(ESR):
“Non educ i e physicalism,... mo e o less became he ecei ed iew in he
philosophy o mind o he las qua e o he wen ie h cen u y” (“Downwa d
Causa ion,” 2025).
“Non educ i e physicalism has gene ally eplaced educ i e physicalism in he
philosophy o mind” and he e o e also in cogni i e science
3
(“Physicalism,
Reduc i e and Non educ i e,” 2025).
b. And indeed by 1992, academics like Dis inguished P o esso o Philosophy a Ru ge s
Uni e si y, we e making unequi ocal s a emen s like (Paull and Side , 1):
“Non educ i e ma e ialism is he dominan posi ion in he philosophy o mind.”
c. Pe Uni e si y o No e Dame P ess'
A e Physicalism
:
“Since he middle o he las cen u y, he de aul … has been he physicalis [ hesis ha ]
e e y hing is physical. …Fo easons well known, educ i e physicalism ailed. ‘…The
hesis ha men al s a es ‘jus a e’ (iden ical wi h) physical s a es is simply
unin elligible’ (Lowe 2008: 23).
4
Non educ i e physicalism is he only o he
p ima
acie
plausible e sion o physicalism” (Göcke 2012, 1–2).
3 As es ablished in
Appendix B
.
PSIAD 48
“New on in ac qui e equen ly a i med s ong iews o men al causa ion (Dempsey
2006). He seems no o ha e been wo ied by he idea o conse a ion law ailu e due
o men al o ce.
3
I is qui e ob ious ha momen um conse a ion ails due o lack o he
ac ion- eac ion o he wise gua an eed by New on’s hi d law o mo ion. …momen um is
no conse ed.”
c. “Any [physicalis ] posi ion ha includes non-physical elemen s in he causal dynamics
o he b ain mus iola e bo h he law ha ene gy is nei he c ea ed no des oyed, and he
law ha he o al momen um in any closed sys em is always conse ed” (Chu chland
2011, 45; Chu chland 2014, 55).
d. “I imma e ial mind could mo e ma e , hen i would c ea e ene gy; and i ma e we e
o ac on imma e ial mind, hen ene gy would disappea . In ei he case ene gy… would
ail o be conse ed.” (Bunge 1980, 17).
In Sum o J.2.4.2: I is indeed likewise widely acknowledged ha (howe e de e minis ic)
he men al causa ion pe aining o he mos mains eam physicalism o ms - indeed also
iola es ene gy/momen um conse a ion.
J.2.4.3. Some hing om No hing
a.
The Ox o d Handbook o Philosophy o Science
acknowledges he ollowing objec ion
wi hou o e ing ebu als (Humph eys 2016, 15):
“[One objec ion o such eme gen ism is he] gene al p inciple ha he no el elemen
equi ed o eme gence canno come om a basis ha lacks ha ea u e, a a ian o
he ‘ne e some hing om no hing ’ p inciple .”
b. O as mo e blun ly s a ed by Edi o -in-Chie o
A i icial Li e
magazine and co- ounde
o he Eu opean Cen e o Li ing Technology (Bedau 1997, 376–377):
“These examples highligh wo… use ul hallma ks o eme gen phenomena:
(1) Eme gen phenomena a e somehow cons i u ed by, and gene a ed om,
unde lying p ocesses.
(2) Eme gen phenomena a e somehow au onomous om unde lying p ocesses.
PSIAD 49
… A wo s , he wo hallma ks seem o make eme gen phenomena la -ou
inconsis en . A bes , hey s ill aise he spec e o illegi ima ely ge ing some hing om
no hing. ...
S ong eme gence [again, an essen ial componen o mains eam physicalism] is
uncom o ably like magic. How does an i educible bu supe enien downwa d causal
powe a ise, since by de ini ion i canno be due o he agg ega ion o he mic o-le el
po en iali ies? Such causal powe s would be qui e unlike any hing wi hin ou scien i ic
ken. This no only indica es how hey will discom o easonable o ms o ma e ialism.
Thei mys e iousness will only heigh en he adi ional wo y ha [such] eme gence
en ails illegi ima ely ge ing some hing om no hing.”
c. And as mos blun ly s a ed by enowned neu oscien is Ch is o Koch (p esiden and
chie scien i ic o ice o he Allen Ins i u e o B ain Science in Sea le and ecipien o
many hono s like he Ame ican Academy o Neu ology’s Public Leade ship in Neu ology
Awa d and Time Magazine’s Top Ten Medical B eak h oughs ecogni ion): “The men al
is oo adically di e en o i o a ise g adually om he physical. This eme gence [o he
men al i sel , le alone men al causa ion o GPC] is a odds wi h a basic p ecep o
physical hinking, he U -conse a ion law—
ex nihilo nihil i
.” A s a emen ollowed by
Koch’s ap conclusion ha consciousness clea ly “hails om a kingdom o he han he
physical and is subjec o di e en laws” (2014).
J.3. U e ly Specula i e: Mains eam Physicalism “S a s Whe e Scien i ic Explana ion
Ends”
The ollowing should no be much o a su p ise gi en Appendix I.
a. Pe IEP (Vin iadis, 2021):
“We do no ha e ac ual empi ical p oo ha [s ongly] eme gen p ope ies exis .”
b. SEP (O’Conno 2025) con i ms:
“The e is a p esen a lack o clea empi ical e idence o s ong eme gence.”
c. As does
The Ox o d Handbook o Philosophy o Science
(Humph eys 2016, 15):
“The laws and o he condi ions ha a e p esen in ou uni e se p eclude, o jus happen
no o ha e p oduced, cases o [such] eme gence.”
PSIAD 50
d. Bedau’s
P incipia
a icle (2002, 5) eph ases i hus
:
“All he e idence oday sugges s ha s ong eme gence is scien i ically i ele an . …
The e is no e idence ha s ong eme gence plays any ole in con empo a y science. …
S ong eme gence s a s whe e scien i ic explana ion ends.”
In Sum o J.1–3
Appendix J should now ha e subs an ia ed ha all hose unp eceden ed
4
PSIAD-lis ed
iola ions ha e indeed long been ound, e en by mains eam schola s, o apply e en o
such mains eam-accep ed/de e minis ic men al causa ion. No only indeed ein o cing
conclusions o Lemma 2 u he ye , bu also unde sco ing jus how low ha J.1-desc ibed
“scien i ic cos ” [o a mains eam shi om physicalism o ounda ional dualism] has
long become. I.e. In e ec , despi e he longs anding “p esump ion in a o ” he eo ,
mains eam physicalism has al eady had so much o i s subs ance ea en away by con a y
e idence— ha wha emains is a me e scien i ic equi alen o a
shell co po a ion
. A
me e hollow acade. PSIAD only se ing o help b ing his al eady-di e si ua ion o a
head.
(Dualism and physicalism a e e isi ed again in Appendix P.)
J.4.
All Said P inciples Viola ed On Each Said Le el? (Yes.)
Ca ea : I should i s be no ed he e ha in o de o co obo a e L2.S1.1, one need p o e
only ha elemen al-physics-based GPC mus iola e jus one said p inciple on bu a single
le el. E go, p o ing such GPC o equi e all hose a ious co esponding iola ions on
each o hose h ee le els—d i es he co esponding poin home in deeply o e abundan ,
compounding ashion.
Tha said, u he delinea ion o he main co esponding ex should now be mos ly
edundan . I.e., I should by now be clea how/why
ex nihilo
ene gy and/o momen um
c ea ion (L1.S1.1.1–2) as well as
ex nihilo
c ea ion o nonphysical mechanism(s) capable
he eo (L1.S1.1.3) mus iola e:
ex nihilo nihil i ,
as well as physical
comple eness,
causal closu e and causali y. The only poin ha could pe haps use mo e cla i y is ha ,
4 See
Appendix I
.
PSIAD 51
ouched upon in oo no e i . I.e., Why he abo e would necessi a e iola ion o bo h
ene gy and momen um conse a ion.
Again, in a pu ely physicalis sys em all momen um mus ollow ixed ules only
5
. I ha
does no change, all ac ions a e owed o p eceding physical causes (i.e., e en -causa ion);
while GPC (i.e., agen -causa ion) would ne e be ac ualized. Whe eas i GPC is
ac ualized, ha law-bound momen um mus ha e been changed somewhe e in he sys em.
Which in u n means ha new momen um mus ha e been c ea ed. While he c ea ion o
new momen um is impossible wi hou he c ea ion o new ene gy:
“Kine ic ene gy [is he] o m o ene gy ha an objec o a pa icle has by eason o i s
mo ion” (B i annica, 2025).
Whe eas pe
Essen ial Uni e si y Physics
(Wol son 2016, 62): “M omen um is he
‘quan i y o mo ion’.”
In Sum o J.4: While GPC implies new physical momen um/mo ion, said new momen um
indeed implies new physical (kine ic) ene gy.
(
Momen um–ene gy coupling
in pa icula , is u he codi ied ia wha ’s known as he
wo k–ene gy p inciple.
While b oade c oss-coupling be ween ene gy and momen um is
also co obo a ed by undamen al p inciples like
ene gy–momen um ela ion
,
Lo en z
co a iance
and
Noe he ’s heo em
.
5 See
Appendix H
.
PSIAD 52
Appendix K. Why “Gene ously”?
This side-poin is su icien ly co obo a ed he e simply by ei e a ing he well-es ablished
ac ha non educ i e/eme gen is physicalism and he unde lying
explana o y gap
ha e
become widely accep ed in mains eam academia despi e he longs anding o e a ching
push owa d he mos educ i e physicalism possible
1
. E go, his pape will no u he
sc u inize ha pa icula aside, beyond b ie ly lis ing some amed co esponding
a gumen s:
• Le ine’s
Explana o y Gap
(see
J.2.4.1.e.i
).
• Da idson’s
I educibili y o he Men al
(men al concep s (i) canno be subsumed
unde s ic physical laws (ii) a e no educible o physical p ope ies).
• Nagel’s
Subjec i i y
( i s -pe son
wha i is like
pe spec i e canno be cap u ed by
hi d-pe son physical accoun s).
• Chalme s’s
Ha d P oblem
(explaining all physical unc ions ela ed o cogni ion does
no esol e why hese unc ions a e accompanied by conscious expe ience).
• B en ano’s
Abou ness
(men al phenomena possess
in en ionali y
— hey a e di ec ed
owa d o a e abou some hing—making hem dis inc - om/i educible- o pu ely
physical phenomena).
As Nagel pu i in his seminal
Philosophical Re iew
a icle (1974, 435):
“Consciousness is wha makes he mind–body p oblem eally in ac able.”
1 As es ablished in
Appendix J
.
PSIAD 53
Appendix L. De e minism And Randomness Only
This is an accu a e co esponding bina y gi en ha in absence o ue andomness—all
such beha io in elemen al physics (quan um p obabilis ic, s ochas ic, e c.) p o es s ic ly
de e minis ic.
a.
Rou ledge
Philosophy O Science
encyclopedia con i ms (Sa ka and P ei e 2006,
566):
“Causal comple eness o physics[ s a es]: E e y physical e ec ha has a su icien
cause has a su icien physical cause. (Physical e en s ha a e no causally de e mined
may be said o ha e hei objec i e chances o occu ence de e mined by physical
causes.)” I.e., e en s de e mined by quan um andomness ( ha a e he e o e no
conside ed classically de e minis ic) a e ne e heless s ill “de e mined by physical
causes.”
1
b. “Physical e en s a e ei he de e minis ic o p obabilis ic[, while] he hallma k o
p obabilis ic o andom sys ems is (1) unp edic abili y o indi idual ou comes, and mo e
impo an ly, (2) ‘ equency s abiliza ion’
10,11,14–16
. The genuine p obabilis ic na u e o an
e en can, in he end, only be e i ied by he ac ha i s ela i e equency, as i is
measu ed in a epea ed expe imen , s abilizes owa ds a ixed numbe when he numbe o
ials inc eases. All p obabilis ic sys ems, s emming om he eno mous a ie y o
p obabilis ic disciplines and sub- ields, show his equency s abiliza ion and sa is y he
simple ules o p obabili y heo y” (Ve oo 2019, 848).
c. The ollowing
F on ie s in Physics
exce p con i ms bo h ha andomness is he
closes known hing o
nonde e minis ic elemen al physics
and ha his is insu icien o
accoun o GPC:
“De e minis ic heo y implies ha he ou come o any ac ion o decision was in
p inciple ixed a he beginning o he uni e se. [E] en adding a andom elemen (as in
quan um mechanics) does no allow human beings o choose one o se e al u u e
op ions, because in his case he only ambigui ies abou he u u e… a e en i ely
una ec ed by any hing o do wi h human hough ” (Hossen elde and Palme 2020,
139).
1 See Appendices
N
and
O
.
PSIAD 54
d. Mo eo e (as alluded o in Appendix O) while QM is he mos success ul and
p edic i e known heo y—i is also among he mos in amously ambiguous in wha i
e eals abou he ul ima e na u e o physical eali y. Wi h se e al s ill-compe ing
co esponding
in e p e a ions
. One o which, hough less a o ed, e en challenges he
idea ha QM (and he e o e empi ically p o en elemen al physics) en ails any genuine
andomness o speak o . E.g., Pe
En opy’
s
abo e-ci ed a icle (Ve oo 2019, 848):
“P obabili y heo y poin s owa ds supe de e minism [o e i s] compe i o ,
inde e minism[.] This sugges s ha [physicis s] should… ejec inde e minism.”
PSIAD 55
Appendix M. “Language o Physics”
a. Nobel lau ea e physicis Eugene Wigne (1960, 6), w o e in his seminal essay on he
p o ound ole o ma hema ics in physics:
“The s a emen ha he laws o na u e a e w i en in he language o ma hema ics was
p ope ly made h ee hund ed yea s ago;(
8
I is a ibu ed o Galileo) i is now mo e ue
han e e be o e.”
b. O as echoed in a
Nuo o Cimen o C
a icle (Pospiech e al. 2016, 110) a chi ed a
Ha a d Uni e si y: “Ma hema ics is he ‘language o physics’.”
PSIAD 56
Appendix N. “Laws o Chance”
As s a ed by John G ibbin (as onomy ellow a he Uni e si y o Sussex and ecipien o
he Associa ion o B i ish Science W i e s’ Li e ime Achie emen awa d) and Paul
Da ies (Temple on and Royal Socie y Fa aday P ize winning physicis ):
“Quan um heo y… o ally ans o med ou image o ma e . The old assump ion ha
he mic oscopic wo ld o a oms was simply a scaled-down e sion o he e e yday
wo ld had o be abandoned. New on’s de e minis ic machine was eplaced by a
shadowy and pa adoxical conjunc ion o wa es and pa icles, go e ned by he laws o
chance” (2007, 14).
O pe ano he amed Royal Socie y Fa aday P ize ecipien (Cox and Fo shaw 2012, 7):
“Quan um [mechanics] deals wi h p obabili ies a he han ce ain ies, no because we
lack absolu e knowledge, bu because some aspec s o Na u e a e, a hei e y hea ,
go e ned by he laws o chance.”
PSIAD 57
Appendix O. Is Quan um Mechanics The Mos Success ul/P edic i e Known
Theo y? (Yes.)
a. Pe 2023 A gonne Na ional Labo a o y lec u e (Becke 2023):
“Quan um physics is a guably he mos success ul scien i ic heo y e e de ised. I
explains an eno mous a ie y o na u al phenomena o an ex ao dina y deg ee o
accu acy — e e y hing om semiconduc o s o he Sun i sel . Ye he e is a p oblem:
i ’s unclea wha his immensely ui ul heo y says abou eali y.”
b. Pe he Camb idge
Quan um Physics
(Rae 2004, 95):
“Quan um physics has been p obably he mos success ul heo y o mode n science.
Whe e e i can be es ed, be i in he exo ic beha iou o undamen al pa icles o he
ope a ion o he silicon chip, quan um p edic ions ha e always been in comple e
ag eemen wi h expe imen al esul s.”
c. Pe Ox o d’s
The Quan um S o y
(Baggo 2011, xiii):
“Almos e e y hing we hink we know abou he na u e o ou wo ld comes om one
heo y o physics. This heo y… wen on o become qui e simply he mos success ul
heo y o physics e e de ised. I s concep s unde pin much o he wen y- i s cen u y
echnology… This is quan um heo y.”
d. Pe Quan a Magazine’s “Wha Is Quan um Field Theo y and Why Is I Incomple e?”:
“The heo y o quan um ields is a guably he mos success ul scien i ic heo y o all
ime. In some cases, i makes p edic ions ha ag ee wi h expe imen s o an as onishing
12 decimal places” (S oga z 2022).
e. O pe he Camb idge
S ange Wo ld o Quan um Mechanics
(S ye 2000, 3):
“Quan um mechanics is he mos success ul heo y ha humani y has e e de eloped;
he b igh es jewel in ou in ellec ual c own.”
