Co esponding au ho : Guille mo Fuen es-Dá ila
Copy igh © 2025 Au ho (s) e ain he copy igh o his a icle. This a icle is published unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion License 4.0.
Pe o mance o ad anced b ead whea lines and cul i a s unde la e sowing du ing
he c op season 2022-2023
Guille mo Fuen es-Dá ila 1, *, Ma ía Monse a To es-C uz 2, Ped o Félix-Valencia 3 and I ón Alejand a
Rosas-Jáu egui 4
1 INIFAP, Whea Pa hology No man E. Bo laug Expe imen al S a ion, P.O. Box 155, km 12 No man E. Bo laug be ween 800
and 900 Yaqui Valley, Ob egon Ci y, Sono a, Mexico.
2 Au onomous Uni e si y o Sinaloa, Facul y o Ag icul u e o he Fue e Valley, Juan José Ríos, Sinaloa, Mexico.
3 INIFAP, Ag oclima ology No man E. Bo laug Expe imen al S a ion, P.O. Box 155, km 12 No man E. Bo laug be ween 800
and 900 Yaqui Valley, Ob egon Ci y, Sono a, Mexico.
4 INIFAP, Whea Bio echnology No man E. Bo laug Expe imen al S a ion, P.O. Box 155, km 12 No man E. Bo laug be ween
800 and 900 Yaqui Valley, Ob egon Ci y, Sono a, Mexico.
GSC Biological and Pha maceu ical Sciences, 2025, 33(01), 039-052
Publica ion his o y: Recei ed on 21 Augus 2025; e ised on 01 Oc obe 2025; accep ed on 03 Oc obe 2025
A icle DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.30574/gscbps.2025.33.1.0377
Abs ac
Thi y-nine ad anced b ead whea lines and cul i a s Bo laug 100 and CIANO M2018 we e sown on Janua y 15 and 30,
2023, a he No man E. Bo laug Expe imen al S a ion, in he Yaqui Valley, Sono a, Mexico. Plo s consis ed o 1 bed 2 m
long wi h wo ows and 0.80 m apa wi h wo eplica ions, and a seed densi y o 100 kg ha-1 wi h wo complemen a y
i iga ions. A e age daily empe a u e (°C), maximum, minimum, ela i e humidi y, ain all, hea and cold uni s we e
eco ded om Janua y 15 o May 15, 2023. The a e age days o heading o he g oup was 72 o he i s sowing da e
and 67 o he second one, while days o physiological ma u i y we e 106 and 99, espec i ely. The a e age plan heigh
o he g oup o he i s da e was 90.3 cm and 80.5 o he second one; he line SOKOLL/3/PASTOR//HXL7573
/2*BAU/4/WBLL4//OAX93.24.35/WBLL1/5/D67.2/PARANA66.270//AE.SQUARROSA(320)/3/CUNNINGHAM/4/
VORB showed he highes a e age heigh wi h 97.5 cm. The a e age a housand g ain weigh was 36.8 g; he line
TACUPETOF2001/6/CROC_1/AE.SQUARROSA(205)//BORL95/3/PRL/SARA//TSI/VEE#5/4/FRET2/5/CIRO16
showed he highes a e age TGW wi h 46.2 g. The a e age g ain yield pe plo was 380 g; sis e line
VORB//PARUS/PASTOR/4/MUTUS//KIRITATI/2*TRCH/3/WHEAR/KRONSTADF2004 (PTSS17Y00217S-0B-099Y-
099M-35Y-0Y) showed he highes a e age yield wi h 504 g which co esponded o 6.30 ha-1, ollowed by
SOKOLL/WBLL1/5/CROC_1/AE.SQUARROSA(205)//BORL95/3/PRL/SARA//TSI/VEE#5/4/FRET2/6/SOKOLL/3/
PASTOR//HXL7573/2*BAU/5/CROC_1/AE.SQUARROSA(205)//BORL95/3/PRL/SARA//TSI/VEE#5/4/FRET2 wi h
466 g (5.82 ha-1). The a e age hou ly empe a u e was 17.4 °C wi h a maximum o 34.7 °C and a minimum o 2.6 °C,
he a e age ela i e humidi y was 60.6 %, he e we e 81.7 mm o p ecipi a ion, and he numbe o hea and cold uni s
was 187 and 510, espec i ely.
Keywo ds: Whea ; T i icum SPP; G ain Yield; D ough S ess; Hea S ess
1. In oduc ion
In ecen decades, he wo ld has expe ienced inc easingly se e e hea wa es and d ough condi ions, pa icula ly in key
whea -p oducing egions, such as Aus alia, Wes e n Eu ope, Russia, Uni ed S a es, India, and Pakis an [1,2]. Hea s ess
is de ined as an inc ease in empe a u e beyond a c i ical h eshold o a su icien du a ion ha causes i e e sible
nega i e e ec on plan g ow h and de elopmen [3,4]. High empe a u es impac c ops in a ious ways, depending on
GSC Biological and Pha maceu ical Sciences, 2025, 33(01), 039-052
40
he du a ion, he a e o empe a u e inc ease, and whe he he s ess occu s du ing he day o nigh . In whea , he e ec
o hea s ess a ies ac oss phenological s ages, wi h he ep oduc i e phase being mo e sensi i e han he ege a i e
phase. This heigh ened sensi i i y is due o di ec impac on g ain numbe , d y weigh as well as g ain quali y. Howe e ,
he ex en o damage also depends on he speci ic geno ype [5,6]. An inc ease in empe a u e o app oxima ely 10 °C
du ing mid-an hesis can lead o a educ ion o up o 40 % in he numbe o g ains pe spike [7]. In win e ce eals,
exposu e o high empe a u es du ing he g ain- illing s age may esul in a g ain yield educ ion anging om 10 o 15
% [8,9]. Whea is cul i a ed in opical o sub opical a eas [10], whe e he empe a u e du ing he cooles mon h o
he c op season is highe han 17.5 °C. The e a e mo e han 7 million hec a es unde his condi ion, loca ed p ima ily in
Sou heas Asia, in India and Bangladesh [11], in Sub-Saha an A ica [12], B azil, Thailand, Uganda, Mexico, Sudan, Egyp ,
Nige ia, and Sy ia [13]. To mee he ising global demand o ood, whea p oduc i i y mus be enhanced in bo h
a o able and ma ginal en i onmen s. Whea plan s ha e e ol ed a ious adap i e mechanisms o cope wi h hea
s ess, including mo phological and g ow h adjus men s, physiological and biochemical changes, and al e a ions in
enzyme ac i i y. Al hough nume ous hea ole ance genes ha e been iden i ied in whea , u he in-dep h esea ch is
essen ial o imp o e hea esilience in c ops. S eng hening global ood secu i y will equi e coo dina ed esea ch
e o s and a ge ed b eeding p og ams o de elop hea - ole an whea cul i a s, which should be p io i ized wi hin
in e na ional ood policy agendas [7]. In empe a e egions, he lowe ing o win e c ops mus occu wi h minimal isk
o os , making he iming o sowing a c i ical ac o . This is especially impo an as high empe a u es ypically coincide
wi h he g ain- illing pe iod. Among win e ce eals, high empe a u e and limi ed wa e a ailabili y a e he mos
p e alen abio ic s esses a ec ing yield and c op pe o mance [8]. Whea consump ion and impo a ion by de eloping
coun ies in he wa me egions a e ac o s ha lead o he inc ease o local whea p oduc ion [14]. D ough , de ined as
he insu icien a ailabili y o mois u e equi ed o no mal plan g ow h and comple ion o he li e cycle, is one o he
mos damaging en i onmen al s esses impac ing c op p oduc i i y. I occu s when wa e supply o he oo s is
inadequa e o mee anspi a ion demands o he lea es, esul ing in educed wa e po en ial and cell dehyd a ion. The
p ima y e ec s o d ough s ess in plan s include dec eased a es o cell di ision and expansion, educed lea size,
limi ed s em elonga ion, inhibi ed oo p oli e a ion, and dis u bed s oma al egula ion. Collec i ely, hese physiological
dis up ions se e ely impai plan g ow h, de elopmen , and o e all biomass accumula ion [15,16]. The Uni ed Na ions
De elopmen P og amme (UNDP) played a pi o al ole in suppo ing he e o s o whea b eede s a he In e na ional
Maize and Whea Imp o emen Cen e (CIMMYT) by p o iding he necessa y esou ces and ins i u ional backing o
b oaden hei esea ch scope. This collabo a ion enabled scien is s o ocus on de eloping high-yielding, disease-
esis an , semi-dwa whea a ie ies speci ically adap ed o he wa me , sub opical egions o he wo ld. These a eas,
o en cha ac e ized by challenging g owing condi ions such as high empe a u es, a iable ain all, and inc eased
disease p essu e, had p e iously been unde se ed by adi ional whea b eeding p og ams. The pa ne ship be ween
UNDP and CIMMYT signi ican ly accele a ed he global dissemina ion o imp o ed whea a ie ies, con ibu ing no
only o enhanced ood secu i y in de eloping coun ies, bu also o he mode niza ion o whea p oduc ion sys ems in
clima es ulne able o he e ec s o clima e change [17]. The e o e, he S ess Adap i e T ai Yield Nu se y (SATYN)
was implemen ed which is o med wi h lines o d ough -s essed a eas and o hea s ess condi ions, o majo sp ing
whea -g owing coun ies such as Bangladesh, China, Egyp , India, I an, Mexico, Nepal, and Pakis an [18]. The objec i e
o his wo k was o e alua e he pe o mance o a se o whea lines comp ising he 12 h SATYN, subjec ed o la e sowing,
and he e o e, exposed o a wa me and sho e c op season wi h educed i iga ion.
2. Ma e ials and me hods
Thi y nine ad anced b ead whea lines om he 12 h S ess Adap ed T ai Yield Nu se y (SATYN), which included nine
g oups o sis e lines (lines 6 and 17; 8 and 23; 9, 25, and 30; 11 and 34; 14, 15, and 24; 16 and 41; 20 and 28; 35 and
40; 37 and 39) (Table 1), selec ed by he In e na ional Maize and Whea Imp o emen Cen e ´s whea b eeding o hei
ole ance o s ess, we e sown on Janua y 15 and 30, 2023, a he No man E. Bo laug Expe imen al S a ion (CENEB)
which belongs o he Na ional Ins i u e o Fo es y, Ag icul u e, and Li es ock Resea ch, loca ed in block 910 in he
Yaqui Valley, Sono a, Mexico (27º22´3.01” N and 109º55´40.22” W) in a clay soil wi h pH o 7.8. The comme cial b ead
whea cul i a Bo laug 100 F2014 [19] was used as a check. In expe imen al plo s, i demons a ed a e age g ain yields
o 6.1 and 7.0 ha-1 wi h wo and ou complemen a y i iga ions, espec i ely. Cul i a CIANO M2018 was also included
o compa ison. Al hough i showed an a e age o 1.58 y 6.27 % highe g ain yields han Bo laug 100 F2014 unde ou
and wo complemen a y i iga ions, espec i ely, o e h ee c opping seasons a CENEB [20], and yielded 7.19, 3.25,
and 4.90 % mo e unde ou complemen a y i iga ions in ials conduc ed in he s a es o Sono a, Sinaloa, and Baja
Cali o nia, a sepa a e s udy epo ed ha Bo laug 100 F2014 ou pe o med CIANO M2018 by 1.47 ha-1 [21]
GSC Biological and Pha maceu ical Sciences, 2025, 33(01), 039-052
41
Table 1 Ad anced b ead whea lines om he 12 h S ess Adap i e T ai Yield Nu se y om CIMMYT, sown on Janua y
15 and 30, 2023, a he No man E. Bo laug Expe imen al S a ion in he Yaqui Valley, Sono a, Mexico
No
Pedig ee and selec ion his o y
1
GARZA/BOY//AE.SQUARROSA (1037)/4/MUTUS//KIRITATI/2*TRCH/3/WHEAR/KRONSTAD F2004
PTSS17Y00417S-0B-099Y-099M-24Y-0Y
2
SOKOLL/WESTONIA/6/PFAU/MILAN/5/CHEN/AEGILOPSSQUARROSA(TAUS)//BCN/3/VEE#7/BOW/4/
PASTOR
PTSS17Y00316S-0B-099Y-099M-24Y-0Y
3
BORL14/BAJ #1
PTSS18Y00002S-0B-099Y-099B-23Y-0B
4
XIN-CHU-1-
ST118/6/2*SOKOLL/3/PASTOR//HXL7573/2*BAU/5/CROC_1/AE.SQUARROSA(205)//BORL95
/3/PRL/SARA//TSI/VEE#5/4/FRET2
PTSS16B00009T-099Y-099M-099Y-7Y-099GOBW-0Y
5
NINGA #1
CMSA11Y00507S-099Y-099M-099NJ-099NJ-19WGY-0B
6
VORB//PARUS/PASTOR/4/MUTUS//KIRITATI/2*TRCH/3/WHEAR/KRONSTADF2004
PTSS17Y00217S-0B-099Y-099M-49Y-099GCBW-0Y
7
GARZA/BOY//AE.SQUARROSA(1037)/4/MUTUS//KIRITATI/2*TRCH/3/WHEAR/KRONSTADF2004
PTSS17Y00417S-0B-099Y-099M-9Y-0Y
8
ARLIN_1/AE.SQUARROSA(237)/4/MUTUS//KIRITATI/2*TRCH/3/WHEAR/KRONSTADF2004
PTSS17Y00422S-0B-099Y-099M-47Y-0Y
9
GARZA/BOY//AE.SQUARROSA(294)/4/MUTUS//KIRITATI/2*TRCH/3/WHEAR/KRONSTADF2004
PTSS17Y00415S-0B-099Y-099M-29Y-0Y
10
CIANO M2018
CMSS12B00828T-099TOPY-099M-0SY-42M-0WGY
11
MILAN/KAUZ//DHARWARDRY/3/BAV92/6/CROC_1/AE.SQUARROSA(205)//BORL95/3/PRL/SARA//TS
I/
VEE#5/4/FRET2/5/CIRO16
PTSS18Y00075S-0M-099Y-099M-26Y-0B
12
SOKOLL/WBLL1/5/CROC_1/AE.SQUARROSA(205)//BORL95/3/PRL/SARA//TSI/VEE#5/4/FRET2/6/
SOKOLL/3/PASTOR//HXL7573/2*BAU/5/CROC_1/AE.SQUARROSA(205)//BORL95/3/PRL/SARA//
TSI/VEE#5/4/FRET2
PTSS16Y00140S-0B-099Y-099M-7Y-0Y
13
SORA/AE.SQUARROSA(617)//2*BORL14
PTSS18B00005T-099Y-099M-15Y-0B
14
68.111/RGB-U//WARD/3/FGO/4/RABI/5/AE.SQUARROSA(191)/6/MUTUS//KIRITATI/2*TRCH/3/
WHEAR/KRONSTADF2004
PTSS17Y00426S-0B-099Y-099M-37Y-0Y
15
68.111/RGB-U//WARD/3/FGO/4/RABI/5/AE.SQUARROSA(191)/6/MUTUS//KIRITATI/2*TRCH/3/
WHEAR/KRONSTAD F2004
PTSS17Y00426S-0B-099Y-099M-7Y-0Y
16
MEX94.27.1.20/3/SOKOLL//ATTILA/3*BCN/4/PUB94.15.1.12/WBLL1/5/MUCUY
GSC Biological and Pha maceu ical Sciences, 2025, 33(01), 039-052
42
PTSS14Y00329S-0B-099Y-099B-33Y-020Y
17
VORB//PARUS/PASTOR/4/MUTUS//KIRITATI/2*TRCH/3/WHEAR/KRONSTADF2004
PTSS17Y00217S-0B-099Y-099M-35Y-0Y
18
TACUPETOF2001/6/CROC_1/AE.SQUARROSA(205)//BORL95/3/PRL/SARA//TSI/VEE#5/4/FRET2/5/
CIRO16
PTSS18Y00070S-0M-099Y-099M-18Y-0B
19
GARZA/BOY//AE.SQUARROSA(1037)/4/MUTUS//KIRITATI/2*TRCH/3/WHEAR/KRONSTAD F2004
PTSS17Y00417S-0B-099Y-099M-12Y-0Y
20
CHEN/AE. SQ//WEAVER/3/SSERI1/4/MUTUS//KIRITATI/2*TRCH/3/WHEAR/KRONSTADF2004
PTSS17Y00237S-0B-099Y-099M-48Y-0Y
21
MILAN/KAUZ//DHARWARDRY/3/BAV92/4/BORL14
PTSS18Y00059S-0M-099Y-099M-8Y-0B
22
BORLAUG100 F2014
CMSS06Y00605T-099TOPM-099Y-099ZTM-099Y-099M-11WGY-0B-0MEX
23
ARLIN_1/AE.SQUARROSA(237)/4/MUTUS//KIRITATI/2*TRCH/3/WHEAR/KRONSTADF2004
PTSS17Y00422S-0B-099Y-099M-33Y-0Y
24
68.111/RGBU//WARD/3/FGO/4/RABI/5/AE.SQUARROSA(191)/6/MUTUS//KIRITATI/2*TRCH/3/WHE
AR/ KRONSTADF2004
PTSS17Y00426S-0B-099Y-099M-33Y-0Y
25
GARZA/BOY//AE.SQUARROSA (294)/4/MUTUS//KIRITATI/2*TRCH/3/WHEAR/KRONSTADF2004
PTSS17Y00415S-0B-099Y-099M-22Y-0Y
26
SOKOLL/WBLL1/5/CROC_1/AE.SQUARROSA(205)//BORL95/3/PRL/SARA//TSI/VEE#5/4/FRET2/7/
SOKOLL/3/PASTOR//HXL7573/2*BAU*2/6/OASIS/5*BORL95/5/CNDO/R143//ENTE/MEXI75/3/AE.SQ
/4
/2*OCI
PTSS18Y00169S-0M-099Y-099M-27Y-0B
27
SOKOLL/3/PASTOR//HXL7573/2*BAU/4/WBLL4//OAX93.24.35/WBLL1/5/D67.2/PARANA66.270//
AE.SQUARROSA(320)/3/CUNNINGHAM/4/VORB
PTSS14Y00013S-0B-099Y-099B-17Y-020Y-0B
28
CHEN/AE. SQ//WEAVER/3/SSERI1/4/MUTUS//KIRITATI/2*TRCH/3/WHEAR/KRONSTADF2004
PTSS17Y00237S-0B-099Y-099M-31Y-0Y
29
TUR.180085/QUAIU #1
PTSS17Y00260S-0B-099Y-099M-3Y-0B-0Y
30
GARZA/BOY//AE.SQUARROSA(294)/4/MUTUS//KIRITATI/2*TRCH/3/WHEAR/KRONSTADF2004
PTSS17Y00415S-0B-099Y-099M-25Y-0Y
31
SOKOLL/3/PASTOR//HXL7573/2*BAU/5/CROC_1/AE.SQUARROSA(205)//BORL95/3/PRL/SARA//TSI/
VEE#5/4/FRET2/7/SOKOLL/3/PASTOR//HXL7573/2*BAU*2/6/OASIS/5*BORL95/5/CNDO/R143//EN
TE/MEXI75/3/AE.SQ/4/2*OCI
PTSS18Y00165S-0M-099Y-099M-5Y-0B
32
SOKOLL
CMSS97M00316S-0P20M-0P20Y-43M-010Y
33
CETA/AE.SQUARROSA(1011)/4/MUTUS//KIRITATI/2*TRCH/3/WHEAR/KRONSTADF2004
PTSS17Y00427S-0B-099Y-099M-65Y-0Y
GSC Biological and Pha maceu ical Sciences, 2025, 33(01), 039-052
43
34
MILAN/KAUZ//DHARWARDRY/3/BAV92/6/CROC_1/AE.SQUARROSA(205)//BORL95/3/PRL/SARA//TS
I/ VEE#5/4/FRET2/5/CIRO16
PTSS18Y00075S-0M-099Y-099M-5Y-0B
35
REDING//PUB94.15.1.12/WBLL1
PTSS18Y00234S-0M-099Y-099M-5Y-0B
36
REEDLING-GL5A_1/QUAIU
PTSS18Y00248S-0M-2Y-0B-2Y-0B
37
REEDLING-GW6A_3/3/SERI/BAV92//PUB94.15.1.12/WBLL1
PTSS18Y00244S-0M-099Y-099M-2Y-0B
38
C80.1/3*QT4118//KAUZ/RAYON/3/2*TRCH/7/CMH79A.955/4/AGA/3/4*SN64/CNO67//INIA66/5/NA
C/6/RIALTO/8/WBLL1*2/KURUKU/9/BOKOTA/10/WBLL1//PUB94.15.1.12/WBLL1/3/MUCUY
PTSS18Y00022S-0B-099Y-099B-16Y-0B
39
REEDLING-GW6A_3/3/SERI/BAV92//PUB94.15.1.12/WBLL1
PTSS18Y00244S-0M-099Y-099M-19Y-0B
40
REDING//PUB94.15.1.12/WBLL1
PTSS18Y00234S-0M-099Y-099M-4Y-0B
41
MEX94.27.1.20/3/SOKOLL//ATTILA/3*BCN/4/PUB94.15.1.12/WBLL1/5/MUCUY
PTSS14Y00329S-0B-099Y-099B-33Y-020Y
Plo s consis ed o 1 bed 2 m long wi h wo ows and 0.80 m apa wi h wo eplica ions, and a seed densi y o 100 kg
ha-1. Weed con ol was done manually and wo complemen a y i iga ions we e applied 45 days a e he i iga ion o
seed ge mina ion and he second one 30 days la e (75 days a e he i iga ion o seed ge mina ion). The ag onomic
managemen was based on he echnical ecommenda ions by Figue oa-López e al. [22]. The daily a e age empe a u e
(°C), he maximum and minimum, ela i e humidi y, he numbe o cold and hea uni s, and p ecipi a ion we e eco ded
om Janua y 15 o May 15, 2023 by he wea he s a ion CIANO-910, loca ed in block 910 in he Yaqui Valley [23]; his
s a ion belongs o he au oma ed wea he s a ion ne wo k o Sono a [24]. Cold uni s (CU) we e calcula ed as he
empe a u e > 0.1 °C o < 10 °C ha occu s in a gi en hou and he hea uni s (HU) as he numbe o hou s wi h
empe a u e abo e 30 °C [25]. The a iables e alua ed we e: days o heading, days o physiological ma u i y, plan
heigh (cm), a housand g ain weigh (g), and g ain weigh (g) om a 0.8 m2 plo , a e ha es ing wi h a sickle; h eshing
was ca ied ou wi h a Pullman s a iona y h eshe .
3. Resul s and discussion
The ange o he daily a e age empe a u e du ing he pe iod o e alua ion was 13.4-22.0 °C (Figu e 1), while o he
maximum empe a u e i was 24.8-34.7 °C and 2.6-9.3 °C o he minimum empe a u e. Maximum empe a u es abo e
30 °C occu ed om one o se e al hou s du ing he ollowing days: Ma ch 11 (2 h), 12 (3), 13 (2), 14 (2), Ap il 1 (2), 2
(3), 8 (4), 9 (5), 10 (4), 11 (6), 12 (2), 16 (5), 17 (4), 19 (4), 20 (4), 21 (6), 22 (7), 23 (6), 26 (5), 27 (7), 28 (5), 29 (8), 30
(7), May 1 (4), 4 (4), 5 (5), 6 (7), 7 (8), 8 (8), 9 (8), 10 (7), 11 (7), 12 (6), 13 (6), 14 (6), 15 (8) (Figu e 2). As in c op
season 2021-2022 [26], he e was mo e pe sis ence on he occu ence o hea uni s om Ap il 6 o May 15, al hough in
2022 he occu ence o hea uni s was highe du ing Feb ua y 13 o Ma ch 31 han in 2023. Heading da es o he i s
sowing da e occu ed om Ma ch 26 o Ap il 1 and om Ap il 3 o 12 o he second da e. Plan s om he i s sowing
da e we e exposed only o 2 HU on Ap il 1; in con as , plan s om he second da e expe ienced 21 HU o e i e days,
wi h one o hose days accoun ing o 6 HU. As a esul , plan s om he second da e we e likely exposed o g ea e hea
s ess du ing lowe ing [Zadoks s age 65, 27], which may ha e a ec ed g ain yield o some ex en .
GSC Biological and Pha maceu ical Sciences, 2025, 33(01), 039-052
44
Figu e 1 A e age daily empe a u e om Janua y 15 o May 15, 2023, eco ded by he wea he s a ion CIANO-910, a
he No man E. Bo laug Expe imen al S a ion in he Yaqui Valley, Sono a, Mexico, du ing he c op season 2022-2023
Figu e 2 Daily occu ence o hea uni s om Janua y 15 o May 15, 2023, eco ded by he wea he s a ion CIANO-910,
a he No man E. Bo laug Expe imen al S a ion in he Yaqui Valley, Sono a, Mexico, du ing he c op seasons 2021-
2022 and 2022-2023
Con inuous hou s om wo o i e on 19 di e en days wi h empe a u e abo e 30 °C occu ed be ween 11:00 and
16:00 pm, while om six o eigh on 17 di e en days be ween 10:00 am and 17:00 pm. Weeks whe e he maximum
empe a u e eached mo e han 30 °C in some days and in some hou s we e Ma ch 5-11 (2), 12-18 (7), Ma ch 26-Ap il
1 (2), Ap il 2-8 (7), 9-15 (17), 16-22 (30), 23-29 (31), Ap il 30-May 6 (27), 7-13 (50), 14-15 (14). The o al hea uni s
accumula ed du ing he pe iod o ime ha co e ed his wo k was 187, being a season wi h a lowe numbe o HU han
2020, 2021, and 2022 wi h 229, 203 236, espec i ely [26,28,29]. In ela ion o cold uni s, wi h he excep ion o week
May 7-13 and May 14 and 15, he es o he weeks s a ing om Janua y 15-21 o Ap il 30-May 6, accumula ed cold
uni s anging om 1 o a maximum o 68 du ing he week o Janua y 22-28, ollowed by he weeks o Janua y 29-
Feb ua y 4 and Feb ua y 26-Ma ch 4, wi h 64 and 53, espec i ely (Figu e 3). A o al o 510 cold uni s we e eco ded
du ing he pe iod o he s udy. All he phenological s ages o he whea plan a e sensi i e o empe a u e luc ua ion;
high empe a u es a o a g ea e me abolic ac i i y o he plan , as well as he speed up o he physiologic p ocesses
ha de e mine i s g ow h and de elopmen [30], and al hough whea is a cool-season c op whose p oduc ion is
GSC Biological and Pha maceu ical Sciences, 2025, 33(01), 039-052
45
concen a ed be ween la i udes 30-60 °N and 27-40 °S unde di e en clima ic a eas, i can be g own beyond hese
limi s, wi h an op imum g ow h empe a u e o abou 25 °C [31].
Figu e 3 Numbe o cold and hea uni s accumula ed om Janua y 15 o May 15, 2023, eco ded by he wea he
s a ion CIANO-910, a he No man E. Bo laug Expe imen al S a ion in he Yaqui Valley, Sono a, Mexico, du ing he
c op season 2022-2023
The whea plan equi es he accumula ion o cold uni s o p olong i s biological cycle, which gene ally leads o a highe
g ain yield [25]. Du ing Janua y he daily low empe a u e ange was 3.1-10.1 °C, in Feb ua y 3.5-13.8 °C, in Ma ch 2.6-
15.8 °C, in Ap il 4.2-15.1 °C, and in May 9.8-17.9 °C. Sowing da es ecommended o whea in sou he n Sono a a e
be ween No embe 15 o Decembe 15; gene ally, i sowing is done la e , plan s will no ille p ope ly and will be
exposed o hea s ess [22]. La e sowing wi h educed i iga ion o he expe imen al ge mplasm in his wo k was
ocused on exposu e o hea s ess. The a e age days o heading o he g oup o lines and comme cial b ead whea
cul i a s Bo laug 100 F2014 and CIANO M2018 was 72 o he i s sowing da e and 67 o he second. In he i s sowing
da e, CIANO M2018 was he la es en y o each heading, occu ing 75 days a e sowing (das), Bo laug 100 F2014 wi h
71 das, while lines No. 31, 36, and 40 we e he ea lies o head wi h 60 das (Figu e 4).
Figu e 4 Days o heading o b ead whea cul i a s CIANO M2018 (No. 10) and Bo laug 100 F2014 (No. 22), and 39
ad anced b ead whea lines adap ed o s ess, sown la e on Janua y 15 and 30, 2023, a he No man E. Bo laug
Expe imen al S a ion in he Yaqui Valley, Sono a, Mexico
GSC Biological and Pha maceu ical Sciences, 2025, 33(01), 039-052
46
In he second da e, lines SOKOLL/WBLL1/5/CROC_1/AE.SQUARROSA(205)//BORL95/3/PRL/SARA//TSI/VEE#5/4/
FRET2/7/SOKOLL/3/PASTOR//HXL7573/2*BAU*2/6/OASIS/5*BORL95/5/CNDO/R143//ENTE/MEXI75/3/AE.SQ/
4/2*OCI (No. 26) headed 71 das, CIANO M2018 and Bo laug 100 F2014 in 70 and 68 das, espec i ely, while
TACUPETOF2001/6/CROC_1/AE.SQUARROSA(205)//BORL95/3/PRL/SARA//TSI/VEE#5/4/FRET2/5/CIRO16 (No.
18) in 63 days. Lines ha had a h ee day di e ence o less o heading du ing he i s and second da es we e No. 1, 2,
6, 19, 26, 32, 35, 37, 38, 40, 41, and Bo laug 100 F2014; hose wi h a la ge di e ence o 3.5-4.5 days we e No. 3, 4, 5, 7,
9, 15, 16, 17, 20, 21, 23, 25, 27, 28, 31, 33, 36, and 39; and wi h 5-7 day di e ence we e No. 8, 11-14, 18, 24, 29, 30, 34,
and CIANO M2018. The highes di e ence o 6.5 and 7 days we e shown by sis e line MILAN/KAUZ//DHARWARDRY
/3/BAV92/6/CROC_1/AE.SQUARROSA(205)//BORL95/3/PRL/SARA//TSI/VEE#5/4/FRET2/5/CIRO16 (PTSS18Y
00075S-0M-099Y-099M-26Y-0B, No. 11) and TACUPETOF2001/6/CROC_1/AE.SQUARROSA(205)//BORL95/3/PRL/
SARA//TSI/VEE#5/4/FRET2/5/CIRO16 (No. 18), espec i ely. The a e age plan heigh o he g oup was 90.3 cm o
he i s sowing da e and 80.5 cm o he second (Figu e 5).
Figu e 5 Plan heigh o b ead whea cul i a s CIANO M2018 (No. 10) and Bo laug 100 F2014 (No. 22), and 39
ad anced b ead whea lines adap ed o s ess, sown la e on Janua y 15 and 30, 2023, a he No man E. Bo laug
Expe imen al S a ion in he Yaqui Valley, Sono a, Mexico
Lines TACUPETOF2001/6/CROC_1/AE.SQUARROSA(205)//BORL95/3/PRL/SARA//TSI/VEE#5/4/FRET2/5/ CIRO16
(No. 18) and SOKOLL/3/PASTOR//HXL7573/2*BAU/4/WBLL4//OAX93.24.35/WBLL1/5/D67.2/PARANA66.270
//AE.SQUARROSA (320)/3/CUNNINGHAM/4/VORB (No. 27) we e he alles in he i s da e wi h 102.5 cm, ollowed
by lines No. 9 and 17 wi h 100 cm, while cul i a s CIANO M2018 (No. 10) and Bo laug 100 F2014 (No. 22) showed 90
and 82.5 cm, espec i ely. Line BORL14/BAJ #1 (No. 3) was he sho es wi h 77.5 cm. In he second da e, line No. 27
was he alles wi h 92.5 cm and lines No. 3, 13, and 30 as well as bo h cul i a s we e he sho es wi h 72.5 cm. Wi h
he excep ion o sis e line REDING//PUB94.15.1.12/WBLL1 (PTSS18Y00234S-0M-099Y-099M-4Y-0B, No. 40), he es
o lines and bo h cul i a s showed di e ences in heigh be ween he i s sowing da e and he second one, and in all
cases, he i s da e was alle wi h a ange o 5 o 20 cm. Sis e line No. 40 showed he same heigh in bo h da es. Sis e
line MILAN/KAUZ//DHARWARDRY/3/BAV92/6/CROC_1/AE.SQUARROSA(205)//BORL95/3/PRL/SARA//TSI/
VEE#5/4/FRET2/5/CIRO16 (No. 11) showed he maximum di e ence wi h 20 cm, ollowed by lines No. 9 and 19 as
well as cul i a CIANO M2018 wi h 17.5 cm, while cul i a Bo laug 100 F2014 had a di e ence o 10 cm. Be ween he
2016-2017 and 2021-2022 c op seasons, he SATYN line g oups exhibi ed an a e age heading days o 68.6, anging
om 66 o 74 days, and an a e age plan heigh o 84 cm, wi h a ange o 60 o 96 cm [26,28,29,32,33,34]. O e he same
pe iod, cul i a Bo laug 100 F2014 showed an a e age heading days o 69 wi h a ange o 64 o 74, and an a e age
heigh o 77 cm, anging om 60 o 86 cm. The a e age heading days and plan heigh in c op season 2022-2023 ell
wi hin he ange o he p e ious seasons (Table 2).
GSC Biological and Pha maceu ical Sciences, 2025, 33(01), 039-052
47
Table 2 A e age mon hly empe a u es eco ded by he wea he s a ion CIANO B-910, du ing mid-Janua y o he
middle o May in i e yea s in he Yaqui Valley, Sono a, Mexico, days o heading and plan heigh o selec ed ge mplasm
wi h ole ance o d ough and hea
Yea
A e age empe a u e (°C)
Days o heading (a g)
Plan heigh (cm)
Janua y
Feb ua y
Ma ch
Ap il
May
2019
15.65
15.42
17.84
20.72
22.25
74
92
2020
16.70
16.70
18.00
20.88
24.94
66
83
2021
15.13
15.79
16.99
21.06
24.56
68
96
2022
15.91
15.00
16.82
21.25
24.36
67
89
2023
13.47
14.70
17.50
19.92
22.08
69
85
Al hough he mon hly a e age empe a u es in 2021 and 2022 we e a he simila , he a e age g ain weigh pe plo
was highe in 2022 [26], eaching 350 g (equi alen o 4.37 ha-1), compa ed o 294 (3.67 ha-1) in 2021 [28]. This
di e ence may be a ibu ed o highe hea uni accumula ion du ing he heading- lowe ing s ages o he whea plan
in 2021, which likely induced g ea e s ess on he c op compa ed o 2022. The a e age physiological ma u i y o he
g oup o lines and cul i a s Bo laug 100 F2014 and CIANO M2018 in his s udy occu ed a e 106 days o he i s
sowing da e and 99 o he second, wi h a ange o 102 o 117 and 97 o 104, espec i ely (Figu e 6).
Figu e 6 Days o physiological ma u i y o b ead whea cul i a s CIANO M2018 (No. 10) and Bo laug 100 F2014 (No.
22), and 39 ad anced b ead whea lines adap ed o s ess, sown la e on Janua y 15 and 30, 2023, a he No man E.
Bo laug Expe imen al S a ion in he Yaqui Valley, Sono a, Mexico
The a e age a housand g ain weigh o he g oup in he i s sowing da e was 38.9 g and 34.7 in he second (Figu e 7).
In he i s da e, line NINGA#1 (No. 5) showed he highes weigh wi h 48.1 g, ollowed by he line TACUPETO
F2001/6/CROC_1/AE.SQUARROSA(205)//BORL95/3/PRL/SARA//TSI/VEE#5/4/FRET2/5/CIRO16 (No. 18) wi h
47.3 g, and sis e line 68.111/RGB-U//WARD/3/FGO/4/RABI/5/AE.SQUARROSA(191)/6/MUTUS//KIRITATI/2*
TRCH/3/WHEAR/KRONSTADF2004 (PTSS17Y00426S-0B-099Y-099M-7Y-0Y, No. 15) wi h 46.9 g, while line
SORA/AE.SQUARROSA(617)//2*BORL14 (No. 13), showed he lowes g ain weigh wi h 23.5 g. In he second da e, line
No. 18 showed he highes a housand g ain weigh wi h 45.0 g, ollowed by line SOKOLL/3/PASTOR//HXL7573/2*BAU
/5/CROC_1/AE.SQUARROSA(205)//BORL95/3/PRL/SARA//TSI/VEE#5/4/FRET2/7/SOKOLL/3/PASTOR//
HXL7573/2*BAU*2/6/OASIS/5*BORL95/5/CNDO/R143//ENTE/MEXI75/3/AE.SQ/4/2*OCI (No. 31) wi h 43.1 g;
sis e line GARZA/BOY//AE.SQUARROSA(294)/4/MUTUS//KIRITATI/2*TRCH/3/WHEAR/KRONSTADF2004
(PTSS17Y00415S-0B-099Y-099M-25Y-0Y, No. 30) showed he lowes a housand g ain weigh wi h 25.6 g.
