Co esponding au ho : Juwon Kehinde Olowonigba
Copy igh © 2025 Au ho (s) e ain he copy igh o his a icle. This a icle is published unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion Liscense 4.0.
P ocess–s uc u e–p ope y op imiza ion o ca bon ibe - ein o ced
polye he e he ke one composi es manu ac u ed ia high- empe a u e au oma ed
ibe placemen echniques
Juwon Kehinde Olowonigba *
Depa men o Chemical Enginee ing, Sou h Dako a School o Mines and Technology, USA.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(02), 851-870
Publica ion his o y: Recei ed on 04 July 2025; e ised on 09 Augus ; accep ed on 12 Augus 2025
A icle DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.30574/wja .2025.27.2.2914
Abs ac
Ca bon ibe - ein o ced polye he e he ke one (CF/PEEK) composi es ha e eme ged as a high-pe o mance class o
he moplas ic composi es o e ing excep ional s eng h- o-weigh a ios, chemical esis ance, and he mal s abili y.
These a ibu es make CF/PEEK an a ac i e ma e ial o ae ospace, au omo i e, and biomedical applica ions whe e
du abili y unde ex eme se ice condi ions is essen ial. Among manu ac u ing me hods, high- empe a u e au oma ed
ibe placemen (AFP) has gained p ominence o p oducing la ge, complex s uc u al componen s wi h p ecise con ol
o e ibe o ien a ion and minimal ma e ial was e. Howe e , he p ocess–s uc u e–p ope y ela ionship in CF/PEEK
sys ems emains a complex, mul i-pa ame e op imiza ion challenge due o he in ica e in e ac ions be ween
p ocessing pa ame e s, mic os uc u al e olu ion, and inal mechanical pe o mance. This s udy adop s an in eg a ed
p ocess–s uc u e–p ope y op imiza ion amewo k, combining expe imen al in es iga ion wi h compu a ional
modeling, o add ess he c i ical manu ac u ing a iables in luencing CF/PEEK pe o mance. P ocess pa ame e s such
as layup speed, consolida ion p essu e, hea inpu , and cooling a es a e sys ema ically a ied o cap u e hei e ec s
on in e lamina bonding, oid o ma ion, and c ys allini y. Mic os uc u al cha ac e iza ion using mic oscopy and
he mal analysis e eals how ibe alignmen , esin dis ibu ion, and c ys alliza ion kine ics go e n s i ness, s eng h,
and impac esis ance. Ad anced s a is ical design o expe imen s (DoE) and machine lea ning eg ession models a e
applied o de elop p edic i e p ocess maps, enabling a ge ed pa ame e uning o speci ic p ope y equi emen s.
The indings demons a e ha op imal p ope y pe o mance can be achie ed h ough p ecise he mal con ol and
consolida ion s a egies, educing oid con en below 1% and maximizing c ys allini y wi hou inducing he mal
deg ada ion. This p ocess–s uc u e–p ope y op imiza ion amewo k p o ides a scalable me hodology o high-
empe a u e AFP manu ac u ing o CF/PEEK, ensu ing consis en quali y and acili a ing indus ial adop ion in sa e y-
c i ical applica ions.
Keywo ds: Ca bon ibe - ein o ced PEEK; Au oma ed ibe placemen ; P ocess–s uc u e–p ope y op imiza ion;
High- empe a u e he moplas ic composi es; C ys allini y con ol; Void minimiza ion
1. In oduc ion
1.1. High-pe o mance he moplas ic composi es in ad anced manu ac u ing
High-pe o mance he moplas ic composi es ha e become in eg al o mode n manu ac u ing due o hei abili y o
combine supe io mechanical p ope ies wi h apid p ocessing capabili ies. These ma e ials, unlike he mose
coun e pa s, can be ehea ed and eshaped, o e ing enhanced design lexibili y and epai abili y, which a e c i ical in
sec o s whe e componen li e-cycle managemen is a p io i y [1]. Among he moplas ics, high- empe a u e polyme s
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(02), 851-870
852
such as polye he e he ke one (PEEK) s and ou o hei he mal esis ance, chemical s abili y, and mechanical
in eg i y, e en unde ha sh ope a ing en i onmen s.
In ad anced manu ac u ing, pa icula ly in ae ospace and high-pe o mance au omo i e sec o s, he d i e owa d
ligh weigh ye du able s uc u es has accele a ed he adop ion o he moplas ic composi es [2]. Au oma ed
manu ac u ing echnologies, such as au oma ed ibe placemen (AFP), ha e u he enhanced p oduc ion e iciency by
enabling p ecise ibe o ien a ion, educed ma e ial was e, and imp o ed epea abili y. These bene i s align wi h he
demands o cos -e ec i e, scalable p oduc ion o complex s uc u es wi hou sac i icing pe o mance.
Mo eo e , he ecyclabili y o he moplas ic composi es o e s a sus ainabili y ad an age o e adi ional he mose
sys ems, which ypically equi e ene gy-in ensi e ecycling p ocesses [3]. As indus ies p io i ize en i onmen al
esponsibili y, he po en ial o closed-loop manu ac u ing o he moplas ic composi es is inc easingly a ac i e.
Figu e 1 Molecula s uc u e o PEEK alongside a schema ic ep esen a ion o ca bon ibe ein o cemen , illus a ing
he syne gis ic in e ac ion be ween he he moplas ic ma ix and ein o cing ibe s o enhanced load-bea ing
capaci y and educed s uc u al weigh
Figu e 1 illus a es he molecula s uc u e o PEEK and he schema ic ein o cemen mechanism o ca bon ibe s,
highligh ing he syne gy be ween he ma ix and ein o cemen phases. When combined wi h high-pe o mance
ein o cemen ma e ials, hese he moplas ics se e as he ounda ion o s uc u al componen s capable o
wi hs anding ex eme ope a ional loads while educing o e all s uc u al mass, he eby enhancing ene gy e iciency in
demanding applica ions [4].
1.2. Signi icance o ca bon ibe - ein o ced PEEK (CF/PEEK)
Ca bon ibe - ein o ced PEEK (CF/PEEK) ep esen s a unique in e sec ion o s eng h, he mal s abili y, and
ligh weigh design, making i one o he mos desi able composi e sys ems o sa e y-c i ical applica ions. The ca bon
ibe componen impa s excep ional s i ness- o-weigh and s eng h- o-weigh a ios, while he PEEK ma ix ensu es
esilience a ele a ed empe a u es and esis ance o chemical deg ada ion [5].
This syne gy esul s in componen s ha no only mee bu o en exceed s ingen ae ospace and au omo i e
speci ica ions. Fo ins ance, CF/PEEK lamina es e ain high mechanical pe o mance beyond 250 °C, a empe a u e
ange ha would comp omise many compe ing he moplas ics. Table 1 compa es CF/PEEK wi h o he he moplas ic
and he mose composi es, showing i s supe io balance o p ope ies, pa icula ly in e ms o a igue esis ance and
he mal s abili y.
Ano he no able ad an age is he minimal mois u e abso p ion o PEEK, which p e en s dimensional ins abili y and
deg ada ion o mechanical p ope ies in humid en i onmen s. This makes CF/PEEK sui able o applica ions such as
ae ospace wing skins o au omo i e c ash s uc u es, whe e bo h s eng h and dimensional accu acy a e c i ical.
Fu he mo e, i s compa ibili y wi h high-speed AFP allows o nea -ne -shape manu ac u ing, educing pos -p ocessing
equi emen s.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(02), 851-870
853
O e all, he combina ion o pe o mance, manu ac u abili y, and long- e m eliabili y posi ions CF/PEEK as a ma e ial
sys em capable o mee ing e ol ing indus ial and egula o y demands wi hou comp omising sus ainabili y o
ope a ional pe o mance.
1.3. Role o p ocess–s uc u e–p ope y op imiza ion in ae ospace and au omo i e applica ions
In high-pe o mance indus ies, he op imiza ion o p ocess–s uc u e–p ope y ela ionships is cen al o ensu ing
consis en quali y and ailo ed pe o mance o CF/PEEK composi es [2]. In ae ospace, his app oach is c i ical o
componen s such as uselage panels and s uc u al ein o cemen s, whe e weigh educ ion mus no come a he
expense o sa e y o a igue esis ance. Simila ly, in au omo i e c ash s uc u es, op imiza ion ensu es p edic able
de o ma ion modes, enabling e ec i e ene gy abso p ion while main aining he mal s abili y du ing pos -c ash i e
scena ios.
High- empe a u e AFP p ocesses p esen unique oppo uni ies o ine- uning p ope ies by con olling a iables such
as consolida ion p essu e, hea ing a e, cooling p o ile, and ibe placemen pa e ns [3]. These pa ame e s di ec ly
in luence mic os uc u al cha ac e is ics such as ibe alignmen , oid con en , and c ys allini y, which in u n
de e mine mechanical pe o mance and se ice li e.
A well-op imized AFP p ocess minimizes de ec s while enhancing in e lamina bonding, esul ing in imp o ed impac
ole ance and a igue li e [1]. Figu e 1 and Table 1 collec i ely show how mic os uc u al imp o emen s achie ed
h ough pa ame e con ol can lead o measu able p ope y gains. Such op imiza ion also suppo s cos educ ion by
dec easing sc ap a es and pos -p ocessing imes, making CF/PEEK iable o wide adop ion in high- olume,
pe o mance-d i en indus ies.
1.4. Scope, objec i es, and con ibu ion o his a icle
This a icle p o ides a comp ehensi e examina ion o p ocess–s uc u e–p ope y op imiza ion o CF/PEEK
composi es manu ac u ed ia high- empe a u e AFP echniques. I syn hesizes cu en knowledge on ma e ial
undamen als, AFP p ocessing p inciples, and mic os uc u al e olu ion, while in eg a ing da a-d i en insigh s in o
pa ame e op imiza ion o ae ospace and au omo i e con ex s [4].
The p ima y objec i es a e o:
• Ou line he in luence o AFP p ocess pa ame e s on CF/PEEK mic os uc u e and pe o mance.
• P esen expe imen al and compu a ional app oaches o op imiza ion.
• E alua e applica ion-speci ic bene i s and challenges in s uc u al componen s.
The con ibu ion lies in es ablishing a cohe en amewo k ha connec s p ocessing decisions wi h end-use
pe o mance, enabling a ge ed ma e ial design s a egies. By inco po a ing bo h mechanical and sus ainabili y
conside a ions, he a icle also add esses indus ial scalabili y and li ecycle impac s, o e ing a oadmap o in eg a ing
high- empe a u e he moplas ic composi es in o sa e y-c i ical, high-pe o mance applica ions [5].
2. Fundamen als o CF/peek composi es
2.1. Chemical and physical s uc u e o PEEK
Polye he e he ke one (PEEK) is a semi-c ys alline, high-pe o mance he moplas ic belonging o he
polya yle he ke one (PAEK) amily. I s chemical s uc u e consis s o epea ing a oma ic ings connec ed by e he and
ke one linkages, p o iding a balance be ween chain lexibili y and igidi y (Figu e 1). The e he linkages con ibu e o
oughness and p ocessabili y, while he ke one g oups enhance s i ness and he mal esis ance [6]. This molecula
con igu a ion allows PEEK o main ain mechanical in eg i y a empe a u es exceeding 250 °C, making i ideal o high-
empe a u e manu ac u ing p ocesses such as au oma ed ibe placemen (AFP).
Physically, PEEK exhibi s a wo-phase mo phology composed o c ys alline and amo phous egions. The c ys alline
domains con ibu e o high s eng h, chemical esis ance, and dimensional s abili y, whe eas he amo phous egions
p o ide duc ili y and impac ole ance [7]. The c ys allini y le el, ypically be ween 30% and 35%, can be adjus ed
h ough p ocessing pa ame e s, in luencing p ope ies such as modulus, ensile s eng h, and wea esis ance.
PEEK’s inhe en chemical esis ance s ems om i s igh ly packed a oma ic s uc u e, which esis s hyd olysis and
deg ada ion in agg essi e en i onmen s. This p ope y is c i ical in ae ospace and au omo i e applica ions whe e
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(02), 851-870
854
exposu e o uels, lub ican s, and de-icing luids is common [8]. Addi ionally, i s low mois u e abso p ion p e en s
swelling and p ope y de e io a ion in humid o ma ine condi ions, ensu ing long- e m s uc u al eliabili y in sa e y-
c i ical componen s.
2.2. P ope ies and ad an ages o ca bon ibe s
Ca bon ibe s a e a class o high-pe o mance ein o cemen ma e ials de i ed om polyac yloni ile (PAN) o pi ch
p ecu so s h ough con olled ca boniza ion and g aphi iza ion p ocesses. The esul ing ibe s a e composed
p edominan ly o aligned g aphi ic ca bon laye s, which p o ide excep ional ensile s eng h and s i ness [9]. This
o de ed mic os uc u e is esponsible o he high modulus- o-densi y a io, making ca bon ibe s ideal o ligh weigh
s uc u al applica ions.
The key ad an age o ca bon ibe s lies in hei abili y o deli e high mechanical pe o mance wi hou signi ican ly
inc easing componen weigh . Wi h densi ies a ound 1.75 g/cm³ subs an ially lowe han me als such as aluminum o
s eel— hey con ibu e o weigh educ ion s a egies c ucial o uel e iciency and emission educ ion in anspo a ion
sec o s [10]. Addi ionally, ca bon ibe s exhibi low he mal expansion, enabling dimensional s abili y o e a wide
empe a u e ange.
Ano he bene i is hei excellen a igue esis ance, ensu ing ha componen s can endu e cyclic loading o e long
se ice li espans wi hou signi ican loss o mechanical in eg i y. Thei inhe en co osion esis ance also educes
main enance equi emen s in agg essi e en i onmen s. When combined wi h PEEK, he he mal and mechanical
compa ibili y be ween he ibe and ma ix minimizes esidual s esses du ing high- empe a u e AFP manu ac u ing
[11]. This syne gy no only imp o es in e acial adhesion bu also enhances he o e all s uc u al pe o mance, making
CF/PEEK composi es an a ac i e choice o high-s ess, high- empe a u e applica ions in ae ospace and au omo i e
enginee ing.
2.3. The moplas ic ma ix– ibe in e ac ion mechanisms
The pe o mance o CF/PEEK composi es is la gely de e mined by he na u e o he ibe –ma ix in e ace. Fo
he moplas ics such as PEEK, in e acial bonding occu s p ima ily h ough mechanical in e locking, in e molecula
o ces, and in some cases, chemical bonding acili a ed by ibe su ace ea men s [8]. Unlike he mose s, which cu e
in o a c osslinked ne wo k, he moplas ics ely on mol en low du ing consolida ion o physically encapsula e and
adhe e o ibe su aces.
In AFP manu ac u ing, he ele a ed p ocessing empe a u es allow he mol en PEEK ma ix o low a ound he ca bon
ibe s, illing su ace i egula i ies and p omo ing mechanical in e locking [7]. The deg ee o we ing is in luenced by
he ma ix iscosi y, ibe sizing chemis y, and p ocessing p essu e. Op imized ibe sizings compa ible wi h PEEK can
enhance adhesion h ough speci ic chemical in e ac ions, such as pola –pola bonding be ween unc ionalized ibe
su aces and he ke one g oups in PEEK.
A s ong ibe –ma ix in e ace is c i ical o e ec i e s ess ans e unde mechanical loading. Poo adhesion can lead
o ibe pull-ou , delamina ion, and educed impac esis ance [9]. Con e sely, a well-bonded in e ace supp esses c ack
p opaga ion, inc easing ac u e oughness. In he mal cycling en i onmen s, good in e acial bonding also minimizes
mic oc ack o ma ion due o misma ched he mal expansion coe icien s, he eby imp o ing du abili y. Thus, he ibe –
ma ix in e ac ion mechanisms a e cen al o achie ing he desi ed balance be ween s i ness, s eng h, and oughness
in CF/PEEK composi es.
2.4. In luence o c ys allini y and ibe o ien a ion on pe o mance
The c ys alline s uc u e o PEEK and he alignmen o ca bon ibe s play a decisi e ole in de e mining he mechanical
and he mal beha io o CF/PEEK composi es. Highe c ys allini y gene ally imp o es modulus, chemical esis ance,
and dimensional s abili y; howe e , excessi e c ys allini y can educe impac oughness by making he ma ix mo e
b i le [6]. The e o e, an op imal c ys allini y ange mus be a ge ed du ing AFP p ocessing o balance s i ness and
oughness.
P ocessing pa ame e s such as cooling a e di ec ly in luence c ys alliza ion kine ics. Rapid cooling ends o supp ess
c ys al g ow h, yielding a mo e amo phous ma ix wi h imp o ed duc ili y, while slowe cooling p omo es la ge , mo e
o de ed c ys alline egions [10]. These di e ences can be exploi ed o ailo pe o mance o speci ic applica ions, such
as maximizing s i ness in ae ospace s uc u al panels o op imizing impac abso p ion in au omo i e c ash s uc u es.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(02), 851-870
855
Fibe o ien a ion also c i ically a ec s aniso opy in mechanical p ope ies. Unidi ec ional layups o e maximum
s eng h and s i ness along he ibe axis bu educed ans e se p ope ies, whe eas quasi-iso opic layups p o ide
mo e uni o m p ope ies in mul iple di ec ions [11]. The AFP p ocess enables p ecise con ol o ibe o ien a ion,
allowing o localized ailo ing o mechanical pe o mance wi hin a single componen .
As shown in Figu e 1, he syne gy be ween well-aligned ca bon ibe s and a ma ix wi h con olled c ys allini y esul s
in composi es wi h excep ional he mal and mechanical s abili y. The abili y o enginee hese pa ame e s h ough
p ocess con ol is undamen al o achie ing he pe o mance equi ed o high-demand ae ospace and au omo i e
applica ions [9].
3. High- empe a u e au oma ed ibe placemen (AFP) echnology
3.1. P inciples o AFP
Au oma ed Fibe Placemen (AFP) is an ad anced composi e manu ac u ing p ocess in which na ow ows o apes o
p e-imp egna ed ibe ma e ial a e laid on o a ool su ace wi h high p ecision unde au oma ed con ol. In high-
empe a u e AFP o CF/PEEK, he p ocess ope a es a ele a ed consolida ion empe a u es ( ypically 350–420 °C) o
ensu e comple e mel ing o he he moplas ic ma ix, enabling op imal in e lamina bonding and minimal oid con en
[11]. The ma e ial eed sys em dispenses con inuous ows, which a e guided h ough hea ed deli e y heads and p essed
on o he subs a e by a compac ion olle .
The placemen head ollows p og ammed pa hs, allowing a iable ibe o ien a ions wi hin a single lamina e, enabling
designs ha balance s i ness, s eng h, and impac esis ance [12]. A lase o in a ed hea ing sou ce is commonly used
o so en o mel he ma ix jus p io o deposi ion. This is ollowed immedia ely by compac ion, which applies p essu e
o p omo e adhesion and elimina e apped ai .
Unlike adi ional hand layup o au ocla e me hods, AFP in eg a es ma e ial placemen , hea ing, and consolida ion in a
single s ep. This allows o localized ein o cemen , nea -ne -shape ab ica ion, and educed manu ac u ing cycle imes.
Figu e 2 p o ides a schema ic o e iew o he high- empe a u e AFP p ocess, illus a ing he in e ac ion be ween he
hea ing sou ce, placemen head, and compac ion sys em. This combina ion o p ecision and au oma ion makes AFP
pa icula ly well-sui ed o complex CF/PEEK ae ospace and au omo i e s uc u al componen s, whe e epea abili y
and s uc u al in eg i y a e pa amoun [13].
Figu e 2 Schema ic ep esen a ion o he high- empe a u e Au oma ed Fibe Placemen (AFP) p ocess o CF/PEEK
lamina es, showing coo dina ed ope a ion o he hea ing sou ce, placemen head, and compac ion olle o ensu e
p ecise ibe deposi ion, op imal consolida ion, and consis en s uc u al in eg i y in complex ae ospace and
au omo i e componen s
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(02), 851-870
856
3.2. Ad an ages o e adi ional composi e layup me hods
Compa ed o manual o con en ional composi e manu ac u ing me hods, high- empe a u e AFP o e s se e al
signi ican ad an ages o CF/PEEK p oduc ion. Fi s , i p o ides supe io con ol o e ibe o ien a ion, enabling
ailo ed mechanical p ope ies ha mee speci ic load equi emen s in di e en egions o a componen [14]. Second,
AFP minimizes ma e ial was e by p ecisely cu ing and placing ows, con ibu ing o lowe p oduc ion cos s and
imp o ed sus ainabili y.
In addi ion, AFP enables apid p oduc ion o la ge, complex geome ies wi hou he need o ex ensi e seconda y
p ocessing. T adi ional au ocla e cu ing equi es mul iple s eps layup, bagging, and cu ing whe eas AFP in eg a es
hese in o a s eamlined ope a ion. Table 1 compa es AFP wi h au ocla e, comp ession molding, and ape winding,
highligh ing i s supe io h oughpu and adap abili y o high-pe o mance he moplas ics.
Fu he mo e, AFP’s abili y o manu ac u e oid-minimized lamina es wi hou au ocla e consolida ion makes i
ad an ageous o on-si e o in-si u ab ica ion, whe e anspo ing la ge molds o an au ocla e acili y may be
imp ac ical [15]. The me hod’s compa ibili y wi h digi al design sys ems also allows in eg a ion wi h simula ion ools,
enabling p edic i e con ol o p ocess pa ame e s. These ad an ages collec i ely posi ion AFP as a key enabling
echnology o he mass adop ion o CF/PEEK in ae ospace and au omo i e indus ies, whe e p ecision manu ac u ing,
pe o mance op imiza ion, and cos -e iciency a e c i ical conside a ions [12].
3.3. Hea managemen in high- empe a u e AFP o PEEK p ocessing
Hea managemen is cen al o he quali y and consis ency o CF/PEEK componen s manu ac u ed ia high- empe a u e
AFP. PEEK’s ela i ely high mel ing empe a u e (~343 °C) equi es p ecise con ol o he mal inpu o achie e
adequa e ma ix low wi hou causing deg ada ion [13]. Lase o in a ed hea ing sys ems a e ypically employed due
o hei apid esponse imes and abili y o deli e concen a ed, con ollable ene gy o he ma e ial.
Uni o m hea ing is essen ial o ensu e consis en mel ing ac oss he ow wid h. Localized o e hea ing can lead o esin
deg ada ion, discolo a ion, o emb i lemen , while unde hea ing can cause incomple e bonding and inc eased oid
con en [14]. This he mal con ol ex ends beyond deposi ion—cooling a es mus also be managed o con ol
c ys alliza ion beha io , which di ec ly in luences mechanical p ope ies. Slow, uni o m cooling p omo es highe
c ys allini y, imp o ing s i ness and chemical esis ance, whe eas apid cooling can enhance impac oughness a he
expense o modulus.
Ad anced AFP sys ems employ eal- ime empe a u e eedback om in a ed senso s embedded nea he placemen
head o moni o hea ing zones [16]. Figu e 2 illus a es how he hea ing sou ce and compac ion olle in e ac o
main ain he a ge he mal p o ile du ing deposi ion. The mal models in eg a ed in o he AFP con ol so wa e p edic
empe a u e g adien s and guide adjus men s o lase powe , head speed, and compac ion p essu e, ensu ing uni o m
quali y ac oss complex geome ies.
E ec i e hea managemen no only gua an ees consis en pa quali y bu also ex ends ooling li e by p e en ing
he mal shock and educing esidual s esses. This capabili y is a decisi e ac o in AFP’s success o manu ac u ing
CF/PEEK pa s wi h demanding ae ospace and au omo i e pe o mance equi emen s [11].
3.4. Equipmen con igu a ions and con ol sys ems
High- empe a u e AFP sys ems consis o se e al in eg a ed subsys ems designed o p ecision ma e ial handling,
hea ing, and consolida ion. The placemen head is he cen al componen , inco po a ing he hea ing sou ce (lase o
in a ed), compac ion olle , and ow deli e y sys em. Fo CF/PEEK, heads a e o en equipped wi h mul iple
independen ly con ollable hea ing zones o accommoda e a ying lamina e geome ies [15].
Ma e ial is ed om spools h ough ension-con olled guides o main ain consis en placemen quali y. The compac ion
olle applies p essu e o bond he newly placed ow wi h he unde lying laye , wi h o ce le els dynamically adjus able
o ma ch subs a e cu a u e and laye hickness. AFP machines can be gan y-based o la o mode a ely cu ed
panels, o obo ic-a m-based o complex h ee-dimensional pa s [14].
Con ol sys ems in mode n AFP equipmen in eg a e CAD/CAM da a wi h closed-loop eedback om senso s
moni o ing empe a u e, p essu e, and ibe placemen accu acy [16]. These sys ems allow eal- ime adjus men o
pa ame e s o main ain op imal p ocess condi ions, educing de ec s such as gaps, o e laps, o ibe dis o ion.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(02), 851-870
857
The inco po a ion o adap i e p ocess con ol enables ope a o s o ine- une AFP o di e en CF/PEEK p ep eg
o ma s, ibe a eal weigh s, and componen geome ies. As summa ized in Table 1, AFP’s echnological ma u i y now
allows i o compe e di ec ly wi h, and in many cases su pass, adi ional composi e manu ac u ing me hods in
p ecision, e iciency, and pa quali y. This in eg a ion o ad anced ha dwa e and in elligen con ol sys ems ensu es
ha AFP emains a pi o al manu ac u ing echnology o nex -gene a ion CF/PEEK s uc u es [13].
Table 1 Compa a i e e alua ion o AFP e sus adi ional composi e manu ac u ing me hods o CF/PEEK s uc u al
componen s
Pa ame e
AFP (Au oma ed Fibe Placemen )
T adi ional Composi e Manu ac u ing
P ecision
±0.1 mm laye placemen accu acy wi h
au oma ed con ol
±0.5–1 mm depending on manual skill and
ooling
P oduc ion Speed
High-speed deposi ion (up o 200–300 mm/s)
wi h con inuous layup
Mode a e; ba ch-based, slowe manual
layup
Ma e ial U iliza ion
Op imized ow placemen educes was e o
<2%
Highe ma e ial was e (5–10%) due o
imming
P ocess Con ol
Adap i e, eal- ime moni o ing wi h lase ,
he mal, and p essu e senso s
Limi ed in-p ocess eedback and con ol
The mal
Managemen
P ecise lase /IR hea ing wi h p og ammable
empe a u e p o iles
Uni o m hea ing ia au ocla e o o en
Componen
Complexi y
Highly sui ed o complex, con ou ed, o
a iable- hickness pa s
Bes o simple geome ies and la panels
Void Con en
<1% achie able wi h op imized pa ame e s
1–3% ypical, dependen on ope a o
consis ency
Labo
Requi emen s
Low; minimal manual in e en ion once
p og ammed
High; skilled manual labo essen ial
Repea abili y
High; consis en ou comes ac oss p oduc ion
uns
Va iable; ope a o -dependen
Cos E iciency
High o la ge-scale p oduc ion due o educed
ewo k and was e
Lowe ini ial se up cos bu highe long- e m
labo and was e cos s
4. P ocess pa ame e s a ec ing CF/peek AFP manu ac u ing
4.1. Layup speed and deposi ion a e
Layup speed and deposi ion a e in high- empe a u e AFP di ec ly in luence bo h p oduc ion e iciency and composi e
quali y. In CF/PEEK manu ac u ing, layup speed de e mines he du a ion o he mal exposu e, a ec ing ma ix mel ing,
in e lamina bonding, and c ys alliza ion beha io . Too slow a speed can lead o excessi e hea ing, isking esin
deg ada ion and emb i lemen , while excessi ely high speeds may esul in insu icien mel ing and poo bonding
be ween plies [16].
The deposi ion a e, o en exp essed in me e s pe minu e, is a unc ion o bo h ow wid h and layup speed. Fo high-
pe o mance he moplas ics like PEEK, achie ing an op imal balance is c i ical o minimize oid con en and ensu e
consis en ibe placemen [17]. Excessi ely apid deposi ion can also cause ibe wa iness, misalignmen , o he
o ma ion o unbonded egions, which ad e sely a ec mechanical pe o mance.
Ad anced AFP con ol sys ems in eg a e deposi ion a e managemen wi h eal- ime moni o ing o hea inpu and
compac ion p essu e. Adjus men s can be made dynamically o main ain a ge in e lamina shea s eng h and o
op imize mic os uc u al uni o mi y. Table 2 summa izes how di e en layup speeds in luence c ys allini y and oid
con en , showing ha mid- ange speeds o en yield he bes combina ion o s i ness, oughness, and manu ac u ing
h oughpu [18].
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(02), 851-870
858
Table 2 E ec o layup speed on c ys allini y, oid con en , and esul ing mechanical p ope ies o AFP CF/PEEK
lamina es
Layup Speed
(mm/s)
C ys allini y
(%)
Void
Con en
(%)
Tensile
Modulus
(GPa)
F ac u e Toughness
(MPa·m^0.5)
Rela i e
Manu ac u ing
Th oughpu
50
32
0.8
125
5.0
Low
100
34
0.7
128
5.3
Medium
150
36
0.5
132
5.6
High
200
33
0.9
126
5.1
Ve y High
250
30
1.2
120
4.8
Maximum
Fu he mo e, layup speed in e ac s wi h o he pa ame e s such as consolida ion p essu e and cooling a e. Fo ins ance,
a highe speeds, inc eased compac ion o ces may be necessa y o compensa e o educed hea ing dwell ime.
Con e sely, slowe speeds may equi e less compac ion bu mo e ac i e cooling o p e en c ys allini y om exceeding
desi ed le els [19]. Unde s anding hese in e dependencies is essen ial o p ocess–s uc u e–p ope y op imiza ion in
AFP-p oduced CF/PEEK lamina es.
4.2. Consolida ion p essu e and olle compac ion
Consolida ion p essu e, applied ia he AFP compac ion olle , is c i ical o achie ing oid- ee lamina es and obus
in e lamina bonding. In CF/PEEK manu ac u ing, he consolida ion p ocess occu s while he PEEK ma ix is mol en,
allowing he applied p essu e o d i e esin low in o in e s i ial spaces be ween ibe s and ac oss laye in e aces [20].
Adequa e p essu e p omo es we ing o he ibe su ace, inc easing he con ac a ea o in e molecula adhesion.
Howe e , excessi e p essu e can lead o ibe dis o ion o esin squeeze-ou , pa icula ly in cu ed sec ions whe e
geome ic cons ain s concen a e load. This can cause ibe buckling o esin- ich a eas, bo h o which may educe
s uc u al in eg i y [17]. Simila ly, insu icien p essu e isks lea ing unbonded egions and en apped ai pocke s,
which mani es as oids and delamina ion si es unde load.
Rolle design plays an impo an ole in p essu e applica ion. Flexible olle s can con o m o complex su aces,
dis ibu ing p essu e e enly, while igid olle s a e be e sui ed o la o gen ly cu ed lamina es. P essu e is o en
modula ed in synch ony wi h head mo emen o accommoda e changes in cu a u e and ibe o ien a ion.
P ocess op imiza ion equi es balancing consolida ion p essu e wi h hea inpu , layup speed, and olle compliance.
Fo example, highe layup speeds may equi e g ea e consolida ion o ces o ensu e adequa e bonding du ing he
sho ened he mal window. As shown in Table 2, p essu e le els wi hin he ange o 2–6 kN a e common o CF/PEEK
AFP, wi h he op imal alue depending on ply hickness, ow wid h, and a ge c ys allini y [18].
Closed-loop p essu e eedback sys ems, in eg a ed in o mode n AFP machines, enable eal- ime adjus men s o
main ain consis en compac ion ac oss he pa su ace [19]. This capabili y is pa icula ly aluable in high- eliabili y
applica ions, whe e e en mino a ia ions in in e lamina bonding can signi ican ly a ec a igue li e and damage
ole ance.
4.3. Hea inpu , lase powe , and empe a u e p o iles
Hea inpu du ing AFP go e ns he deg ee o ma ix mel ing, a ec ing bo h bonding quali y and inal c ys allini y. In
CF/PEEK manu ac u ing, lase o in a ed hea ing uni s p o ide con olled, localized ene gy o he composi e su ace,
ypically deli e ing powe in he ange o 500–2000 W depending on ow wid h and deposi ion a e [16].
The powe le el and dwell ime mus be su icien o aise he PEEK ma ix abo e i s mel ing poin (~343 °C) wi hou
exceeding deg ada ion h esholds (~400 °C) [21]. O e hea ing can cause oxida i e damage, polyme chain scission, and
discolo a ion, while unde hea ing leads o incomple e bonding and highe oid con en .
Tempe a u e p o iles wi hin he deposi ion zone in luence c ys alliza ion kine ics, as he ma ix begins o cool
immedia ely a e compac ion. Uni o m hea ing ac oss he ow wid h ensu es consis en bonding, while empe a u e
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(02), 851-870
859
g adien s can c ea e une en c ys allini y and esidual s esses. In a ed py ome e s and embedded he mocouples
p o ide eal- ime eedback, enabling closed-loop adjus men s o lase powe o head speed [18].
Table 2 highligh s he ela ionship be ween hea inpu and in e lamina bonding s eng h, showing ha op imal
mechanical pe o mance is ypically achie ed wi h s eady-s a e p ocessing empe a u es 20–30 °C abo e PEEK’s
mel ing poin [19].
Ene gy deli e y me hods also a ec p ocess e iciency. Con inuous wa e (CW) lase s p o ide s able, uni o m hea ing,
whe eas modula ed o scanned beams can be ailo ed o speci ic geome ies, educing ene gy was e and a oiding local
o e hea ing. The hea ing s a egy mus also accoun o ma e ial abso p i i y, which can a y wi h ibe o ien a ion and
su ace condi ion. E ec i e hea managemen in AFP no only ensu es high bond quali y bu also allows ine- uning o
c ys allini y o applica ion-speci ic equi emen s [20].
4.4. Cooling a e and i s e ec on c ys allini y
Cooling a e a e deposi ion signi ican ly impac s he c ys allini y and esul ing p ope ies o CF/PEEK composi es.
Rapid cooling, o en achie ed h ough o ced ai o chilled ooling, supp esses c ys al g ow h, leading o lowe
c ys allini y and inc eased amo phous con en . This gene ally imp o es impac esis ance and oughness bu may
educe s i ness and chemical esis ance [17].
Con e sely, slow cooling allows o he o ma ion o la ge , mo e o de ed c ys alline s uc u es, enhancing modulus,
dimensional s abili y, and he mal esis ance. Howe e , excessi e c ys allini y can inc ease b i leness, which may be
undesi able in impac -c i ical applica ions such as au omo i e c ash s uc u es [19]. The op imal c ys allini y le el o
CF/PEEK ypically alls be ween 30% and 40%, balancing s i ness and oughness [16].
AFP sys ems can con ol cooling a es h ough se e al means: passi e cooling ia ambien ai exposu e, ac i e cooling
using di ec ed ai low o chilled olle s, and he mal managemen ia hea ed ooling o con ol he empe a u e g adien
[18]. In high-pe o mance ae ospace componen s, con olled slow cooling is o en p e e ed o maximize s uc u al
s i ness and high- empe a u e pe o mance.
As summa ized in Table 2, he cooling a e in e ac s s ongly wi h layup speed and hea inpu . Fo example, highe
deposi ion a es sho en he he mal exposu e window, equi ing as e cooling o p e en o e hea ing o subsequen
laye s. Simila ly, high consolida ion p essu es can inc ease hea conduc ion in o he subs a e, a ec ing c ys alliza ion
pa e ns.
Unde s anding he in e play be ween cooling a e and o he AFP pa ame e s enables manu ac u e s o ailo CF/PEEK
lamina es o speci ic pe o mance c i e ia, ensu ing op imal se ice li e and eliabili y unde demanding ope a ing
condi ions [21].
5. Mic os uc u al e olu ion in AFP-manu ac u ed CF/peek
5.1. Fibe alignmen and dis ibu ion
Fibe alignmen is a de ining ac o in de e mining he aniso opic mechanical p ope ies o CF/PEEK lamina es. In AFP
manu ac u ing, he au oma ed con ol o ow placemen allows o high p ecision in ibe o ien a ion, minimizing
angula de ia ions ha could comp omise load-bea ing capaci y [21]. P ope alignmen maximizes axial s i ness and
ensile s eng h in he ibe di ec ion, which is pa icula ly c i ical in ae ospace panels and au omo i e s uc u al
ein o cemen s.
Uni o m ibe dis ibu ion ac oss he lamina e ensu es consis en load ans e and p e en s s ess concen a ions. Poo
ow placemen can cause esin- ich egions o local ibe clus e ing, bo h o which may se e as ini ia ion si es o
mic oc acking unde mechanical o he mal s ess [22].
The AFP p ocess inhe en ly educes human e o compa ed o manual layup, bu ac o s such as olle compliance, ow
ension, and cu a u e o he subs a e can s ill in luence alignmen quali y. Ad anced AFP heads inco po a e closed-
loop eedback sys ems ha de ec misalignmen s in eal ime and adjus placemen pa hs acco dingly.
As shown in Figu e 3, di e ences in ibe alignmen ac oss laye s can signi ican ly in luence oid pa e ns and o e all
lamina e densi y. Misalignmen inc eases he likelihood o incomple e consolida ion be ween ows, leading o
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(02), 851-870
866
demons a ing s able pe o mance o e 10⁷ cycles wi hou signi ican s i ness loss [33]. Au omo i e c ash s uc u es
unde go epea ed low- eloci y impac es s o e alua e ene gy abso p ion e en ion a e mul iple impac s.
Non-des uc i e inspec ion (NDI) me hods such as ul asonic C-scan and he mog aphy a e employed bo h p e- and
pos - es ing o iden i y subsu ace de ec s, delamina ion g ow h, o ibe b eakage [36]. Componen s passing hese
inspec ions demons a e he du abili y bene i s ou lined in Figu e 5 and Table 3, wi h de ec a es emaining wi hin
ce i ica ion h esholds.
Fo ae ospace adop ion, u he quali ica ion s eps include en i onmen al condi ioning es s (e.g., he mal cycling,
humidi y exposu e) o ensu e long- e m p ope y e en ion. In he au omo i e sec o , c ashwo hiness simula ions and
physical c ash es s alida e de o ma ion beha io , ensu ing compliance wi h sa e y egula ions [37]. The combined
esul s con i m ha op imized AFP-manu ac u ed CF/PEEK componen s mee o exceed he pe o mance and eliabili y
equi emen s o hei in ended applica ions.
8.3. Cos -bene i analysis o indus ial adop ion
The decision o adop AFP o CF/PEEK p oduc ion in ae ospace and au omo i e indus ies depends on balancing
manu ac u ing cos s agains pe o mance and li ecycle sa ings. While AFP equipmen and ooling ep esen a signi ican
ini ial in es men , au oma ion subs an ially educes labo cos s and ma e ial was e compa ed o manual layup [35].
Cycle ime educ ions a e ano he majo bene i . AFP in eg a es ma e ial placemen , hea ing, and consolida ion in a
single ope a ion, elimina ing sepa a e cu ing s eps equi ed o he mose composi es. This e iciency enables highe
p oduc ion olumes wi hou comp omising quali y [36].
Weigh sa ings om eplacing me al o hea ie composi es wi h op imized CF/PEEK pa s yield ope a ional cos
bene i s, pa icula ly in ae ospace. A 10% weigh educ ion in an ai c a s uc u e can lowe uel consump ion by 5–
7%, gene a ing signi ican long- e m sa ings [38]. In au omo i e applica ions, educed ehicle mass con ibu es o
imp o ed uel e iciency o ex ended elec ic ehicle ange, enhancing ma ke compe i i eness.
Table 2 and Figu e 4 illus a e how op imized p ocess pa ame e s no only imp o e pe o mance bu also educe
ewo k and sc ap a es, u he inc easing cos -e ec i eness. These economic ad an ages, combined wi h he
pe o mance and sus ainabili y bene i s, make AFP-manu ac u ed CF/PEEK a s ong candida e o mains eam
adop ion in bo h indus ies.
8.4. Sus ainabili y and li ecycle conside a ions
AFP-manu ac u ed CF/PEEK componen s align wi h sus ainabili y goals h ough hei ecyclabili y and ex ended
se ice li e [34]. PEEK’s he moplas ic na u e allows eclaimed ma e ial o be ep ocessed wi hou signi ican p ope y
loss, enabling closed-loop manu ac u ing. Weigh educ ions achie ed wi h op imized lamina es con ibu e o educed
ope a ional ca bon emissions in ae ospace and au omo i e applica ions [37]. Li ecycle assessmen s indica e ha ,
despi e highe ini ial manu ac u ing ene gy equi emen s, o al en i onmen al impac is lowe compa ed o me al o
he mose coun e pa s [38]. By combining ad anced manu ac u ing e iciency wi h ma e ial ecyclabili y, AFP-
p oduced CF/PEEK s uc u es mee he dual challenge o high pe o mance and en i onmen al esponsibili y in mode n
enginee ing applica ions.
9. Challenges, esea ch gaps and u u e ou look
9.1. Cu en echnical limi a ions
Despi e he ad an ages o high- empe a u e AFP o CF/PEEK manu ac u ing, se e al echnical challenges pe sis . One
majo limi a ion is he na ow p ocessing window equi ed o achie e op imal in e lamina bonding wi hou inducing
he mal deg ada ion o he PEEK ma ix [37]. Sligh de ia ions in hea inpu o layup speed can cause oid o ma ion,
esin deg ada ion, o poo c ys allini y con ol. This sensi i i y necessi a es highly ained ope a o s and p ecise
p ocess moni o ing sys ems.
Tooling cons ain s also limi AFP’s lexibili y in p oducing e y la ge o highly con ou ed pa s. Fo complex
geome ies, main aining consis en compac ion p essu e and uni o m hea ing ac oss cu ed su aces emains a
challenge, po en ially leading o localized de ec s [38]. Fu he mo e, high equipmen cos s and main enance
equi emen s con inue o pose adop ion ba ie s o smalle manu ac u e s.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(02), 851-870
867
Ma e ial- ela ed challenges include a iabili y in p ep eg quali y, such as inconsis en ibe a eal weigh o esin
dis ibu ion, which can dis up p ocess s abili y and inal pa pe o mance [39]. Add essing hese issues equi es
igh e quali y con ol in aw ma e ial p oduc ion, as well as be e in eg a ion be ween ma e ial supplie s and AFP
equipmen manu ac u e s.
9.2. In eg a ion wi h digi al wins and AI-d i en p ocess con ol
The adop ion o digi al wins i ual eplicas o he AFP p ocess o e s a pa hway o o e coming many cu en
challenges. By simula ing hea ans e , p essu e dis ibu ion, and ibe placemen in eal ime, digi al wins enable
p edic i e con ol and apid oubleshoo ing [40].
Coupled wi h AI-d i en p ocess moni o ing, hese sys ems can analyze senso da a ( he mal imaging, olle p essu e
eedback, ul asonic inspec ion) o iden i y de ia ions om op imal condi ions. Machine lea ning algo i hms can hen
au onomously adjus p ocess pa ame e s, main aining a ge oid con en , c ys allini y, and ibe alignmen .
In eg a ion o AI wi h digi al wins also acili a es con inuous p ocess op imiza ion ac oss p oduc ion ba ches, educing
ial-and-e o adjus men s. This capabili y enhances epea abili y, sho ens se up imes, and minimizes sc ap, aligning
wi h he cos and sus ainabili y ad an ages ou lined in Table 2 and Figu es 4–5 [37].
9.3. Ad ancemen s in AFP-compa ible he moplas ic p ep egs
Ongoing esea ch in AFP-compa ible he moplas ic p ep egs is expanding he ma e ial op ions a ailable o high-
pe o mance applica ions. Fo CF/PEEK, de elopmen s ocus on imp o ing esin low cha ac e is ics, ailo ing ibe
sizings o be e in e acial adhesion, and achie ing mo e uni o m esin dis ibu ion du ing AFP p ocessing [38].
New p ep eg o ma s, such as hinne ows and hyb id ein o cemen sys ems, allow o ine placemen con ol and
educed de ec isk in complex geome ies. Addi ionally, co-ex usion echniques a e enabling he p oduc ion o
p ep egs wi h ailo ed esin chemis ies ha enhance impac esis ance o he mal s abili y wi hou sac i icing s i ness
[41].
These ad ancemen s di ec ly add ess he a iabili y and p ocessing challenges no ed in Sec ion 9.1. When combined
wi h adap i e AFP con ol s a egies, nex -gene a ion p ep egs p omise highe -quali y lamina es wi h educed cycle
imes, ensu ing ha CF/PEEK emains compe i i e in demanding ae ospace and au omo i e ma ke s while suppo ing
he long- e m adop ion o sus ainable, ecyclable he moplas ic composi es.
10. Conclusions
The de elopmen and op imiza ion o ca bon ibe - ein o ced polye he e he ke one (CF/PEEK) composi es h ough
high- empe a u e au oma ed ibe placemen (AFP) has demons a ed he ans o ma i e po en ial o combining
ad anced he moplas ic ma e ials wi h p ecision manu ac u ing echnologies. This wo k has highligh ed he in ica e
p ocess–s uc u e–p ope y ela ionships ha de ine he pe o mance o CF/PEEK lamina es and how a ge ed con ol
o AFP pa ame e s can signi ican ly enhance bo h mechanical and he mal p ope ies.
Ac oss he p eceding sec ions, i is e iden ha he syne gy be ween layup speed, consolida ion p essu e, hea inpu ,
and cooling a e is c i ical o achie ing uni o m ibe alignmen , op imal c ys allini y, and minimal oid con en . The
abili y o p ecisely manage hese pa ame e s enables he ab ica ion o componen s wi h supe io ensile, lexu al, and
comp essi e p ope ies, high in e lamina shea s eng h, and enhanced ac u e oughness, all while main aining
he mal s abili y in demanding se ice en i onmen s. The in eg a ion o ad anced moni o ing, p edic i e modeling, and
machine lea ning u he s eng hens p ocess eliabili y, enabling eal- ime op imiza ion and consis ency ac oss
p oduc ion uns.
Case s udies in ae ospace and au omo i e sec o s ha e shown ha AFP-p oduced CF/PEEK componen s no only mee
bu o en exceed indus y pe o mance s anda ds. Bene i s such as weigh educ ion, imp o ed uel e iciency, ex ended
se ice li e, and educed main enance cos s unde sco e he alue p oposi ion o indus ial adop ion. Fu he mo e,
li ecycle assessmen s indica e ha despi e highe ini ial ene gy inpu o manu ac u ing, he long- e m en i onmen al
impac is signi ican ly lowe han ha o me als o he mose composi es, owing o ecyclabili y and ope a ional
e iciency gains.
Challenges emain, including he need o wide p ocess windows, imp o ed p ep eg consis ency, and g ea e
accessibili y o AFP echnology o small and medium-sized en e p ises. Ne e heless, eme ging solu ions such as digi al
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(02), 851-870
868
wins o p edic i e con ol, AI-d i en pa ame e op imiza ion, and nex -gene a ion AFP-compa ible p ep egs a e
poised o add ess hese limi a ions. The ongoing con e gence o ma e ials science, manu ac u ing enginee ing, and
da a-d i en p ocess con ol will likely expand he capabili ies and adop ion o CF/PEEK composi es ac oss mul iple
indus ies.
In conclusion, high- empe a u e AFP, when applied wi h a deep unde s anding o p ocess–s uc u e–p ope y
in e dependencies, o e s a scalable pa hway o p oducing ligh weigh , high-pe o mance, and sus ainable s uc u al
componen s. I s p o en ad an ages in c i ical applica ions posi ion CF/PEEK no jus as a niche high-pe o mance
ma e ial, bu as a co ne s one o u u e s uc u al enginee ing solu ions in ae ospace, au omo i e, and beyond. This
in eg a ed app oach linking ad anced ma e ial design wi h p ecision p ocessing ensu es ha he nex gene a ion o
composi e s uc u es will mee he dual impe a i es o enginee ing excellence and en i onmen al esponsibili y.
Re e ences
[1] Pou ahmadi E, Ganesan R, Shadmeh i F. Mic omechanical cha ac e iza ion o ca bon/PEEK he moplas ic
composi e ma e ial in-si u consolida ed by au oma ed ibe placemen : s i ness p edic ion. Composi es Science
and Technology. 2024 Feb 8;246:110390.
[2] Chen J, Fu K, Li Y. Unde s anding p ocessing pa ame e e ec s o ca bon ib e ein o ced he moplas ic
composi es manu ac u ed by lase -assis ed au oma ed ib e placemen (AFP). Composi es Pa A: Applied
Science and Manu ac u ing. 2021 Jan 1;140:106160.
[3] Zhao D, Chen J, Zhang H, Liu W, Yue G, Pan L. E ec s o p ocessing pa ame e s on he pe o mance o ca bon ibe
ein o ced polyphenylene sul ide lamina es manu ac u ed by lase -assis ed au oma ed ibe placemen . Jou nal
o Composi e Ma e ials. 2022 Feb;56(3):427-39.
[4] Chukwunweike J. Design and op imiza ion o ene gy-e icien elec ic machines o indus ial au oma ion and
enewable powe con e sion applica ions. In J Compu Appl Technol Res. 2019;8(12):548–560. doi:
10.7753/IJCATR0812.1011.
[5] Adegboye O, Ola eju AP, Okolo IP. Localized Ba e y Ma e ial P ocessing Hubs: Assessing Indus ial Policy o
G een G ow h and Supply Chain So e eign y in he Global Sou h. In e na ional Jou nal o Compu e Applica ions
Technology and Resea ch. 2024;13(12):38–53.
[6] Zhang H, Zhang Z, Long Y, Ran X, Guo Y, Li Y. Enhanced Mechanical P ope ies o Con inuous Ca bon Fibe -
Rein o ced PEEK Composi es ia P ocess Pa ame e s Op imiza ion and Assis ed In a ed I adia ion Hea ing.
Composi es Communica ions. 2025 Jul 15:102531.
[7] Mössinge I, Raps L, F icke D, F eund J, Löbbecke M, Chadwick AR. Cha ac e is ics o in-si u au oma ed ibe
placemen ca bon- ibe - ein o ced low-mel polya yl e he ke one lamina es pa 1: Manu ac u ing in luences.
Jou nal o Composi e Ma e ials. 2024 Jun;58(15):1769-87.
[8] So ayani Ba qi MS, Bi gun N, Sane Okan B. Design and Manu ac u ing o High-Pe o mance and High-
Tempe a u e The moplas ic Composi e o Ae ospace Applica ions. InHandbook o Nano ille s 2024 Sep 27 (pp.
1-48). Singapo e: Sp inge Na u e Singapo e.
[9] Hoang VT, Kwon BS, Sung JW, Choe HS, Oh SW, Lee SM, Kweon JH, Nam YW. Pos p ocessing me hod-induced
mechanical p ope ies o ca bon ibe - ein o ced he moplas ic composi es. Jou nal o The moplas ic Composi e
Ma e ials. 2023 Jan;36(1):432-47.
[10] Liu Y, Zhang W, Liu J, Guan Y, Ding X. S udy on mic os uc u es and mechanical pe o mance o lase ansmission
welding o poly-e he -e he -ke one (PEEK) and ca bon ibe ein o ced PEEK (CFR-PEEK). Jou nal o Lase
Applica ions. 2022 No 1;34(4).
[11] Cogswell FN. The moplas ic a oma ic polyme composi es: a s udy o he s uc u e, p ocessing and p ope ies o
ca bon ib e ein o ced polye he e he ke one and ela ed ma e ials. Else ie ; 2013 Oc 22.
[12] Raymond An wi Boakye, Geo ge Gyam i, Cindy Osei Agyemang. De eloping eal- ime secu i y analy ics o EHR
logs using in elligen beha io al and access pa e n analysis. In J Eng Technol Res Manag. 2023 Jan;07(01):144.
A ailable om: h ps://doi.o g/10.5281/zenodo.15486614
[13] Zhang CH, Wang F, Zhang CS, Bao YL, Wang MJ, Liu D, Wu J, Su ZM. The mal- o ce coupling simula ion o ca bon
ib e- ein o ced poly-e he -e he -ke one he moplas ic composi es du ing he lase -assis ed au oma ed ape
placemen p ocess. Plas ics, Rubbe and Composi es. 2024 Dec;53(8-10):181-9.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(02), 851-870
869
[14] de Cas o EM, Bozo gmeh ian F, Ca ola M, Koe ne H, Samouei H, Asadi A. Sul u -d i en eac i e p ocessing o
mul iscale g aphene/ca bon ibe -polye he e he ke one (PEEK) composi es wi h ailo ed c ys allini y and
enhanced mechanical pe o mance. Composi es Pa B: Enginee ing. 2025 Ap 15;295:112180.
[15] Li X, Daso F, Lee J, Spangle J, Cana JP, Kinsella M, Wa dle BL. Consolida ion o ae ospace-g ade high-
empe a u e he moplas ic ca bon ibe composi es ia nano-enginee ed elec o he mal hea ing. Composi es
Pa B: Enginee ing. 2023 Aug 1;262:110814.
[16] Ha ik R, B asing on A. Au oma ed Fibe Placemen : S a us, Challenges, and E olu ion. SAE In e na ional; 2025
Jun 11.
[17] Zhao Z, Zhang J, Bi R, Chen C, Yao J, Liu G. S udy on he o e molding p ocess o ca bon- ibe - ein o ced poly (a yl
e he ke one)(PAEK)/poly (e he e he ke one)(PEEK) he moplas ic composi es. Ma e ials. 2023 Jun
18;16(12):4456.
[18] Wang H, Huo S, Che ali V, Hall W, O inga A, Song P, Wang H. Ca bon Fibe Rein o ced The moplas ics: F om
Ma e ials o Manu ac u ing and Applica ions. Ad anced Ma e ials. 2025 Jan 1:2418709.
[19] Onabowale O eoluwa. Inno a i e inancing models o b idging he heal hca e access gap in de eloping
economies. Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews. 2020;5(3):200–218. doi:
h ps://doi.o g/10.30574/wja .2020.5.3.0023
[20] Niu C, Luan C, Shen H, Yao X, Zhao K, Ding Z, Dong N, Ji Y, Fu J. Hyb id addi i e manu ac u ing o CF/PEEK-PEEK
based on lase -assis ed au oma ed ibe placemen and used ilamen ab ica ion. Jou nal o Rein o ced Plas ics
and Composi es. 2025 Ap 22:07316844251337262.
[21] Adebowale OJ, Ashaolu O. The mal managemen sys ems op imiza ion o ba e y elec ic ehicles using
ad anced mechanical enginee ing app oaches. In Res J Mode n Eng Technol Sci. 2024 No ;6(11):6398.
doi:10.56726/IRJMETS45888.
[22] Adepoju, Daniel Adeyemi, Adekola Geo ge Adepoju, Daniel K. Che uiyo , and Zeyana Hamid. 2025. “Access o
Heal h Ca e and Social Se ices o Vulne able Popula ions Using Communi y De elopmen Wa ehouse: An
Analysis”. Jou nal o Disease and Global Heal h 18 (2):148-56.
h ps://doi.o g/10.56557/jodagh/2025/ 18i29606.
[23] Zhang Y, Zheng W, Wang Y, Ma K, Feng X, Ji Q, Guo W, Lu B. A e iew o 3D p in ing con inuous ca bon ibe
ein o ced he moplas ic polyme s: Ma e ials, p ocesses, pe o mance enhancemen , and ailu e analysis.
Polyme Composi es. 2025 Ap 25.
[24] Va andaş BB, Güm ük R. Addi i e manu ac u ing and mechanical pe o mance o sho ibe ein o ced PEEK
(polye he e he ke one) he moplas ic composi es in a acuum en i onmen . The In e na ional Jou nal o
Ad anced Manu ac u ing Technology. 2024 Sep;134(3):1677-98.
[25] Oluwagbade E, Odumbo OR. Building esilien heal hca e dis ibu ion ne wo ks: Adap ing o c ises, secu ing
supplies and imp o ing scalabili y. In e na ional Jou nal o Science and Resea ch A chi e. 2025 Jan;14(1):1579-
1598. doi:10.30574/ijs a.2025.14.1.0265.
[26] Ziang JI, Shouzheng SU, Zhenyu HA, Hongya FU. Tempe a u e ield cha ac e is ics o CF/PEEK he moplas ic
composi es o med by au oma ed ibe placemen using ho gas o ch wi h sli s uc u e nozzle. Chinese Jou nal
o Ae onau ics. 2024 Jun 1;37(6):392-409.
[27] Zhang Y, Li Y, Luan X, Meng B, Liu J, Lu Y. E ec s o Void Cha ac e is ics on he Mechanical P ope ies o Ca bon
Fibe Rein o ced Polye he e he ke one Composi es: Mic omechanical Modeling and Analysis. Polyme s. 2025
Jun 20;17(13):1721.
[28] Liu Z, Li Y, Hao Y, Ma Z, Gu X. Analysis and op imiza ion o laying p ocess pa ame e s o ca bon ibe ein o ced
he moplas ic composi es o addi i e manu ac u ing using obo . In e na ional Jou nal o P ecision Enginee ing
and Manu ac u ing. 2024 Ma ;25(3):571-95.Cao Z, Dong M, Liu K, Fu H. Tempe a u e ield in he hea ans e
p ocess o PEEK he moplas ic composi e ibe placemen . Ma e ials. 2020 Oc 4;13(19):4417.
[29] Ha iland L. Mechanical Cha ac e iza ion o Au oma ed Fibe Placemen and Addi i e Manu ac u ing Hyb id
Composi es. The Uni e si y o Maine; 2023.
[30] Awo unde Opeyemi Joseph. Con inuous model calib a ion: Le e aging eedback-d i en ine- uning o sel -
co ec ing la ge language models. In e na ional Jou nal o Resea ch Publica ion and Re iews. 2025
Ma ;6(3):4145-4158. doi:10.55248/gengpi.6.0325.1208. A ailable om:
h ps://doi.o g/10.55248/gengpi.6.0325.1208
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(02), 851-870
870
[31] Emmanuel Oluwagbade. B idging he heal hca e gap: The ole o AI-d i en elemedicine in eme ging economies.
In e na ional Jou nal o Resea ch Publica ion and Re iews. 2025 Jan;6(1):3732-3743.
doi:10.55248/gengpi.6.0125.0531.
[32] Dai G, Zhan L, Guan C, Huang M. Op imiza ion o molding p ocess pa ame e s o CF/PEEK composi es based on
Taguchi me hod. Composi es and Ad anced Ma e ials. 2021 Ma 23;30:26349833211001882.
[33] Yassin K, Hojja i M. P ocessing o he moplas ic ma ix composi es h ough au oma ed ibe placemen and ape
laying me hods: A e iew. Jou nal o The moplas ic Composi e Ma e ials. 2018 Dec;31(12):1676-725.
[34] Chen Y, Zhang J, Li Z, Zhang H, Chen J, Yang W, Yu T, Liu W, Li Y. Manu ac u ing echnology o ligh weigh ibe -
ein o ced composi e s uc u es in ae ospace: Cu en si ua ion and owa d in ellec ualiza ion. Ae ospace. 2023
Feb 22;10(3):206.
[35] Liu J, Wang S, Yang H, Zhu D, Guangquan Y. P ocessing and cha ac e iza ion o high-pe o mance he moplas ic
composi es manu ac u ed by lase -assis ed au oma ed ibe placemen in-si u consolida ion and ho -p ess.
Jou nal o Enginee ed Fibe s and Fab ics. 2024 May;19:15589250241254440.
[36] Emmanuel Oluwagbade, Alemede Vincen , Odumbo Oluwole, & Animashaun Blessing. (2023). LIFECYCLE
GOVERNANCE FOR EXPLAINABLE AI IN PHARMACEUTICAL SUPPLY CHAINS: A FRAMEWORK FOR
CONTINUOUS VALIDATION, BIAS AUDITING, AND EQUITABLE HEALTHCARE DELIVERY. In e na ional Jou nal
o Enginee ing Technology Resea ch and Managemen (IJETRM),
07(11). h ps://doi.o g/10.5281/zenodo.15124514
[37] Zhao D, Li Z, Liu W, Li T, Yue G, Pan L. C ys alliza ion mechanism and mechanical p ope ies o CF/PPS
he moplas ic composi es manu ac u ed by lase -assis ed au oma ed ibe placemen . Jou nal o Composi e
Ma e ials. 2023 Jan;57(1):49-61.
[38] Oluwagbade E. B idging he heal hca e gap: The ole o AI-d i en elemedicine in eme ging economies.
In e na ional Jou nal o Resea ch Publica ion and Re iews. 2025 Jan;6(1):3732-3743.
doi:10.55248/gengpi.6.0125.0531
[39] To o SA, Gonzalez C, Fe nández-Blázquez JP, Rid uejo A. Fab ica ion and mechanical p ope ies o a high-
pe o mance PEEK-PEI hyb id mul ilaye ed he moplas ic ma ix composi e ein o ced wi h ca bon ibe .
Composi es Pa A: Applied Science and Manu ac u ing. 2024 Oc 1;185:108308.
[40] Rajak DK, Wagh PH, Linul E. Manu ac u ing echnologies o ca bon/glass ibe - ein o ced polyme composi es
and hei p ope ies: A e iew. Polyme s. 2021 Oc 28;13(21):3721.
[41] Zhao F, Liu Z, Chen R, Hao Y, Ma Z. The e ec o empe a u e ield on he cha ac e is ics o ca bon ibe ein o ced
he moplas ic composi es in he laying and shaping p ocess. The In e na ional Jou nal o Ad anced
Manu ac u ing Technology. 2022 Aug;121(11):7569-89.
