Co esponding au ho : K amoko BAMBA
Copy igh © 2025 Au ho (s) e ain he copy igh o his a icle. This a icle is published unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion License 4.0.
En i onmen al impac assessmen o he conse a ion o e es ial mammals a a
g ani e qua y si e a Lolobo, Cô e d'I oi e
Céles in Yao KOUAKOU 1, 2, K amoko BAMBA 1, *, Cons an in Yapi ASSI 1 and Djaha KOUAME 1
1 UFR En i onnemen , Labo a oi e de Biodi e si é e Ecologie T opicale, Uni e si é Jean Lo ougnon Guédé, BP 150 Daloa,
Cô e d’I oi e.
2 Conse a ion e Valo isa ion des Ressou ces Na u elles, Cen e Suisse de Reche ches Scien i iques, 20 BP 650 Abidjan 20,
Cô e d’I oi e.
GSC Biological and Pha maceu ical Sciences, 2025, 33(01), 080-088
Publica ion his o y: Recei ed on 31 Augus 2025; e ised on 06 Oc obe 2025; accep ed on 09 Oc obe 2025
A icle DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.30574/gscbps.2025.33.1.0387
Abs ac
En i onmen al impac s udies a e becoming a necessi y o p ojec s o gua an ee sus ainable de elopmen . This wo k
aims o imp o e knowledge on he con ibu ion o en i onmen al impac s udies o he conse a ion o mammalian
auna and i s habi a a he le el o he g ani e qua y o Lolobo, cen al Cô e d'I oi e. The da a collec ion ook place
om 05 o 28 Decembe 2019. I consis ed, on he one hand, in ca ying ou su eys wi h he illage popula ions and
membe s o he qua y s a . In addi ion, econnaissance ma ches we e ca ied ou in he icini y o he qua y. The
applica ion o hese me hods made i possible o obse e be o e he exploi a ion phase, 19 species dis ibu ed in 6
o de s we e p esen on he Lolobo qua y si e. Du ing he exploi a ion phase, 10 species dis ibu ed in 5 o de s we e
p esen on he qua y si e. Ou su ey esul s indica e he exis ence o h ee habi a ypes p io o he exploi a ion o
he qua y, while i e habi a ypes we e iden i ied du ing he exploi a ion. Fi e ypes o nuisance on he qua y
including noise, aqueous discha ges, dus emissions, ib a ions and exhaus gases wi hou o ge ing he in e na ional
ou e (Yamoussouk o-Bouaké) due o he mo emen o anspo ehicles ha e been iden i ied. We ecommend o he
s udies aking in o accoun o he wildli e axa, plan di e si y bu also en i onmen al moni o ing a he le el o g ani e
qua ies o gua an ee he conse a ion o biodi e si y.
Keywo ds: En i onmen al impac ; Conse a ion; Mammals; Species ichness; G ani e qua y; Cô e d’I oi e
1. In oduc ion
En i onmen al deg ada ion is a g owing conce n o he scien i ic communi y [1, 2]. The disappea ance o animals and
hei habi a s does no gua an ee he sus ainabili y o ecosys em se ices [3]. En i onmen al p o ec ion is a global
challenge ha in ol es all socio-economic and ecological s akeholde s in o de o ensu e sus ainable de elopmen . I is
in his con ex ha en i onmen al and social impac assessmen s (ESIAs) ha e been es ablished o all de elopmen
p ojec s. ESIAs a e conside ed as a se o in e disciplina y p ocedu es aking place in se e al s ages o ensu e ha
en i onmen al and social conside a ions a e aken in o accoun in decisions conce ning de elopmen p ojec s [2, 4].
Among hese p ojec s, qua ying ac i i ies consis ing o g ani e exploi a ion occupy a p ominen place o he
es ablishmen o oad in as uc u e [5]. Un o una ely, he economic in e es s linked o he exploi a ion o g ani e a e
o en accompanied by signi ican undesi able impac s on he en i onmen [5, 6]. In Cô e d'I oi e, despi e awa eness o
he impo ance o en i onmen al impac assessmen s (EIAs), he impac s o g ani e qua ying ac i i ies on wildli e and
hei habi a s emain insu icien ly known [5, 7]. Acco ding o Ahon (2015) [3, 8], he s a e o wildli e and i s habi a a e
also poo ly unde s ood a di e en phases o qua ying ac i i ies in di e en a eas o he coun y, such as he locali y
o Lolobo in he Yamoussouk o depa men . Howe e , knowledge o wildli e di e si y and i s p e e ed habi a a e
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c ucial in decision-making ega ding en i onmen al p o ec ion and conse a ion o animal biodi e si y [1, 3]. Medium
and la ge mammalian auna in pa icula a e in ole an o human in e e ence and cons i u e good indica o s o he
heal h o habi a s. The gene al objec i e o his wo k is o con ibu e o he unde s anding o he ole o EIAs in he
conse a ion o mammalian auna and hei habi a s a he qua y le el. Mo e speci ically, i conce ns ; (i) de e mine
he di e si y o mammal species and hei habi a s be o e and du ing he exploi a ion phase o he Lolobo qua y (ii)
iden i y he impac s linked o he exploi a ion o he qua y on mammalian auna and i s habi a .
2. Me hodology
2.1. S udy a ea
The s udy si e is loca ed in he Au onomous Dis ic o Yamoussouk o, p ecisely in he depa men o A iégouak o, in
he sub-p e ec u e o Lolobo, which is in he cen e o Cô e d'I oi e. The locali y o Lolobo is loca ed in he 29N UTM
zone be ween 240000 and 250000 Eas longi udes and be ween 760000 and 780000 No h la i udes (Figu e 1). The
qua y si e is loca ed mo e p ecisely 5 km om he illage o Lolobo and app oxima ely 6 km om he illage o
N'Dênou, on he Yamoussouk o-Bouaké axis. The opening and exploi a ion a ea o he qua y co e s an a ea o 100 ha.
The main ac i i y o he Lolobo qua y ope a ion is he ex ac ion o agg ega es o use in he cons uc ion o he
Yamoussouk o-Bouaké highway.
Figu e 1 Geog aphical loca ion o he s udy a ea
2.2. Da a collec ion me hods
Th ee main da a collec ion me hods we e combined du ing his s udy o op imize ou esul s. These a e su eys o local
popula ions in he sub-p e ec u e o Lolobo, econnaissance walks and documen a y esea ch [3, 8].
2.3. Documen a y esea ch
The li e a u e sea ch consis ed o collec ing exis ing documen a ion on he s udy a ea and simila s udies be o e
collec ing da a on he qua y si e and du ing econnaissance walks du ing wildli e su eys [9]. This sea ch also included
jou nals, s udy epo s and esea ch wo ks on wildli e conse a ion.
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2.4. Su eys o local popula ions
These su eys we e ca ied ou wo weeks om 8 a.m. o 5 p.m. a e ob aining au ho iza ion om he Gene al
Managemen o he SINTRAM-CI company and he chie dom o he illages a ge ed o he s udy. The choice o he
s udy popula ion was based on people aged 20 and o e , composed o young people and old people (men and women)
li ing in he illages (Lolobo, N'Dêdo and N'Dênou) closes o he Lolobo g ani e qua y. In addi ion o his c i e ion, we
ensu ed ha he people o be su eyed in he illages had esided in hese locali ies o yea s and ha hey had a good
knowledge o he wildli e. In addi ion o people om he a o emen ioned illages, membe s o he qua y s a we e also
su eyed. A minimum numbe o 20 people o be in e iewed was a ge ed in each illage o ake in o accoun he a ge
age g oup and he size o he illage popula ion. This me hod consis ed on he one hand in collec ing om hese
popula ions in o ma ion ela ing o he di e si y o mammal species and hei habi a s in he qua y a ea be o e and
du ing he exploi a ion phase and on he o he hand in iden i ying he impac s and isks linked o he exploi a ion ( he
ypes o nuisances) o he qua y on he mammalian auna. The ques ionnai e p e iously de eloped o his pu pose
was submi ed indi idually o he people su eyed.
2.5. Reconnaissance walk
The econnaissance walk echnique o econnaissance walk ( ecce) consis s o walking slowly and silen ly wi h a speed
o app oxima ely 05 o 10 m/min using he a eas o leas esis ance, p e e ably acks p esen in he en i onmen in
o de o collec da a ela ing o he p esence o mammals and human ac i i ies [10]. This sampling echnique has he
ad an age o co e ing la ge a eas in a sho ime. When an animal o an indica ion o p esence is encoun e ed, he
ollowing obse a ions a e no ed: he ype o indica ion, he geog aphical coo dina es, he numbe o indica ions o
animals coun ed and he ype o habi a . Du ing he in en o y, he animal species we e iden i ied based on ou
knowledge and he help o he local guide. Du ing he econnaissance walk, he ypes o human ac i i ies including he
ypes o nuisances (noise, dus emissions) om he di e en ac i i ies o he qua y we e no ed in o de o iden i y he
impac s and isks on mammals and hei habi a s [11].
2.6. Da a analysis
The iden i ica ion o animal species was done wi h he guide o A ican mammals [12]. So ing and syn hesis we e done
in Excel o de e mine he di e si y o lis o mammal species p esen on he s udy si e. In addi ion, he geog aphical
coo dina es o he obse a ion poin s o he indices we e used o map he dis ibu ion o he animal p esence indices in
QGIS so wa e Ve sion (3.10.6). PAST so wa e e sion 3.25 was used o de e mine he co ela ion be ween he numbe
o animal p esence indices obse ed and he dis ance be ween hese indices om he qua y.
3. Resul s
3.1. Speci ic ichness o mammals and hei habi a s be o e qua y exploi a ion h ough he pe cep ions o he
popula ion
Table 1 Lis o la ge and medium-sized mammals wi h hei habi a s be o e he exploi a ion phase o he Lolobo qua y
acco ding o he su eys
O de
Scien i ic name
Type o habi a
Big
AVERAGE
P ima es
Ce copi hecus ae hiops sabaeus
Lowlands
X
E y h ocebus pa as
Fo es
X
A iodac yls
Alcelaphus buselaphus
Sa annah
X
Synce us Ca e nanus
Fo es
X
Kobus kob kob
Sa annah
X
T agelaphus sc ip us
Fo es
X
Kobus ellipsip ymnus
Fo es
X
X
Roden s
A he u us a icanus
Fo es
X
Hys ix c is a a
Sa annah
X
P o oxe us s ange i
Fo es
X
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Th yonomys swinde ianus
Sa annah
X
C ice omys gambianus
Sa annah
X
Pa axe us poenis
Fo es
X
Ca ni o es
C osssa chus obscu us
Lowlands
X
Ci e ic is ci e a
Fo es
X
Xe us e y h opus
Sa annah
X
He pes es sanguineus
Lowlands
X
Lagomo phs
Lepus c awshayi
Fo es
X
Ce a iodac yls
Cephalophus mon icola
Fo es
X
Popula ion su eys con i med ha se e al mammal species exis ed be o e he qua y ope a ion. Among hem, he e a e
a e species and abundan species. The abundan species a e composed o bushbuck, Maxwell's duike , A ican ci e ,
ha e, g asscu e , A ican squi el and po cupine. The a e species a e composed o p ima es, wa e buck and ha ebees .
In o al, 19 species o la ge and medium-sized mammals di ided in o 18 gene a and g ouped in o six o de s we e
iden i ied du ing he su eys. The su eys show ha he e we e 03 ypes o habi a s o mammalian auna be o e he
qua y ope a ion phase : o es , lowland and sa anna. The mos ep esen a i e o de o mammals is ha o Roden s
wi h 06 species, h ee o which a e obse ed in sa annah and 3 in o es habi a s. The o de s o Ce a iodac yls and
Lagomo phs a e he leas ep esen ed wi h one species o each conce ning he obse a ions made in he o es . Be o e
he exploi a ion phase o he Lolobo qua y, he speci ic ichness o medium-sized mammals and ha o la ge mammals
a e simila wi h espec i ely 10 and 09 species p esen in he a ea o he illages su eyed. The mos equen ly ci ed
o de is he o de o Roden ia ep esen ing 32% o all he animals ci ed. The lowes equencies a e hose o
Lagomo phs wi h (5%) and Ce a iodac yls (5%) (Table 1).
3.2. Speci ic ichness o mammals and hei habi a s du ing qua y exploi a ion h ough popula ion
pe cep ions and pedes ian su eys
A o al o 26 signs o he p esence o animal species we e eco ded. The ypes o signs obse ed we e: d oppings (03),
ood aces (12), ocaliza ions (08), and oo p in s (03). Figu e 2 shows images o some signs.
The su ey esul s show ha , since he qua y was es ablished, many species ha e disappea ed in he Lolobo sub-
p e ec u e. These include he Calli iches monkey, he Ha nessed bushbuck, and he ha e.
Figu e 2a T hyonomys swinde ianus
d oppings
Figu e 1b Food emains o Th yonomys
swinde ianus
Figu e 2 Some signs o animal p esence a he s udy si e
No di ec obse a ion o wild mammals was made du ing he ecce. These obse a ions indica e ha he signs o animal
p esence a e mo e abundan in he ields (10 signs) han in o he ypes o habi a s. The lowland ep esen s he habi a
whe e ewe signs o animals we e obse ed (2 signs). Du ing he ecce, a o al o se en (07) species o medium-sized
mammals we e iden i ied in i e di e en ypes o habi a ( ield, lowland, o es , allow and sa annah) while nine (9)
species o medium-sized mammals and one (01) species o la ge mammals we e ci ed du ing he su eys. All o hese
mammals we e di ided in o nine (09) gene a and ou (05) o de s. Roden s a e he mos ep esen a i e wi h ou (04)
species obse ed in he ields, o es and lowland. The leas ep esen ed o de s a e he Lagomo phs wi h one species
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(01) obse ed in he ields, he P ima es wi h one species (01) obse ed in he ields and he A iodac yls wi h only one
(01) species obse ed in he o es . The medium-sized mammals ep esen ed by nine (09) species ha e a ela i ely
g ea e speci ic ichness han ha o he la ge mammals ep esen ed by only one (01) species each (Table 2).
Table 2 Lis o medium and la ge mammals du ing he exploi a ion o he Lolobo qua y acco ding o he su eys
O de
Scien i ic name
Type o Habi a
Recce
Su eys
A iodac yls
T agelaphus sc ip us
Fo es
X
Lagomo phs
Lepus c awshayi
Field
X
X
Roden s
A he u us a icanus
Fo es
X
X
C ice omys gambianus
Fo es
X
X
Pa axe us poenis
Lowlands
X
X
Xe us e y h opus
Field
X
Ca ni o es
C osssa chus obscu us
Sa annah
X
X
He pes es sanguineus
Jachè e
X
X
P ima es
Ce copi hecus ae hiops sabaeus
Field
X
X
3.3. Impac s o qua y exploi a ion on mammalian auna and i s habi a
Obse a ions ca ied ou on he qua y made i possible o iden i y i e di e en ypes o nuisances gene a ed du ing
he qua y exploi a ion ac i i ies. The handling o ma e ials causes he emission o dus . The discha ge o qua y wa e
in o he hyd og aphic ne wo k pollu es he wa e cou ses essen ial o he li e o mammals. The use o he mal engine
machine y and equipmen pollu es he a mosphe e. The ins alla ion o ea men plan s, mo emen o machine y and
ucks emi dea ening noises. Sho s and explosion o dynami e (Table 3).
Table 3 Di e en ypes o nuisances om he qua y on mammalian auna
Types o nuisances
Sou ces
Dus emission
Ma e ials Handling (Ex ac ion)
Aqueous discha ges
Discha ge o qua y wa e in o he hyd og aphic ne wo k
Ai pollu an s (exhaus gases)
Use o he mal engine-powe ed machine y and equipmen
Noise (Noise Pollu ion)
P ocessing and a ic ins alla ion o machine y and ucks
Vib a ion
Sho s and dynami e explosion
3.4. Impac o he qua y on he dis ibu ion o mammals in he icini y o he si e
Mammal p esence signs we e obse ed a di e en loca ions in he qua y a ea. Mo e han 77% o mammal p esence
signs we e obse ed wi hin 2 km o he qua y. Ou side he qua y and wi hin a adius o 4 km, 23% o mammal
p esence signs we e obse ed. A ew hund ed me e s (400-900 mm) om he highway, no mammal signs we e
obse ed. Figu e 3 shows he e olu ion o he abundance o mammal p esence signs a he s udy si e in ela ion o hei
dis ance om he qua y. The s udy esul s indica e ha be ween 0 and 1200 m om he qua y a high p opo ion o
mammal p esence signs is obse ed (77% o he o al signs) and he numbe o signs obse ed inc eases be ween his
dis ance in e al. Beyond 1200 m up o he highway be ween he Yamoussouk o and Bouaké axis, a low p opo ion o
indices was obse ed wi h 23% o he o al indices o mammal p esence de ec ed on he si e (Figu e 3).
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Figu e 3 Dis ibu ion o mammal p esence indices a ound he Lolobo g ani e qua y
The coe icien o de e mina ion (R² = 0.626) indica es a posi i e ela ionship be ween he dis ance o he qua y
a iable and he numbe o mammal p esence indices a iable. The numbe o animal p esence indices and he dis ances
o animal p esence indices a ound he qua y a e s ongly linked because he R² alue ob ained ends owa ds 1 (Figu e
4).
Figu e 4 E olu ion cu e o mammal p esence indices a ound he Lolobo g ani e qua y
3.5. Impac s o qua y ac i i ies on he na u al en i onmen habi a
The Lolobo g ani e qua y ope a ion was ca ied ou on wooded land, including ields, o es s, lowlands, sa annah and
allow land, which con inue o be clea ed and up oo ed. Mine al oils, used g eases, lammable liquids, including o ganic
sol en s, hyd oca bon-con amina ed wa e , sedimen a ion o ank decan a ion sludge con aining hyd oca bons and
pe oleum p oduc esidues we e obse ed on he si e. Dus , aqueous discha ges om households and smoke om
ehicle exhaus umes we e obse ed on plan s and soil in he icini y o he qua y si e. Ea ly all o oma o, co ee and
cocoa lowe s was obse ed in he icini y o he qua y si e (Figu e 5).
Numbe o indexes
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Figu e 5a Fallow land looded wi h
was ewa e
Figu e 5a Cassa a ield co e ed in dus
Figu e 5 Some images o he s a e o he habi a in he icini y o he qua y si e
4. Discussion
Nine een (19) mammal species we e iden i ied be o e he qua y exploi a ion phase while du ing he exploi a ion phase
only en (10) mammal species we e iden i ied. Among he species iden i ied du ing he exploi a ion phase, se en (07)
species we e con i med du ing he ecce. This di e ence in he di e si y o mammal species could be explained by he
possible in luence o he in ensi y o an h opogenic ac i i ies ha ook place be ween he pe iod be o e exploi a ion
and du ing he exploi a ion o he g ani e qua y on he auna. Ou esul s a e iden ical o hose o Akpa ou [7] du ing
he en i onmen al and social impac s udy o he mining si e in Yaou è who obse ed wen y- i e (25) species, g ouped
in o six (06) o de s in he no h o he ci y o Yamoussouk o. Indeed, he wo unp o ec ed en i onmen s being loca ed
in he same egion, hey we e subjec ed o simila an h opogenic p essu es du ing qua y ac i i ies. The se en (07)
species o mammals iden i ied by he ecce a e g ouped in o wo (02) o de s, which a e Roden s and Ca ni o es. This
ichness o mammals eco ded du ing he econnaissance walks is iden ical o he esul s o Cheno [13] in he ecological
ehabili a ion o ecosys ems deg aded by he exploi a ion o qua ies in A ignon in F ance wi h en (10) species
g ouped in o h ee (3) o de s. These esul s could be explained by he ac ha he wo si es a e loca ed in di e en
coun ies bu dis u bed by qua y ac i i ies. Howe e , he numbe o species obse ed du ing ou s udy is lowe han
ha obse ed by o he au ho s in I o y Coas . Fo example, Yaokoko e-Beib o [14] in he Badénou classi ied o es in
Ko hogo, obse ed 45 species g ouped in o nine (09) o de s while Bohoussou [15] obse ed 31 species, g ouped in o
six (06) o de s in he o es elics wi hin an ag o-indus ial concession in he sou hwes o Cô e d'I oi e. The educ ion
o animal species in he icini y o he qua y si e could be explained by he deg ada ion o hei habi a s and he human
p esence in hese en i onmen s.The wo k ca ied ou made i possible o iden i y i e ypes o nuisances, including
noise, aqueous discha ges, dus emissions, ib a ions and exhaus gases. Each o hese ypes o nuisances could ha e
one o mo e speci ic impac s on mammalian auna. Fo example, noise could cause animals o lee, s ess and sleep
diso de s in he sho e m gi en hei sensi i i y o his ype o en i onmen al dis u bance [7]. Ou esul s a e simila
o hose o Du illeux [16] in a s udy epo on oad noise and wildli e in F ance. This au ho obse ed he noise damage
gene a ed by oad anspo and human ac i i ies on wildli e. The esul s o ou s udy also co obo a e hose o Caluga u
[17] in ligni e mining and landscape ehabili a ion in he Ol enia mining egion in Romania. This au ho demons a ed
he impac s o qua ying on he en i onmen h ough he a mosphe e, auna and lo a. Obse ing signs o he p esence
o mammals a ound he qua y shows ha some animal species would be ela i ely insensi i e o he dis u bances
caused by qua ying ac i i ies [15, 18]. Ou esul s a e iden ical o he wo k o Colas [16, 19] who s udied he e ec s o
he p ojec on heal h a he Ke ambo n qua y in Di inon, F ance. Rega ding he habi a , h ee ypes we e obse able
a he s udy si e acco ding o he people su eyed : o es , lowland and sa annah. Howe e , du ing he exploi a ion
phase, i e habi a ypes we e obse ed : o es , sa annah, ield, allow, sa annah and lowland. This in ac shows ha
na u al en i onmen s a e hea ily dis u bed by qua ying ac i i ies [13, 14]. The all o oma o, cocoa and co ee lowe s
du ing he lowe ing pe iod and dus on plan s would be due o g ound ib a ions, dus emissions om machine y and
chemical spills on he g ound. These esul s co obo a e wi h hose o Daho [18] who wo ked on he e ec s o ex ac ion
o massi e ocks on he en i onmen . These same esul s co obo a e wi h hose o Lansia (2008) [11] in he
E alua ion o he en i onmen al impac s o qua ies in F ance. This au ho has shown he impac s linked o he
ex ac ion o g ani es on lo a.
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5. Conclusion
A he end o his s udy, we no e ha be o e he exploi a ion phase 19 species o mammals di ided in o six (06) o de s
we e p esen on he cu en si e o he Lolobo qua y. Du ing he exploi a ion phase en (10) species di ided in o i e
(05) o de s a e p esen on he cu en si e o he qua y. The esul s o he su eys indica e he exis ence o h ee ypes
o habi a s ( o es , lowland and sa annah) be o e he exploi a ion o he qua y while i e ypes o habi a s we e
iden i ied du ing he exploi a ion ( ield, o es , allow sa annah and lowland). Wi h ega d o impac s and isks, i e
ypes o nuisances om he qua y including noise, aqueous discha ges, dus emissions, ib a ions and exhaus gases
we e iden i ied wi hou o ge ing he nuisances o he in e na ional ou e (Yamoussouk o-Bouaké) mainly due o he
ci cula ion o anspo ehicles. The g ani e qua y o he Lolobo sub-p e ec u e s ill has a ela i ely signi ican aunal
ichness. This s udy allowed o make some indi ec obse a ions o he animals li ing in he sub-p e ec u e. The ecce
made i possible o con i m he p esence o se en (07) species o medium-sized mammals. The b own mongoose, and
he ed mongoose, ma sh mongoose o he o de Cani o es as well as he wood squi el, he palm a , he gian a o
Gambia and he cane a s o he o de Roden s The a e o encoun e o mammals a ound he qua y is highe han
when mo ing away om he g ani e qua y owa ds he highway. Mammals a e h ea ened by he a ious ac i i ies o
he qua y.
Compliance wi h e hical s anda ds
Disclosu e o con lic o in e es
The au ho s decla e ha he e a e no con lic s o in e es o his a icle.
Au ho con ibu ions
KOUAKOU YAO CELESTIN is he ini ia o o he p ojec . ASSI YAPI CONSTANTIN and BAMBA KRAMOKO pe o med he
da a p ocessing, s a is ical analysis, and manusc ip w i ing. The o he co-au ho s con ibu ed o e iewing and
imp o ing he a icle.
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