In e na ional Jou nal o Mul idisciplina y and Inno a i e Resea ch
ISSN(p in ): 3050-6883, ISSN(online): 3050-6891
Volume 02 Issue 11 No embe 2025
DOI: 10.58806/ijmi .2025. 2i11n05
Page No: 365-383
365 Volume 02 Issue 11 No embe 2025 Co esponding Au ho : Assis . P o . Me yem Alagöz Konu
Pa ame ıc Desıgn and Fu u ısm: A Theo e ıcal Analysis
Assis . P o . Me yem Alagöz Konu
Necme in E bakan Uni e si y, Facul y o Fine A s and A chi ec u e, Depa men o A chi ec u e, 42100 Konya, Tü kiye, ORCID
NO: 0000-0002-7483-4281
ABSTRACT
ARTICLE DETAILS
In ecen yea s, accele a ing echnological de elopmen s ha e d ama ically ans o med a chi ec u al
design me hods, pa ing he way o new c ea i e pa adigms. Wi hin his apidly e ol ing con ex ,
pa ame ic design has eme ged as an inno a i e me hodology ha enables he modelling o complex
geome ies, he gene a ion o al e na i e solu ions, and he op imisa ion o mul i- a iable design
p ocesses. Fu u ism, on he o he hand, o igina ed as an a is ic mo emen cha ac e ised by i s
emphasis on echnology, speed, luidi y, and dynamism. Al hough his o ically oo ed in he ea ly
20 h cen u y, i s concep ual and o mal in luence emains isible in con empo a y a chi ec u al
p oduc ion. This s udy explo es he concep ual, o mal, and echnological ela ionship be ween
pa ame ic design and u u is ic a chi ec u e.
KEYWORDS: Pa ame ic Design, Fu u ism, Fu u is ic A chi ec u e, Digi al Design, A chi ec u al
Technology
Published On:
18 No embe 2025
A ailable on:
h ps://ijmi .com
1. INTRODUCTION
As a esul o ad ancing echnology and he pu sui o inno a ion in a chi ec u al design, by he ime he 20 h cen u y a i ed,
alongside adi ional p ac ices in a chi ec u e, he e we e also undamen al changes and de elopmen s in digi aliza ion and so wa e.
In line wi h hese de elopmen s, so wa e and d awing p og ams de eloped speci ically o a chi ec u al design ha e no only made
design easie , bu ha e also p o ided signi ican bene i s in e ms o ime usage, one o he mos impo an c i e ia in design
(Yüksekkaya, 2020). As hese so wa e p og ams ha e become an in eg al pa o he design p ocess and con inued o e ol e, i has
become possible o sho en he a chi ec u al design pe iod, allow o al e na i e p oposals, and calcula e many c i e ia, such as cos ,
in a sho ime (E baş, 2013). Unlike adi ional design me hods, hese so wa e p og ams o e he abili y o in e ene in he design
p ocess and apply mul iple changes simul aneously. This has made i possible o design and p oduce complex o ms ha we e
p e iously undesigned o undesignable (Yüksekkaya, 2020).
Technology has b ough abou changes in ou li es yle in many a eas. These changes ha e also had an impac on design p ac ice,
o e ing many al e na i e design me hods alongside adi ional ones. Today, wi hin he scope o compu e -aided design, many s ages
can be handled simul aneously wi h he calcula ion o a iable pa ame e s, and he changes o be made can be applied in eal ime
(Oxman, 2017). As a esul o hese de elopmen s, he concep o “Pa ame ic Design” has come in o equen use, and e alua ions
ha e been made wi hin he scope o his concep o complex s uc u es designed using a ious so wa e.
Be o e e alua ing he concep o pa ame ic design, he concep o “pa ame e ” mus be explained. In i s basic sense, a pa ame e
can be conside ed a quan i y de ined o a si ua ion and possessing he p ope y o being changeable. The numbe o pa ame e s
may a y depending on he condi ions. A his poin , i is impo an ha he ela ionship be ween he pa ame e s is es ablished
co ec ly and can be managed as desi ed (E baş, 2013).
Wi h he ad ancemen o echnology, i has become essen ial o di e en disciplines o come oge he in he ield o a chi ec u e.
P og amming using pa ame e s should no be seen as an add-on o a chi ec u e, bu a he a chi ec u e should be conside ed in
conjunc ion wi h p og amming (E doğan and So guç, 2011). In his ega d, pa ame ic design c ea ed using pa ame e s can be
conside ed a coo dina ion ool ha es ablishes ela ionships be ween di e en disciplines in complex designs and ensu es ha
changes a e implemen ed seamlessly (El aweel and Su, 2017).
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As he p ocess p og essed, he abili y o design complex o ms mo e easily h ough pa ame ic design led o he pe cep ion o
pa ame ic design as a s yle ha uses o m as a isual ocal poin . Howe e , when he concep o pa ame ic design is examined in
dep h, i becomes appa en ha his concep , which is seen as an insepa able whole wi h so wa e, is a p ocess ha can also be
sus ained using adi ional me hods (Yüksekkaya, 2020).
A chi ec u al design is he de e mina ion and in e p e a ion o he o mal, unc ional, and s uc u al cha ac e is ics o all elemen s
in he concep ion o a s uc u e ha will ul ill he unc ions de ined acco ding o needs (İzgi, 1999). Acco ding o his de ini ion,
he in eg i y be ween equi emen s and o m mus be ensu ed in he a chi ec u al design p ocess. Al hough his has been a opic o
deba e among designe s o a long ime, many opinions ha e been exp essed on his subjec . Designs ha p io i ize o m c ea ed
h ough so wa e a e one o he issues ha b ing he o m- unc ion ela ionship in a chi ec u e o he o e. The idea o “ o m ollows
unc ion,” which eme ged in 19 h-cen u y mode n a chi ec u e, has in luenced a chi ec u al designs o a long ime. On he o he
hand, many designe s a gue ha unc ion should ollow o m and ha o m should be a mo e p ominen ea u e. The comple e
p io i iza ion o unc ionali y led o he eme gence o 19 h-cen u y mode n a chi ec u e, which was epe i i e in o m. Howe e ,
designs ha p io i ized o m o e unc ion esul ed in unc ionally de icien designs. A his poin , i is e iden ha app oaches ha
a e en i ely unc ional o pu ely o mal ha e a nega i e impac on a chi ec u e (Yüksekkaya, 2020). The e alua ion o he
ela ionship be ween o m and unc ion in a chi ec u e wi hin he scope o pa ame ic design necessi a es an examina ion o he
his o ical de elopmen o he concep o pa ame ic design. One o he mos impo an ideas ha equi es ques ioning he
ela ionship be ween o m and unc ion in a chi ec u e is u u ism and u u is ic a chi ec u e.
Fu u ism, i s a icula ed by I alian a is Filippo Tomasso Ma ine i, eme ged in I aly in he ea ly 20 h cen u y and la e sp ead o
many coun ies, pa icula ly in Eu ope. I is a philosophy ha ejec s a achmen o he pas and aims o ocus on he u u e,
ad oca ing ha echnology and mechaniza ion should also be inco po a ed in o designs (Çakmaklı and Selçuk, 2019). Fu u ism
emphasizes ha li e is changing and ha a and design mus b eak away om he pas and change in a u u e-o ien ed way. Ini ially
eme ging as an a mo emen , u u ism can now be seen as a pla o m whe e people who hink abou he u u e on any subjec come
oge he unde he same oo (Kısa and Öze , 2019). The e m “ u u is ,” used o hose who emb ace u u ism, e e s o a pe son
who designs he u u e and is inno a i e (Akbulu , 2019). Fi s eme ging in he ields o pain ing, li e a u e, and sculp u e, his
mo emen has also made i s ma k in design and a chi ec u e wi h he accele a ion o scien i ic and echnological de elopmen s.
Fu u is a chi ec u e p esen s i sel as a design language ha u ilizes mo e luid, dynamic, and lowing lines a he han p ima y
geome ic o ms. Wi h u u is a chi ec u e, cu ed o ms and lines ha e been employed, emphasizing he con inui y and
boundlessness o designs. San 'Elia, one o he i s ep esen a i es o u u is a chi ec u e, likened ci ies o apidly de eloping
machines. In line wi h his, u u is a chi ec u e, which is expec ed o keep pace wi h li e, has seen an inc ease in he use o glass
and me al ma e ials wi h he de elopmen o echnology, e lec ing a end owa ds mechaniza ion. I is conside ed ha he p ojec s
designed by u u is a chi ec s eme ged as an exp ession o emo ional hough wi hou conside ing he de ails. Fo his eason, i is
no iceable ha none o he designs we e e e buil . Howe e , hese ideas ha e been a sou ce o inspi a ion o la e designe s and
a chi ec s.
In his con ex , while he echnical dimension o pa ame ic design has been ex ensi ely examined in he li e a u e (Schumache ,
2008; Jabi, 2013), s udies ha e alua e he concep ual and o mal ela ionship be ween pa ame ic design and u u is ic a chi ec u e
wi hin a holis ic amewo k a e limi ed. This gap indica es ha in e disciplina y app oaches eme ging a he in e sec ion o he wo
concep s ha e no been su icien ly add essed. In cu en publica ions, pa ame ic sys ems a e mos ly add essed om a so wa e-
based pe spec i e, while u u is ic a chi ec u e is in e p e ed h ough o mal ep esen a ion. Howe e , examining hese wo concep s
oge he p o ides a necessa y pe spec i e o unde s anding he a chi ec u al design ision o he u u e.
This s udy con ibu es o he li e a u e wi h a heo e ical and analy ical pe spec i e by e ealing how pa ame ic design shapes
u u is ic a chi ec u e, he dynamics wi h which i in e ac s, and why i plays a c i ical ole in con empo a y a chi ec u al p oduc ion.
In his con ex , he esea ch ques ions and hypo heses a e ou lined below:
RESEARCH QUESTİONS
1. How do pa ame ic design me hods con ibu e o he de elopmen o luid and dynamic o ms seen in u u is ic a chi ec u e?
2. How do he concep s o o m, mo emen , and luidi y en isioned by u u is ic a chi ec u e co espond wi h pa ame ic design
so wa e?
3. In wha ways does he de elopmen o pa ame ic design ools inc ease he applicabili y o u u is ic a chi ec u e?
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Hypo heses
1. Pa ame ic design so wa e acili a es he p oduc ion o complex geome ies en isioned by u u is ic a chi ec u e and inc eases
o mal di e si y.
2. Pa ame ic design ools echnically suppo he applicabili y o u u is ic a chi ec u e on a mode n building scale.
3. The e a e s uc u al and concep ual simila i ies be ween u u is ic design p inciples and pa ame ic design me hodologies;
he e o e, he wo app oaches ein o ce each o he .
1.1. P oblem
Wi h he ad ancemen o digi al p oduc ion echnologies, a chi ec u al p ac ice has anscended he limi a ions o adi ional d awing
and design me hods. In pa icula , pa ame ic design ools ha e enabled he modelling o complex geome ies and he managemen
o mul i- a iable design p ocesses. Howe e , al hough u u ism and u u is a chi ec u e his o ically ad oca ed o mal dynamism
and he ideal o echnological speed, he echnical easibili y o his ision emained limi ed a he beginning o he 20 h cen u y.
Today, pa ame ic design p o ides he necessa y in as uc u e o ealising he luid, dynamic, and echnology-cen ed a chi ec u al
o ms en isaged by u u is app oaches. Howe e , i is e iden ha comp ehensi e s udies e alua ing he concep ual, o mal, and
echnological ela ionship be ween hese wo app oaches as a whole a e limi ed in he li e a u e. How pa ame ic design has
ans o med o suppo ed he o mal and ideological cha ac e is ics o u u is a chi ec u e has no been su icien ly cla i ied.
1.2. Objec i e
The aim o his s udy is o examine he ela ionship be ween pa ame ic design and u u is a chi ec u e in i s concep ual,
echnological and o mal dimensions; o e eal how pa ame ic ools enhance he applicabili y o u u is design concep s; and o
e alua e isions o u u e a chi ec u al p oduc ion wi hin an analy ical amewo k by iden i ying he poin s o in e sec ion be ween
hese wo app oaches in mode n a chi ec u e. Fu he mo e, i aims o examine he e ec s o pa ame ic so wa e on o m gene a ion,
sys em in eg a ion, and s uc u al analysis h ough selec ed example s uc u es, using conc e e da a.
1.3. Me hod
This s udy was conduc ed using quali a i e esea ch me hods; li e a u e e iew, heo e ical analysis, and a chi ec u al case
s udy echniques we e applied. The concep s o pa ame ic design and u u ism we e examined om he ea ly pe iod o he
p esen day, and a icles, heses, books, and digi al sou ces we e e alua ed. The ollowing c i e ia we e conside ed in he
selec ion o examples:
• Cu ilinea /geome ic complexi y,
• Modelabili y using pa ame ic so wa e,
• Rep esen a ion o u u is ic design p inciples.
2. PARAMETERS AND PARAMETRIC DESIGN
The concep o pa ame e is de i ed om he G eek wo ds ‘pa a’ and ‘me on’ (Ox o d Dic iona y o English, 2010). Fo his
eason, he concep o pa ame e mus be iewed om wo sepa a e pe spec i es. Fi s ly, i e e s o a modi iable quan i y wi h a
speci ic scope and limi , and secondly, i e e s o a measu able ac o ha de e mines he ope a ing condi ions o a ma hema ical
sys em. In sho , a pa ame e is a quan i a i e (such as wind, heigh , wid h, en i onmen al condi ions) o quali a i e da a ha can be
changed acco ding o a speci ic need (Pa ick-Kaushik, 2013). Acco ding o he Tu kish Language Associa ion (TDK), a pa ame e
is de ined as a a iable quan i y ha en e s he coe icien s o an equa ion in algeb a (Tü kçe Sözlük, 2009). In compu e science, a
pa ame e is de ined as he p ocessing o da a en e ed in o he sys em by commands (Akipek and Önceğlu, 2007). In design, a
pa ame e can be de ined as a ac o ha de ines o limi s any sys em.
The pa ame e s ha cons i u e a design de ine he da a belonging o many unc ional and o mal elemen s o he design and he
ela ionships be ween hese da a. E en a change in a single pa ame e causes he en i e design o change. The e o e, he designe
mus be awa e o he pa ame e s, hei complex ela ionships in pa ame ic design, and hei e ec on he design. The concep o
pa ame e s is o en used in e changeably wi h he e m “ a iable.” Howe e , he concep o pa ame e s is mo e specialized. The
concep o pa ame e s in CAD so wa e p oduced o pa ame ic design pu poses is gene ally exp essed as a a iable e m in
equa ions. One o he mos impo an ea u es o pa ame ic design is ha changing he alues o a ew pa ame e s can a ec he
en i e design (Yüksekkaya, 2020).
Pa ame ic design, which esul s om he use o pa ame e s, is p esen ed as a compu e -aided design (CAD) ool. Pa ame ic design
is c ea ed by de ining pa ame e s a he han d awing lines, and subsequen ly eme ges in acco dance wi h he cons ain s and ules
en e ed in o he p og am (Bayka a, 2011).
A chi ec u e, which eme ged wi h he exis ence o humani y, has always p og essed wi hin ce ain ules and an o de . P oduc s
c ea ed wi hin speci ic ules ha e eme ged h ough designe s co ec ly es ablishing ela ionships be ween pa ame e s linked o
ce ain elemen s. The co ec ela ionships be ween pa ame e s de ined he design and enhanced he quali y o he esul ing p oduc .
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The design me hod based on a iables, which has exis ed since he dawn o a chi ec u al his o y, ga e ise o he concep o
“pa ame ic design” ha we use oday o de ine complex o ms and led us o adop his concep as a design sys em (Yüksekkaya,
2020).
Pa ame ic Design is essen ially a design sys em ha mul iplies design al e na i es, aims o imp o e he design p ocess, and has
ce ain concep s wi hin i sel . Howe e , i is known ha a chi ec u e, which has exis ed alongside humani y, has been app oached
in di e en ways wi h speci ic pa ame e s in each pe iod. Fo his eason, he concep o pa ame ic design has also been de ined in
many di e en ways.
Jabi s a es ha “designe s es ablish ela ionships be ween a ious pa ame e s h oughou he design p ocess using pa ame ic design
so wa e, and ha new design al e na i es a e c ea ed by making changes o hese pa ame e s using his so wa e” (Jabi, 2013).
Schumache de ines pa ame ic design as “a me hod ha eshapes he complexi y o con empo a y a chi ec u e.” Pa ame ic design
is also e e ed o as “ ela ional geome y, cons ain -based design, ela ional modeling, o a ia ional design” (Schumache , 2008).
The eme gence o so many di e en de ini ions o pa ame ic design shows us how e ec i e he pa ame e s se by designe s a e on
he design.
Un il he 1940s, a chi ec s used hei own adi ional design me hods. Howe e , by he 1960s, digi al p oduc ion ools de eloped
o design pu poses (Figu e 1) enabled pa ame ic sys ems o gain signi ican momen um and expand hei a eas o applica ion
(Yüksekkaya, 2020).
Figu e 1. Su ace Design C ea ed wi h Pa ame ic Design So wa e (Yüksekkaya, 2020)
The e a e signi ican di e ences be ween he adi ional design p ocess and oday's pa ame ic design p ocess. (Figu e 2) The
adi ional design p ocess essen ially begins wi h d awings on pape using pen and pape , is de eloped using g aphical me hods,
and esul s in a angible p oduc h ough he use o models. This p ocess con inues un il he op imal design is achie ed. Any change
made o a pa ame e wi hin he adi ional design p ocess means ha he en i e p ocess mus be epea ed. This ime-consuming
p ocess b ings challenging condi ions in complex p ojec s. Fo his eason, he use o pa ame ic design me hods is o g ea
impo ance in his p ocess (El aweel and Su, 2017). Unlike he adi ional design p ocess, adjus men s and upda es made in
pa ame ic design a e au oma ically upda ed on he model. The e is no need o epea he en i e design p ocess om s a o inish.
The e o e, pa ame ic design eme ges as a sys em ha es ablishes ela ionships be ween di e en disciplines and can ope a e
complex connec ions wi hin speci ic coo dina ion.
Figu e 2. Compa ison o T adi ional and Pa ame ic Design P ocesses (Şeke ci, 2020)
Pa ame ıc Desıgn and Fu u ısm: A Theo e ıcal Analysis
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Wi h he ad ancemen o echnology and he eme gence o digi al p oduc ion ools, p oduc s ha we e once p oduced uni o mly
and in se ies can now be modi ied in a ious ways o mee speci ic eques s. The in oduc ion o digi al ools in pa ame ic design
has enabled designe s o wo k in a mo e lexible design en i onmen , p o iding signi ican bene i s in e ms o cos calcula ion and
design ime. Pa ame ic design allows di e en ideas o be implemen ed quickly du ing he p oduc design and manu ac u ing
p ocess. Pa ame ic design is no only a design me hod bu also a ool ha enables as e and mo e a ied al e na i es in design and
manu ac u ing (Basu-Ghosh, 2017). Pa ame ic design allows o di e en applica ions and eshaping wi hou ed awing o e asing
he c ea ed model. In his espec , i o e s us a ious design al e na i es due o he abili y o con inuously upda e he design and
p o ide lexibili y.
Pa ame ic design sys ems a e suppo ed by a numbe o digi al so wa e p og ams oday. Howe e , i is also possible o implemen
hem adi ionally wi hou he aid o digi al ools. Pa ame ic design is equen ly applied in he ollowing si ua ions: I is used in
p oduc s ha equi e con inuous upda ing du ing he design p ocess due o hei luid and lexible o m o s uc u e (Figu es 3 and
4).
Figu e 3. F ank Geh y - Wal Disney Conce Hall Pa ame ic Design and De ailed Solu ions (U l 1)
Figu e 4. No man Fos e - The Roo O e he Cou ya d o he B i ish Museum and I s Pa ame ic Modeling (Woodbu y,
2005)
The compu e , one o he digi al sys ems hea ily used in pa ame ic design, has aken i s place in e e y aspec o oday's socie y,
which demands di e si y and speed. The impo ance o he compu e , which is used in e e y p ocess om he design o he
p oduc ion o a p oduc oday, should no be o e looked (Bayka a, 2011). Acco ding o Leach, he compu e is a powe ul ool o
c ea ing designs, and he success o he esul ing p oduc is di ec ly p opo ional o he a chi ec 's mas e y o he compu e ool
(Leach, 2019). In his ega d, conside ing ha pa ame ic design is a compu e -aided design (CAD) ool, a chi ec s need o
s eng hen hei ela ionship wi h compu e sys ems in o de o c ea e e ec i e designs.
Pa ame ic design is a sys em ha allows design o be c ea ed wi hin a compu e -gene a ed sys em by en e ing di e en pa ame ic
alues. Al hough i is gene ally used o o m gene a ion, i is also used in de ail solu ions and s uc u al designs (Figu es 5 and 6)
(Bayka a, 2011). Wi hin his sys em, pa ame e s a e in e connec ed in a complex manne , so changing a single pa ame e causes
he en i e design o change. Fo his eason, he designe mus be awa e o he complex connec ions ha he pa ame e has wi hin
he design p ocess and i s e ec on he design p ocess.
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Figu e 5. F ei O o – Munich Olympic S adium and Suppo ing S uc u e De ails (U l 2)
Figu e 6. Zaha Hadid A chi ec s – Mo pheus Ho el e En elope De ails (U l 3)
2.1. Ad an ages and Disad an ages o Pa ame ic Design
Pa ame ic design is a design sys em ha acili a es he designe 's abili y o exp ess hei ideas mo e quickly and h ough a a ie y
o al e na i es. Al hough i o e s signi ican ad an ages o he designe , i is possible ha he desi ed esul s may no be achie ed
due o sys emic limi a ions o he use 's ha dwa e limi a ions. This sec ion aims o examine he ad an ages and disad an ages o
pa ame ic design.
2.1.1 Ad an ages o Pa ame ic Design
Pa ame ic design is a digi ally suppo ed design me hod ha enables complex designs o be sol ed h ough di e en pa ame e s.
This me hod has many ad an ages o designe s. The main ones a e ha i speeds up he design p ocess and o e s a ious design
al e na i es. O he ad an ages a e as ollows:
• Able o c ea e design al e na i es by es ablishing he igh ela ionships be ween decisions made du ing he design p ocess,
• Accele a ing he design p ocess, pa ing he way o di e en designs (Bayka a, 2011),
• Gi ing he designe con ol o e he pa ame e s used in he design,
• Enabling new ideas and solu ions h ough he p oduc s c ea ed,
• C ea ing model in eg i y by combining design and analysis,
• Enabling he p oduc ion o complex o ms by isually p esen ing he designed p oduc (Şeke ci, 2020),
• Enabling he design o complex and o ganically shaped p oduc s.
2.1.2. Disad an ages o Pa ame ic Design
Pa ame ic design, while acili a ing he design o o ganically shaped p oduc s, also has some nega i e cha ac e is ics. Some o
hese cha ac e is ics a e as ollows:
• Design laws ha nega i ely impac he unc ionali y o o ganic-shaped p oduc packaging can be obse ed (Şeke ci, 2020).
• Designe s lacking su icien expe ise may p oduce designs ha a e lacking in de ail and supe icial.
• Al hough his me hod allows o many designs, some emo ional app oaches canno be sys ema ized (Şeke ci, 2020),
• Due o being a cu en me hod, many p oblems a ise in he ield o educa ion and aining,
• The e may be di icul ies in inding echnologically equipped ins uc o s.
2.2. The Use o Pa ame ic Design in A chi ec u e and Digi al Tools
Al hough s udies on he pa ame ic design p ocess da e back o he 1800s, he in oduc ion o pa ame ic design in o he ield o
a chi ec u e, d i en by de elopmen s in ma hema ics and physics, was made possible by he c ea ion o “Ske chpad” in 1963, he
i s wo-dimensional modeling ool (Figu e 7) (Da is, 2013).
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Figu e 7. I an Shu e land e Ske chpad 1962 (U l 4)
This p og am, de eloped by I an Shu he land, is open o change, o e s he possibili y o de elopmen , and p o ides mo e accu a e
and as e esul s han adi ional d awings. I pionee ed he de elopmen o such so wa e and ha dwa e, pa ing he way o h ee-
dimensional p og ams. La e , modeling ools used o speci ic pu poses and me hods we e made a ailable o use s (Şeke ci, 2020).
As he p ocess p og essed, de elopmen s in he ield o design and a chi ec u e led o an inc ease in he numbe o a ailable
p og amming op ions. The ise in compu e owne ship in he 1980s ensu ed ha hese op ions eached a wide use base. By he 21s
cen u y, pa ame ic design, complex s uc u al models, and ad anced cons uc ion echniques ha e eme ged as undamen al
componen s o a chi ec u e (Jabi, 2013).
The use o compu e s and so wa e in a chi ec u e is di ided in o wo ca ego ies: p oduc ion and design. In he o me , compu e s
a e used o p oduce a p e-designed o m, while in he la e , compu e s a e in ol ed in he design p ocess (Yüksekkaya, 2020).
Al hough he in ol emen o compu e s in he design p ocess o e s ce ain ad an ages, he wo k ul ima ely depends on he
designe 's pe cep ual and cogni i e abili ies. Designe s mus in e p e and use exis ing digi al capabili ies in line wi h hei own
aes he ic alues. The quali y o he esul ing design a ies depending on he po en ial use o pa ame ic design ools. As echnology
ad ances and di e en design ideas eme ge e e y day, so wa e has begun o be p oduced speci ically o designe s and a chi ec s.
Some o hese so wa e p og ams a e Gene a i e Componen s, Digi al P ojec (CATIA), and G asshoppe .
2.2.1. Gene a i e Componen s So wa e
Gene a i e Componen s is a pa ame ic CAD so wa e designed by D . Robe Aish (Day, 2005). Launched in 2003, his so wa e
was widely used in la ge-scale p ojec s, pa icula ly in London and i s su oundings, by 2005. In 2007, i was made a ailable ee
o cha ge o designe s. Gene a i e Componen s is a pa ame ic design ool ha o e s po en ial solu ions wi hin he amewo k o
design ules and p o ides suppo in implemen ing hese solu ions (Hensel, 2006). This so wa e, which has a s ong p esence in
academic en i onmen s and ad anced design o ices, b ings a iable and luid pa ame ic modeling capabili ies o he ield o
a chi ec u e. Designe s can design complex o ms and sys ems by es ablishing ela ionships be ween he ules and models hey
de ine. This so wa e, wi h i s special de ini ions, p o ides use s wi h a lexible wo king space h ough design, as i allows hem o
design objec s on demand, manage hem, and con ol hem. I has also been c ea ed wi h a simple p og amming language so ha i
can be used in e ac i ely wi h so wa e such as Au oCAD and Rhino (Kızılkaya, 2011). This so wa e is mainly used by enginee s
and designe s, especially in building design. I is also used ex ensi ely in modeling na u al s uc u es (Figu e 8).
Figu e 8. Lagoon Business Cen e – A Pe spec i e C ea ed wi h Gene a i e Componen s (U l 5)
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2.2.2. Digi al P ojec Yazılımı (CATIA)
Digi al P ojec is a compu e -aided pa ame ic design so wa e de eloped by Geh y Technologies. Al hough ini ially unning on
high-pe o mance compu e s, ad ances in echnology ha e made i accessible o many compu e use s. As a esul o his
de elopmen , pa ame ic design ools ha e become widesp ead, been adop ed in he indus y, and accele a ed cons uc ion
de elopmen imes (Yu, 2009). This so wa e allows o he c ea ion o design elemen s such as objec s, as well as he calcula ion
o es ima ed cos s and ma e ial usage. The so wa e allows use s o model wi hin complex con igu a ions and is highly sui able o
de ailed design. (Figu e 9) This makes i possible o pe o m calcula ions and analyses on he model c ea ed. I can also wo k online
wi h so wa e such as Au oCAD and 3ds Max.
Figu e 9. Beijing S adium – Pa ame ic Model C ea ed in Digi al P ojec (U l 6)
2.2.3. G asshoppe So wa e
G asshoppe (Figu e 10) is a pa ame ic design so wa e de eloped by Da id Ru en ha wo ks in conjunc ion wi h he Rhinoce os
3D modeling p og am. The bigges ad an age o his so wa e is ha e en use s wi h minimal p og amming expe ience can explo e
he ela ionships be ween design elemen s hanks o i s simple in e ace. I is also p e e ed by many Rhinoce os use s because i is
ee. G asshoppe , a newe so wa e compa ed o o he pa ame ic design so wa e, has become widely used oday. G asshoppe ,
which wo ks in conjunc ion wi h Rhinoce os, can be compa ed o Gene a i e Componen s due o i s simila ea u es.
Figu e 10. A i a S adium – Design C ea ed wi h G asshoppe (U l 7)
3. FUTURISM AND FUTURISTIC ARCHITECTURE
Fu u ism (Fu u eism); de i ed om he La in wo ds “ u u a” and “ u u ,” i s Tu kish equi alen is “Realizm.” I ejec s con en ional
hinking and adi ional pe spec i es, pa icula ly exe ing i s in luence be ween 1909 and 1920. I is an a and social mo emen
ha o igina ed in I aly and la e sp ead o o he coun ies (Ne , 2019).
A he co e o Fu u ism lies he pu sui o eedom, abandoning he adi ional in a o o he new and exci ing. The e m Fu u ism
was i s coined in 1909 by I alian a is Filippo Tomasso Ma ine i in he Fu u is Mani es o published in he Pa is newspape Le
Figa o, which laid ou he main p inciples o he mo emen . The mani es o s a ed ha a mus be in eg a ed wi h he mo emen
and echnology o he u u e. Thanks o his published a icle, Ma ine i ound many suppo e s and ensu ed he sp ead o his
mo emen . This mani es o also a ac ed he a en ion o a chi ec s (Başa an, 2007). Al hough Fu u ism eme ged as an a mo emen
in I aly in he ields o pain ing, li e a u e, and sculp u e, i p esen s i sel as a discipline ha examines and explo es e e y hing
ela ed o he u u e om sociological, psychological, economic, and echnological pe spec i es (Akbulu , 2019). In his sense,
u u is wo ks can ake on highly abs ac o ms. Wi h he de elopmen o echnology and he eme gence o mode n ci ies, i has
also begun o mani es i sel in he ields o a chi ec u e and design. Howe e , i is obse ed ha a chi ec u e has mo ed away om
abs ac concep s. This is because unc ionali y plays a majo ole in he design o buildings (Sa ıgül, 2008).
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The undamen al aims o he Fu u ism mo emen a e o comple ely ejec adi ional aes he ic alues, o a gue ha he u u e o he
wo ld lies in mode ni y, o mode nize coun ies, and o es ablish he concep s o “U banized Ci iliza ion” and “Mechaniza ion” as
undamen al p inciples in social li e (Phaidon, 1999). Fu u ism, in i s mos basic sense, is he design o a posi i e u u e, and a
u u is can be de ined as he designe o a posi i e u u e. The main goal o u u ism is o c ea e a sus ainable u u e. A his poin ,
u u is s a e indi iduals who de elop a posi i e, inno a i e, and use ul ision i s o hemsel es and hen o all o humani y, who
a e awa e ha hey mus be designe s o he u u e, no obse e s o i (Akbulu , 2019).
As a esul , Fu u ism, which emb aced he speed and dynamism b ough abou by mechaniza ion and leaped owa d he u u e,
in luenced many a is s in a sho pe iod o ime. Howe e , due o i s lack o a solid ounda ion and i s dis ega d o de ail, Fu u ism
ul ima ely los i s momen um wi h he dea h o Boccioni, who was ained by Ma ine i, and he end o Wo ld Wa I. Howe e , we
can s ill see he in luence o Fu u ism oday h ough wo ks ha ha e su i ed o he p esen day and designe s who ha e emb aced
his pe spec i e.
Fu u is ic a chi ec u e p esen s i sel as a design language ha u ilizes cu ed o ms and lines alongside simple, clean, and s aigh
lines. Dynamic and cu ed o ms ensu e he con inui y o s uc u es while also emphasizing boundlessness (Akbulu , 2019). The
main cha ac e is ics o u u is ic a chi ec u e a e luidi y, mobili y, and dynamism in design. (Figu e 11) Designs ha we e p ima ily
geome ic shapes be o e he u u is ic mo emen ha e gained a di e en meaning wi h u u ism h ough he use o di e en angles,
o al lines, and elemen s such as domes. E ol ing in a di e en di ec ion wi h he ad ancemen o echnology, u u is ic a chi ec u e
a ac s a en ion wi h de ails such as cu ed lines, c ea i e o ms, glass ele a o s, me al ma e ials, and he use o mechanical
elemen s (Con ads, 1991).
Figu e 11. Fu u is A chi ec San 'Elia - A Pe spec i e om Ci a Nuo a (U l 8)
Designe s emb acing u u is ic a chi ec u e c ea ed unusual, imagina i e, and p e iously unseen s uc u es a he han designing
buildings wi h unc ional o ms, symme ical lines, and p ima y geome ic shapes. This mo emen , which has di e en
in e p e a ions, has de eloped wi hin he amewo k o he ollowing ou cha ac e is ics: mobili y, echnology, na u al ma e ials,
and science (A ak, 2019).
Mobili y is one o he mos undamen al cha ac e is ics o u u is a chi ec u e. Designs c ea ed be o e he u u is mo emen
ea u ed simple, la , and clean lines wi h p ima y geome ic o ms. Wi h u u ism, sha p o o al lines combined wi h di e en
angles and dome-like o ms began o be widely used. This suppo s he idea ha designs can be limi less.
Wi h he de elopmen o echnology in he 20 h cen u y, u u is a chi ec u e sough o emb ace hese changes. Machines and
mechanics came o he o e in u u is a chi ec u e, wi h sha p lines and me al ma e ials used in a ious o ms o s ai cases and glass
ele a o s. The aim was o c ea e echnological and aes he ic inno a ion. The s uc u al elemen s used in u u is ic a chi ec u e we e
c ea ed by d awing inspi a ion om he na u al en i onmen . E e y elemen we see a ound us has s uc u al po en ial o u u is ic
a chi ec u e. One o he goals o u u is ic a chi ec u e is o e lec he na u al en i onmen in buildings and designs.
Science enables us o examine ou su oundings by looking a he wo ld om di e en pe spec i es h ough esea ch and hinking.
In u u is ic a chi ec u e, i is necessa y o emb ace and examine he en i onmen in o de o c ea e a new design. Fo his eason,
science is an indispensable elemen o u u is ic a chi ec u e.
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Table 1. Buil and Unbuil Fu u is ic S uc u es
BUİLT STRUCTURES
NOT BUİLT STRUCTURES
Building and A chi ec
Loca ion
Building and A chi ec
Loca ion
Soumaya Museum
(Fe nando Rome o En e pise)
Mexico
(Meksika)
Cybe ec u e Egg
(James Law)
Mumbai
(Hindis an)
(U l 16)
(U l 17)
Cayan Towe
(SOM)
Dubai
(BAE)
India Towe
(OMA)
Mumbai
(Hindis an)
(U l 18)
(U l 19)
The Yas Ho el
(Asimp o e A chi ec u e)
Abu Dhabi
(BAE)
Lilypad
(Vincen Callebou )
-
-
(U l 20)
(U l 21)
Me opol Pa asol
(Jü gen Maye )
Se illa
(İspanya)
Pu ajaya Wa e on
(S udio Nıcole i Associa i)
Kuala Lumpu
(Malezya)
(U l 22)
(U l 23)
As a esul o echnological de elopmen s, a chi ec u e has also unde gone signi ican changes. Alongside a chi ec u e ha has
his o ically been con ined o p ima y geome ic o ms and ce ain s uc u es, a new o m o a chi ec u e has eme ged, consis ing o
cu ed o ms and s uc u es. A his poin , he impo ance o pa ame ic design so wa e ha has en e ed ou li es is eno mous.
They con ibu e g ea ly o he ealisa ion o designs ha we e p e iously undesigned and unimplemen able. The e a e many
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381 Volume 02 Issue 11 No embe 2025 Co esponding Au ho : Assis . P o . Me yem Alagöz Konu
commonali ies be ween he pa ame ic design p ocess and mo emen s ha emb ace a u u is ic mindse and design app oach, such
as u u ism. The mos undamen al commonali y be ween he wo concep s is he necessi y o abandoning he con en ional and
c ea ing designs ha u ilise echnology and possess di e en o ms and angles. Pa ame ic design so wa e plays a majo ole in
b inging he designs equi ed by u u is ic a chi ec u e o li e. When iewed in he con ex o hei ela ionship wi h echnology,
Fu u ism and pa ame ic design so wa e eme ge as wo closely ela ed concep s. Al hough he u u is ic pe spec i e has olde
oo s, de elopmen s in pa ame ic design ha e enabled he cha ac e is ics o u u ism o be p esen ed in a mo e s iking
manne .
This s udy has e ealed ha pa ame ic design and u u is ic a chi ec u e con e ge on a common concep ual g ound, ha
echnological de elopmen s ha e s eng hened his con e gence, and ha hey o e new possibili ies o con empo a y design
p oduc ion p ocesses. Acco ding o he esul s ob ained:
Answe s o he Hypo heses
• Hipo ez 1 is con i med. Pa ame ic design so wa e enables he applica ion o cu ed, dynamic and complex geome ies
speci ic o u u is ic a chi ec u e.
• Hipo ez 2 is con i med. Pa ame ic ools p o ide a s ong echnical in as uc u e in e ms o s uc u al calcula ion, ma e ial
compa ibili y, and o m op imisa ion o ans o ming u u is ic design p inciples in o physical s uc u es.
• Hipo ez 3 is con i med. The e is a common sys em o hough based on mo emen , luidi y, dynamism, and ans o ma ion
be ween he wo app oaches.
Answe s o Resea ch Ques ions
1. Pa ame ic design makes he dynamic o ms o u u is ic a chi ec u e echnically p oducible.
2. The o m unde s anding en isaged by he u u is mo emen is ein e p e ed using pa ame ic so wa e and ans e ed in o
physical eali y.
3. The de elopmen o digi al ools has accele a ed he ealisa ion o u u is ic o ms, making he design p ocess mo e a ional
and op imisable.
This s udy is one o he i s analy ical amewo ks o comp ehensi ely add ess he ela ionship be ween pa ame ic design and
u u ism om echnical, concep ual, and o mal pe spec i es. I ills a gap in he li e a u e by explaining he impac o cu en digi al
echniques on he p oduc ion o u u is ic o ms. The sample s uc u e analysis p o ides an in e disciplina y model by conc e ising
he heo e ical discussion. This comp ehensi e app oach p o ides a c i ical amewo k o unde s anding he a chi ec u al design
app oach o he u u e.
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12) U l 12: h p://www.achimmenges.ne /?p=5713
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14) U l 14: h p://www.nbbj.com/wo k/hangzhou-s adium/
15) U l 15: h ps://www.zaha-hadid.com/a chi ec u e/no dpa k- ailway-s a ions/
16) U l 16: h ps://www.a ki e a.com/p oje/soumaya-muzesi/
Pa ame ıc Desıgn and Fu u ısm: A Theo e ıcal Analysis
383 Volume 02 Issue 11 No embe 2025 Co esponding Au ho : Assis . P o . Me yem Alagöz Konu
17) U l 17: h ps://www.popula ch.com/ asa im/o is- asa imi/cybe ec u e-egg/
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19) U l 19: h p://s udiosui .nl/po olio/india- owe /
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