In e na ional Jou nal o Human Resea ch and Social Science S udies
ISSN(p): 3050-547X, ISSN(e): 3050-5488
Volume 02 Issue 11 No embe , 2025
DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.55677/ijh sss/17-2025-Vol02I11
Page No : 906-913
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Mo pheme Repe i ion whe e wo Syllables Repea he Meaning
D . Le Duc Luan1, D . Ho Van Han2
1Associa e P o esso , Facul y o Fo eign Languages, Nguyen Ta Thanh Uni e si y
2Facul y o Fo eign Languages, Nguyen Ta Thanh Uni e si y
ABSTRACT: Composi e wo ds wi h epe i ion meaning ha e he o m o a epea ing
mo pheme and a e gene ally classi ied in ca ego ies as eduplica i e wo ds. Howe e , he
composi e wo ds wi h epe i ion meaning and eduplica i e wo ds a e undamen ally
di e en . The eduplica i e wo d is c ea ed by con e ing phone ic om he o iginal syllable
and he gene a ed wo d has a di e en meaning om he o iginal. Meanwhile, he composi e
wo ds ha ha e epea ing meanings a e wo di e en wo ds andomly compounded. Among
eduplica i e wo ds can be de i ed om phone ic a ia ions be ween dialec s.
Composi e wo ds wi h epe i ion meaning ha e he o m o epea ing pa o all o a
syllable ha is also eduplica i e o he ini ial consonan and he hyme o he wo d bu is no
de i ed om he epe i ion mechanism. This ype o composi e wo ds meaning comple ely
epea s and epea s some meaning means. The eduplica i e wo ds use he mo phemes and
wo ds composi e me hod bu he wo d's epe i ion meaning has he o m o bo h epe i ion
meaning and eduplica i e wo ds. Reduplica i e wo ds and epe i ion wo ds a e common in
many languages a ound he wo ld bu composi e wo ds wi h epe i ion meaning ha e he
o m o epea ing phone ic a e s ill no popula .
Co esponding Au ho :
D . Ho Van Han
KEYWORDS:
eduplica i e wo ds; composi e
wo ds; mo pheme epe i ion;
meaning; syllables.
1. INTRODUCTION
Vie namese is o en conside ed o be monosyllabic as i s mo phemes a e conside ed o be monosyllabic. In Vie namese,
syllable, mo pheme and single wo ds o e lap. Fo example, he wo d “nước” (wa e ) is one syllable and a single wo d, bu in he
composi e wo d “đấ nước” (coun y), i is a mo pheme. Mos Vie namese mo phemes consis o only one syllable and i 's also a
single wo d. A Vie namese wo d may consis o a single mo pheme o mo e han one mo pheme. Polymo phemic wo ds a e ei he
composi e wo ds o wo ds consis ing o s ems plus a ixes o eduplican s.
Howe e , some Vie namese wo ds may consis o one o mo e syllables, composed o monosyllabic mo phemes ha
o m oge he o c ea e ano he wo d. Composi e wo ds wi h epe i ion meaning a e a kind o equal composi e wo d. In e ms o
meaning, his composi e wo d has comple e epe i ion and epea s some meanings. Fo a long ime, a numbe o Vie namese
esea che s ha e con used eduplica i e wo ds and compound wo ds wi h epe i ion meaning ha e he o m o epea ing he
syllable by no s udying hei meaning ho oughly. Reduplica i e wo ds ha e wo mo phemes, usually, he second mo pheme
epea s he phone ic o he i s mo pheme (o iginal wo d) and he meaning o he second mo pheme is he nuance o emo i e
meaning.
Pa ial o ull syllable eduplica ion is common in languages o he wo ld, especially Aus oasia ic languages. Abbi
hinks “Reduplica ion may also e e o he i e a ion o syllables ha cons i u e a single wo d lexeme. I acqui es his s a us only
a e i is eduplica ed. In such cases, he epe i ion o syllables i sel cons i u es a wo d o a lexical i em. I would like o e m
hem 'exp essi es' ( ollowing Di io h [1976]) and de ine hem by saying ha exp essions a e ins ances o mo phological
eduplica ion whe e he minimally meaning ul and segmen ally indi isible mo phemes a e cons i u ed o i e a ed syllables. Thus,
he base and he i e a ed pa oge he cons i u e a single·mo pheme”. (Abbi, A. 1990.)
Howe e , compound wo ds wi h epe i ion meaning a e comple ely di e en . Composi e wo ds wi h epe i ion meaning
ha e he o m o epea ing syllables jus due o he sound change o andom epea ing sound, no he me hod o eduplica i e
wo ds. Composi e wo ds wi h epe i ion meaning a e also di e en om compound wo ds wi h epe i ion phone ic. Composi e
wo ds wi h epe i ion sounds a e andom compound wo ds and he second mo pheme does no c ea e he nuance o meaning like
eduplica i e wo ds and compound wo ds wi h epe i ion meaning. Compound wo ds wi h epe i ion meaning ha e wo kinds: he
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kind o he epea ing meaning has o m eduplica i e and he kind o epea ing meaning wi hou o m eduplica i e. Diep Quang
Ban, Hoang Van Thung. 2012, p.50-51 and Nguyen Tai Can.1996, p.93-99 call a compound wo d wi h eduplica i e meaning.
This can also be called syllables epe i ion whe e wo mo phemes epea he meaning has he o m o a eduplica i e wo d.
In Vie namese, he e is a kind o compound wo d epe i ion o meaning. This ype o compound wo d has wo o ms: wo
epea ing mo phemes and wo epea ing di e en mo phemes. The ype o epea ing mo phemes has he appea ance o he
eduplica i e wo d bu means epea . The wo mo phemes o he wo d epea he ini ial consonan : Bó buộc (bind ie), he
meaning o he wo o ms o his wo d is nea he meaning, “ ie” is he me hod o he “bind”.
The implici meaning o his wo d is o be a ached and lose eedom. Bồ bịch (ba el bag), a e wo ins umen s o
con ain some hing, hese wo o ms bo h ha e me apho ical meanings a e lo e . Meanwhile, bồng bế (ca y), bo h mean "hold in
one's a ms". Two mo phemes o wo d hyme gemina ion: binh lính, bợ đỡ, bứ ứ . Two mo phemes o he wo d “binh lính” bo h
mean “soldie ”. The wo d “bợ đỡ” ( aw aise), hese wo o ms bo h ha e a me apho ical meaning is “ la e y”. Wo d “bứ ứ ”,
hese wo mo phemes ha e meaning “ ea ”, hei implici meaning is uneasy. Meanwhile, he mo phemes o he eduplica i e
wo ds do no epea he meaning men ioned abo e.
Acco ding o Nguyễn Tài Cẩn, he e a e wo ds ha used o belong o composi e wo ds wi h epe i ion meaning bu now
change o compound wo ds wi h epe i ion phone ic, such as “hỏi han” (ask ques ion), “ uổi ác” (age age). These a e compound
wo ds wi h epe i ion meaning ha e he o m o epea ing ini ial consonan s (Nguyễn Tài Cẩn. 1996, p.89 -99). Fo such cases as
" óc ai" (hai ea ), "mương máng" (di ch gu e ), "môi má" (lip cheek), "núi non" (moun ain hill), " ắng ong" (whi e clea ),
"phố phường" (u ban qua e ) ... a e eduplica ion depa men wo ds (Đỗ Thị Kim Liên.1999, p.34-35) bu we hink hese a e
isosceles compound wo ds wi h epe i ion o meaning a o m o eduplica ion depa men .
Composi e wo ds ha e he o m o he eduplica i e wo ds: epea ing he wo Sino-Vie namese elemen s, epea ing an
old Sino-Vie namese and Sino-Vie namese elemen , epea ing a Sino-Vie namese elemen and a ian Sino-Vie namese,
epea ing a Vie namese elemen and old Vie namese. A a ian o Sino-Vie namese is called Sino-Vie nameseiza ion by some
linguis s as Vũ Đức Nghiệu (2011, 163-171). I is ac ually a phenomenon o phone ic a ia ion, he phone ic ans o ma ion om
one Sino-Vie namese sound o ano he acco ding o he ules o phone ic ans o ma ion bu i s ill e ains Sino-Vie namese
sounds wi hou losing i s accen like ancien Sino-Vie namese wo ds. Wang’s (1948:63, 76–77 and 1958:380–381), he
g oundb eaking a icles on Sino-Vie namese his o ical linguis ics, he o e ed no phonological explana ion bu ca ego ized hese as
na i ized o ms ollowing Vie namese p onuncia ion, wha he e med 越化 yuè huà ‘Vie namized’, which sugges s ha hese
we e loanwo ds modi ied la e a e bo owing om Chinese. P e iously, his laye was called 古漢越字 ‘Old Sino-Vie namese’
by Wang Li (1948), ecen ly, howe e , Phan (2013), in an ex ensi e s udy o Sino-Vie namese, chose he e m ‘Ea ly Sino-
Vie namese’ o a oid con usion wi h he use o ‘old’ o econs uc ions o p o o-languages. Compound wo ds ha e he o m o
eduplica i e wo ds a e andom eduplica i e
Composi e wo ds wi h epe i ion meaning ha e he o m o epea ing phone ic has wo o ms o epe i ion meaning:
comple e epe i ion and epe i ion o some meanings. Howe e , Vie namese esea che s ha e no s udied his compound wo d
ho oughly, bu only ini ially classi ied and desc ibed i b ie ly. So, we w i e his a icle o clea ly dis inguish he ypes o
compound wo ds men ioned abo e. The a icle clea ly analyzes mo phological ea u es and he meaning s uc u e o he wo d
compound meaning ha has he o m o epea ing he syllable.
2. CONTENT
2.1. Dis inguish eduplica i e wo ds and composi e wo ds by epea ing he meaning
In linguis ics, epea is a p ocess o c ea ing a o m o wo ds. Howe e , he mo phology o epea ing wo d has wo o ms
and he e a e di e ences be ween hem. The i s o m is a eduplica i e wo d in which he oo o a wo d o pa o i , e en he
whole wo d is epea ed o wi h a sligh change. In he second o m, composi e wo ds ha e he o m o he eduplica i e wo d, bu
comple ely epe i ion o he meaning o a wo d o some o he meanings o he wo d. This o m is a composi e wo d in which wo
mo phemes ha e epea ed meanings.
The i s o m is common in languages a ound he wo ld. I is o en used when a speake adop s a one exp essi e and
igu a i e iconic in meaning han o dina y speech. Reduplica ion is eduplica ed segmen sequences o consonan s o owels. The
eduplica ion wo ds a e usually c ea ed in wo ways: One is in he o m o duplica ed segmen s sequence o consonan s o owels
and he second is in he o m o duplica ed mo pheme. Reduplica i e wo ds ha e in a wide ange o languages and language
g oups wi h di e en le els le el.
2.1.1. Reduplica i e wo d
a. Rhyming eduplica ion:
In Vie namese: bơ ơ (desola e, lonely), cập ập (has y), chon on (sky high), hấp ấp (hu ied), lướng ướng
(en anglemen )… The e is also he o m o wo ds ha combine 3 mo phemes, o e en 4 mo phemes. Kind o h ee mo phemes:
xốp (s y o oam) > xốp xộp ( e y s y o oam) > xốp xồm xộp ( e y s y o oam), mờ (blu y) > ờ mờ (sligh ly blu ed) >lờ ờ mờ
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(can' see any hing). Kind o ou mo phemes: ội (hu y) > ội àng (hu y) > ội ội àng àng ( e y hu y), bồi hồi ( e ) > bổi
hổi bồi hồi ( e y e ) (Hoàng Văn Hành. 1985, P. 62-67).
In Sou h Asian Languages: In Indonesian: sayu -mayu : ‘ ege ables’ (sayu means ‘ ege ables’), lauk–pauk:‘side
dishes’ (lauk means ‘side dishes’), kaya– aya: ‘ ich’ (kaya means ‘ ich’), amah– amah: ‘hospi able and iendly’ ( amah means
‘hospi able and iendly’) (Godda d, Cli . 2005).
In English, he e is a simila o m: Boogie-woogie, easy-peasy, hanky-panky, hocus-pocus, hoi y- oi y, hokey-pokey,
hu dy-gu dy, i sy-bi sy, namby-pamby, aggle- aggle, ag ag, azzle-dazzle, supe -dupe , eenie-weenie, willy-nilly, wingding.
(Donka Minko a. 2002).
b. Ini ial consonan eduplica ion:
Ini ial consonan eduplica ion bu change owel and inal consonan in Vie namese wo ds: buồn bã ( e y sad) hớ hải
(panic), lạnh lùng (coldly), nhí nhảnh (play ul), no nê ( e y sa ie y), u ơ (aimless), … In English wo ds: chi -cha , hip-hop,
ding-dong, jibbe -jabbe , ki y-ca , knick-knack, ping-pong, pi e -pa e , sing-song, splish-splash, zig-zag, lip- lop, lim lam,
wibble-wobble. (Donka Minko , May 2002).
Ini ial eduplica ion in Ag a: [ɸuɾab] 'a e noon'→[ɸuɸuɾab]'la e a e noon' (ɸu-ɸuɾab), [ŋaŋaj] 'a long
ime'→[ŋaŋaŋaj] 'a long ime (in yea s)'(ŋa-ŋaŋaj), (Healey 1960)
In Sou h Asian Languages: Indonesian: laki (husband)> lelaki (man), la a (sick)> lela a (illness); Khme : louk (sale)>
lolouk (c y o sale) (Nguyễn Thiện Giáp. 2011, p.27).
c. Comple ely epea wo mo phemes:
Me hod eduplica ion is used in in lec ions o con ey a g amma ical unc ion, and in lexical de i a ion o c ea e new
wo ds. In eduplica ion, he eduplican is mos o en epea ed only once, bu in some languages, eduplica ion can occu mo e
han once, esul ing in a ipled o m. The a sligh dec ease in compa ison wi h he o iginal meaning o he wo d: In Vie namese:
xanh (g een) > “xanh xanh” (g een g een): hơi xanh (bluish), điên (c azy) > điên điên (hơi điên) (c azy c azy, da ). Loop has
onal a ia ion: đỏ ( ed) > đo đỏ ( eddish), ắng (whi e) > ăng ắng (whi ish), àng (yellow) > àng àng )yellowish), ui (be
joy ul) > ui ui (jo ial, un), nghiêng (inclined) > nghiêng nghiêng (sligh ly slan ed). The phenomenon o bo owing English
p onuncia ion ollows ollow Vie namese “mad” (c azy)> má má (chập chập) (c azy c azy)> má má chập chập (a li le c azy,
no no mal ne es).
The eduplica ion wo d is common in Sou heas Asian languages: Exac eduplica ions in Indonesian: api ( i e)> apiapi
(ma chs ick), o sy (whi e)> o sy o sy (sligh ly whi e); Lao language: ăm ăm (sligh ly low), hom hom ( e y ag an ). In
Indonesian: ouc- ouc (‘small’ used o se e al o he same i em), ch uu-ch uu: (‘deep’ used o se e al ins ances); Thai: dèk-dèk
(‘child-child’ [‘child en’]); Indonesia/Malay: anak-anak (‘child-child’ [‘child en’]), lala -lala (‘ ly- ly’ [‘ lies’]); (Godda d, Cli .
2005).
In English wo ds: Ack ack, aye-aye, back- o-back, blah-blah, boo-boo, bye-bye, chin-chin, choo-choo, chow-chow, dik-
dik, doo-doo, i y- i y, gogo, ha ha, hal -and-hal , housey-housey, juju, klop-klop, mama, muumuu, nigh -nigh , no-no, papa,
pee-pee, pip-pip, pom-pom, poo-poo, pooh-pooh, pu pu , so-so, a- a, u - u , u u, wah-wah, wee-wee, yo-yo. (Donka Minko a.
2002).
Repea wo ds o deno e supe la i es: in Russian, eduplica ion me hods based on ac o s s em can be used o ende
meaning ul compa ison o absolu e le els o adjec i es: добрый (kind), добрый-добрый ( he bes kind); большoй (big),
большoй-большoй (big bigges ). (Nguyễn Đức Tồn. 2011, p. 4).
Repea wo ds o deno e he g amma ical meanings o he plu al: In Vie namese o his epe i ion: Ngành ngành “ca ee
ca ee ”, người người “people people”. Howe e , he s uc u es such as “ngày ngày” (day day), “sáng sáng” (mo ning mo ning),
“đêm đêm” (nigh nigh ), “chiều chiều” (a e noon a e noon) a e no compound wo d s uc u es bu a e g amma ical s uc u es
deno ing epea ing ime. They indica e he p og ession o ime: day o day, mo ning o mo ning, a e noon o a e noon, nigh o
nigh . This o m o epe i ion indica es g amma ical meaning no a eduplica i e wo d. This ype is used in o mal Vie namese,
especially in li e a u e: “Ngày ngày em đứng em ông, T ông non non ngấ , ông sông sông dài” (ca dao) ‘Day o day you s ood
you looked, Looking moun ains high moun ains, looking i e long i e ’ ( olk poe y).
This o hog aphy has esu aced widely in ex messaging and o he o ms o elec onic communica ion. Chinese also
uses eduplica ion: 人 én o "pe son", 人人 én én o "e e ybody". Japanese does i oo: 時 oki " ime", okidoki 時々
"some imes, om ime o ime". Bo h languages can use a specially w i en i e a ion ma k 々 o indica e eduplica ion, al hough in
Chinese he i e a ion ma k is no longe used in s anda d w i ing and is o en ound only in callig aphy. Japanese does i oo: 時
oki " ime", okidoki 時々 "some imes, om ime o ime". In he Tu kish language, empha ic eduplica ion: A wo d can be
eduplica ed pa ially, such ha an empha ic s em is c ea ed o be a ached o he adjec i e. This is done by aking he i s syllable
o he adjec i e, d opping he syllable- inal phoneme, and adding one o ou in e pola ed consonan s (p, s, m, ). Fo example,
kı mızı ( ed) becomes kıpkı mızı ( e y ed); ma i (blue) becomes masma i ( e y blue). A wo d can be eduplica ed o ally, gi ing
a ela ed bu di e en meaning o used o emphasizing. Fo example, zaman zaman ( ime ime) meaning "occasionally"; uzun
uzun (long long) meaning " e y long o many hings long" (Göksel, Asli & Ke slake, Celia (2005).
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Japanese also con ains a la ge numbe o mime ic wo ds o med by eduplica ion o a syllable: These wo ds include no
only onoma opoeia, bu also wo ds in ended o in oke non-audi o y senses o psychological s a es, such as きらきら ki aki a
(spa kling o shining). By one coun , app oxima ely 43% o Japanese mime ic wo ds a e o med by ull eduplica ion.
(Tamamu a, Fumio.1979, p. 208–216. And 1989, p. 23–51). Many o he s a e o med by pa ial eduplica ion, as in がささ〜 ga-
sa-sa- ( us ling) (Nasu, Akio. 2003, p. 210–221). Indonesia/Malay: anak-anak (‘child-child’ [‘child en’]), lala -lala (‘ ly- ly’
[‘ lies’]). Thai: dèk-dèk (‘child-child’ [‘child en’]). Myanma [Tibe o-Bu man]): səl səl (‘boys boys’ [səl means ‘boys’]). Case
plu al o plu al. Japanese (Sino-Tibe an):人々 hi obi o (‘people’). The wo d is w i en by using i e a ion ‘々’ which indica es
duplica ion. The o m is also using endaku, whe e ‘h’ in hi o should be pai ed wi h ‘b’ in he eduplica ion syllable bi o. In he
Malayo-Polynesian amily language, eduplica ion is used o o m plu als: umah "house", umah- umah "houses". In p e-1972,
Indonesian and Malaysian o hog aphy, wo was sho hand o he eduplica ion ha o ms plu als: o ang "pe son", o ang-o ang
o o ang 2 "people". (Oma , Asmah Haji. 1989, p. 9–13).
2.1.2. The me hod o wo d o ma ion
The s uc u e eduplica i e: Random compound wo ds such as “ba ba” ( o oise), “bươm bướm” (bu e ly), “cào cào”
(locus ), “châu chấu” (g asshoppe ), “chôm chôm” ( ambu an), “chuồn chuồn” (d agon ly), “đu đủ” (papaya), “đười ươi”
(o angu an), “nòng nọc” ( adpole), “ hờn bơn” ( lounde ). This ype is de i ed om ancien Vie namese, one o he wo double
consonan s is u ned in o a syllable o a wo d o a double syllable o he wo d. This is a wo d o m whe e wo mo phemes
combine andomly.
The phenomenon o pseudo- eduplica ion, changes o double consonan s opening syllables in ancien Vie namese:
Example: pai l-nh / (m/ ): *mlảm due o he loss -m a ia ion in he opening double consonan , he e should be “lảm” and by
en e ing wo consonan s ml → nh, so he e is “nhảm” (un ounded), hen hese wo a ian syllables a e pai ed oge he in a
soma ic ela ionship so he e is “lảm nhảm” ( alk nonsense). Pai l / - c (k): * klò → “lò” and “cò” should ha e “lò cò”
(hopsco ch)… (Nguyễn Đức Tồn. 2016, p.1-19). Fo ms o ans e sound om Khme in o Vie namese: “ lum” ( ull) >“ ùm lum,
um ùm” (many, dense); “chhênh” > “chềnh hềnh” (s addle); “chho” > “chò hỏ” > “chồm hổm” (squa ) (Đỗ Hữu Châu.1997,
p.153-160).
Two elemen s wi h he same sound simula ion: ào ào, oang oang (cla ion), đoàng đoàng, choang choang (banging), ầm
ầm ( oa ing). These a e he wo ds ha simula e he sound, no eduplica i e wo ds bu acous ic couple wo ds o alli e a ion.
2.1.3. Compound wo ds ha e he o m o epea ing mo pheme in Vie namese
The eduplica ion wo ds and compound wo ds wi h epe i ion o meaning ha e di e en in ha , eduplica ion wo d is a
main - mino composi e wo d bu compound wo ds wi h epe i ion o meaning is an isosceles compound wo d. The eduplica ion
wo ds in which one mo pheme has he main meaning and he second one has he seconda y meaning, nuanced meaning.
Meanwhile, in he wo d compounding meaning, he wo mo phemes a e bo h isomo phic meaning. Wi h eduplica ion wo ds, he
mo pheme is no independen in speaking ac i i ies, bu he wo d compounding means he wo mo phemes a e inhe en ly single
wo ds ope a ing eely in communica ion. Wo ds wi h epea ing sounds ha e he o m o eduplica ion wo ds bu hey ha e no
nuance o meaning. I he eduplica i e wo ds ha e comple e eduplica ion and pa eduplica ion hen he compound wo ds also
epea s some meaning and epea s meaning comple ely. I is he simila i y in meaning be ween eduplica ed wo ds and compound
wo ds ha makes esea che s con use hese wo ypes.
2.2. The mechanism in compound wo ds wi h epea ing o meaning has he o m o he eduplica i e wo d
2.2.1. Ini ial consonan eduplica ion
Noun: Bầu bạn 伴 ( iend iend), câu cú 句 (sen ence sen ence), chim chóc (bi ds gizza d), chùa chiền ( emple pagoda),
hàng hóa 貨 (goods commodi y), hầm hào 壕 ( unnel ench), hình 形 hài 骸 (shape po ai ), lời lãi (p o i in e es ) lỗi lầm (e o
mis ake), mồ mả (g a e omb), nghề nghiệp 業 (ca ee p o ession), ừng ú ( o es jungle), hánh 聖 hần 神 (di ini y omnipo en ),
hê 妻 hiếp 妾 (wi e concubine), iền 錢 ệ 幣 (money cu ency)…
Ve b: Bao 包 bọc (en elop w ap), châm 針 chích (p ick s ing), chấ chồng (heap o e lap), di 移 dời (mo e displaced),
dụ 誘 dỗ (en ice coax), đánh đập (bea hi ), đo đạc 度 (measu e me e), ho hen (cough as hma cough), hội會 họp (mee ga he), lẫn
lộn (con use mis ake), leo èo (climb c eep), lượm lặ (pick ga he ), mộng 夢 mơ (d eam d eam), nghi 疑 ngờ (doub suspec ),
sinh 生 sống (be bo n, li e), soi sáng (shine lash), hay hế 替 ( eplace change), hích hú 趣 (enjoy ejoice), iếp 接 ục (con inue
go on), ốn ánh (hide a oid)…
Adjec i e: Cuối cùng 窮 ( inal las ), cương 僵 cứng ( u gid ha d), dẻo dai ( lexible ough), đông đặc ( ozen condensed),
đơn 單 độc 獨 (single alone), hèn hạ 下 (cowa dly low), hư hỏng (co up b oken), khốn 困 khổ 苦 (mise able des i u e), nhu 柔
nhược 弱 (syba i ic ail), sung 充 sướng 暢 (many happy), hông 常 hường 常 (common, no mal), ồi 毀 (hủy) àn 殘 (bad
shabby), xiêu xẹo (oblique inclined)….
2.2.2. Rhyming eduplica ion
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Noun: Binh 兵 lính (a my soldie ), giá 價 cả (p ice cos ), sức lực 力 (s eng h o ce), hứ 次 ự 序 (o dinal o de ), ội 罪
lỗi (sin e o )….
Ve b: Can gián 諫 (dissuade expos ula e), cạnh 諫 anh 爭 (compe e emula e), chán nản (bo ed discou aged), chia lìa
(di ide sepa a e), mong ngóng (looking o wa d o expec ing), quá nạ (shou bullying), sa ngã (d op all), so đọ (compa e
colla e), soi ọi ( lash beam), anh 爭 giành (compe e o dispu e), ú 住 ngụ 寓 (inhabi eside)…
Adjec i e: Cao 高 ngạo 傲 (high a ogan ), căng hẳng ( au s aigh ), cần 勤 mẫn 勔 (diligen labo ious), chênh ênh
( il ed wa ped), lân 邻 cận 近 (neighbou ing nex ), méo xẹo (dis o ed slan ing), hân 親 cận 近 (in ima e nea ), ắng lặng (quie
silen )….
2.3. Types o compound wo ds wi h epea ed meanings
2.3.1. Comple ely epe i ion meaning
Noun: Bầu bạn: "bầu": Muong language means "bậu", meaning "bạn" ( iend), bu when compounding wi h "bạn",
acco ding o he law o coun e poin , he one is con e ed om gliding one o plain one. Câu cú: "câu" (sen ence) is "cú"
(sen ence) 句, sen ence "câu nói" 語句 (communica ion sen ence). Thus, "câu" and " cú" a e de i ed om he Sino-Vie namese
language bu ead di e en ly, w i en in he same way. Chim chóc: (bi d gizza d): "choc": old Vie namese also means "bi d",
Nom le e s w i e 祝 "chóc". Giá cả: (p ice cos ): alue, p ice, Sino-Vie namese 价 is also w i en as 價; "cả" is he old sound o
"giá" (p ice). Lời lãi: (p o i in e es ) "lời" (in e es ) is also "lãi" (p o i ), he "lời" is he local language o "lãi", e e ing o he
amoun o di e ence due o o e spending in he ading p ocess. Mồ mả (g a e omb): "mồ" ( omb) is "mả" (g a e), possibly
"mộ" ( omb), in Sino-Vie namese, w i en 墓 because o going wi h "mả" " omb", so be ween hem ha e ones change, so "mộ"
( omb) also w i es 墓. Nghề nghiệp: (ca ee p o ession), "nghiệp" (ca ee ) is also "nghề" (p o ession), Sino-Vie namese w i ing
ca ee 業, a ming: 業 農. Tuổi ác: (age, yea o age), " ác" (age) in ancien Vie namese is also " uổi (age), a e m o age each
pe son o li e.
Ve b: Bao bọc: (en elop w ap), o ming a shield, "bao" (en elop): Sino-Vie namese w i en 包 en elop, w apping: 一
包 香煙 A pack o ciga e es; 兩 包 大米 Two bags o ice. "W ap": package, sealed. Chơi nhởi: “chơi” (play), “nhởi” is also
“chơi” (play), he dialec o "play". Đo đạc (measu e me e), "đạc" (measu e) is "đo" (me e), w i en in Sino-Vie namese 度, Nom
sound is "đo" 𢵋. Hỏi han (ask, ask o ): "han": Muong means “hỏi” (ask), "ask" jus asking o know. Leo èo (climb): mo ing he
body up, "leo" (climbing) is he local sound o " èo" (climb). Mộng mơ: "mộng" (d eam): Sino-Vie namese w i en 儚. "Mộng"
(D eaming) is a d eam, seeing hings ha while sleeping may o may no be in eali y. Thay hế ( eplace change), " hay" ( eplace):
Sino-Vie namese w i es 替, which also means " hế" (change) 代替 hay hế; " hay", Nom w i es 𠊝, emo ed, used o changing
in ano he place o ano he pe son. Thích hú (enjoy ejoice) eeling exci ed sa is ied, sa is ied, Sino-Vie namese w i e " hú"
趣,hứng hú 興趣, " hích", Nom le e s w i e Nôm 慼.
Adjec i e: Lanh lợi: "lợi" (quick)": agile, in Sino-Vie namese w i en 俐. "Lanh" is he uni e sal sound o " as ". Maybe
he wo d "lanh" (agile) u ns sound in o "linh": lexible 伶俐. "Quick" in he popula "agile", so "agile" has a ia ions: linh lẹ,
lanh lợi, linh lợi, lanh lẹ (agile, quick, lexible, as ). Lân cận (neighbo ing nex ),: "cận" (nea ), Sino-Vie namese w i en 近.
"Lân" (nex ) is adjacen , Sino-Vie namese w i en 邻, nea by, nex o: 鄰國 neighbo ing coun y. Rảnh ỗi ( ee ime): " ảnh"
( ee): in he s a e o ha ing no wo k o do, no being busy; " ỗi" is he local sound o " ảnh".
2.3.2. Repea some meaning
Noun: Hầm hào ( unnel ench), "hào" ( ench): Sino-Vie namese o 壕 is also " unnel", Vie namese sound, Nom w i e
窨. "A unnel" in Vie namese is a deep hole dug in o he g ound, wi h o wi hou a co e used o hide. The "hào" ( ench) is a
wide, deep and long ench ha can be walked a ound. Nồi niêu (Po ) "nồi (po ): u ensils used o cook ood in gene al, "niêu" is a
kind o small ea henwa e po . Bu so, he "niêu" is a kind o "nồi" (po ). Thê 妻 hiếp 妾 (wi e concubine), " hê" (wi e): he i s
wi e, Sino-Vie namese w i e chồng à ợ (husband and wi e) 夫 (phu)妻 ( hê); " hiếp" (concubine) is a concubine, bo h images
e e o he wi e in gene al.
Ve b: Chán nản (bo ed dep essed), "chán" (bo ed): in a s a e o no longe c a ing any hing. "Nản" (dep essed) : in he
s a e o no wan ing o do any hing. "Chán" (bo ed) leads o "dep essed" and also "discou aged" should lead o dep ession. Chấ
chồng (Heap pile): "Chấ " (Heap) pu on each o he many laye s in o la ge blocks; "chồng" (pile o e lap) pu one nex o he o he
by heigh . I you wan o " chấ " (heap), you mus "chồng" (o e lap), and you mus s ack hings up e ically. Chia lìa (di ide
sepa a e) "di ided": made in o pa s om a whole body; "lìa": lea ing one body, one g oup. "Chia" (di iding) will lead o
sepa a ion, "lìa" (sepa a e) is he esul o he di ision. Giảng giải (explain sol e): Sino-Vie namese w i es 講, explain, ell people
o unde s and clea ly wha is called lec u e. "Giải" (sol e): Sino-Vie namese w i es 解, explain: 解答 問題 answe he p oblem.
Wan o " each", i is necessa y o "sol e" and "sol e" is o " each". Lỗi lầm: (e o mis ake), "lỗi": e o s due o no complying
wi h egula ions o echniques, "mis akes": w ong pe cep ion, ecognizing one o ano he . "Mis ake" leads o "e o " o can also
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"mis ake" by he "e o ". "Lỗi lầm" a e mis akes, laws. T ông mong (look, wai wi h eage ness): "T ông": owa ds whom, wha
wi h hope, expec a ion; "mong" in he s a e o wai ing o , wai ing o someone, o some hing. "T ông" (looking) has many
meanings, bu going wi h "mong" means expec ing some hing. T ốn ánh (hide a oid): "T ốn" (hide) hiding in a sec e place o
a oid being seen, caugh ; " ánh" (a oid): mo e o ano he place so ha no one can mee , o be ee om disas e s o iolence.
"To hide" is o a oid, he pu pose o escape is o a oid some hing.
Adjec i e: Hèn hạ (cowa dly low): "hạ" (low): Sino-Vie namese w i e 下: low, 山下 unde he moun ain; 燈下 unde
he ligh s. "Hèn" (cowa dly): in a low posi ion. "Hèn" (cowa dly) should be in he lowe , lowe han o he s. Hư hỏng (co up
b oken): "Hư" (co up ) uined, o en; "hỏng" (b oken) damaged, unusable, "hư" (co up ) will lead o b oken. Sung sướng ( ull
happy), "sung" (many): w i en in Sino-Vie namese 充, ull, o e lowing, "spi i o p ospe i y" 精神 充足 spi i o ullness.
"Sướng" (happy): he e is a eeling o exci emen and sa is ac ion. "Sướng" (happy) is due o "sung" (many), when ull o well-
being hen people a e "happy". Vắng lặng (quie silen ): "Lặng" (quie ): no people and animals lead o "silence": no sound and
ac i i y.
3. CONCLUSION
Reduplica i e wo ds and compound wo ds wi h epe i ion o meaning a e di e en in e ms o s uc u e and g amma ical
meanings. The eduplica i e wo ds a e usually made up o a pa o he oo wo d, while a epea ing wo d is a comple ely
epea ing syllable. The eduplica i e wo ds a e c ea ed o show some meanings di e en om he meaning o he o iginal wo d.
Repea ing wo ds o en make up he plu al meaning. In Vie namese, wo d epea ing has he same o mali y as eduplica i e wo ds.
I is a compound wo d wi h a epe i ion o meaning in he o m o eduplica i e phone ic. This ype has he ini ial consonan
eduplica ion and he hyming eduplica ion. This is a o m o coincidence by chance, no using he ansc ip ion me hod o c ea e
new wo ds. The e is a ype ha is he phone ic a ia ion be ween he dialec s o make he a ia ion has a eduplica ion o m.
Example: "Lầm lẫn" (Mis ake con use): "lầm" (mis ake) is he dialec o "lẫn" (con use), in he No h dialec "lầm" (mis ake) is
"nhầm" as a mis ake: “nhầm lẫn”. Lẫn lộn (Con use): "lộn" (con use), he local sound o "lẫn" (con use). As such, hey c ea e
comple e synonyms o he wo ds "lầm lẫn" (mis ake), "nhầm lẫn" (mis ake), and "lẫn lộn" (con use).
Comple ely epe i ion meaning is usually synonyms pieced oge he om language a ia ions such as “lầm lẫn”, “nhầm
lẫn”, “lẫn lộn” (mis ake con use), and wo ds o di e en linguis ic o igins as be ween Vie – Muong “bầu bạn” ( iend iend),
Vie namese - Sino “nghề nghiệp” (ca ee p o ession), mode n Vie namese and Ancien Vie namese " uổi ác” (age, yea o age)…
Repea some s okes he meaning o he esul , he meaning o he cause, and he meaning o he me hod. Fo example, he
meaning o me hod in he wo d “chấ chồng” (heap pile); he meaning o cause - esul s in he wo d “chia lìa” (di ide sepa a e),
he meaning o he cause in he wo d “lỗi lầm” (e o mis ake). Fo he epea ing nouns, he e a e common and speci ic meanings
be ween he wo elemen s such as " hê hiếp (wi e concubine), "hầm hào" ( unnel ench) ...
Thus, compound wo ds wi h epe i ion o meaning ha e he o m o eduplica i e sounds a e a special phenomenon in
he s uc u e o Vie namese wo ds. This a icle mainly compa es he eduplica i e wo ds and compound wo ds wi h epe i ion o
meaning ha e he o m o eduplica i e phone ic o he me hod o s uc u e and mechanism o meaning. We will ha e he nex
a icle compa ing compound wo ds wi h epe i ion o meaning yes and no o m o eduplica i e sound; s udy o language
exposu e in compound wo ds.
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