*Co esponding au ho : Sa ia A. Al ezami
Copy igh © 2025 Au ho (s) e ain he copy igh o his a icle. This a icle is published unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion License 4.0.
Fo mula ion and E alua ion o a No el He bal C eam Con aining Fenug eek and
Tu me ic Ex ac s
Sa ia A. Al ezami 1, *, Abdula e M. M. Abbas 1, Tunis M. Thabe 2 and Mohammad M. alabbasi 3
1 Depa men o Pha macy, Facul y o Medicine and Heal h Science, Uni e si y o Almahwee , Almahwee , Yemen.
2 Depa men o Pha macy, Facul y o Medicine and Heal h Science, Uni e si y o Al Hekma Sana'a ci y, Yemen.
3 Depa men o Pha macology, Facul y o pha macy, Uni e si y o Science and Technology, Sana'a, Yemen.
GSC Biological and Pha maceu ical Sciences, 2025, 33(01), 230-238
Publica ion his o y: Recei ed on 14 Sep embe 2025; e ised on 20 Oc obe 2025; accep ed on 23 Oc obe 2025
A icle DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.30574/gscbps.2025.33.1.0408
Abs ac
Cu cuma longa ( u me ic) and T igonella oenum-g aecum ( enug eek) a e he bs known o an i-in lamma o y and
wound-healing e ec s. To o mula e and e alua e a opical polyhe bal c eam om u me ic and enug eek ex ac s and
es i s an i-in lamma o y ac i i y. Hyd oalcoholic ex ac s o bo h plan s we e p epa ed and added o di e en c eam
bases. The bes o mula ion (F3) was selec ed a e s abili y es ing. An i-in lamma o y ac i i y was s udied in 20 a s
using he o malin-induced paw edema model o six days. Be ame hasone c eam was used as he s anda d. The
op imized c eam was s able and non-g easy. I showed s ong an i-in lamma o y e ec s, simila o be ame hasone. A
polyhe bal c eam wi h u me ic and enug eek is sa e, s able, and e ec i e o de mal in lamma ion.
Keywo ds: Cu cuma longa; T igonella oenum-g aecum; Topical o mula ions; C eam e alua ion; An i-in lamma o y
ac i i y
1. In oduc ion
In lamma ion is pa o he body's immune esponse and is a se ious esponse o any inju y. The ou main signs o
in lamma ion a e pain, edness, hea , and swelling [1]. Fo yea s, medicinal plan s ha e been a aluable sou ce o healing
o communi ies globally. Addi ionally, i con inues o se e as a c ucial heal hca e and pha maceu ical sou ce o
a ound 85% o he global popula ion, wi h 80% o syn he ic d ugs being based on i [2]. One widely u ilized plan is
u me ic (Cu cuma longa L.), a hizoma ous he baceous plan belonging o he ginge amily, Zingibe aceae. I has long
been used as an an isep ic and an i-in lamma o y agen o wound healing due o i s bioac i e compounds and
an ioxidan p ope ies [3]. Addi ionally, u me ic ex ac has se e al cha ac e is ics ha egula e enzymes,
in lamma o y cy okines, ansc ip ion, g ow h ac o s, and p o ein kinases. This na u al subs ance p o ec s he skin by
neu alizing ee adicals and dec easing in lamma ion by inhibi ing nuclea ac o B. No only does i accele a e wound
healing, bu i also enhances collagen p oduc ion and inc eases he p esence o ib oblas s and ascula densi y in
wounds, c ea ing he highes amoun o pe plexi y [4]. The genus Cu cuma, which has abou 133 species, has been used
o a numbe o medicinal pu poses [5]. C. longa has ecen ly been shown o ha e a wide ange o pha macological and
he apeu ic bene i s, such as an i-diabe ic and ca dio ascula bene i s, an i-in lamma o y and an i-edema ac ions,
an ibac e ial and an icance p ope ies, hepa op o ec i e e ec s, p e en ion o Alzheime 's disease, and pho o
p o ec i e ac i i y [6]. The high con en o bioac i e cons i uen s in enug eek seeds sugges s hei po en ial ole as a
na u al al e na i e o pha maceu ical agen s in managing mino pain and in lamma o y condi ions [7-8]. Cu en ly,
enug eek is ex ensi ely used o ea ing diabe es melli us, hype lipidemia, a h i is, hypo hy oidism, ho lashes in
menopausal women, dysmeno hea, inc easing b eas -milk olume in pos pa um mo he s, p omo ing hai g ow h, and
add essing in e ili y [9]. Resea ch has shown ha e hanol ex ac , mucilage, and la onoids o enug eek seeds possess
an i-in lamma o y, an i-a h i ic, and an ioxidan p ope ies [10]. The spec um o an i-in lamma o y he apies has
GSC Biological and Pha maceu ical Sciences, 2025, 33(01), 230-238
231
expanded om con en ional NSAIDs o ad anced biologics and kinase inhibi o s, o e ing b oade and mo e a ge ed
ea men op ions [11]. The absence o cu a i e op ions and p olonged eco e y imes con ibu es signi ican ly o he
economic and social challenges aced by pa ien s, heal hca e p o ide s, and hei amilies [12]. Al hough he e is p oo
ha T igonella oenum-g aecum ( enug eek) and Cu cuma longa ( u me ic) ha e an i-in lamma o y and wound-healing
p ope ies, no hing is known abou how well hey wo k oge he in opical o mula ions. Mos p e ious esea ch
in es iga ed o al adminis a ion o single-he b ex ac s, wi h li le a en ion gi en o de eloping s able polyhe bal
c eams o de mal in lamma ion. Fu he mo e, he e is insu icien e idence compa ing he e icacy o each he bal
o mula ion wi h s anda d an i-in lamma o y d ugs in alida ed animal models. Acco dingly, he exis ing gap pe ains
o he comp ehensi e in es iga ion o a s able opical polyhe bal o mula ion combining u me ic and enug eek,
encompassing bo h s abili y p o iling and in i o e alua ion o an i-in lamma o y po en ial. This a icle's p ima y goal
is o o mula e and assess an an i-in lamma o y c eam using plan ex ac s, such as enug eek and u me ic.
2. Ma e ials and me hods
2.1. Sample collec ion and mac oscopic iden i ica ion o bo h plan s
In his s udy, u me ic hizomes we e pu chased om he local ma ke in Sana'a, Yemen, while enug eek seeds we e
collec ed om he Ya im dis ic in Ibb ci y, Yemen. Fo mic oscopic examina ion (Labomed, USA), a small po ion o
enug eek seed powde was moun ed on a glass slide wi h chlo al hyd a e solu ion. A simila p ocedu e was applied o
u me ic powde , which was mixed wi h glyce ol be o e examina ion [13].
2.2. Ex ac p epa a ion o bo h plan s
In a 250 mL beake , 30 mL o 70% e hanol was used o ex ac a ound 20 g o inely g ound u me ic hizomes using a
mul i-mill de ice [14]. The mix u e was di ided in o small lasks and subjec ed o sonica ion o 15 minu es (ul asonic-
assis ed ex ac ion)(sonica o , QsonicaQ500, UAS). A e sonica ion, he solu ion was il e ed, and he p ocess was
epea ed wice [15]. The combined il a es we e concen a ed using a o a y e apo a o a 50°C o ob ain he d ied
esidue [14].
Fo seeds o enug eek, 50 g o powde ed ma e ial was ex ac ed wi h 250 mL o 95% e hanol in a Soxhle ex ac o
(Labline, India) o wo days [16]. The ex ac s we e il e ed h ough Wha man il e pape and concen a ed unde
educed p essu e using a o a y acuum e apo a o (Buchi B-490, Ge many) a 40°C. The ob ained ex ac was s o ed
in an ai igh con aine o u he phy ochemical s udies [16],as seen in Figu e1.
Figu e 1 Soxhle ex ac o o enug eek seeds. Soxle (Labline, India, S . NO.63110)
2.3. Phy ochemical sc eening
P elimina y phy ochemical sc eening was pe o med on he plan ex ac s using con en ional colo ime ic me hods.
Small olumes o he ex ac s we e eac ed wi h selec i e eagen s o indica e he p esence o majo classes o seconda y
me aboli es. Alkaloids, annins, saponins, la onoids, and e penoids we e con i med by cha ac e is ic changes in colo
o he o ma ion o p ecipi a es, demons a ing he di e se phy ochemical p o ile o bo h plan s [17].
GSC Biological and Pha maceu ical Sciences, 2025, 33(01), 230-238
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2.4. He bal c eam o mula ion
In Table 1, he polyhe bal c eam was p epa ed in h ee di e en o mula ions, F1, F2, and F3. A ixed amoun o u me ic
and enug eek powde s (0.5 g each) was inco po a ed, while he concen a ions o emulsi ying and s abilizing agen s
we e a ied. The oily and aqueous phases we e hea ed sepa a ely a 60°C and blended wi h con inuous s i ing un il
he oom empe a u e was eached.
Table 1 Ing edien s used in c eam o mula ion
Ing edien s
Quali y in 50gc eam(g ml)
F1
F2
F3
Fenug eek powde
0.5g
0.5g
0.5g
Tu me ic powde
0.5g
0.5g
0.5g
Ce os ea yl alcohol
2g
3g
5g
Liquid pa a in
20ml
20ml
21ml
ha d pa a in
-
0.2g
0.5g
Anise oil
-
0.5ml
0.5ml
Sodium me hylpa aben
0.05g
0.05g
0.05g
Sodium p opylpa aben
0.01g
0.01g
0.01g
Sodium lau yl sulpha e
-
0.5g
0.5g
Dis illed wa e
q.s
(Quan i y su icien )
q.s
(Quan i y su icien )
21.8ml
2.5. He bal c eam e alua ion
The p epa ed he bal c eam was checked o uni o mi y and homogenei y by simple isual and ac ile obse a ion [14].
I s pH was measu ed by dispe sing 0.5 g o c eam in 50 mL o dis illed wa e and eco ding he alue wi h a calib a ed
pH me e a oom empe a u e [18]. Mic obial sa e y was e alua ed using he s eak pla e me hod agains con ol
samples [14].
2.6. S abili y s udy
The s abili y o he he bal c eam was s udied o h ee mon hs. A e p oduc ion, he appea ance and pH alue o he
c eam we e egula ly e alua ed, and he s abili y o he de eloped he bal c eam was assessed unde a ious
empe a u e and humidi y condi ions, speci ically a 30°C wi h 65% humidi y, 40°C wi h 70% humidi y, and 25°C [19].
2.7. In i o animal s udy (an i-in lamma o y ac i i y)
20 adul male albino a s weighing 150-200 g we e housed in he animal uni a he Uni e si y o Science and Technology
in Sana'a, Yemen. They we e kep unde s anda d labo a o y condi ions, wi h a empe a u e o 25 ± 2°C and a 12-hou
da k and 12-hou ligh cycle. Ra s had access o a s anda d d y pelle die and ap wa e [11]. All animal p ocedu es will
be pe o med by he Guide o he Ca e and Use o Labo a o y Animals published by he US Na ional Ins i u es o Heal h.
All e o s will be exe ed o minimize animal su e ing. All he expe imen s will be app o ed by he E hical Commi ee,
Uni e si y o Sana'a (App o al No. 433-Da e15-02-2025)
Fo malin-induced a edema 20 adul albino a s we e di ided in o 4 g oups [20].
Ra s we e andomly assigned in o ou g oups as ollows:5 a s in each g oup [21], as ep esen ed in Table (2).
GSC Biological and Pha maceu ical Sciences, 2025, 33(01), 230-238
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Table 2 Expe imen al G ouping and ea men p o ocols o Ra s
G oups
T ea men
G oup I
No mal con ol g oup ha was ea ed wi h dis illed wa e om he i s day o 6 h day.
G oup II
Mixed plan ex ac s g oup ha ea ed a single daily o mixed plan ex ac s(1% Cu cuma longa [22] and
1% T igonella oenum-g aecum[23] om he i s day o 6 h day.
G oup
III
he bal c eam – ea ed g oup ha a s we e ea ed a single daily he bal c eam (0.5g 50g o Cu cuma longa
[22] and 0.5g 50g T igonella oenum-g aecum [23] om he i s day o 6 h day.
G oup
IV
Topical Be ame hasone- ale a e ea ed g oup ha a s we e ea ed wi h a single daily dose o c eam
0.1% [24] om he i s day o 6 h day.
A e anes hesia by ke amine (50 mg/kg) [25], he skin on he back was sc aped and disin ec ed wi h 70% e hanol. The
a edema was induced by injec ing 50 µL o 2.5% o malin (S a hclyde, India) (dissol ed in 0.9% no mal saline)
subcu aneously in o he plan a su ace [26] wi h subsequen measu emen s aken o e 6 days [20]. Animals ecei ed
daily ea men wi h mixed plan ex ac s, c eam, and be ame hasone ale a e (Shaphco-Yemen), ollowed by he
calcula ion o edema using a e nie calipe [26].
2.8. Analysis o S a is ics
Resul s we e exp essed as mean ± s anda d de ia ion (SD). S a is ical analyses we e pe o med using G aphPad P ism
so wa e ( e sion 8). Da a o ca ego ical a iables we e p esen ed as mean and SD, and di e ences we e conside ed
s a is ically signi ican a p < 0.05.
3. Resul s
3.1. Yield and Mic oscopic Iden i ica ion
The ex ac ion yield was 7% o u me ic and 6% o enug eek. Mic oscopic examina ion e ealed cha ac e is ic
ea u es, including he p esence o hypo-epide mal cells in enug eek and co k cells in u me ic, as shown in Figu e 2.
Figu e 2 Mic oscope pic u e o bo h plan , a) enug eek ,b) u me ic
3.2. Phy ochemical es esul s
Phy ochemical sc eening e ealed ha bo h Fenug eek and Tu me ic con ained alkaloids and la onoids. Saponins and
annins we e de ec ed only in Fenug eek, while e penoids we e p esen exclusi ely in Tu me ic, as shown in Table (3).
GSC Biological and Pha maceu ical Sciences, 2025, 33(01), 230-238
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Table 3 Resul s o phy ochemical es s o bo h plan
Tu me ic
Fenug eek
Types
+
+
Alkaloids
-
+
Tannins
-
+
Saponins
+
+
Fla onoids
+
-
Te penoids
3.3. C eam o mula ion esul s
3.3.1. Fo mula ion
in Figu e (3), h ee di e en o mula ions we e done om bo h plan ex ac , and he o mula (F1) was sepa a ed in o
wo phases a e a ew days o o mula ion. The o mula (F2) was s able and had an elegan appea ance, bu i was oo
so and g easy when applied on skin. The mos s able, elegan , easy- o-apply o mula was numbe h ee(F3), i was he
o mula o e alua ion and es s, as shown in Figu e 3.
Figu e 3 Di e en c eam o mulas. T1( o mula no.1), T2 ( o mula no. 2),T3 ( o mula no. 3)
3.3.2. Tes s o c eam
The o mula ed he bal c eam exhibi ed an elegan appea ance, cha ac e ized by a b igh yellow colo , a smoo h ex u e,
and ease o washing. A oom empe a u e, he pH o he c eam was measu ed a 6.01. Fu he mo e, es ing o
mic oo ganisms e ealed no e idence o pa hogenic mic obial g ow h a e a 24 hou incuba ion pe iod a 37 deg ees
Celsius.
3.3.3. S abili y s udy
The o mula ion o c eam had almos cons an pH, homogeneous, emollien , non-g easy du ing he s abili y pe iod, as
ep esen ed in Table (4).
Table 4 Resul s o s abili y es s o he bal c eam among h ee mon hs
Days
Tempe a u e
Rela i e Humidi y
Pa ame e
pH
Homogenei y
Sp ead-ili y
Colou
odou
Tex u e
0
R (25oC)
6.01
++
++
NC
NG
30oC 65%
6.01
++
++
NC
NG
40oC 70%
6.01
++
++
NC
NG
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30
R (25oC)
7.01
++
++
NC
NG
30oC 65%
7.02
++
++
NC
NG
40oC 70%
7.03
++
++
NC
NG
60
R (25oC)
6.61
++
++
NC
NG
30oC 65%
6.90
++
++
NC
NG
40oC 70%
6.83
++
++
NC
NG
90
R (25oC)
5.60
++
++
NC
NG
30oC 65%
6.51
++
++
NC
NG
40oC 70%
5.79
+
+
SC
NG
R= Real condi ions NC =No Change NG=Non g easy SC= Sligh ly Change
3.3.4. Animal expe imen al esul s
Du ing he six days o ea men , he con ac ion o in lamma ion was moni o ed in all g oups (con ol, he bal c eam,
mixed ex ac s, and be ame hasone). The p og essi e educ ion in in lamma ion size, wi h signi ican di e ences
be ween ea men s, ep esen ed in Figu e (4).
Figu e 4 Time-dependen changes in in lamma ion con ac ion (mm) o e 6 days in a s (n=5/g oup) ea ed wi h
he bal c eam, mixed ex ac s, o be ame hasone compa ed wi h he con ol. Signi ican di e ences we e obse ed on
day 3 (con ol s. mixed ex ac , p<0.02), day 4 (con ol s. mixed ex ac and be ame hasone, p<0.02), and day 5
(con ol s. mixed ex ac p<0.02)
4. Discussion
This s udy e alua ed he ex ac ion yield, phy ochemical p o ile, o mula ion s abili y, and an i-in lamma o y ac i i y o
u me ic and enug eek ex ac s. The ex ac ion yield o u me ic was 7%, while enug eek yielded 6%, depending on
he ex ac ion me hod. These alues a e wi hin he ange o p e ious s udies [27], al hough a ia ions in epo ed yields
and phy ochemical con en a e common due o di e ences in sol en sys ems, plan sou ces, and en i onmen al
condi ions. In ou analysis, enug eek showed alkaloids, la onoids, and annins, while o he s udies also epo ed
e penoids, s e oids, and amino acids. Such di e ences emphasize he impo ance o s anda diza ion in he bal esea ch.
The mic oscopic ea u es o bo h plan s u he suppo ed hei co ec bo anical iden i ica ion, aligning wi h o he
epo s [28]. This s ep is essen ial o quali y con ol in he bal o mula ions o ensu e ep oducibili y and eliabili y.
Fo mula ion expe imen s showed ha c eam F3 was he mos s able and accep able p epa a ion. F1 sepa a ed in o
laye s, likely due o he absence o su icien emulsi ying agen s which was dependen on enug eek saponins, while F2
was oily on applica ion. F3 main ained good sp eadabili y, washabili y, and bio-adhesion, wi h no isible phase
sepa a ion. The pH emained wi hin he skin- iendly ange (4-7), and s abili y s udies con i med no majo physical
GSC Biological and Pha maceu ical Sciences, 2025, 33(01), 230-238
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changes a e h ee mon hs o s o age a a ious empe a u es. Only mino luc ua ions in pH we e no ed, consis en
wi h p e ious epo s ha enug eek-based c eams a e mo e s able a mode a e s o age empe a u es [29].
Animal expe imen s demons a ed ha bo h he he bal c eam and he c ude ex ac educed edema e ec i ely, wi h
ou comes compa able o be ame hasone. The c ude ex ac p oduced he as es ini ial educ ion in in lamma ion, bu
he c eam p o ided a mo e sus ained e ec o e six days. By he inal day, he he bal c eam showed esul s simila o
be ame hasone, indica ing i s he apeu ic po en ial. These indings suppo ea lie s udies whe e cu cumin educed
wound size and in lamma ion, and enug eek ex ac s p o ided addi ional an i-in lamma o y ac i i y [30].
The syne gis ic ac ion o bioac i e compounds such as cu cuminoids and la onoids likely explains he obse ed e ec s.
The abili y o he polyhe bal c eam o ma ch he e icacy o a co icos e oid sugges s ha i could se e as a sa e, na u al
al e na i e o adjunc ea men o in lamma o y skin condi ions.
4.1. S eng hs and Limi a ions
The s udy p o ed ha Cu cuma longa and T igonella oenum-g aecum ex ac s we e success ully o mula ed and
e alua ed, and he c eam demons a ed good physicochemical s abili y o e a h ee-mon h s o age pe iod. Also, in i o
e alua ion using he o malin-induced paw edema model in a s showed signi ican an i-in lamma o y ac i i y. The
polyhe bal c eam exhibi ed compa able e icacy o be ame hasone, he s anda d an i-in lamma o y e e ence d ug.
Findings p o ide scien i ic suppo o in eg a ing adi ional he bal medicine in o mode n opical he apies o
in lamma o y skin condi ions. Howe e , some limi a ions mus be acknowledged: he s udy showed only a single
o mula ion ype (c eam) a he han o he ypical dosages (gel, sp ay, o powde ). I did no in es iga e he p ecise
molecula mechanism unde lying he an i-in lamma o y ac i i y o u me ic and enug eek ex ac and did no measu e
bioma ke s o in lamma ion (cy okines, oxida i e s ess ma ke s). I did no con ain quali a i e analysis o bo h
ex ac s (HPLC, GC). Also, his opa hology lesion was absen . O e all, while he esul s a e p omising, u he in-dep h
s udies a e necessa y.
5. Conclusion
In conclusion, he combina ion o u me ic and enug eek ex ac s in a opical c eam esul ed in a s able o mula ion
wi h signi ican an i-in lamma o y ac i i y in i o. While he indings a e p omising, u he s udies wi h la ge animal
g oups, quan i a i e analysis o phy ochemicals, and e en ual clinical ials a e necessa y o es ablish long- e m sa e y
and e icacy.
Compliance wi h e hical s anda ds
Disclosu e o con lic o in e es
No con lic o in e es o be disclosed.
S a emen o e hical app o al
All animal p ocedu es will be pe o med by he Guide o he Ca e and Use o Labo a o y Animals published by he US
Na ional Ins i u es o Heal h. All e o s will be exe ed o minimize animal su e ing. All he expe imen s will be
app o ed by he E hical Commi ee, Uni e si y o Sana'a (App o al No. 433-Da e15-02-2025)
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