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Re isi ing he Risk Managemen o Ag icul u al En ep eneu s in Da ao O ien al: A
Mul iple-Case S udy
Ma ichen M. Mana ad1, 2, 3, Emma V. Saga ino3
1 Facul y o Ag icul u e and Li e Sciences, Da ao O ien al S a e Uni e si y, Ma i Ci y, Da ao O ien al, Philippines,
8200
2 Technology T ans e and Inno a ion Di usion Managemen Uni , Da ao O ien al S a e Uni e si y, Ma i Ci y,
Da ao O ien al, Philippines, 8200
3 Doc o in Business Managemen P og am, G adua e School, Uni e si y o he Immacula e Concepcion, Fa he Selga
S ., Da ao Ci y, Philippines, 8000
| Recei ed: 19.11.2025 | Accep ed: 23.11.2025 | Published: 24.11.2025
*Co esponding au ho : Ma ichen M. Mana ad
Facul y o Ag icul u e and Li e Sciences, Da ao O ien al S a e Uni e si y, Ma i Ci y, Da ao O ien al, Philippines,
8200
Abs ac
Ag icul u al en ep eneu s in he Philippines con inue o ace pe sis en isks ha unde mine p oduc i i y and esilience, ye mos
ely on adi ional coping p ac ices ha a e insu icien agains la ge‑scale dis u bances. In Da ao O ien al, whe e di e se
en e p ises such as c op a ming, li es ock, ag o‑p ocessing, and aquacul u e ope a e, he e emains a gap in unde s anding how
ag ip eneu s manage isks ac oss di e en sec o s and wha s a egies sus ain hei ope a ions. This s udy aimed o explo e and
analyze he isk managemen ope a ions o ag icul u al en ep eneu s h ough a quali a i e mul iple‑case design. Fi e cases we e
pu posi ely selec ed, and da a we e ga he ed h ough in‑dep h in e iews, iangula ed wi h obse a ions and s akeholde
alida ion. Thema ic and c oss‑case analyses e ealed ou majo hemes o isk: human esou ce, inancial and ma ke , legal and
ins i u ional, and ope a ional. Common challenges included sho ages o skilled labo , uns able commodi y p ices, cos ly
egula o y equi emen s, and ulne abili y o se e e wea he , while sec o ‑speci ic di e ences eme ged, such as li es ock a me s’
emphasis on eliable wo ke s, aquacul u e’s exposu e o p eda o y animals and wa e luc ua ions, and ag o‑p ocesso s’ s uggles
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In oduc ion
Risk managemen is a sys ema ic app oach ha enables i ms o
iden i y, assess, and mi iga e po en ial haza ds o hei ope a ional
s abili y. In ag icul u e, his p ocess is pa icula ly c i ical because
en e p ises ely hea ily on en i onmen al condi ions and ola ile
ma ke s. Schola s such as Rossinskaya (2019) and Nezamo a and
Olen so a (2021) emphasize ha ag icul u al en e p ises ace
signi ican isks due o hei dependence on na u al and socio-
economic ac o s. Pa la iuk (2020) u he no es ha con inuous
esea ch is necessa y o add ess challenges posed by biological,
echnical, and inancial unce ain ies. Globally, he absence o
o mal isk managemen ins umen s, including insu ance and
c edi , exposes ag icul u al businesses o ma ke luc ua ions and
clima e change, inc easing hei ulne abili y o inancial
ins abili y and p oduc ion losses (Hellmu h & Moo e, 2015;
Cha es e al., 2020).
In he Philippines, ag icul u e emains i al, ye e a ic ma ke
ci cums ances and des uc i e wea he pa e ns h ea en i s
sus ainabili y. Ga cia and Diola (2016) obse ed ha Filipino
ag icul u al en ep eneu s o en ely on adi ional p ac ices such as
c op di e si ica ion and coope a i e communi y ne wo ks. While
hese me hods p o ide some p o ec ion, hey a e insu icien
agains la ge-scale dis u bances. In Da ao O ien al, en ep eneu s
encoun e isks ac oss p oduc ion, ma ke , en i onmen al,
ope a ional, and egula o y domains (Dela C uz, 2018; To es e
al., 2019). The di e si y o ag icul u al ac i i ies in he p o ince
which includes c ops, li es ock, ag o-p ocessing, and aquacul u e.
This makes isk managemen pa icula ly complex. Al hough
awa eness o o mal ools is g owing, many a me s con inue o
depend on basic p ac ices ha ail o p o ide adequa e p o ec ion
(Da ao Ci y De elopmen Council, 2020).
Risk managemen ope a ions a e essen ial o ag icul u al
en ep eneu s in Da ao O ien al, especially gi en he sec o ’s ole
in suppo ing mul iple Sus ainable De elopmen Goals (SDGs).
These include po e y educ ion (SDG 1), ood secu i y (SDG 2),
and economic esilience (SDG 8). E ec i e s a egies such as c op
di e si ica ion, insu ance, and sus ainable a ming p o ec small-
scale ag ip eneu s om losses caused by clima e change, ma ke
luc ua ions, and na u al disas e s (UNDP, 2017; FAO, 2016).
Na ional policy amewo ks, such as he Philippine De elopmen
Plan 2017–2022, aim o s eng hen ag icul u al esilience h ough
in eg a ed isk managemen sys ems, bu inancial es ic ions and
limi ed public awa eness hinde implemen a ion.
Theo e ical pe spec i es p o ide aluable lenses o analyzing isk
managemen p ac ices. The In eg a ed Risk Managemen
F amewo k (Ha dake e al., 2015) highligh s he need o combine
inancial, p oduc ion, en i onmen al, and ma ke s a egies in o
cohesi e sys ems. Slo ic’s (1987) Risk Pe cep ion Theo y explains
how en ep eneu s e alua e and espond o haza ds based on
pe sonal expe iences and pe cep ions. Ba ney’s (1991) Resou ce-
Based View unde sco es he impo ance o in e nal esou ces such
as ne wo ks, echnology, and capi al in building esilience and
compe i i e ad an age. Toge he , hese amewo ks guide he
analysis o isk managemen among ag icul u al en ep eneu s in
Da ao O ien al.
The p ima y objec i e o his s udy was o explo e and analyze he
isk managemen ope a ions o ag icul u al en ep eneu s in Da ao
O ien al h ough a mul iple-case s udy app oach. I u he aimed
o iden i y common challenges, sec o -speci ic di e ences, and
adap i e s a egies ha con ibu e o esilience in ag ibusiness.
Me hodology
Resea ch Design
This s udy used a quali a i e mul iple-case design o examine isk
managemen among ag icul u al en ep eneu s in Da ao O ien al.
Fi e cases we e pu posi ely selec ed o ep esen c op-based
a ming, mixed a ming, ag o-p ocessing, li es ock aising, and
aquacul u e (Yin, 2018; Pa on, 2015).
Pa icipan s
Pa icipan s we e iden i ied wi h he assis ance o local ag icul u al
o ice s and selec ed based on hei expe ience and ele ance o he
s udy. Each en ep eneu had a leas i e yea s o p ac ice in hei
sec o , ensu ing c edible insigh s. Maximum a ia ion sampling
was used o cap u e di e se pe spec i es ac oss di e en
ag icul u al en e p ises (Pa on, 2015).
Da a Collec ion
Pe mission was sough om he Dean o he G adua e School, and
clea ance was ob ained om he Uni e si y o he Immacula e
Concep ion Resea ch E hics Commi ee. P ospec i e pa icipan s
ecei ed le e s o in i a ion and in o med consen o ms. Once
hey con i med pa icipa ion, in e iews we e scheduled a
con enien enues, including hei homes when p e e ed, o
ensu e com o and con iden iali y.
Da a we e ga he ed h ough in-dep h in e iews las ing
app oxima ely 45 minu es pe case uni . This app oach elici ed
de ailed accoun s o pa icipan s’ expe iences, s a egies, and
decision-making p ocesses. P obing ques ions we e used o explo e
deepe insigh s, and appo was es ablished o os e us and
openness. T iangula ion was achie ed by alida ing esponses wi h
amily membe s, co- a me s, and ag icul u al o ice s,
s eng hening he c edibili y o indings (C eswell & Po h, 2018).
All in e iews we e audio- eco ded wi h consen , ansc ibed
e ba im, and supplemen ed wi h ield no es. A coding sys em was
employed o ensu e anonymi y, in compliance wi h he Da a
P i acy Ac o 2012. Da a we e s o ed secu ely and scheduled o
dele ion one yea a e s udy comple ion.
Da a Analysis
T ansc ip s and no es we e epea edly e iewed o cap u e
pa icipan s’ oices and meanings (Caul ield, 2019). Line-by-line
coding was conduc ed o iden i y ecu ing ideas and signi ican
wi h logis ics and biosa e y. Despi e hese ulne abili ies, en ep eneu s demons a ed esilience h ough di e si ica ion,
coope a i e ne wo ks, clima e‑sma p ac ices, and esou ce sha ing. The s udy concludes ha isk managemen among
ag icul u al en ep eneu s in Da ao O ien al is no only abou mi iga ing losses bu also abou sus aining li elihoods and building
esilience, o e ing con ex ual insigh s ha can in o m policy, ex ension se ices, and u u e esea ch.
Keywo ds: ag icul u e, business managemen , en ep eneu s, esilience, isk managemen , sus ainabili y
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expe iences. Thema ic analysis ollowed B aun and Cla ke’s
(2006) amewo k, gene a ing ou majo hemes: 1) human
esou ce isk, 2) inancial and ma ke isk, 3) legal and ins i u ional
isk, and 4) ope a ional isk. C oss-case analysis was hen applied
o compa e simila i ies and di e ences ac oss he i e cases (Miles,
Hube man, & Saldaña, 2014). This app oach highligh ed uni e sal
challenges such as labo sho ages and p ice ola ili y, while also
e ealing sec o -speci ic issues such as biosecu i y in aquacul u e
and logis ics in ag o-p ocessing.
Role o he Resea che
As he p ima y ins umen o da a collec ion and analysis, he
esea che conduc ed in e iews, coded ansc ip s, and compa ed
cases. Re lexi i y was p ac iced o minimize bias, and
con iden iali y was s ic ly main ained. The esea che ’s ole was
o ai h ully ep esen pa icipan s’ expe iences while gene a ing
ac ionable insigh s o ag icul u al esilience.
E hical Conside a ions
The s udy was e iewed and app o ed by he Uni e si y o he
Immacula e Concep ion Resea ch E hics Commi ee unde
P o ocol Code GS-ER-06-25-0306. Pa icipan s we e ully
in o med o hei igh s, including olun a y pa icipa ion,
con iden iali y, and he op ion o wi hd aw a any ime. In o med
consen was ob ained be o e each in e iew, and da a handling
complied wi h ins i u ional and na ional e hical s anda ds.
E hical Conside a ions
App o al was g an ed by he Uni e si y o he
Immacula eConcep ion Resea ch E hics Commi ee unde p o ocol
code GS-ER-06-25-0306. In o med consen was ob ained,
con iden iali ymain ained, and pa icipan s we e ee o wi hd aw
a any ime.Membe checking and deb ie ing ensu ed accu acy.
Resul s
The s udy gene a ed ou majo hemes o isks expe ienced by
ag icul u al en ep eneu s in Da ao O ien al: human esou ce,
inancial and ma ke , legal and ins i u ional, and ope a ional isks.
Table 1 shows he ou hemes ha eme ged om he c oss-case
analysis o i e ag icul u al en e p ises: c op-based a ming, mixed
a ming, ag o-p ocessing, li es ock aising, and aquacul u e.
Table 1. Thema ic analysis o he simila i ies and di e ences ac oss i e cases o ag icul u al en ep eneu s.
Themes
Simila i ies Ac oss Cases
Di e ences Ac oss Cases
Human Resou ce Risk
Mos en ep eneu s epo ed a lack o skilled
wo ke s (A, C, D).
One emphasized he sho age o eliable wo ke s (D).
Financial and Ma ke Risk
All s uggled wi h uns able commodi y p ices
a ec ing income.
One lacked esou ces o add ess ex eme wea he
(A).
Legal and Ins i u ional Risk
Cos ly and edundan equi emen s o pe mi s
and FDA egis a ion (A, B, C).
Lack o coo dina ed s akeholde e o s and cohesi e
policies (B, D).
Ope a ional Risk
All expe ienced se e e wea he impac s and mos
lacked mode n acili ies (B, C, D).
One aced logis ics and biosa e y challenges, ano he
deal wi h p eda o y animals (C, E).
Discussion
The esul s o his s udy e ealed ou majo hemes o isk
expe ienced by ag icul u al en ep eneu s in Da ao O ien al:
human esou ce, inancial and ma ke , legal and ins i u ional, and
ope a ional isks. Each heme was e iden ac oss cases, bu sec o -
speci ic di e ences highligh ed how con ex shapes ulne abili y
and coping s a egies.
Human Resou ce Risk
The c op based a me (Case A), ag o p ocesso (Case C), and
li es ock a me (Case D) all s uggled wi h he lack o skilled
wo ke s. Case D emphasized eliabili y, unde sco ing he highe
s akes in li es ock managemen whe e us wo hy labo is
essen ial o animal ca e. These indings con i m Ryan (2023) and
B iones (2022), who a gue ha p oduc i i y in u al ag icul u al
communi ies is comp omised by sho ages in labo and inadequa e
aining. Globally, Qo i, Szabó, Fel öldi, and Ko ács (2024) no e
ha adop ion o mode n echnologies is hinde ed by he lack o
ained pe sonnel, while Singh (2023) highligh s ha seasonal
employmen pa e ns and limi ed esou ces make sus ainable HRM
p ac ices di icul o implemen . Yakin (2023) u he s esses ha
human capi al emains i al, bu i s po en ial is cons ained by
declining in e es among younge gene a ions. The eliance on
amily and empo a y wo ke s in Da ao O ien al e lec s hese
b oade challenges.
Financial and Ma ke Risk
All en ep eneu s aced uns able commodi y p ices, di ec ly
a ec ing hei income. Case A was mos ulne able o ex eme
wea he due o limi ed inancial esou ces, while o he s a emp ed
di e si ica ion in o c ops, li es ock, o p ocessing. S ill, capi al
cons ain s limi hei op ions. These indings align wi h Smi h e
al. (2022) and Maga and Dela C uz (2023), who emphasize ha
smallholde s s uggle o eco e om shocks. This was due o
uns able ma ke s and ine icien inancing mechanisms. The esul s
show ha while di e si ica ion is a c ucial isk mi iga ion s a egy,
i equi es capi al ha is no always accessible, lea ing many
ag ip eneu s exposed o clima ic and ma ke p essu es.
Legal and Ins i u ional Risk
Legal and ins i u ional challenges we e e iden ac oss cases. The
c op-based a me (Case A), li es ock a me (Case B), and ag o-
p ocesso (Case C) desc ibed cos ly and edundan equi emen s
o pe mi s and FDA egis a ion. Meanwhile, Cases B and D
highligh ed agmen ed policies and weak s akeholde
coo dina ion, which hinde ed collec i e g ow h. These indings
suppo he s udies o Nguyen e al. (2023) and C uz and Lade a
(2024). They ound ha egula o y ine iciencies a e majo
obs acles o ag ibusiness de elopmen in he Philippines. The
esul s con i m ha bu eauc a ic p ocesses a e sys emic ba ie s,
discou aging inno a ion and slowing expansion, pa icula ly o
small-scale en e p ises.
Ope a ional Risk
Ope a ional isks we e sha ed ac oss en e p ises, wi h se e e
wea he a ec ing c ops and li es ock alike. Case D aced
unp edic able soil condi ions, Case E deal wi h p eda o y animals
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and wa e luc ua ions, and Case C s uggled wi h logis ics and
biosa e y ied o p oduc quali y. These indings a e consis en wi h
Ochieng e al. (2023) and A mingol and Saga ino (2025), who
obse ed ha hei compe i i eness is weakened due o ope a ional
bo lenecks. The inabili y o adop mode n acili ies due o capi al
sho ages u he compounded hese isks. Despi e hese
challenges, en ep eneu s demons a ed esilience by adop ing
adap i e s a egies such as esou ce sha ing, coope a i e ne wo ks,
and schedule adjus men s, e lec ing he long- e m esou ce ulness
o Filipino ag icul u al en ep eneu s.
Conclusion
This quali a i e mul iple-case s udy explo ed he isk managemen
ope a ions o ag icul u al en ep eneu s in Da ao O ien al,
e ealing ou in e connec ed hemes: human esou ce, inancial
and ma ke , legal and ins i u ional, and ope a ional isks. Ac oss
cases, common challenges include sho ages o skilled labo ,
uns able commodi y p ices, cos ly egula o y equi emen s, and
ulne abili y o se e e. Sec o -speci ic di e ences eme ged among
li es ock a me s’ need o eliable wo ke s, aquacul u e’s
exposu e o p eda o y animals and wa e luc ua ions, and ag o-
p ocesso s’ s uggles wi h logis ics and biosa e y. Despi e hese
ulne abili ies, en ep eneu s demons a ed esilience h ough
di e si ica ion, coope a i e ne wo ks, clima e-sma p ac ices, and
esou ce sha ing, showing ha isk managemen is no only abou
mi iga ing losses bu also abou sus aining li elihoods and building
esilience in he ace o unce ain y.
Acknowledgmen
The i s au ho since ely hanks Da ao O ien al S a e Uni e si y
o unding and suppo ing he comple ion o his disse a ion.
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