Towa ds a sus ainable Open Da a ECOsys em
D4.3
An app oach o s ee he beha iou o non-go e nmen
da a holde s owa ds open da a h ough a go e nance
s a egy
This p ojec has ecei ed unding om he Eu opean Unionʼs Ho izon 2020 esea ch and inno a ion
p og amme unde he Ma ie Skłodowska-Cu ie g an ag eemen No 955569.
The opinions exp essed in his documen e lec only he au ho ʼs iew and in no way e lec he
Eu opean Commissionʼs opinions. The Eu opean Commission is no esponsible o any use ha may be
made o he in o ma ion i con ains.
D4.3 An app oach o s ee he beha iou o non-go e nmen da a holde s owa ds open da a
h ough a go e nance s a egy
P ojec Ac onym
ODECO
P ojec Ti le
Towa ds a sus ainable Open Da a ECOsys em
G an Ag eemen No.
955569
S a da e o P ojec
01-10-2021
Du a ion o he P ojec
48 mon hs
Deli e able Numbe
D4.3
Deli e able Ti le
An app oach o s ee he beha iou o non-
go e nmen da a holde s owa ds open da a
h ough a go e nance s a egy
Dissemina ion Le el
Public
Deli e able Leade
Ka holieke Uni e si ei Leu en (KULEUVEN)
Submission Da e
30-09-2024
Au ho (s)
Joep C omp oe s – KULEUVEN – Ca e ina
San o o KULEUVEN, Ahmad Ash a Ahmad
Shaha udin – TU Del , Da ide Di S aso - TU
Del , Gio gos Papageo giou – Fa osne S.A.,
Alejand a Celis Va gas - AAU, Liubo
Pilshchiko a - TU Del , Héc o Ochoa O iz -
Unicam
Documen his o y
Ve sion #
Da e
Desc ip ion (Sec ion, page
numbe )
Au ho & O ganisa ion
17-04-2024
Kick-o Mee ing
Joep C omp oe s -
KULEUVEN
13-05-2024
Second Mee ing and
b ains o ming session wi h Mi o
Boa d
Joep C omp oe s, Ca e ina
San o o – KULEUVEN, Ahmad
Ash a Ahmad Shaha udin –
TU Del , Da ide Di S aso - TU
Del , Gio gos Papageo giou –
Fa osne S.A., Alejand a Celis
Va gas - AAU, Liubo
Pilshchiko a -
TU Del ,
Héc o Ochoa O iz - Unicam
V0.1
29-05-2024
Fi s d a
Ca e ina San o o - KULEUVEN
V0.2
26-06-2024
Inpu o Sec ion 3-8
Ahmad Ash a Ahmad
Shaha udin – TU Del , Da ide
Di S aso -
TU Del , Gio gos
Papageo giou – Fa osne S.A.,
Alejand a Celis Va gas - AAU,
Liubo Pilshchiko a - TU Del ,
Héc o Ochoa O iz - Unicam
28-06-2024
Thi d Mee ing based on V0.2 and
discussion
Joep C omp oe s, Ca e ina
San o o – KULEUVEN, Ahmad
Ash a Ahmad Shaha udin –
TU Del , Da ide Di S aso - TU
Del , Gio gos Papageo giou –
Fa osne S.A., Alejand a Celis
Va gas - AAU, Liubo
Pilshchiko a -
TU Del ,
Héc o Ochoa O iz - Unicam
D4.3 An app oach o s ee he beha iou o non-go e nmen da a holde s owa ds open da a
h ough a go e nance s a egy
Ve sion #
Da e
Desc ip ion (Sec ion, page
numbe )
Au ho & O ganisa ion
V0.3
22-07-2024
Inpu o Sec ion 3-8
Ahmad Ash a Ahmad
Shaha udin – TU Del , Da ide
Di S aso -
TU Del , Gio gos
Papageo giou – Fa osne S.A.,
Alejand a Celis Va gas - AAU,
Liubo Pilshchiko a - TU Del ,
Héc o Ochoa O iz - Unicam
V0.3
26-7-2024
Re iew Sec ions 3-8 + add ex o
Sec ion 2 Backg ound +
me hodology
Joep C omp oe s
V0.4
30-7-2024
Add ex Sec ion 1, Re iew
Sec ion 2, Re iew Sec ions 3-8,
Add ex o Sec ion 9 and 10
Ca e ina San o o
V0.5
31-07-2024
Re ision o V0.4
Ahmad Ash a Ahmad
Shaha udin – TU Del , Da ide
Di S aso -
TU Del , Gio gos
Papageo giou – Fa osne S.A.,
Alejand a Celis Va gas - AAU,
Liubo Pilshchiko a - TU Del ,
Héc o Ochoa O iz - Unicam
V0.6
02-09-2024
Re ision o V0.5
Anneke Zuide wijk, Mélanie
Dulong de Rosnay
, and
Bas iaan an Loenen
V0.7
13-09-2024
Add execu i e summa y,
highligh s, esea ch
me hodology (in de ails), add
conclusion in each sec ion,
e iew he in oduc ion, p oblem
s a emen , and conclusion
Joep C omp oe s, Ca e ina
San o o – KULEUVEN, Ahmad
Ash a Ahmad Shaha udin –
TU Del , Da ide Di S aso - TU
Del , Gio gos Papageo giou –
Fa osne S.A., Alejand a Celis
Va gas - AAU, Liubo
Pilshchiko a -
TU Del ,
Héc o Ochoa O iz - Unicam
V0.8
16-09-2024
Re ision o V0.7
Anneke Zuide wijk, Mélanie
Dulong de Rosnay, and
Bas iaan an Loenen
V0.9
23-09-2024
Re iew he execu i e summa y,
he highligh s, and he esea ch
me hodology
Joep C omp oe s, Ca e ina
San o o – KULEUVEN, Ahmad
Ash a Ahmad Shaha udin –
TU Del , Da ide Di S aso - TU
Del , Gio gos Papageo giou –
Fa osne S.A., Alejand a Celis
Va gas - AAU, Liubo
Pilshchiko a -
TU Del ,
Héc o Ochoa O iz - Unicam
V0.10
26-09-2024
App o al
Bas iaan an Loenen, TUD
V1.0
30-09-2024
Final edi ing
Dani sja an Heusden, TUD
D4.3 An app oach o s ee he beha iou o non-go e nmen da a holde s owa ds open da a
h ough a go e nance s a egy
Table o Con en s
Abb e ia ions ..................................................................................................................................................................... 7
Execu i e summa y .......................................................................................................................................................... 8
Highligh s ............................................................................................................................................................................ 9
1 In oduc ion .............................................................................................................................................................10
1.1 P oblem de ini ion .......................................................................................................................................10
1.2 Role o his deli e able in he ODECO p ojec .................................................................................11
1.3 Ou line ..............................................................................................................................................................11
2 Theo e ical amewo k ........................................................................................................................................12
3 Resea ch me hodology .......................................................................................................................................17
4 As-is / o-be non-specialis ac o s .................................................................................................................21
4.1 In oduc ion ...................................................................................................................................................21
4.2 As-is: Non-specialis ac o s ......................................................................................................................21
4.3 To-be: Non-specialis ac o s ....................................................................................................................23
4.4 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................................25
5 As-is/ o-be elemen a y schools ......................................................................................................................26
5.1 In oduc ion ...................................................................................................................................................26
5.2 As-is: elemen a y school s uden s ........................................................................................................26
5.3 To-be: elemen a y school s uden s ......................................................................................................27
5.4 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................................30
6 As-is / o-be Non-P o i O ganisa ions (NPO)...........................................................................................31
6.1 In oduc ion ...................................................................................................................................................31
6.2 As-is: non-go e nmen al in e media ies ............................................................................................31
6.3 To-be: non-go e nmen al in e media ies ..........................................................................................35
6.4 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................................36
7 As-is / o-be Jou nalis s ......................................................................................................................................37
7.1 In oduc ion ...................................................................................................................................................37
7.2 As-is: Jou nalis s ...........................................................................................................................................37
7.3 To-be: Jou nalis s .........................................................................................................................................41
7.4 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................................43
8 As-is / o-be comme cial o ganisa ions .......................................................................................................44
8.1 In oduc ion ...................................................................................................................................................44
8.2 As-is: Comme cial o ganisa ions............................................................................................................44
8.3 To-be: Comme cial o ganisa ions ..........................................................................................................51
D4.3 An app oach o s ee he beha iou o non-go e nmen da a holde s owa ds open da a
h ough a go e nance s a egy
8.4 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................................52
9 As-is/ o-be open da a in e media ies ...........................................................................................................54
9.1 In oduc ion ...................................................................................................................................................54
9.2 As-is: Open da a in e media ies .............................................................................................................54
9.3 To-be: Open da a in e media ies ...........................................................................................................59
9.4 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................................63
10 Summa y o he esul s ..................................................................................................................................64
10.1 As-is si ua ion in he open da a ecosys em ..................................................................................64
10.2 To be si ua ion in he open da a ecosys em ................................................................................66
11 Discussion and Conclusion ...........................................................................................................................69
Re e ences .........................................................................................................................................................................71
Lis o igu es
Figu e 1: The o e all esea ch me hodology .......................................................................................................20
Lis o ables
Table 1: Classi ica ion o go e nance ins umen s in o s uc u al and manage ial ins umen s ....13
Table 2: Clus e s o go e nance ins umen s s ongly based on wo k o Ve hoes and Bouckae
(2005) ..................................................................................................................................................................................15
Table 3: Ma ix Enable s – Go e nance ins umen s .........................................................................................17
Table 4: Cu en go e nance ins umen s s imula ing non-specialis ac o s o pa icipa e in open
da a hacka hon ecosys ems .......................................................................................................................................22
Table 5: Desi able go e nance ins umen s s imula ing open da a non-specialis s ac o s o
pa icipa e in he open da a hacka hon ecosys em .........................................................................................24
Table 6: Exis ing go e nance ins umen s s imula ing elemen a y school s uden s o pa icipa e in
he open da a ecosys em and sha e open da a .................................................................................................27
Table 7: Po en ial go e nance ins umen s s imula ing elemen a y school s uden s o pa icipa e
in he open da a ecosys em and sha e open da a ............................................................................................29
Table 8: Exis ing go e nance ins umen s s imula ing NPOs o pa icipa e in he open da a
ecosys em and sha e open da a ...............................................................................................................................33
Table 9: Po en ial go e nance ins umen s s imula ing NPOs o pa icipa e in he open da a
ecosys em and sha e open da a ...............................................................................................................................35
Table 10: Cu en go e nance ins umen s s imula ing jou nalis s use s o pa icipa e in open da a
hacka hon ecosys ems .................................................................................................................................................39
Table 11: Po en ial go e nance ins umen s s imula ing jou nalis s o pa icipa e in he open da a
ecosys em and sha e open da a ...............................................................................................................................42
Table 12: Exis ing go e nance ins umen s s imula ing comme cial o ganisa ions o pa icipa e in
he open da a ecosys em and sha e open da a .................................................................................................47
Table 13: Po en ial go e nance ins umen s s imula ing comme cial o ganisa ions o pa icipa e in
he open da a ecosys em and sha e open da a .................................................................................................52
Table 14: Exis ing go e nance ins umen s s imula ing open da a in e media ies o pa icipa e in
he open da a ecosys em and sha e open da a .................................................................................................57
D4.3 An app oach o s ee he beha iou o non-go e nmen da a holde s owa ds open da a
h ough a go e nance s a egy
Table 15: Po en ial go e nance ins umen s s imula ing open da a in e media ies o pa icipa e in
he open da a ecosys em and sha e open da a (in addi ion o exis ing ins umen s) .......................60
Table 16: Summa y o he esul s .............................................................................................................................64
D4.3 An app oach o s ee he beha iou o non-go e nmen da a holde s owa ds open da a
h ough a go e nance s a egy
7
Abb e ia ions
AND Au omo� e Na iga�on Da a
B2G Business o Go e nmen
CGA Child en's Gene al Assembly
C2G Ci izens- o Go e nmen
D Deli e able
ESR Ea ly S age Resea che
G2G Go e nmen - o-Go e nmen
G2B Go e nmen - o Business
G2C Go e nmen - o Communi y o Ci izen
M Manage ial
MS Miles one
NGD Non-Go e nmen Da a
NPO Non-P o i O ganiza ions
OD Open Da a
ODECO Open Da a ECOsys em
OKB Open Knowledge Belgium
OKF Open Knowledge Founda ion
OKFG Open Knowledge Founda ion Ge many
OSM OpenS ee Map
OSMF OpenS ee Map Founda ion
S S uc u al
WP Wo k Package
N
Pa ne
Pa ne sho
name
Coun y
Bene icia y
1
Technische Uni e si ei Del
TU Del
Ne he lands
2
Ka holieke Uni e si ei Leu en
KUL
Belgium
3
Cen e Na ional de la Reche che Scien i ique
CNRS
F ance
4
Uni e sidad de Za agoza
UNIZAR
Spain
5
Panepis imio Aigaiou
UAEGEAN
G eece
6
Aalbo g Uni e si e
AAU
Denma k
7
Uni e si à degli S udi di Came ino
UNICAM
I aly
8
Fa osne S.A.
FAROSNET S.A.
G eece
Pa ne o ganisa ions
1
7eDa a
7EDATA
Spain
2
Digi aal Vlaande en
DV
Belgium
3
Ci y o Copenhagen
COP
Denma k
4
Ci y o Ro e dam
RDAM
Ne he lands
5
CoC Play ul Minds
CoC
Denma k
6
De ilinx
DERI
I eland
7
ESRI
ESRI
Ne he lands
8
Maggioli S.p.A
MAG
I aly
9
Na ional Cen e o Geog aphic In o ma ion
CNIG
Spain
10
Open Knowledge Belgium
OKB
Belgium
11
SWECO
SWECO
Ne he lands
12
The go e nmen lab
GLAB
Uni ed S a es o Ame ica
13
Agency o Da a Supply and In as uc u e
ADSI
Denma k
14
GFOSS Open Technologies Alliance
GFOSS
G eece
15
Inno3 Consul ing
IC
F ance
16
Regione Ma che
RM
I aly
17
Open Da a Ins i u e
OCI
Uni ed Kingdom
D4.3 An app oach o s ee he beha iou o non-go e nmen da a holde s owa ds open da a
h ough a go e nance s a egy
8
Execu i e summa y
In his esea ch documen , we explo e go e nance s imuli ha can enhance non-go e nmen al
open da a sha ing. P e ious in es iga ions ha e shown ha many non-go e nmen al ac o s a e
no sha ing open da a, which is p oblema ic as he open da a ecosys em depends on he
pa icipa ion o di e se con ibu o s. The lack o inclusion o di e en pe spec i es in open da a
ecosys ems es ic s he possibili ies o cap u ing he ull po en ial o such ecosys ems, and i is
suspec ed o add o exis ing powe imbalances a he expenses o ulne able g oups.
Fo ou analysis, we build on ea lie indings ha iden i ied key enable s ha can p omo e non-
go e nmen al open da a sha ing. These enable s include aining in da a skills and li e acy, access
o sui able echnical ools, alignmen o p i a e in e es s wi h open da a sha ing, adequa e
esou ces ( inancial, ime, pe sonnel), he p esence o da a-sha ing communi ies, awa eness o he
social impac o open da a, and he a ailabili y o engagemen o enjoymen ac i i ies.
To unde s and how go e nance mechanisms can os e open da a sha ing, we apply he hie a chy,
ma ke and ne wo k go e nance amewo k. We employed a mul i-s epped esea ch s a egy,
analysing pe spec i es om di e se ac o s such as non-specialis s, elemen a y schools, non-p o i
o ganiza ions, jou nalis s, comme cial en i ies, and in e media ies h ough a ious me hodologies
including case s udies, li e a u e e iews, ac ion esea ch, and design-based esea ch. This
app oach allowed us o iden i y go e nance ins umen s ha a e cu en ly 1) enhancing non-
go e nmen al da a sha ing, o which we e e as he ‘as isʼ si ua ion o 2) ha e he po en ial o
os e non-go e nmen al da a sha ing, o which we e e as he ‘ o beʼ si ua ion.
Ou indings e eal ha a wide ange o go e nance ins umen s— om hie a chical measu es like
legal amewo ks o g ass oo s ne wo k ini ia i es such as collabo a i e pa ne ships—can
e ec i ely s imula e open da a sha ing. No able s a egies include coo dina ion h ough
pe manen bodies and he c ea ion o conso ia, which o e subs an ial bene i s o a ious non-
go e nmen al ac o s. Howe e , ma ke -o ien ed ins umen s, such as inancial incen i es, a e
cu en ly unde u ilized, likely due o he non-comme cial na u e o many non-go e nmen al
ac o s we analysed in his s udy. Ou esul s go beyond non-go e nmen al open da a sha ing and
highligh also how some go e nance ins umen s can acili a e o he o ms o pa icipa ion om
non-go e nmen al ac o s, such as open da a use in combina ion wi h open da a sha ing.
This s udy es ablishes a solid ounda ion o unde s anding go e nance mechanisms in non-
go e nmen al open da a sha ing and highligh s a eas o u he esea ch. While he s udy
p ima ily ocuses on speci ic ac o s and egions wi hin he EU, ex ending hese indings o a
b oade ange o con ex s could p o ide a mo e comp ehensi e iew o he open da a ecosys em.
Addi ionally, u he esea ch could ocus speci ically on how o include he pe spec i es o
ulne able g oups h ough non-go e nmen al open da a sha ing.
D4.3 An app oach o s ee he beha iou o non-go e nmen da a holde s owa ds open da a
h ough a go e nance s a egy
9
Highligh s
⇒ Di e en go e nance ins umen s can lead o u he open da a sha ing by non-
go e nmen al ac o s. Some ins umen s a e al eady adop ed and equi e u he up ake,
while o he s a e no ye adop ed and can imp o e open da a sha ing.
⇒ The e is consensus among di e en ac o g oups on he po en ial o coo dina ion h ough
he c ea ion o pe manen bodies o ganizing, o ins ance, ecu en hacka hons wi h long-
las ing e ec s o h ough he es ablishmen o na ional o sup a-na ional conso ium o open
da a sha ing by non-go e nmen al o ganisa ions.
⇒ Legal F amewo ks o Non-Go e nmen al Open Da a Sha ing: The s udy sugges s
adop ing o ex ending exis ing legal amewo ks o s imula ing non-go e nmen al open da a
sha ing.
⇒ Unde u ilized and unde concep ualized Ma ke Incen i es: Financial incen i es, such as
ax c edi s, a e unde used and unde concep ualized as iable s a egies in s imula ing non-
go e nmen al da a sha ing, especially among non-p o i and non-comme cial ac o s,
signaling he need o al e na i e o supplemen a y go e nance s a egies.
⇒ Some go e nance ins umen s can also be used o s imula e o he kinds o alue o he open
da a ecosys em, such as he inclusion o ac o s by acili a ing open da a use along open da a
sha ing.
⇒ Fu he esea ch is needed o con i m and expand he esul s o ou analysis o o he
pe spec i es wi hin he same ac o g oup, ac oss di e en sub- ields (e.g., comme cial
o ganiza ions ope a ing in a ious indus ies), scales (e.g., non-p o i o ganiza ions o di e en
sizes), and con ex s (e.g., including hose lacking he capabili ies o engage wi h echnology).
D4.3 An app oach o s ee he beha iou o non-go e nmen da a holde s owa ds open da a
h ough a go e nance s a egy
16
Ins umen s
Hie a chy
Ma ke
Ne wo k
M2. Financial
managemen : inpu -
o ien ed
pe o mance-
o ien ed
up wo king and
coope a ion
M5. In e -
o ganiza ional cul u e
and knowledge
managemen
M6. Capaci y building
D4.3 An app oach o s ee he beha iou o non-go e nmen da a holde s owa ds open da a
h ough a go e nance s a egy
17
3 Resea ch me hodology
In he p e ious sec ion, we e iewed he heo e ical backg ound on go e nance ins umen s and
hei applica ion in he open go e nmen con ex . To be e unde s and how o encou age non-
go e nmen al da a holde s o sha e open da a, i is essen ial o assess he cu en use o
go e nance ins umen s ( he as-is si ua ion) and hei po en ial o p omo ing u he open da a
sha ing ( he o-be si ua ion). Ideally, implemen ing go e nance ins umen s in he o-be scena io
would enhance non-go e nmen al da a holde s' willingness o sha e da a.
To de i e a comp ehensi e lis o ele an go e nance ins umen s, we applied a mul i-s ep
esea ch me hodology summa ized a he end o his sec ion (Figu e 1). We began by iden i ying
enable s o non-go e nmen al open da a sha ing om ou p e ious wo k (Deli e able 4.1). These
enable s include aining in da a skills and li e acy, access o app op ia e echnical ools, alignmen
o p i a e alue and in e es s wi h open da a sha ing, su icien esou ces ( inancial, ime, people),
he exis ence o da a-sha ing communi ies, awa eness o he social impac o open da a sha ing,
and he p esence o engagemen o enjoymen ac i i ies.
Nex , we conduc ed wo online wo kshops a ended by wo esea che s whose main expe ise was
in go e nance, and six esea che s who ha e been s udying di e en ac o sʼ pe spec i es (i.e.,
non-specialis ac o s, elemen a y schools, NPOs, comme cial o ganisa ions, and in e media ies)
o mo e han one yea . In he i s online wo kshop (Wo kshop 1), we discussed he heo e ical
amewo k (i.e., hie a chy, ne wo k, and ma ke go e nance h ough s uc u al and manage ial
ins umen s) and collec i ely e lec ed on how di e en go e nance ins umen s can s imula e
non-go e nmen al open da a sha ing in bo h he as-is and o-be si ua ions, achie ing he goals
se by he enable s. As a esul o he i s wo kshop, we de eloped a ma ix o enable s and
go e nance ins umen s (see Table 3), and we assessed he easibili y o analysing he di e en
ac o sʼ pe spec i es h ough a go e nance lens. Following he wo kshop, each esea che
iden i ied ele an go e nance ins umen s om a ious ac o pe spec i es, including non-
specialis s, elemen a y schools, no - o -p o i o ganiza ions, jou nalis s, comme cial o ganiza ions,
and open da a in e media ies.
Table 3: Ma ix Enable s – Go e nance ins umen s
Below, we ou line he esea ch me hodology employed o each ac o 's pe spec i e o de elop
ou analysis. A he end o his sec ion, we explain how hese pe spec i es ha e been in eg a ed
in o he esul s (Figu e 1).
D4.3 An app oach o s ee he beha iou o non-go e nmen da a holde s owa ds open da a
h ough a go e nance s a egy
18
Resea ch me hodology applied o non-specialis ac o s
The sec ion on non-specialis ac o s is based on a e iew o exis ing li e a u e on open da a e en s,
conduc ed in Di S aso, Mulde , e al (In p ess). We sys ema ically sea ched o a icles desc ibing
open da a e en s on majo academic da abases (Scopus, Web o Science, ACM). The sea ch e ms
included “open da a” combined wi h “hacka hon,” “game jam,” “design jam,” as well as synonyms
o hese e ms. We only included English language jou nal and con e ence pape s, desc ibing in
pe son open da a hacka hons o open da a game jams, o leas one day and no mo e han h ee
days in du a ion (Di S aso, Mulde , e al., In p ess). We consolida ed he sea ch esul s in o a single
lis o unique eco ds, hen il e ed based on scanning he abs ac o ull ex , and inally il e ed
based on he ull ex (Di S aso, Mulde , e al., In p ess). A e all hese s eps, we ob ained 20 unique
a icles. This sec ion is also based on he ollowing sou ces:
• pa icipan obse a ion o open da a hacka hons in Eu ope, and one o i s inal epo s
(Rambøll Managemen Consul ing, 2022). These include: he No dic AI and Open Da a
Hacka hon, which ook place in Ma ch 2022 in Denma k, Sweden, and online, aimed a eusing
open da ase s o No dic coun ies wi h AI; and he 3 d CASSINI Hacka hon, which ook place
in May 2022 in se e al Eu opean coun ies, and was aimed a eusing space da a (Cope nicus,
Galileo, e c.) o add ess challenges ela ed o ou ism and a el
• lessons lea n om o ganizing h ee open da a game jams wi h non-specialis pa icipan s,
such as Mas e ʼs s uden s, and non-specialis ci il se an s. A o al o 101 pa icipan s
a ended he jams, which las ed app oxima ely 8 hou s. Pa icipan s we e asked o exp ess
socie al issues wi h open da a and game-making ools. The e en s a e desc ibed in (Di S aso,
Ch is iansen, e al., In p ess).
Resea ch me hodology applied o elemen a y schools
A design-based esea ch (DBR) me hodological amewo k has been applied in he case o
elemen a y schools. DBR is de ined as a heo e ical and p ac ical app oach o he de elopmen
o new educa ional app oaches (Bakke , 2018). I e a i e cycles a e de eloped, aiming a p oducing
ac ionable knowledge ha can be used o achie e some educa ional goal h ough design
(Ande son & Sha uck, 2012). Each DBR cycle is a design expe imen ha de elops in ou phases:
p oblem de ini ion, design, in e en ion, and analysis (Ande son & Sha uck, 2012). This i e a i e
p ocess aims a ha ing be e and mo e conc e e ou comes a e each i e a ion.
Th ee cycles including i e in e en ions in Danish schools we e conduc ed wi h he o al
pa icipa ion o 117 pupils aged 14 o 16 yea s and nine eache s in 7 h o 9 h g ade. The i s
cycle included a sys ema ic mapping e iew o he skills associa ed o using open da a in
educa ion and he lea ning app oaches (Celis Va gas e al., 2023), semi-s uc u ed in e iews wi h
i e eache s and an open da a ac i i y wi h 39 9 h g ade s uden s o unde s and hei cu en
p ac ices (Va gas e al., 2024). This i s cycle was essen ial o de ine he as-is si ua ion by explo ing
he cu en s a e o open da a ini ia i es in educa ion and he cu en p ac ices o eache s and
s uden s o each and lea n open da a compe encies such as he analysis o da a and he c ea ion
o da a a gumen s o sol e a eal-wo ld p oblem (Celis Va gas e al., 2023; Va gas e al., 2024). The
second and hi d cycles ocused on he sys ema ic de elopmen o an au hen ic game called The
Open Da a News oom (Celis Va gas e al., 2024). The game is based on au hen ic open da a
p ac ices o de elop Da a Li e acy and Real-wo ld p oblem-sol ing compe encies (Celis Va gas e
al., 2024). The Open Da a News oom is a ole-playing game whe e s uden s play as da a jou nalis s
o un a el an en i onmen al mys e y using and analysing open da a. Fou in e en ions in Danish
schools we e conduc ed wi h he pa icipa ion o 78 s uden s in 7 h o 9 h g ade. The disco e ies
and ou comes o he second and hi d cycles help o de ine he o-be si ua ion.
D4.3 An app oach o s ee he beha iou o non-go e nmen da a holde s owa ds open da a
h ough a go e nance s a egy
19
Resea ch me hodology applied o jou nalis s
The analysis o he go e nance o jou nalis s as po en ial con ibu o s consis ed o h ee main
componen s: Fi s , a sys ema ic li e a u e e iew was conduc ed o iden i y key a eas o ocus
ega ding open da a and jou nalism. Second, h ee semi-s uc u ed in e iews we e ca ied ou
wi h jou nalis s and da a analys s om small media o ganiza ions in he Eu opean Union ha
emphasize da a jou nalism. Expe sampling was employed o selec pa icipan s who a e ac i ely
using da a in hei jou nalis ic wo k, hus ensu ing hei expe ise in he domain o da a jou nalism.
Speci ically, one jou nalis om Eu ologus in Belgium was in e iewed online, along wi h one
jou nalis and one da a analys om Di e gen in Po ugal, also in e iewed online, and inally, he
chie edi o and a da a analys om Fa osne in G eece we e in e iewed in pe son. These
in e iews aimed o explo e how jou nalis s u ilize open da a and he challenges hey ace, guided
by insigh s om he li e a u e e iew. Las ly, ongoing ac ion esea ch is being conduc ed a
Fa osne , whe e he esea che is embedded h ough he ODECO p ojec , employing i e a i e
cycles o planning, ac ion, and e lec ion o iden i y and add ess speci ic needs and challenges in
in eg a ing open da a in o epo ing. The collec ed da a om he in e iews and ac ion esea ch
a e being analysed h ough a quali a i e con en analysis app oach, whe e audio eco dings we e
e iewed o ex ac key concep s and hemes using an induc i e coding p ocess, allowing o a
comp ehensi e unde s anding o jou nalis s' expe iences and challenges in u ilizing open da a.
Resea ch me hodology applied o NPOs
The case s udies o ou NPOs we e conduc ed: Open Knowledge Belgium (OKB), Open Knowledge
Founda ion Ge many (OKFG), Open Knowledge Founda ion (OKF) and Ci yLAB Be lin. These
o ganisa ions a e ocused on openness o knowledge and da a, and on inno a ion and
digi alisa ion o public se ices. The selec ion c i e ia o he case s udies we e: 1) Non-p o i
o ganisa ions should ha e di e en missions/ ocuses/aims, 2) Each case should ha e mo e han
one ype o open da a p ojec , 3) The cases wo k on di e en le els, i.e.,
municipal/ egional/na ional/in e na ional, and 4) The cases in ol e o ganisa ions and people
willing and eady o coope a e in he esea ch and sha e in o ma ion equi ed o conduc his
esea ch. Semi-s uc u ed one hou in e iews we e conduc ed online and in-pe son wi h
employees o hese ou o ganisa ions. We in e iewed hi een employees who wo k on open da a-
ela ed p ojec s wi hin hese NPOs. Addi ionally, we collec ed in o ma ion om public web pages
desc ibing he open da a p ojec s o hese NPOs. The deduc i e app oach was used as collec ed
da a was analysed by using he codes based on he exis ing go e nance mechanisms heo y, such
as, ins umen s and enable s g oups o codes.
Resea ch me hodology applied o comme cial o ganisa ions
The analysis o comme cial o ganisa ions ocused on he case s udy o OpenS ee Map, a global
c owdsou cing p ojec o con ibu ing and eusing open geospa ial da a whe e indi idual and
o ganisa ional ac o s in e ac . Comme cial o ganisa ions ha e willingly con ibu ed alue and da a
o he p ojec since he ea ly days o i , wi h a dynamic ecosys em lou ishing a ound i . Hence i
is a p ime example o demons a e he as-is and o-be go e nance ins umen s o comme cial
o ganisa ions. Da a was collec ed h ough semi-s uc u ed in e iews wi h employees o 25
companies (7 big co po a ions and 18 SMEs) who use and con ibu e o OpenS ee Map and
h ough analysis o he OpenS ee Map Wiki and OpenS ee Map Founda ion webpages. The
companies in he O ganised Edi ing Ac i i ies and Founda ion Co po a e membe s lis s we e
con ac ed, and he inal lis was comple ed wi h companies me h ough OSM communi y e en s,
and hose p oposed by he in e iewees. Da a analysis o he in e iews was made wi h induc i e
easoning, by ex ac ing keywo ds, o ind he common mo i a ions and ba ie s o con ibu e
open da a.
D4.3 An app oach o s ee he beha iou o non-go e nmen da a holde s owa ds open da a
h ough a go e nance s a egy
20
Resea ch me hodology applied o in e media ies
Insigh s on he exis ing (as-is) and po en ial ( o-be) go e nance ins umen s o s imula e open
da a in e media ies o sha e open da a a e based on he case s udies o Es i and OpenS ee Map
(OSM). We conduc ed 53 in-dep h in e iews wi h ep esen a i es om hese wo o ganiza ions
and o he ele an s akeholde s, such as open geospa ial da a p o ide s and end-use s. The
in e iewees a e in cha ge in he manage ial o echnical aspec s o open da a. These wo
o ganiza ions we e selec ed due o hei signi ican con ibu ions o he open geospa ial da a
ecosys em in he las decade. We analysed he in e iews h ough abduc i e app oach, ollowing
he go e nance ins umen s in Table 1. Es i is a mul ina ional geospa ial so wa e company ha
has long been an open da a in e media y. I se es such a ole in mul iple ways, such as by
collec ing and p e-p ocessing open da a om a ious sou ces and o e ing he eady- o-use da a
in i s so wa e (called A cGIS), p o iding consul a ion se ices o open da a p o ide s and use s,
and de eloping applica ions and isualiza ions based on open da a. OSM is a geospa ial da a
c owdsou ce pla o m. While he OSM Founda ion (OSMF) p o ides leade ship, OSM is un by he
communi y who con ibu e, euse, and build applica ions based on he open da a on he pla o m.
F om he analysis o he di e en ac o sʼ pe spec i es o he esul s
A e conduc ing an ini ial analysis om he pe spec i es o he a ious ac o s using he esea ch
me hodology ou lined in he p e ious sec ions (D a analysis), we discussed he p elimina y
esul s in a second wo kshop (Wo kshop 2). The aim o he second wo kshop was o esol e any
heo e ical ambigui y ha migh ha e a isen om he applica ion o he heo e ical amewo k. In
some cases, o ins ance, esea che s we e awa e o he exis ence o mechanisms ha could
enhance non-go e nmen al open da a sha ing; ye hey could no clea ly associa e hem wi h one
o he go e nance s a egies. Following his, he analysis om he ac o s' pe spec i es was
inalized (Final analysis), leading o he de i a ion o key indings—namely, a lis o go e nance
ins umen s ha cu en ly enable o could po en ially enable non-go e nmen al open da a
sha ing. These ins umen s a e p esen ed in Sec ion 10 o his documen . The ollowing igu e
(Figu e 1) summa izes he mul i-s ep esea ch app oach adop ed in his deli e able.
Figu e 1: The o e all esea ch me hodology
D4.3 An app oach o s ee he beha iou o non-go e nmen da a holde s owa ds open da a
h ough a go e nance s a egy
21
4 As-is / o-be non-specialis ac o s
4.1 In oduc ion
Non-specialis ac o s a e hose who do no possess specialised skills o da a analysis, bu who
can s ill bene i om he euse o open da a. In ecen yea s, go e nmen s and p i a e en i ies
ha e s a ed engaging wi h non-specialis ac o s h ough open da a hacka hons (Pu wan o e al.,
2018), and o he “accele a ed design e en s” (Falk, 2022). A an open da a hacka hon, pa icipan s
- including non-specialis ac o s - come oge he o e a sho pe iod o ime (usually 1-2 days) o
c ea e oge he solu ions ha make use o open da ase s. As such, i is ele an o s udy how open
da a hacka hons, as a sys em, can become mo e ci cula and inclusi e. Di e en s akeholde s
come oge he o suppo he e en , and new da ase s a e made a ailable as open da a bo h in
he “p e-hack” and “pos -hack” phases (Concilio e al., 2017). Th oughou hacka hons (and simila
accele a ed design e en s) pa icipan s can o m new ne wo ks and lea n o wo k oge he wi h
open da a. Non-specialis use s can make an impo an con ibu ion a hese e en s, by sha ing
hei con ex ual knowledge, and hei “ hick” (i.e. quali a i e) da a ega ding issues ha can be
sol ed wi h open da a. In his sec ion, we go o e he cu en (as-is) and desi ed ( o-be)
go e nance ins umen s ha can s imula e non-specialis use s (in he con ex o open da a
hacka hons) o sha e hei knowledge (da a).
4.2 As-is: Non-specialis ac o s
We summa ised he cu en go e nance ins umen s s imula ing non-specialis ac o s o
pa icipa e in he open da a hacka hon ecosys em in able 4. They a e based on a a ie y o
mechanisms, which we discuss in his sec ion. In he con ex o open da a hacka hons, he
es ablishmen o coo dina ing unc ions o en i ies (S1) is le e aged, as hese e en s end o o m
a leas a empo a y o ganising commi ee, dedica ed o b inging oge he mul iple s akeholde s,
om local o ganisa ions o local go e nmen and ins i u ions, as well as p i a e companies. Each
s akeholde can con ibu e o he e en by making echnical ools a ailable o pa icipan s (e.g.
APIs o e ed by ech companies), open da a (e.g. local go e nmen opening p e iously closed
da ase s), o wi h unding o he e en in exchange o sponso ships. Open da a hacka hons also
le e age sys ems o in o ma ion exchange and sha ing (S5).
Fo example, IT companies o en
p o ide APIs and o he echnical ools o ee o pa icipan s, in o de o p omo e hei p oduc
and in oduce mo e people o hei ecosys em. In e ms o
pa ne ships (S7),
open da a
hacka hons le e age his ins umen by o ging new ela ions among s akeholde s bo h in hei
“p e-hack” and “pos -hack” phases (Concilio e al., 2017). The “ inancial managemen : joined up
wo king and coope a ion” (M4) mechanism, is also le e aged in open da a hacka hons, as hey
commonly o e mone a y ewa ds and pos -e en incuba ion (including acili a ing business
connec ions, o e ing sha ed wo kspaces and men o ing) o selec ed eams. Finally, he capaci y
building mechanism (M6) is adop ed in wo ways: (1) p e ious esea ch has ound ha open da a
hacka hons can do “communi y capaci y building”, and (2) eambuilding ac i i ies and he o e all
“p essu e-cooke ” (Mulde & Kun, 2019) en i onmen o hese e en s c ea es an engaging
a mosphe e o pa icipan s. Fo example, as highligh ed in he inal epo o he No dic AI and
Da a Hacka hon (Rambøll Managemen Consul ing, 2022): “Pa icipan s demons a ed high le els
o engagemen ac oss he h ee enues”. Howe e , o ganise s also no ed ha in-pe son
hacka hons we e mo e success ul han online ones a “dynamic, in e es ing e en .”
D4.3 An app oach o s ee he beha iou o non-go e nmen da a holde s owa ds open da a h ough a go e nance s a egy
22
Table 4: Cu en go e nance ins umen s s imula ing non-specialis ac o s o pa icipa e in open da a hacka hon ecosys ems
Ins umen s
Enable s
S1
S5
S7
M4
M6
A ailabili y o aining in da a
skills and li e acy
A ailabili y o app op ia e
echnical ools
P o ision o APIs and
echnical ools by
o ganising pa ne s
Alignmen o p i a e alue and
in e es s wi h open da a sha ing
New pa ne ships
be ween s akeholde s
du ing he “p e-hack”
and “pos -hack”
phases
A ailabili y o esou ces ( inancial,
ime, people/ wo k o ce)
Awa d unding and
incuba ion esou ces
o p omising eams
and p oduc s
Communi y capaci y
building
Exis ence o da a sha ing
communi ies
Li ing labs and
hacka hon
o ganisa ional
commi ees
Awa eness abou he social
impac o open da a sha ing
P esence o engagemen o
enjoymen ac i i ies
Teambuilding ac i i ies
and “p essu e-cooke ”
en i onmen
D4.3 An app oach o s ee he beha iou o non-go e nmen da a holde s owa ds open da a
h ough a go e nance s a egy
23
4.3 To-be: Non-specialis ac o s
We iden i ied i e s uc u al go e nance ins umen s and one manage ial ins umen in an ideal,
“ o-be” scena io, which we summa ized in able 4. S a ing wi h he es ablishmen o coo dina ing
unc ions o en i ies (S1), go e nmen al bodies a he EU le el should conside es ablishing
pe manen hacka hon o ganisa ion commi ees o open da a hacka hon. The EU Publica ions
O ice al eady main ains a public calenda o open da a e en s (including hacka hons), and, up
un il 2022, used o o ganise an annual EU Da a hon. Gi en he bene i s in e ms o communi y
building and skills de elopmen o e ed by hacka hons, hese e o s should con inue and be
u he s eng hened. Ou second ecommenda ion conce ns he eshu ling di ision o
compe ences (S2)
.
O ganise s should adop speci ic g oup o ma ion s a egies a he hacka hon
e en , in o de o ensu e he coope a ion o expe and non-specialis ac o s. A mo e lexible
di ision o compe ences is needed o include non-specialis ac o s in decision-making p ocesses
conce ning open da a u iliza ion, ensu ing hei insigh s and con ex ual knowledge a e in eg a ed
in o he inal ou pu . Ou hi d ecommenda ion is ela ed o he es ablishmen o a legal
amewo k (S3). Open da a hacka hon pa icipan s should be in i ed o sha e hei con ibu ion
and ou pu unde an open license. In he cu en s a e, hacka hon con ibu ions o en ha e
unspeci ied o p op ie a y licensing. Ou ou h ecommenda ion is on he sys ems o
in o ma ion exchange and sha ing
(S5). To acili a e he collabo a ion be ween expe and non-
specialis ac o s, all pa icipan s should be in i ed o use he same beginne iendly ools. In he
cu en s a e, he use o ad anced ools o en excludes non-specialis ac o sʼ con ibu ions. Ou
inal ecommenda ion is abou he inancial managemen (M2). O ganise s should aim a lowe ing
inancial ba ie s o non-specialis pa icipan s, such as o e ing g an s o s ipends o co e
pa icipa ion cos s. Addi ionally, alloca ing unds o de elop esou ces ha speci ically suppo
non-specialis engagemen , like educa ional ma e ials o beginne - iendly da ase s, can u he
s imula e hei pa icipa ion.
D4.3 An app oach o s ee he beha iou o non-go e nmen da a holde s owa ds open da a h ough a go e nance s a egy
24
Table 5: Desi able go e nance ins umen s s imula ing open da a non-specialis s ac o s o pa icipa e in he open da a hacka hon ecosys em
Ins umen s
Enable s
S1
S2
S3
S5
M2
A ailabili y o aining
in da a skills and
li e acy
A ailabili y o
app op ia e echnical
ools
In i e bo h expe and
non-specialis
pa icipan s o use he
same beginne iendly
ools
Alignmen o p i a e
alue and in e es s wi h
open da a sha ing
In i ing hacka hon
pa icipan s o make
hei solu ions a ailable
unde an open license
A ailabili y o esou ces
( inancial, ime, people/
wo k o ce)
Es ablishing a pe manen
coo dina ion body o
hacka hon e en s, in
connec ion o open da a
ini ia i es
Lowe ing inancial
ba ie s o non-
specialis
pa icipan s
Exis ence o da a
sha ing communi ies
Awa eness abou he
social impac o open
da a sha ing
D4.3 An app oach o s ee he beha iou o non-go e nmen da a holde s owa ds open da a h ough a go e nance s a egy
25
Ins umen s
Enable s
S1
S2
S3
S5
M2
P esence o
engagemen o
enjoymen ac i i ies
Use app op ia e
g oup o ma ion
s a egies a open
da a hacka hons
4.4 Conclusion
Open da a hacka hons a e mo ing away om mee ups o exclusi ely specialis ac o s and a e s a ing o include a b oade audience. While hey al eady le e age
go e nance ins umen s such as he es ablishmen o coo dina ing en i ies, as well as sys ems o in o ma ion exchange, u he s eps should be aken o
incen i ize non-go e nmen da a holde s o sha e open da a. This includes he c ea ion o pe manen open da a hacka hon o ganisa ion commi ees, he
adop ion o g oup o ma ion s a egies ailo ed o non-specialis ac o s, as well as lowe ing inancial ba ie s o non-specialis pa icipan s.
D4.3 An app oach o s ee he beha iou o non-go e nmen da a holde s owa ds open da a
h ough a go e nance s a egy
32
also wo king oge he wi h o he o ganisa ions unde he non-p o i ounda ion umb ella o
Technology Founda ion Be lin. This suppo s alignmen o p i a e alue and in e es s wi h open
da a sha ing.
Ano he ne wo k ins umen is
inancial managemen : joined up wo king and coope a ion (M4).
OKB is an umb ella o ganisa ion which suppo s open-da a g ass oo s p ojec s/communi ies by
p o iding a legal s uc u e and inancial suppo . Thus, hose communi ies can sha e he open
da a unde he o ganisa ional umb ella while no ha ing bu eauc a ic hu dles, which suppo s he
a ailabili y o esou ces
enable
.
In e -o ganisa ional cul u e and knowledge managemen (M5)
is ano he ne wo k ins umen .
Openness is one o he alues sha ed wi hin he open da a NPOs as pa o he cul i a ed and
sha ed o ganisa ional cul u e o hese o ganisa ions, which suppo s he alignmen o p i a e
alue and in e es s wi h open da a sha ing. NPOs aim o c ea e a social impac as pa o he
cul i a ed and sha ed o ganisa ional cul u e, which means hey ha e an awa eness abou he
social impac o open da a sha ing. Addi ionally, he o ganisa ional cul u e o NPOs is o en less
hie a chical, and employees can p opose and ake pa in p ojec s hey enjoy, which means hey
ha e a p esence o engagemen o enjoymen ac i i ies o mo i a e open da a sha ing.
The las ne wo k-based ins umen is
capaci y building (M6).
OKF and OKFG suppo o he NPOs
in gaining skills o publish o wo k wi h open da a, o example, h ough p o iding aining and
ad ice. Tha helps wi h
he a ailabili y o aining in da a skills and li e acy
o help NPOs publish
he open da a.
D4.3 An app oach o s ee he beha iou o non-go e nmen da a holde s owa ds open da a h ough a go e nance s a egy
33
Table 8: Exis ing go e nance ins umen s s imula ing NPOs o pa icipa e in he open da a ecosys em and sha e open da a
Ins umen s
Enable s
S3
S5
S7
M4
M5
M6
A ailabili y o
aining in da a skills
and li e acy
OKF c ea ed Open
Da a Commons
and Open
De ini ion
OKF is wo king on
a ool Open Da a
Edi o ha will
allow use s o wo k
wi h da a in a
simpli ied way and
publish hei da a
easily
OKFG wo ks
oge he wi h he
“Code o …”
communi y o
olun ee s.
Volun ee s p o ide
echnical expe ise.
OKF and OKFG
suppo o he
NPOs in gaining
skills o publish o
wo k wi h open
da a
A ailabili y o
app op ia e echnical
ools
Alignmen o p i a e
alue and in e es s
wi h open da a
sha ing
OKFG is pa o he
F5 alliance o i e
NPOs a ound
digi al policy;
Ci yLAB Be lin is
wo king oge he
wi h o he
o ganisa ions
unde he non-
p o i ounda ion
umb ella
Openness is one o
he alues sha ed
wi hin he NPOs as
pa o he
cul i a ed
o ganisa ional
cul u e
A ailabili y o
esou ces ( inancial,
ime, people/
wo k o ce)
OKB is an umb ella
o ganisa ion which
suppo s open da a
g ass oo s
p ojec s/communi ies
D4.3 An app oach o s ee he beha iou o non-go e nmen da a holde s owa ds open da a h ough a go e nance s a egy
34
Ins umen s
Enable s
S3
S5
S7
M4
M5
M6
by p o iding a legal
s uc u e and
inancial suppo
Exis ence o da a-
sha ing communi ies
OKFG helps open
he da a o he
“Code o …”
olun ee ing
communi y
Awa eness abou he
social impac o open
da a sha ing
NPOs aim o c ea e
a social impac as
pa o he
cul i a ed
o ganisa ional
cul u e and aims
P esence o
engagemen o
enjoymen ac i i ies
The o ganisa ional
cul u e o NPOs is
less hie a chical,
and employees can
p opose and ake
pa in p ojec s
hey enjoy
D4.3 An app oach o s ee he beha iou o non-go e nmen da a holde s owa ds open da a
h ough a go e nance s a egy
35
6.3 To-be: non-go e nmen al in e media ies
Table 9 shows he po en ial go e nance ins umen s o s imula e non-p o i in e media ies o
con ibu e open da a. The ne wo k-based ins umen o
sys ems o in o ma ion exchange and
sha ing
(S5)
can be used o c ea e a common pla o m o NPOs o sha e open da a, simila o
open da a go e nmen po als, and some NPOs oice in e es in ha ing such a po al. The
exis ence o such a po al could help wi h he a ailabili y o app op ia e echnical ools and
a ailabili y o esou ces
ha many NPOs lack and, hus, a e unable o sha e hei da a as open
da a.
Ano he ne wo k ins umen is
inancial managemen : joined up wo king and coope a ion (M4).
Financial esou ces a e o en sca ce, so o ackle he a ailabili y o esou ces o suppo he
p ojec s' execu ion and hei long- e m suppo , mo e inancial coope a ion is needed. The e a e
exis ing examples o such coope a ion, such as he OKF ne wo k, ha can help o he open
knowledge o ganisa ions inancially. Such a solu ion should be p omo ed, especially ac oss he
coun ies, o help dis ibu e he esou ces o he NPOs wi h less suppo .
The
capaci y building (M6)
ne wo k ins umen can also be used o ensu e he a ailabili y o
aining in da a skills and li e acy
and
he awa eness abou he social impac o open da a sha ing
o he NPOs. Some non-p o i in e media ies ha ha e aluable da a do no ha e he needed
echnical skills o publish open da a o a e no awa e o open da a's po en ial impac . To help deal
wi h ha , NPOs o go e nmen al o ganisa ions can p omo e aining o wo kshops.
Table 9: Po en ial go e nance ins umen s s imula ing NPOs o pa icipa e in he open da a
ecosys em and sha e open da a
Ins umen s
Enable s
S5
M4
M6
A ailabili y o
aining in da a
skills and li e acy
P omo e aining o
imp o e echnical
skills o NPOs ha
lack hem
A ailabili y o
app op ia e
echnical ools
NPOs oice in e es in
ha ing a common
pla o m o open
da a sha ing
Alignmen o
p i a e alue and
in e es s wi h open
da a sha ing
A ailabili y o
esou ces ( inancial,
ime, people/
wo k o ce)
NPOs oice in e es in
ha ing a common
pla o m o open
da a sha ing
Financial esou ces
a e o en sca ce, so o
suppo p ojec s
long- e m, mo e
inancial coope a ion
is needed
Exis ence o da a-
sha ing
communi ies
D4.3 An app oach o s ee he beha iou o non-go e nmen da a holde s owa ds open da a
h ough a go e nance s a egy
36
Ins umen s
Enable s
S5
M4
M6
Awa eness abou
he social impac o
open da a sha ing
P omo e aining o
imp o e open da a
awa eness o NPOs
ha lack i
P esence o
engagemen o
enjoymen ac i i ies
6.4 Conclusion
As-is si ua ion shows ha NPOsʼ a e mo i a ed o sha e due o mainly ne wo k go e nance
mechanisms, wi h one hie a chical ins umen and wi hou any ma ke -based ins umen s. The eʼs
mu ual suppo be ween/wi hin his ype o o ganisa ions, oge he wi h simila mission o ocus
on openness, which mo i a es hem and p o ides he space o hem o sha e open da a. The
de ini ion o being a non-p o i o non-go e nmen al o ganisa ion explains why ne wo k
mechanisms a e p e e ed, and no ma ke -based ones a e u ilised, as he mo i a ions do no lie in
he p o i -making lane bu ocused on he socie al issues. To-be po en ial o open da a sha ing,
simila ly, shows ha NPOs will bene i om ne wo k mechanisms as in as-is si ua ion. Speci ically,
building an in as uc u e in he o m o NPOs sha ed open da a po al oge he wi h ecei ing
inancial esou ces o p ojec s like ha , would imp o e he o ganisa ionsʼ abili y o sha e hei
da a e en mo e e ec i ely. I is impo an o no e, his esea chʼ case s udies a e wi h smalle sized
non-p o i o ganisa ions, which migh p esen a limi ed se o esul s. Fu he esea ch migh
explo e NPOs o a bigge size as di e en esul s migh be achie ed due o bigge o ganisa ions
ha ing mo e esou ces, mainly inancial ones.
D4.3 An app oach o s ee he beha iou o non-go e nmen da a holde s owa ds open da a
h ough a go e nance s a egy
37
7 As-is / o-be Jou nalis s
7.1 In oduc ion
Jou nalis s in es iga e, collec , and p esen in o ma ion as news s o ies o he public h ough
a ious channels and o ma s. They play a c ucial ole in keeping he public in o med and holding
powe o accoun (Ko ach & Rosens iel, 2007).
The use o open da a in jou nalism, o da a jou nalism, in ol es using da a o unco e , analyse,
and c a compelling s o ies by me ging adi ional jou nalism echniques wi h da a analysis and
isualiza ion. Al hough da a jou nalism has been p ac iced since he 19 h cen u y, i s popula i y
has inc eased in ecen yea s due o he abundance o in o ma ion a ailable o jou nalis s (G ay
e al., 2012). In he pas , he main s uggle was o collec and compile da a se s; now, he ocus
has shi ed o da a analysis due o he ple ho a o da a a ailable om a ious sou ces (Roge s,
2013).
While open da a has played a ole in his shi and can be a aluable esou ce o jou nalis s, he
openness o he da a is no hei p ima y conce n. Jou nalis s a e mos ly ocused on he accu acy,
ele ance, and use ulness o he da a, and he impac hey can achie e by using i in hei s o ies,
ega dless o whe he he da a is publicly accessible o ob ained h ough o he means (B adshaw
& Rohumaa, 2013).
Jou nalis s a e mos ly use s o open da a. The mos common use is epublishing exis ing
isualiza ions o da a o in o m hei audience. Howe e , hey also use aw open da a, analysing i
and publishing hei indings o he audience h ough a ious ypes o isualiza ions ( ables,
igu es, maps, e c.) o suppo hei s o ies. The e a e also cases whe e media o ganiza ions elease
da ase s as open da a, bu hese a e excep ions and mo e common in la ge media o ganiza ions
(Codding on, 2015)
The esea ch me hodology consis s o h ee main componen s: Fi s , a sys ema ic li e a u e e iew
was conduc ed o iden i y key a eas o ocus ega ding open da a and jou nalism. Second, h ee
semi-s uc u ed in e iews we e ca ied ou wi h jou nalis s and da a analys s om small media
o ganiza ions in he Eu opean Union ha emphasize da a jou nalism. Speci ically, one jou nalis
om Eu ologus in Belgium was in e iewed online, along wi h one jou nalis and one da a analys
om Di e gen in Po ugal, also in e iewed online, and inally, he chie edi o and a da a analys
om Fa osne in G eece we e in e iewed in pe son. These in e iews aimed o explo e how
jou nalis s u ilize open da a and he challenges hey ace, guided by insigh s om he li e a u e
e iew. Las ly, ongoing ac ion esea ch is being conduc ed a Fa osne , whe e he esea che is
embedded h ough he ODECO p ojec , employing i e a i e cycles o planning, ac ion, and
e lec ion o iden i y and add ess speci ic needs and challenges in in eg a ing open da a in o
epo ing. The collec ed da a om he in e iews and ac ion esea ch a e being analysed h ough
a quali a i e con en analysis app oach, whe e audio eco dings we e e iewed o ex ac key
concep s and hemes using an induc i e coding p ocess, allowing o a comp ehensi e
unde s anding o jou nalis s' expe iences and challenges in u ilizing open da a. Th ough he
in e iews and ac ion esea ch in he Hu Pos G eece b anch, i has been con inuously e ealed
ha jou nalis s a e eluc an o sha e hei da a wi hou mone a y compensa ion.
7.2 As-is: Jou nalis s
The cu en s a e o go e nance ins umen s ha encou age media o ganisa ions o sha e da a in
he open da a ecosys em is depic ed in able 10. The e is a lo o aining a ailable o jou nalis s
in he use o da a, and some is p o ided by media o ganiza ions (Es ablishmen o coo dina ing
unc ions o en i ies, S1), indica ing an in e es in de eloping hese skills in he communi y.
D4.3 An app oach o s ee he beha iou o non-go e nmen da a holde s owa ds open da a
h ough a go e nance s a egy
38
Howe e , his aining is no speci ically ocused on open da a. The ocus is mos ly on he analysis
o da a and he ou comes ha can be ex ac ed a he han whe he he da a is open o om
o he sou ces. The e is an inc ease in da a-specialized eams in la ge news media and small da a
jou nalism o ganiza ions (Reshu ling di ision o compe ences, S2). This leads o new specialized
oles ha ha e o ocus on he use o echnology and combine i wi h adi ional s o y elling
jou nalis ic p ac ices. Sophis ica ed ools o da a collec ion, analysis, and p esen a ion ha e also
been de eloped, bu he e a e no specialized ools o open da a sha ing (Sys ems o in o ma ion
exchange and sha ing, S5). In he case o The Gua dian, hey a e sha ing some o he da ase s hey
ha e compiled h ough Google Shee s so anyone in e es ed can download and use hem. I has
been obse ed in academic publica ions ha collabo a ion occu s be ween jou nalis s and o he
specialis s inside o ganiza ions. Some no ewo hy examples a e Boyles (Boyles, 2020), which
examines jou nalism hacka hons as spaces o collabo a ion be ween jou nalis s and
echnologis s, and Baack (Baack, 2018), who highligh s he sha ed p ac ices be ween jou nalis s
and ci ic hacke s and hei goals in using open da a o in o m and engage he public. The e ha e
also been academic publica ions (Handle & Fe e Conill, 2016; Palomo e al., 2019) p esen ing
cases whe e jou nalis s eached ou and collabo a ed wi h hei audience o collec and analyse
da a, as well as o ex ac expe ise o unde s and specialized opics o help hem wi h he analysis
o la ge amoun s o da a. In pa icula , La Nación Da a (Palomo e al., 2019), an A gen inian news
o ganiza ion, has eached ou o hei ac i e audience o help hem collec and open da a h ough
he e Vozda a pla o m, and subsequen ly eleased he collec ed da a as open da a. Ano he
in e es ing publica ion is he p esen a ion o he Gua dianʼs analysis (Daniel & Flew, 2010) o MPs'
expenses, whe e he public was in i ed o help in he da a analysis (Pa ne ships, S7).
F om a manage ial pe spec i e, al hough he o ma ion o da a jou nalism eams is no a common
occu ence in media o ganiza ions, he hi ing and aining o specialis s o use da a is a
co ne s one o s a egic planning owa ds a new di ec ion (S a egic planning, M1, In e -
o ganiza ional cul u e and knowledge managemen , M5). Capaci y building ini ia i es such as
wo kshops and hacka hons help jou nalis s no only imp o e hei ne wo ks, loca e and po en ially
ec ui ech-skilled indi iduals like p og amme s and ci ic hacke s bu also help o align hei goals
wi h hose o o he ac o s in he open da a ecosys em (Capaci y building, M6).
D4.3 An app oach o s ee he beha iou o non-go e nmen da a holde s owa ds open da a h ough a go e nance s a egy
39
Table 10: Cu en go e nance ins umen s s imula ing jou nalis s use s o pa icipa e in open da a hacka hon ecosys ems
Ins umen s
Enable s
S1
S2
S5
S7
M1
M5
M6
A ailabili y o
aining in da a skills
and li e acy
News
o ganiza ions
p o ide aining
in da a skills o
hei jou nalis s.
Th ough
wo kshops and
online cou ses
News
o ganiza ions
p o ide aining
in da a skills o
hei jou nalis s.
Th ough
wo kshops and
online cou ses
A ailabili y o
app op ia e echnical
ools
Using ools o
da a analysis
and sha ing
The use o ools
o he
publica ion and
popula isa ion
o hei wo k
aligns wi h
manage ial
goals
Alignmen o p i a e
alue and in e es s
wi h open da a
sha ing
P omo ion o
anspa ency
and
accoun abili y is
key o
jou nalis s
A ailabili y o
esou ces ( inancial,
ime, people/
wo k o ce)
Hi ing da a
analys s and
esea che s
D4.3 An app oach o s ee he beha iou o non-go e nmen da a holde s owa ds open da a h ough a go e nance s a egy
40
Ins umen s
Enable s
S1
S2
S5
S7
M1
M5
M6
Exis ence o da a-
sha ing communi ies
Collabo a i e
p ojec s and
ools a e
p omo ed om
in e na ional
o igina ions
Pa ne ships
be ween media
o ganiza ions,
ech specialis
o academics
help align
in e es s
owa ds he
e ec i e use o
open da a
Awa eness abou he
social impac o open
da a sha ing
P esence o
engagemen o
enjoymen ac i i ies
Hacka hons and
wo kshops o
inno a ion
Hacka hons and
wo kshops o
inno a ion
D4.3 An app oach o s ee he beha iou o non-go e nmen da a holde s owa ds open da a
h ough a go e nance s a egy
41
7.3 To-be: Jou nalis s
The o-be s a e o go e nance ins umen s ha can encou age media o ganisa ions o sha e da a
as open da a in he open da a ecosys em is depic ed in able 11.
As i has been men ioned abo e, in chap e 7.1, al hough he e a e a ailable esou ces online, he
aining o jou nalis s in open da a is no conside ed a p io i y in many news ooms. Mos o he
aining p og ams a e ocusing on gene al da a analysis and hey a e using open da a as da ase s
o aining, an impo an unc ion. Howe e , o enhance he impo ance o open da a as a pilla
o jou nalism, mo e ocused aining ha co e s he p inciples o openness and anspa ency is o
i al impo ance (Es ablishmen o coo dina ing unc ions o en i ies). Al hough he e a e many
ools a ailable, he main issue is no he lack o specialized ools o jou nalis s o sha e open da a.
Ins ead, he eal p oblem is he willingness o media o ganiza ions o p io i ize and commi o
sha ing open da a ini ia i es.
Al hough he design o specialized ools could boos he limi ed endea ou s ha exis a he
momen , i is mainly a concep ual impedimen as media o ganiza ions o en pe cei e da a as a
aluable esou ce ha hey a e no willing o sha e. To al e his pe cep ion, he impo ance o
inc eased anspa ency ha hey can achie e wi h he use o open da a and he impac ha can
ha e on hei audience and hei engagemen mus be highligh ed (Sys ems o in o ma ion
exchange and sha ing, Capaci y building).
Fu he mo e, al hough he e a e cases whe e jou nalis s a e ained in open da a o collabo a ing
wi h expe s, his is no a popula app oach in media o ganiza ions. The impo ance o da a
inco po a ion in o new a icles mus be highligh ed h ough a ious means, including enhancing
c edibili y, engaging he audience, acili a ing anspa ency and p o iding imp o ed s o y elling.
Managemen needs o ecognize he comme cial and business alue o hese bene i s o jus i y
alloca ing mo e esou ces o he use o open da a ( inancial, ime, pe sonnel) (S a egic planning,
In e -o ganiza ional cul u e and knowledge managemen )
D4.3 An app oach o s ee he beha iou o non-go e nmen da a holde s owa ds open da a h ough a go e nance s a egy
48
Ins umen s
Enable s
S1
S3
S4
S5
S6
S7
M1
M4
M5
Alignmen
o p i a e
alue and
in e es s
wi h open
da a
sha ing
Di e en o -
p o i
companies
es ablished
O e u e
Maps
Founda ion o
pool esou ces
o p oduce i -
o -pu pose
open
geospa ial
da a.
Co po a ions
dona e o he
OpenS ee Ma
p Founda ion
which, in u n,
gi es hem
access o a
sea in he
Ad iso y
boa d.
Open
Licensing,
which allows
comme cial
euse, so
companies
can add da a,
and euse he
me ged
p oduc
Di e en o -
p o i
companies
es ablished
O e u e
Maps
Founda ion o
pool esou ces
o p oduce i -
o -pu pose
open
geospa ial
da a
Fug o is a
publicly
aded
company
ha also
has o
main ain
a
sus ainabl
e image
Di e en o -
p o i
companies
es ablished
O e u e
Maps
Founda ion o
pool esou ces
o p oduce i -
o -pu pose
open
geospa ial
da a.
Co po a ions
dona e o he
OpenS ee Ma
p Founda ion
which, in u n,
gi es hem
access o a
sea in he
Ad iso y
boa d.
A ailabili y
o
esou ces
( inancial,
Es ablishmen
o he
OpenS ee Ma
p and
Di e en o -
p o i
companies
es ablished
D4.3 An app oach o s ee he beha iou o non-go e nmen da a holde s owa ds open da a h ough a go e nance s a egy
49
Ins umen s
Enable s
S1
S3
S4
S5
S6
S7
M1
M4
M5
ime,
people/
wo k o ce)
O e u e
Maps
Founda ions
O e u e
Maps
Founda ion o
pool esou ces
o p oduce i -
o -pu pose
open
geospa ial
da a
Exis ence o
da a
sha ing
communi ie
s
Es ablishmen
o he
OpenS ee Ma
p and
O e u e
Maps
Founda ions
Exis ence o
Impo ing ang
O ganised
Edi ing
Guidelines o
da a inse ion
in
OpenS ee Ma
p
Exis ence o
Impo ing ang
O ganised
Edi ing
Guidelines o
da a inse ion
in
OpenS ee Ma
p
Awa eness
abou he
social
impac o
open da a
sha ing
Es ablishmen
o he
Humani a ian
OpenS ee Ma
p Team and
Missing Maps
Exis ence o
Impo ing ang
O ganised
Edi ing
Guidelines o
da a inse ion
in
Es ablishmen
o he
Humani a ian
OpenS ee Ma
p Team and
Missing Maps
Es ablishmen
o he
Humani a ian
OpenS ee Ma
p Team and
Missing Maps
D4.3 An app oach o s ee he beha iou o non-go e nmen da a holde s owa ds open da a h ough a go e nance s a egy
50
Ins umen s
Enable s
S1
S3
S4
S5
S6
S7
M1
M4
M5
OpenS ee Ma
p
P esence o
engagemen
o
enjoymen
ac i i ies
C ea ion o
p ojec s by
comme cial
o ganisa ion
s in he
mic o
asking ool
Map oule e,
o
indi iduals
o me ge
hei da a
using
gami ica ion
echniques,
ci cum en in
g impo
ba ie s
D4.3 An app oach o s ee he beha iou o non-go e nmen da a holde s owa ds open da a
h ough a go e nance s a egy
51
8.3 To-be: Comme cial o ganisa ions
In his sec ion we explain he o-be, he desi ed si ua ion o comme cial o ganisa ions o
con ibu e da a o he open da a ecosys em, in he use case o he OpenS ee Map (OSM)
ecosys em.
The ba ie s epo ed in ODECO deli e able D4.1 (Re e al., 2024) ha e o, in he desi ed si ua ion,
be lowe ed, wi h he es ablishmen o go e nance mechanisms. As explained be o e, he e is a
p essing demand om communi y membe s o comme cial o ganisa ions, especially big
co po a ions, o p o ide accoun abili y when con ibu ing o he p ojec . This is due o bad
expe ience wi h impo s in he ea ly yea s o he p ojec (A akua, 2019; OpenS ee Map Wiki,
2023), pai ed wi h a ea o comme cial o ganisa ions ge ing a dominan posi ion and b eaking
he balance in he OSM go e nance. This si ua ion, on he o he hand, makes da a impo s, e en
i desi ed by comme cial o ganisa ions, di icul o do and no wo h i in se e al cases.
While unde s anding he OSM Communi y posi ion, he OSM p ojec is also losing po en ial alue
in he missing con ibu ions. A balance needs o be c ea ed, ha makes companies eel mo e
welcome o con ibu e, while s ill ensu ing da a quali y, co ec ness, and co ec in eg a ion. Fo
he speci ic case o OSM, we p opose he c ea ion o a Wo king G oup in he ounda ion, o se e
as a single poin o con ac o help da a p oduce s, p o ide s, and in e media ies o align hei
da a and p ocedu es o he Impo Guidelines, and o ensu e p ope sus ainabili y mechanisms
o his da a. This Wo king G oup would ha e close collabo a ion wi h he exis ing Da a, Licensing
and Enginee ing WGs. An a emp o c ea e such a g oup exis ed al eady back in 2010 bu was
ul ima ely ne e inalised2. This g oup encompasses he ollowing go e nance ins umen s: (S1)
Es ablishmen o coo dina ing unc ions o en i ies, (S2) Reshu ling di ision o compe ences (wi h
he a o emen ioned WGs), (S7) Pa ne ships, (M5) In e -o ganiza ional cul u e and knowledge
managemen .
We also sugges ha he Enginee ing Wo king G oup suppo s he c ea ion and main enance o
mo e Communi ies o P ac ice a ound ools, such as he one men ioned in he as-is, wi h
MapLib e, o ackle he echnical ba ie s o open da a sha ing, as well as o u ilize he echnical
mo i a ions. This ela es o he ins umen s (S7) Pa ne ships, and (M5) In e -o ganiza ional
cul u e and knowledge managemen . The c ea ion o mo e ools should also be accompanied by
he ease o use o some o hem. Comme cial o ganisa ions in e iewed did no complain abou
such issue, bu his is because all o he in e iewed o ganisa ions a e ech-sa y. Looking as well
a he exis ing lis s o OSM comme cial con ibu o s, he e is a echnical gap ha we a e no
add essing. Non- echnical o ganisa ions may no be con ibu ing as much as hey could, bu lack
o ools, esou ces, and expe ise may be keeping hem away.
In addi ion o i , mechanisms o imp o e mo i a ions ha e o be conside ed. As seen as well wi h
he in e iewed o ganisa ions, and he lis s o con ibu ing o ganisa ions, mo e wo k is needed in
aligning p i a e alue o he in e es s o open da a sha ing, wi h business models ha wo k o
comme cial o ganisa ions. Mos o he con ibu ing companies a e ech-sa y, and a e in he
in o ma ion echnologies (IT), social ne wo ks, anspo a ion, o geog aphic in o ma ion sys ems
(GIS) businesses. The e is a gap o be educed by c ea ing sus ainable business models bo h using
and con ibu ing o OSM, ha align o p i a e alues in domains ou side hose men ioned. We
p opose ha he cu en ly non-exis en Impo Suppo Wo king G oup men ioned be o e, and
which ela es o he (S1), (S2), (S7), and (M5) ins umen s, also p omo es OSM as a place whe e
comme cial o ganisa ions can keep up- o-da e da a o hei business loca ions, simila ly o how
companies keep hei business p o iles in pla o ms such Google Maps. This would also help lowe
he gap in Poin o In e es da a quali y (Klinkha d e al., 2023; OpenS ee Map Communi y Fo um,
2023).
2 h ps://wiki.opens ee map.o g/wiki/Founda ion/Impo _Suppo _Wo king_G oup)
D4.3 An app oach o s ee he beha iou o non-go e nmen da a holde s owa ds open da a
h ough a go e nance s a egy
52
Table 13: Po en ial go e nance ins umen s s imula ing comme cial o ganisa ions o
pa icipa e in he open da a ecosys em and sha e open da a
Ins umen s
Enable s
S1
S2
S7
M5
A ailabili y o
aining in da a
skills and
li e acy
C ea ion o
an Impo
Suppo
Wo king
G oup
A ailabili y o
app op ia e
echnical ools
C ea ion o
an Impo
Suppo
Wo king
G oup
C ea ion o
an Impo
Suppo
Wo king
G oup
C ea ion o an
Impo Suppo
Wo king G oup.
Imp o emen o
he Enginee ing
Wo king G oup.
C ea ion o an
Impo Suppo
Wo king G oup.
Imp o emen o
he Enginee ing
Wo king G oup.
Alignmen o
p i a e alue
and in e es s
wi h open da a
sha ing
C ea ion o
an Impo
Suppo
Wo king
G oup
A ailabili y o
esou ces
( inancial, ime,
people/
wo k o ce)
C ea ion o an
Impo Suppo
Wo king G oup
C ea ion o an
Impo Suppo
Wo king G oup
Exis ence o
da a sha ing
communi ies
C ea ion o
an Impo
Suppo
Wo king
G oup
C ea ion o an
Impo Suppo
Wo king G oup
C ea ion o an
Impo Suppo
Wo king G oup
Awa eness
abou he social
impac o open
da a sha ing
C ea ion o
an Impo
Suppo
Wo king
G oup
C ea ion o an
Impo Suppo
Wo king G oup
C ea ion o an
Impo Suppo
Wo king G oup
P esence o
engagemen o
enjoymen
ac i i ies
C ea ion o
an Impo
Suppo
Wo king
G oup
8.4 Conclusion
In conclusion, he OSM ecosys em has demons a ed ha comme cial o ganisa ions can ake an
impo an ole in con ibu ing o Open Da a Ecosys ems, including da a con ibu ions. Thei
D4.3 An app oach o s ee he beha iou o non-go e nmen da a holde s owa ds open da a
h ough a go e nance s a egy
53
pa icipa ion is mo i a ed by a mix u e o own-p i a e alues and social alues. Howe e , ba ie s
exis in he echnical and go e nance domains, including a g ea esis ance by communi y
membe s owa ds da a impo s and co po a ionsʼ ole in he ecosys em, hinde ing hei po en ial
in con ibu ing o he p ojec .
To o e come hese ba ie s and encou age g ea e pa icipa ion, we p opose he c ea ion o a
dedica ed wo king g oup in he OSMF o s eamline and help wi h da a impo s, as well as o
enhance collabo a ion be ween s akeholde s. Fu he mo e, aligning business models wi h he
goals o open da a sha ing can a ac a wide ange o comme cial o ganiza ions beyond he
cu en ly domina ing con ibu o s: he ech-sa y indus ies, c ea ing a mo e inclusi e and obus
ecosys em. This can be pai ed by os e ing communi ies o p ac ice and de eloping use - iendly
ools ha can add ess echnical ba ie s and make i easie o non- echnical o ganiza ions o
con ibu e.
D4.3 An app oach o s ee he beha iou o non-go e nmen da a holde s owa ds open da a
h ough a go e nance s a egy
54
9 As-is/ o-be open da a in e media ies
9.1 In oduc ion
Open da a in e media ies a e de ined as “ hi d-pa y ac o s who p o ide specialized esou ces
and capabili ies o (i) enhance he supply, low, and/o use o open da a and/o (ii) s eng hen he
ela ionships among a ious open da a s akeholde s” (Shaha udin e al., 2023). Examples o open
da a in e media ies a e so wa e p o ide s ha p e-p ocess open da a and include he eady- o-
use da a in he so wa e, pla o m p o ide s ha acili a e he sha ing and euse o open da a, and
app p o ide s ha in eg a e open da a in he app unc ionali ies. In mos scena ios, open da a
in e media ies a e no he o iginal3 open da a p o ide s o end-use s. Howe e , hey o en p e-
p ocess open da a (making i mo e eadily usable), imp o e i (e.g., by ec i ying e o s), o
augmen i (by combining i wi h non-open da a). The e o e, open da a in e media ies could
po en ially sha e he p e-p ocessed, imp o ed, o augmen ed da a back o he open da a
ecosys em o o he s o use.
In his deli e able, insigh s on he exis ing (as-is) and po en ial ( o-be) go e nance ins umen s o
s imula e open da a in e media ies o sha e open da a a e based on he case s udies o Es i and
OpenS ee Map (OSM). We conduc ed 53 in-dep h in e iews wi h ep esen a i es om hese wo
o ganiza ions and o he ele an s akeholde s, such as open geospa ial da a p o ide s and end-
use s. The in e iewees a e in cha ge in he manage ial o echnical aspec s o open da a. These
wo o ganiza ions we e selec ed due o hei signi ican con ibu ions o he open geospa ial da a
ecosys em in he las decade. We analysed he in e iews h ough abduc i e app oach, ollowing
he go e nance ins umen s in Table 1. Es i is a mul ina ional geospa ial so wa e company ha
has long been an open da a in e media y. I se es such a ole in mul iple ways, such as by
collec ing and p e-p ocessing open da a om a ious sou ces and o e ing he eady- o-use da a
in i s so wa e (called A cGIS), p o iding consul a ion se ices o open da a p o ide s and use s,
and de eloping applica ions and isualiza ions based on open da a. OSM is a geospa ial da a
c owdsou ce pla o m. While he OSM Founda ion (OSMF) p o ides leade ship, OSM is un by he
communi y who con ibu e, euse, and build applica ions based on he open da a on he pla o m.
9.2 As-is: Open da a in e media ies
Table 14 shows he exis ing go e nance ins umen s ha s imula e open da a in e media ies o
sha e open da a. Mos o hem a e based on he ne wo k mechanism. On he o he hand, only
one hie a chy-based ins umen and no ma ke -based ins umen o s imula e open da a sha ing
we e iden i ied om Es i and OSM cases. The hie a chy-based ins umen e e ed o is he
es ablishing o coo dina ing unc ions o en i ies (S1)
. This ins umen suppo ed he alignmen
o p i a e alues and in e es s wi h open da a sha ing and was obse ed h ough he case o he
CEO o Es i Ne he lands leading he B eak h ough P ojec Open Geoda a om 2013 o 2017. This
p ojec was ini ia ed by he Ne he landsʼ Minis y o Economic A ai s o iden i y and add ess
issues a ound open geoda a in he Ne he lands. Howe e , while his p ojec exempli ies he
po en ial o m o coo dina ion ha could ake place o s imula e he alignmen o p i a e (and
public) in e es s o inc ease open da a sha ing, i had limi ed impac s in making he non-public
sec o sha e open da a. The p ojec ʼs p ima y ou comes we e he elease o he ac ual ele a ion
map o he Ne he lands and sa elli e da a om he Du ch Space O ice, bo h om public agencies.
Hence, mo ing o wa d, simila ypes o coo dina ion could be le e aged o s imula e open da a
sha ing om non-public sec o o ganiza ions.
3 “O iginal” he e is used loosely o e e o o ganisa ions whose one o he co e o expec ed
esponsibili ies o ac i i ies is o p o ide open da a.
D4.3 An app oach o s ee he beha iou o non-go e nmen da a holde s owa ds open da a
h ough a go e nance s a egy
55
Es i le e aged he ne wo k-based ins umen o
sys ems o in o ma ion exchange and sha ing
(S5)
o s imula e open da a sha ing h ough he a ailabili y o app op ia e echnical ools
.
Es i
p o ides he echnical in as uc u e o open da a dissemina ion and euse. This in as uc u e
makes i easie o da a holde s o sha e hei da a as open da a ins ead o de eloping he open
da a sha ing pla o ms hemsel es and om sc a ch. I also allows Es i i sel o sha e some o he
da a i p e-p ocessed and p oduced as open da a, which is useable e en by non-A cGIS use s.
Ha ing said ha , a mo e signi ican p opo ion o da a p e-p ocessed and p oduced by Es i is
usable only o A cGIS use s. This is because Es i essen ially wan s geospa ial da a use s o
subsc ibe o i s so wa e in o de o be able o use all o he da a i o e s. The e o e, he a ailabili y
o mo e op ions o echnical ools o open da a dissemina ion and euse, especially non-
p op ie a y ones, may help u he s imula e o ganiza ions o sha e open da a.
OSM ep esen s an
en i y o collec i e decision-making (S6)
ha s imula es open da a
con ibu ion by spu ing he exis ence o da a sha ing communi ies. OSM p o ides he
in as uc u e and communi y suppo o open da a sha ing and euse. OSM is go e ned by he
OSMF, which coo dina es collec i e decision-making on how OSM da a should be p o ided and
used, no only ega ding he echnical aspec s bu also he licensing. Beyond o e ing a pla o m
o anyone o con ibu e open da a, OSM is in insically communal. OSM communi y membe s
(consis ing o OSM da a p o ide s, use s, and de elope s) o en o ganize e en s and con e ences,
such as he annual S a e o he Map con e ences. These e en s and con e ences help expand OSM
communi y membe s (no only among geospa ial p o essionals bu also s uden s and hobbyis s)
and acili a e discussions on he de elopmen a ound OSM echnologies and o ganiza ion. OSM
communi ies a e di e se and mul i-scale ins ead o a single communi y; o example, he e a e
OSMF- egis e ed local chap e s, in o mal (o non-OSMF- egis e ed) na ional and egional
communi ies, and uni e si y-based OSM associa ions (e.g., You hMappe s). OSM p esen s an
example o an en i y o collec i e decision-making ha could be emula ed in o he domains o
s imula e he con ibu ion o open da a.
The
pa ne ships
(S7)
and
inancial managemen : joined up wo king and coope a ion (M4)
ins umen s a e le e aged by Es i o s imula e open da a sha ing by media ing he alignmen o
p i a e alue and in e es s wi h open da a sha ing. Es i s eng hens i s posi ion in geog aphic
in o ma ion ecosys ems by pa ne ing wi h a ious o ganiza ions o acili a e he a ailabili y and
euse o open da a. A no able example is i s pa ne ship wi h o he companies, including
Mic oso , TomTom, Amazon Web Se ices, and Me a, o es ablish O e u e Maps Founda ion.
O e u e aims o p o ide high-quali y and i - o -pu pose open geospa ial da a ha anyone could
use, especially de elope s wi hin Es iʼs and o he O e u e pa ne sʼ ecosys ems. O e u eʼs
pa ne s collec i ely con ibu e human esou ces and in as uc u e suppo o gene a e and
dissemina e open da a.
Es i also le e ages he
pa ne ships (S7)
ins umen o sha e open da a based on i s awa eness
abou he social impac o open da a sha ing. Fo example, Es i wo ks wi h Mic oso and Impac
Obse a o y o p oduce a high- esolu ion global land co e map based on he Eu opean Space
Agency (ESA) Sen inel-2 sa elli e image y and o e s i as open da a. This da a is help ul o
conse a ion e o s and sus ainabili y p ojec s. As he execu i e om Es i Inc. ( he pa en
company o Es i headqua e ed in Cali o nia) in e iewed no ed, en i onmen al sus ainabili y is a
cause ha Es i is his o ically passiona e abou , be i ing i s o iginal name, En i onmen al Sys ems
Resea ch Ins i u e (E.S.R.I). Hence, Es i sees he alue o o e ing open da a ha could be used o
sus ainabili y pu poses. Addi ionally, he Humani a ian OpenS ee Map Team (HOT), an
o ganiza ion ha uses he OSM pla o m o coo dina e he con ibu ion o open da a o
humani a ian esponses and communi y de elopmen ini ia i es, also le e ages he pa ne ships
ins umen . HOT wo ks wi h a ious in e na ional and local o ganiza ions, including he Uni ed
Na ions and Red C oss, and mobilizes a communi y o olun ee s o help p o ide open da a o
D4.3 An app oach o s ee he beha iou o non-go e nmen da a holde s owa ds open da a
h ough a go e nance s a egy
56
speci ic p ojec s/pu poses, such as o be used by sa e and escue eams du ing he ea hquake in
Tu key and Sy ia in Feb ua y 2023 and he opical s o m in Malawi in 2022.
D4.3 An app oach o s ee he beha iou o non-go e nmen da a holde s owa ds open da a h ough a go e nance s a egy
57
Table 14: Exis ing go e nance ins umen s s imula ing open da a in e media ies o pa icipa e in he open da a ecosys em and sha e open da a
Ins umen s
Enable s
S1
S5
S6
S7
M4
A ailabili y o
aining in da a
skills and li e acy
A ailabili y o
app op ia e
echnical ools
Es i p o ides he
in as uc u e o
open da a
dissemina ion and
euse
Alignmen o
p i a e alue and
in e es s wi h
open da a
sha ing
Es i Ne he landsʼ CEO
led he mul i-
s akeholde p ojec
ini ia ed by he
go e nmen aimed a
imp o ing (open)
geoda a in he coun y
Es i, oge he wi h o he o -
p o i companies, es ablished
O e u e Maps Founda ion
o pool esou ces o p oduce
i - o -pu pose open
geospa ial da a
Es i, oge he wi h o he
o -p o i companies,
es ablished O e u e
Maps Founda ion o
pool esou ces o
p oduce i - o -pu pose
open geospa ial da a
A ailabili y o
esou ces
( inancial, ime,
people/
wo k o ce)
Es i, oge he wi h o he
o -p o i companies,
es ablished O e u e
Maps Founda ion o
pool esou ces o
p oduce i - o -pu pose
open geospa ial da a
D4.3 An app oach o s ee he beha iou o non-go e nmen da a holde s owa ds open da a
h ough a go e nance s a egy
64
10 Summa y o he esul s
In he p e ious sec ions, we examined he a ious go e nance ins umen s ha cu en ly p omo e
open da a sha ing by non-go e nmen al ac o s and explo ed po en ial ins umen s ha could be
de eloped o modi ied in he u u e o add ess he challenge o c ea ing an inclusi e open da a
ecosys em. In his sec ion, we summa ize he esul s o he cu en (as is) and desi able ( o be)
scena io. Table 16 summa izes he applicabili y o go e nance ins umen s ac oss open da a ac o s
based on as-is and o-be scena ios.
Table 16: Summa y o he esul s
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
S6
S7
M1
M2
M3
M4
M5
M6
Non-
specialis s
A,
T
T
T
A,
T
A
T
A
A
Elemen a y
schools
T
A
A,
T
T
A, T
T
T
Non-p o i
o ganisa ions
A
A,
T
A
A,
T
A
A, T
Jou nalis s
A,
T
A
A,
T
A
A,
T
A,
T
A, T
Comme cial
o ganisa ions
A,
T
T
A,
T
A
A
A
A, T
A
A
A,
T
Open da a
in e media ies
A,
T
T
T
A,
T
A,
T
A, T
A,
T
T
No e:
A: As-is ins umen s
T: To-be ins umen s
I A and T a e in he same box (A, T), i means ha he e could be po en ial new o addi ional ways
o le e aging he e e ed go e nance ins umen .
10.1 As-is si ua ion in he open da a ecosys em
Summa izing he esul s o he p e ious sec ions, we see ha he cu en (as is) si ua ion is
cha ac e ized by he p esence o di e en go e nance ins umen s.
Open da a sha ing has been enabled h ough he es ablishmen o a coo dina ion unc ion
(S1) in he case o non-specialis use s, jou nalis s, comme cial o ganiza ions, and open da a
in e media ies. This ins umen assumes he con igu a ion o he empo a y s uc u es c ea ed o
hacka hons, aining in da a skills by news o ganiza ions, i - o -pu pose wo king g oups, and ad
hoc coo dina ing ini ia i es s ee ed by go e nmen s ha add ess issues a ound open da a.
In he case o jou nalis s, we obse e a eshu ling o he di ision o compe encies (S2) wi h
he ise o da a-specialized eams in bo h la ge news o ganiza ions and small da a jou nalism
ou le s. This shi esul s in he eme gence o new specialized oles ha p io i ize he in eg a ion
o echnology wi h adi ional s o y elling p ac ices in jou nalism.
Legal amewo ks (S3) suppo ed open da a sha ing in elemen a y schools, non-p o i
o ganiza ions, and comme cial o ganiza ions. Legal amewo ks ake he shape o he compulso y
adop ion o ‘p ojec -based and play ul lea ningʼ in elemen a y school, o he c ea ion o legal ools
and licenses o help publish and use open da a.
D4.3 An app oach o s ee he beha iou o non-go e nmen da a holde s owa ds open da a
h ough a go e nance s a egy
65
An example o he c ea ion o egula ed ma ke s (S4) ha led o non-go e nmen al open da a
sha ing is illus a ed by he O e u e Maps p ojec , which is ailo ed o he needs o comme cial
o ganiza ions and de elope s, in con as o he communi y ocus o OpenS ee Map (OSM).
Sys ems o in o ma ion exchange (S5) os e ed non-go e nmen al open da a sha ing in he
case ac oss all ac o s. Non-specialis use s we e in oduced o he (open) da a ecosys em h ough
he p o ision o APIs, while eache s in elemen a y schools used and sha ed da a o lea ning
ac i i ies h ough open educa ion ools. The p o ision o a echnical in as uc u e, as a simpli ied
open da a edi o ool o publishing da a c ea ed by NPOs, o he ones c ea ed o acili a ing
open da a sha ing by in e media ies. The exis ence o a pla o m o open da a sha ing in luences
da a sha ing p ac ices o comme cial use s, as in he case o he OpenS ee Map da abase.
The p esence o en i ies o collec i e decision-making (S6) acili a ed open da a sha ing o
comme cial use s, and open da a in e media ies. One c i ical example is he one o OSM ha
ep esen s an en i y o collec i e decision-making (S6) ha s imula es open da a con ibu ion by
spu ing he exis ence o open da a sha ing communi ies.
The c ea ion o new ela ionships in he o m o pa ne ship (S7) inc eased he po en ial o open
da a sha ing ac oss all ac o s. In he case o non-specialis use s, we see las ing changes in
connec ions o p e-hack and pos -hack phases. Fo elemen a y schools, we obse e ecu en
coope a ion be ween schools and o ganiza ions o c ea e ex a-cu icula ac i i ies. Fo NPOs, we
see collabo a ions wi h communi y o olun ee s ha suppo s he a ailabili y o aining in da a
skills and li e acy, enabling he execu ion o echnical p ojec s o which NPO migh no ha e had
echnical esou ces. Communi ies o p ac ices and comme cial o ganiza ions de elop sha ed ools
and o p oduce and sha e i - o -pu pose open geospa ial da a. Open da a in e media ies pa ne
wi h a ious o ganiza ions and companies o acili a e he a ailabili y and euse o open da a.
S a egic planning (M1) ini ia i es a e unde aken by news o ganiza ions o p o ide aining in
da a skills o jou nalis s and, hus, acili a e open da a sha ing.
Financial managemen os e ing joined up wo king and coope a ion (M4) mechanism is
conside ed as impo an o non-specialis use s, NPOs, comme cial o ganiza ions, and
in e media ies. In open da a hacka hons, as hey commonly o e mone a y ewa ds and pos -
e en incuba ion (including acili a ing business connec ions, o e ing sha ed wo kspaces and
men o ing) o selec ed eams. Fo NPOs, suppo is p o ided h ough he p o ision o a legal
s uc u e and inancial suppo . Thus, hose communi ies can sha e he da a as open da a unde
he o ganisa ional umb ella while no ha ing bu eauc a ic hu dles, which suppo s he a ailabili y
o esou ces enable . Fo comme cial use s, we see he de elopmen o pooled esou ces o
p oduce i - o -pu pose open geospa ial da a. Fo open da a in e media ies, we see pa ne ships
wi h ha esul in he con ibu ion o human esou ces and in as uc u e o suppo o gene a e
and dissemina e open da a. In he case o comme cial o ganiza ions, we see he example o apid
edi o being used o he social good o apidly map a eas in need in humani a ian p ojec s.
In e -o ganiza ional cul u e and knowledge managemen (M5) os e open da a sha ing in
jou nalis s, NPOs, and comme cial o ganiza ions. Jou nalis s u ilize ools o publishing and
p omo ing hei wo k, while NPOs p io i ize openness as a co e alue, os e ing a cul u e ha
aligns p i a e in e es s wi h open da a sha ing. NPOs aim o social impac and a e awa e o he
implica ions o hei da a sha ing p ac ices. Thei o ganiza ional cul u e is ypically less
hie a chical, encou aging employees o engage in p ojec s hey a e passiona e abou , which
enhances mo i a ion o open da a sha ing.
D4.3 An app oach o s ee he beha iou o non-go e nmen da a holde s owa ds open da a
h ough a go e nance s a egy
66
Communi y capaci y building (M6) enhances open da a sha ing ac oss non-specialis use s,
jou nalis s, and comme cial use s. Indeed, p omo ion o anspa ency and accoun abili y, as well
as hacka hons o inno a ions, and he es ablishmen o eams ha enhance i - o -pu pose open
da a sha ing (e.g., he
es ablishmen o he Humani a ian OpenS ee Map Team and Missing
Maps), as well as he p o ision o ainings, a e conside ed impo an ins umen s o a ou open
da a sha ing.
We obse e ha wo ma ke ins umen s—namely, Financial Managemen (inpu -o ien ed,
M2) and Financial Managemen (pe o mance-o ien ed, M3)—we e no iden i ied among he
di e en ac o s.
10.2 To be si ua ion in he open da a ecosys em
Mo ing om he cu en (as is) scena io o he desi able scena io ( o be), in his documen we
ied o iden i y he go e nance ins umen s ha ha e he po en ial o u he open da a sha ing.
The es ablishmen o coo dina ing unc ions o en i ies (S1) is conside ed as a ele an
s a egy o inc ease open da a sha ing o non-specialis use s, elemen a y schools, jou nalis s, and
comme cial o ganiza ions. A s ong coo dina ion unc ion can ake he o m o Pe manen
Hacka hons Go e nmen al bodies a di e en le els, such as a he EU le el. Fo elemen a y
schoolsʼ coo dina ion can be achie ed h ough ad hoc p ojec s o digi aliza ion agencies and local
municipali ies, among o he ins i u ions. The es ablishmen o a suppo wo king g oup o open
da a sha ing is expec ed o inc ease open da a sha ing om comme cial use s. Coo dina ion
s a egies can also be combined wi h o he go e nance ins umen s o maximize impac .
The analysis o he p ac ices o in e media ies leads o a call o a mix o go e nance ins umen s
ha combine coo dina ion (S1) wi h in o ma ion exchange and sha ing (S5) in combina ion
wi h ne wo k-based ins umen s o ha ing en i ies o collec i e decision-making (S6) and he
inancial managemen : joined up wo king and coope a ion (M4) esul ing in he es ablishmen
o a na ional o sup a-na ional conso ium o open da a sha ing by non-public o ganiza ions.
This conso ium could c ea e and manage a non-p op ie a y echnical in as uc u e o open da a
sha ing, go e ned by a commi ee o public, p i a e, and ci il sec o s akeholde s o acili a e
collec i e decision-making. I would be suppo ed by join inancial coope a ion om mul iple
s akeholde s. By u ilizing a ious go e nance ins umen s, he conso ium will aim a p omo ing
open da a sha ing h ough echnical ools, alignmen o p i a e in e es s, a ailabili y o esou ces,
and ac i e da a sha ing communi ies.
I is impo an o a ge ac ions ha enable open da a sha ing o non-specialis use s and
comme cial o ganiza ions h ough eshu ling di ision o compe ences (S2). Mo e speci ically,
hose who o ganize hacka hons e en s and in e media ies need o acknowledge misma ches
be ween compe ences and Fa o he es ablishmen o speci ic g oups ha suppo open da a
sha ing. This s a egy will mos likely esul also in he hi ing o da a analys s, esea che s, o mo e
gene ally, open da a enable s.
The es ablishmen o a legal amewo k (S3) is expec ed o enable non-go e nmen al open
da a sha ing o non-specialis use s, in e media ies, and comme cial o ganisa ions. Open da a
hacka hon pa icipan s can be in i ed o sha e hei con ibu ion and ou pu unde an open
license. Also, new and bolde legisla i e amewo ks can ex end he esponsibili ies and
obliga ions o open da a sha ing o non-public sec o o ganiza ions. Fo example, beyond public
sec o bodies, he EU Di ec i e on open da a and he e-use o public sec o in o ma ion (Open
Da a Di ec i e) only applies o some non-go e nmen al ac o s such as public unde akings and
does no ex end o companies and non-go e nmen al o ganiza ions.
D4.3 An app oach o s ee he beha iou o non-go e nmen da a holde s owa ds open da a
h ough a go e nance s a egy
67
Mo ing om hie a chical ins umen s o ma ke ins umen s (S4), go e nmen s can explo e he
adop ion o inancial incen i es (such as ax discoun s) o companies o ci il o ganiza ions
(including open da a in e media ies) ha sha e open da a. The use o ma ke ins umen s can
coun e weigh he cos s bo ne o open da a sha ing ha hea ily impac less esou ce ul
o ganiza ions. Ye , he inancial sus ainabili y o such an app oach needs o be ca e ul assessed,
as open go e nmen da a al eady equi e sizeable in es men s.
Sys ems o in o ma ion exchange and sha ing (S5) can acili a e open da a sha ing om
in e media ies (as seen in he p e ious pa ag aphs), non-specialis use s, elemen a y schools,
NPOs, and jou nalis s. Common beginne iendly ools can suppo he exis ence o da a-sha ing
communi ies. Such sys ems can also mi o go e nmen al open da a po als o ha e addi ional
ea u es ha guide a di e se ange o use s o o e come echnical issues in encoun e ed in open
da a sha ing. These sys ems can also embed da a analysis ools and ea u es o collabo a i e
p ojec s o mee he needs o jou nalis s.
The es ablishmen o en i ies o collec i e decision-making (S6) is expec ed o os e open
da a sha ing by elemen a y schools by helping o align p i a e alues and in e es s wi h open da a
sha ing. Fo ins ance, collec i e decision-making can ind a balance be ween esea ch-led
ini ia i es and he in e es s o u ban de elopmen companies. This go e nance ins umen has
been iden i ied as p omising also in he case o in e media ies, as seen in p e ious pa ag aphs.
Las ing pa ne ships (S7) in elemen a y schools migh enhance cu en open da a sha ing
p ac ices (e.g., h ough Coding Pi a es, CCA and G een Schools) o he in eg a ion o open da a
p o iding ools and me hods o using, c ea ing and sha ing i . Pa ne ships a e also en isaged by
comme cial o ganiza ions and in e media ies as iable ins umen s o a ou non-go e nmen al
open da a sha ing.
The adop ion o s a egic planning (M1) can d i e elemen a y schools and jou nalis s o ca alyse
open da a sha ing h ough he c ea ion o da a-sha ing communi ies and he p o ision o da a
skills.
Financial managemen (M2): inpu -o ien ed aimed a lowe ing inancial ba ie s o non-
specialis pa icipan s in he o m o g an s o s ipends o co e pa icipa ion cos s is expec ed o
a ou he con ibu ion o non-specialis use s o he open da a ecosys em. In elemen a y schools,
in es men s a e p esumed o inc ease he a ailabili y o aining in da a skills and li e acy and he
a ailabili y o app op ia e echnical ools o schools, eache s and elemen a y school s uden s.
Ano he ne wo k ins umen in he o m o inancial managemen : joined up wo king and
coope a ion (M4) can ackle he a ailabili y o esou ces o suppo he p ojec s' execu ion and
hei long- e m suppo in NPOs, especially ac oss geog aphies. The same ins umen is
conside ed as p omising by in e media ies, as seen in he combina ion o ins umen s desc ibed
in ela ion wi h his ac o in he p e ious pa ag aphs.
In e -o ganiza ional cul u e and knowledge managemen (M5) h ough he es ablishmen o
imp o emen o da a sha ing suppo ing g oups can os e open da a sha ing by comme cial
o ganiza ions. This is ins umen is conside ed as p omising also in he case o jou nalis s, in he
shape o alloca ing dedica ed esou ces ( inancial, ime, pe sonnel) o suppo open da a
ini ia i es wi hin media o ganiza ions.
The capaci y building (M6) ne wo k ins umen can also be used o ensu e he a ailabili y o
aining in da a skills and li e acy and he awa eness abou he social impac o open da a sha ing
o he NPOs. Some non-p o i in e media ies ha ha e aluable da a do no ha e he needed
D4.3 An app oach o s ee he beha iou o non-go e nmen da a holde s owa ds open da a
h ough a go e nance s a egy
68
echnical skills o publish open da a o a e no awa e o open da a's po en ial impac . To help deal
wi h ha , NPOs o go e nmen al o ganisa ions can p omo e aining o wo kshops. The capaci y-
building e o s (such as aining and wo kshops) may be unde aken no only by public
o ganiza ions and NPOs bu also by o he s, including o he o -p o i companies. Jou nalis s can
be s imula ed o sha e open da a h ough showcasing success ul case s udies and examples whe e
open da a sha ing has led o signi ican public bene i s. The showcase can ake o in e ac i e and
engaging con en using open da a o demons a e i s alue and po en ial o he audience.
In he analysis o he ‘ o-beʼ esul s, we obse e ha Financial Managemen (pe o mance-
o ien ed, M3) is no men ioned as a iable go e nance ins umen o s imula e non-
go e nmen al open da a sha ing.
D4.3 An app oach o s ee he beha iou o non-go e nmen da a holde s owa ds open da a
h ough a go e nance s a egy
69
11 Discussion and Conclusion
In his con ibu ion we esea ched he po en ial ins umen s o enhance open da a sha ing by
non-go e nmen al ac o s by answe ing o he ollowing esea ch ques ion:
Wha go e nance
mechanisms ha e he po en ial o os e open da a sha ing om non-go e nmen al ac o s (o
da a holde s)?
In his sec ion, we e lec on he key indings ha eme ge om his s udy and how
hey ela e o he majo challenges suppo ing he c ea ion o an inclusi e open da a ecosys em.
I is impo an o no e ha he heo e ical amewo k applied in his s udy is no no ma i e,
meaning we do no exp ess a p e e ence o any pa icula go e nance mode (hie a chy, ma ke ,
o ne wo k) o ins umen . Ins ead, based on ou indings, we sugges ha a combina ion o
go e nance modes and ins umen s can s imula e non-go e nmen al open da a sha ing. Thus,
while one go e nance mode o ins umen may al eady enhance o ha e he po en ial o os e
da a sha ing, his does no imply i should be p e e ed o applied in isola ion. In o he wo ds, we
do no ank go e nance modes o ins umen s.
I can be no ed ha he a ie y o go e nance ins umen s capable o p omo ing open da a
sha ing om non-go e nmen al ac o s is ex ensi e. These ins umen s ange om hie a chical
app oaches, such as obus coo dina ion and legal amewo ks, o g ass oo s measu es, including
sys ems o in o ma ion exchange and collabo a i e pa ne ships. No ably, he ole o ma ke -
ela ed ins umen s emains unde ecognized in he cu en con ex . The e o e, om he
obse a ions in his epo , he e seems o be limi ed s ee ing o he beha iou o open da a ac o s
h ough inancial incen i es. One possible explana ion is ha he sample o non-go e nmen al
ac o s in his s udy is d i en by he democ a ic bene i s o open da a, a he han business-like
goals, al hough hey a e no mu ually exclusi e. This would likely be he case o non-p o i
o ganiza ions, elemen a y schools, and non-specialis ac o s. Ye , u he esea ch is needed o
unde s and i he e ec s o ma ke go e nance a e in isible o some ac o s bu do con ibu e o
non-go e nmen al open da a sha ing indi ec ly.
Despi e he p esence o a ious go e nance ins umen s ha al eady suppo non-go e nmen al
open da a sha ing, we ha e also iden i ied key elemen s ha a e cu en ly lacking o bo h
enhancing and es ablishing he condi ions necessa y o e ec i e open da a sha ing.
Some ins umen s, mo e han o he s, a e conside ed as popula s a egies o enhancing open
da a sha ing. Fo ins ance, he e is consensus among di e en ac o g oups on he po en ial o
coo dina ion o h ough he c ea ion o pe manen bodies o ganizing, o ins ance, ecu en
hacka hons wi h long-las ing e ec s o h ough he es ablishmen o na ional o sup a-na ional
conso ium o open da a sha ing by non-public o ganisa ions. Hence, open da a sha ing om
hacka hon e en s may be pa o his conso ium. The p esence o such o ganiza ions can ha e
posi i e spillo e s on a ange on o he use g oups, such as non-specialis s, (elemen a y) schools,
and comme cial o ganiza ions. A u he de elopmen o his esea ch migh conside mapping
he exis ence o conso ia o open da a sha ing ac oss o he domains (e.g., academia) and
unde s and i hey led o any imp o emen s in open da a sha ing p ac ices.
Ano he op-down app oach ha is also sugges ed om he ac o sʼ pe spec i e is he adop ion
o new legal amewo ks o he ex ension o exis ing legal amewo ks o non-go e nmen al
ac o s. Ye , legisla ion end o ha e a e i o ial ocus. An in e es ing ex ension o hese
conside a ions equi es an analysis o how and i such legal amewo ks a e in place ac oss
di e en geog aphies and whe e on he spec um om openness o closeness. Fo ins ance, wha
a e he main ba ie s o legal amewo ks ha manda e non-go e nmen al open da a sha ing? A
which le el o openness is easible o sha e da a mo e openly han in cu en p ac ice? Wha is
cu en ly p e en ing he adop ion o business- o-go e nmen (B2G) o ci izens- o-go e nmen
(C2G) legisla ions in he EU and o he coun ies?
D4.3 An app oach o s ee he beha iou o non-go e nmen da a holde s owa ds open da a
h ough a go e nance s a egy
70
F om a ma ke -o ien ed pe spec i e, while we see angible e idence o in es men s o
go e nmen al open da a sha ing, he e is no up ake o inancial incen i es in he o ms o ax
c edi s o ax incen i es mo e gene ally. While i is clea ha such ins umen s need subs an ial
budge ing, i is also clea ha he e is he endency, among mos o he obse a ions in his epo ,
o dis ega d his op ion o o conside i ele an only in he case o o -p o i use s including open
da a in e media ies and comme cial o ganiza ions.
On he con a y, ne wo k go e nance ins umen s a e widely popula ac oss di e en ac o
g oups, as in he case o sys ems o da a exchange and open da a sha ing. Such ins umen s a e
expec ed o mee he need o app op ia e echnical ool o open da a sha ing and use among
NPOs, elemen a y schools, non-specialis use s, and jou nalis s.
Also, bo h NPOs and open da a in e media ies highligh capaci y building ool o imp o e (open)
da a skills, li e acy and awa eness among hei ac o g oups, hus o e coming se ious ba ie s o
open da a sha ing in use communi ies.
Fu he mo e, we obse ed ha some o he o-be ins umen s o s imula e non-go e nmen da a
holde s o sha e open da a can also be used o s imula e hem in p o iding o he kinds o alue
o he open da a ecosys em. Fo example, he ins umen o
capaci y building
can also be used o
p o ide aining on using open da a apa om aining on publishing open da a. This expands
he esul s o ou s udy o emb ace also o he con ibu ions o he open da a ecosys em, such as
da a li e acy. This is a ele an esul ha calls o addi ional esea ch on how go e nance
ins umen s bo h enhance non-go e nmen al open da a sha ing and o he con ibu ions o he
open da a ecosys em.
In conclusion, di e en go e nance ins umen s can lead o u he open da a sha ing by non-
go e nmen al ac o s. Some ins umen s a e al eady adop ed and equi e u he up ake, while
o he s a e no ye adop ed and can signi ican ly imp o e open da a sha ing.
I is impo an o acknowledge se e al limi a ions o ou s udy. These limi a ions can o m he
basis o u he esea ch. Fi s , he esea ch app oach applied in he s udy, which elied on a
combina ion o me hodologies, did no co e he en i e spec um o ac o s in an ac o g oup and
o en ocused on a na ow geog aphical scope ( he EU o speci ic EU coun ies). Fu he esea ch
is needed o con i m and expand he esul s o ou analysis o o he pe spec i es wi hin he same
ac o g oup, ac oss di e en sub- ields (e.g., comme cial o ganiza ions ope a ing in a ious
indus ies), scales (e.g., NPOs o di e en sizes), and con ex s (e.g., including hose lacking he
capabili ies o engage wi h echnology). Ye , i mus be acknowledged ha in es iga ions on open
da a ecosys ems ha look a he ange o ac o s p esen ed in he s udy a e sca ce and ou esul s
o e a basis o u he esea ch. Second, while he ied o add ess in o ma ion jus ice, we could
no de i e any indings ha clea ly connec inclusion o non-go e nmen al da a wi h ulne able
g oups. As such, we call o u he esea ch o explo e how he inclusion o di e se use s e lec s
and ampli ies he oices o mos ulne able g oups. Finally, ou esea ch did no explo e he
e ec i eness o he iden i ied go e nance ins umen s in p omo ing non-go e nmen al open da a
sha ing, no did i e alua e he p obabili y o success o hose go e nance ins umen s ha
appea p omising in enhancing such sha ing. Fu u e s udies could ex end ou indings by
assessing—ei he quali a i ely o quan i a i ely—how hese ins umen s ha e acili a ed (o
cu en ly acili a e) non-go e nmen al open da a sha ing (as is), and how hey migh do so mo e
e ec i ely in he u u e ( o be).
D4.3 An app oach o s ee he beha iou o non-go e nmen da a holde s owa ds open da a
h ough a go e nance s a egy
71
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