Towa ds a sus ainable Open Da a ECOsys em
D5.1
Models o alloca ing oles, asks and esponsibili ies in open
da a ecosys ems
This p ojec has ecei ed unding om he Eu opean Unionʼs Ho izon 2020 esea ch and inno a ion
p og amme unde he Ma ie Skłodowska-Cu ie g an ag eemen No 955569.
The opinions exp essed in his documen e lec only he au ho ʼs iew and in no way e lec he
Eu opean Commissionʼs opinions. The Eu opean Commission is no esponsible o any use ha may be
made o he in o ma ion i con ains.
D5.1 Models o alloca ing oles, asks and esponsibili ies in open da a ecosys ems
P ojec Ac onym
ODECO
P ojec Ti le
Towa ds a sus ainable Open Da a ECOsys em
G an Ag eemen No.
955569
S a da e o P ojec
01-10-2021
Du a ion o he P ojec
48 mon hs
Deli e able Numbe
D5.1
Deli e able Ti le
Models o alloca ing oles, asks and esponsibili ies in
open da a ecosys ems
Dissemina ion Le el
Public
Deli e able Leade
Cen e Na ional de la Reche che Scien i ique (CNRS)
Submission Da e
28-11-2024
Au ho s
Ramya Chand asekha (CNRS), Da ide Di S aso (TU Del |),
Melanie Dulong de Rosnay (CNRS)
Co-au ho (s)
Ma ía Elena López Reyes (AAU)
Gio gos Papageo giou (FAROSNET S.A.)
Alejand a Celis Va gas (AAU)
Liubo Pilshchiko a (TU Del )
Ca e ina San o o (KUL)
Héc o Ochoa O iz (UNICAM)
Ash a Shaha udin (TU Del )
Umai Ahmed (UNICAM)
Abdul Aziz (UNIZAR)
Dagobe o He e a (UNIZAR)
Mohsan Ali (UAEGEAN)
Ma ia Ioanna Ma a si (UAEGEAN)
Documen his o y
Ve sion
#
Da e
Desc ip ion (Sec ion,
page numbe )
Au ho & O ganisa ion
20-06-2024
Kick-o mee ing
Melanie Dulong de Rosnay (CNRS)
26-08-2024
Fi s b ains o ming
mee ing o wo kshop o
be conduc ed a TW5
Da ide Di S aso (TU Del ), Ramya
Chand asekha (CNRS)
30-08-2024
Wo kshop a TW5
Facili a o s: Da ide Di S aso (TU Del ),
Ramya Chand asekha (CNRS)
Pa icipan s:
Ma ía Elena López Reyes (AAU)
Gio gos Papageo giou (FAROSNET S.A.)
Alejand a Celis Va gas (AAU)
Liubo Pilshchiko a (TU Del )
Ca e ina San o o (KUL)
Héc o Ochoa O iz (UNICAM)
Ash a Shaha udin (TU Del )
Umai Ahmed (UNICAM)
Abdul Aziz (UNIZAR)
Dagobe o He e a (UNIZAR)
Mohsan Ali (UAEGEAN)
Ma ia Ioanna Ma a si (UAEGEAN)
D5.1 Models o alloca ing oles, asks and esponsibili ies in open da a ecosys ems
Ve sion
#
Da e
Desc ip ion (Sec ion,
page numbe )
Au ho & O ganisa ion
14-10-2024
Feedback om ESRs on
case-s udies
Ma ía Elena López Reyes (AAU)
Gio gos Papageo giou (FAROSNET S.A.)
Alejand a Celis Va gas (AAU)
Liubo Pilshchiko a (TU Del )
Ca e ina San o o (KUL)
Héc o Ochoa O iz (UNICAM)
Ash a Shaha udin (TU Del )
Umai Ahmed (UNICAM)
Abdul Aziz (UNIZAR)
Dagobe o He e a (UNIZAR)
Mohsan Ali (UAEGEAN)
Ma ia Ioanna Ma a si (UAEGEAN)
V0.1
16-10-2024
Fi s d a , submi ed o
in e nal pee e iew
Ramya Chand asekha (CNRS), Da ide Di
S aso (TU Del ), Melanie Dulong de
Rosnay (CNRS)
V0.1a
20-10-2024
Fi s Pee e iew
Joep C omp oe s (KU Leu en)
V0.2
08-11-2024
Second d a . P ocessed
eedback ob ained om
he pee e iew p ocess
Ramya Chand asekha (CNRS), Da ide Di
S aso (TU Del ), Melanie Dulong de
Rosnay (CNRS)
V0.2a
10-11-2024
Second pee e iew
Joep C omp oe s (KU Leu en)
V0.2b
08-11-2024
Feedback om WP
Leade
Cha alampos Alexopoulos, UAEGEAN
V0.2c
13-11-2024
Pee e iew
Bas iaan an Loenen (TU Del )
V0.3
15-11-2024
Thi d d a . P ocessed
eedback ob ained om
pee e iewe s and wo k
package leade
Ramya Chand asekha (CNRS), Melanie
Dulong de Rosnay (CNRS)
V0.4
22-11-2024
Final e iew by scien i ic
p ojec coo dina o
Bas iaan an Loenen (TU Del )
V0.5
27-11-2024
Final epo
Ramya Chand asekha (CNRS), Da ide Di
S aso (TU Del ), Melanie Dulong de
Rosnay (CNRS)
V0.6
27-11-2024
App o al
Bas iaan an Loenen, TUD
V1.0
28-11-2024
Final edi ing
Dani sja an Heusden, TUD
D5.1 Models o alloca ing oles, asks and esponsibili ies in open da a ecosys ems
Table o Con en s
Abb e ia ions ..................................................................................................................................................................... 6
1 Execu i e summa y ................................................................................................................................................. 7
2 In oduc ion ............................................................................................................................................................... 8
3 Me hodology ..........................................................................................................................................................10
3.1 Li e a u e e iew .......................................................................................................................................10
3.2 Wo kshop ....................................................................................................................................................10
3.3 Pos -wo kshop da a collec ion ...........................................................................................................13
3.4 Limi a ions o he me hodology .........................................................................................................13
4 The Ins i u ional Analysis and Design F amewo k ...................................................................................14
4.1 Wha is he Ins i u ional Analysis and Design F amewo k ......................................................14
4.2 Bene i s o he IAD F amewo k ...........................................................................................................15
4.3 How o apply he IAD F amewo k .....................................................................................................15
5 Applying he IAD F amewo k o an open da a ecosys em – Con ex ual in o ma ion ...............17
5.1 Backg ound en i onmen .....................................................................................................................17
5.2 Resou ce (socio- echnical) a ibu es ...............................................................................................18
5.3 Ac o s ............................................................................................................................................................18
5.4 Rules-in-use and gene al go e nance s uc u e ..........................................................................19
5.4.1 Rules-in-use wi h ega d o openness o he esou ce and o he communi y .........19
5.4.2 Gene al go e nance s uc u e(s) ..................................................................................................20
5.4.3 Speci ic ules and no ms ..................................................................................................................20
5.5 Goals and objec i es ...............................................................................................................................20
6 Applying he IAD F amewo k o an open da a ecosys em - Ac ion a ena .....................................23
6.1 Case-s udy #1: B eak h ough Open Da a P ojec , Ne he lands ............................................24
6.2 Case-s udy #2: Open Access Tax Bene i Mic o Simula ion Model (beamm.b ussels),
Belgium 26
6.3 Case-s udy #3: Gieß den Kiez p ojec , Ci yLAB Be lin, Ge many ...........................................28
6.4 Case-s udy #4: Collabo a i e in es iga ion on emicides in Eu ope, Eu opean Union 30
6.5 Summa y o all case-s udies ................................................................................................................32
7 Applying he IAD F amewo k o an open da a ecosys em – E alua ing pa e ns o in e ac ion
34
7.1 Findings om case-s udies ..................................................................................................................34
7.1.1 Summa y o indings .........................................................................................................................35
7.1.2 Speci ic indings on oles and esou ces o non-go e nmen da a holde s .............36
7.1.3 Obse a ions on goals and objec i es o open da a ini ia i es .......................................36
7.1.4 Obse a ions on bene i s and challenges o collabo a ion ...............................................37
7.2 Findings on ins i u ional ac o s o sus ainable collabo a ions in he open da a
ecosys em .....................................................................................................................................................................38
D5.1 Models o alloca ing oles, asks and esponsibili ies in open da a ecosys ems
8 Conclusions .............................................................................................................................................................40
8.1 Objec i e o Task 5.1 ...............................................................................................................................40
8.2 De ailed conclusions ...............................................................................................................................40
8.3 Fu u e wo k .................................................................................................................................................42
9 Re e ences ................................................................................................................................................................44
9.1 Li e a u e......................................................................................................................................................44
9.2 P e ious ODECO epo s .......................................................................................................................46
9.3 Legal ins umen s o he Eu opean Union .....................................................................................46
Annex 1: Copies o Pi ch Shee s and RACI Tables p epa ed du ing he wo kshop conduc ed a TW
5, Samos .............................................................................................................................................................................47
Lis o igu es
Figu e 1: Collage o pic u es om wo kshop conduc ed a ODECO TW 5, Samos ..............................11
Figu e 2: Sc eensho o p esen a ion a he wo kshop conduc ed a ODECO TW 5, Samos, showing
he a iables ha pa icipan s had o wo k wi h ...............................................................................................11
Figu e 3: RACI shee s p oduced by pa icipan s du ing he wo kshop a ODECO TW 5, Samos ...13
Figu e 4: IAD F amewo k. Sou ce: F ischmann, S andbu g and Madison, 2014, pp 26. G een boxes
a e au ho sʼ own addi ions. ........................................................................................................................................14
Figu e 5: Ques ionnai e o using he IAD F amewo k ....................................................................................16
Figu e 6: IAD F amewo k, wi h emphasis on Resou ce Cha ac e is ic, A ibu es o he Communi y
and Rules-in-Use. ...........................................................................................................................................................17
Figu e 7: Au ho sʼ isualisa ion o oles discha ged by open da a use g oups, based on p e ious
ODECO epo s ................................................................................................................................................................19
Figu e 8: IAD F amewo k, wi h emphasis on Ac ion A ena. ..........................................................................23
Figu e 9: IAD F amewo k, wi h emphasis on Pa e ns o In e ac ions. ......................................................34
Lis o ables
Table 1: Pi ches p oduced by pa icipan s a he wo kshop (see also Annex 1) ...................................12
Table 2: Syn hesis o open da a use needs, om p e ious ODECO epo s ..........................................21
Table 3: Case-s udies o collabo a ions in he open da a ecosys em ........................................................24
D5.1 Models o alloca ing oles, asks and esponsibili ies in open da a ecosys ems
6
Abb e ia ions
D Deli e able
DoA ODECO Desc ip ion o Ac ions
ESR Ea ly S age Resea che
ESRI En i onmen al Sys ems Resea ch Ins i u e, Inc
IAD Ins i u ional Analysis and Design
M Miles one
NGO Non-go e nmen al o ganisa ions
ODECO Open Da a ECOsys em
ODECO TW 5 ODECO T aining Week 5
RACI Responsible, Accoun able, Consul ed, In o med – Hie a chy o asks
T Task
WP Wo k Package
N
Pa ne
Pa ne sho
name
Coun y
Bene icia y
1
Technische Uni e si ei Del
TU Del
Ne he lands
2
Ka holieke Uni e si ei Leu en
KUL
Belgium
3
Cen e Na ional de la Reche che
Scien i ique
CNRS
F ance
4
Uni e sidad de Za agoza
UNIZAR
Spain
5
Panepis imio Aigaiou
UAEGEAN
G eece
6
Aalbo g Uni e si e
AAU
Denma k
7
Uni e si à degli S udi di Came ino
UNICAM
I aly
8
Fa osne S.A.
FAROSNET S.A.
G eece
Pa ne o ganisa ions
1
7eDa a
7EDATA
Spain
2
Digi aal Vlaande en
DV
Belgium
3
Ci y o Copenhagen
COP
Denma k
4
Ci y o Ro e dam
RDAM
Ne he lands
5
CoC Play ul Minds
CoC
Denma k
6
De ilinx
DERI
I eland
7
ESRI
ESRI
Ne he lands
8
Maggioli S.p.A
MAG
I aly
9
Na ional Cen e o Geog aphic
In o ma ion
CNIG
Spain
10
Open Knowledge Belgium
OKB
Belgium
11
SWECO
SWECO
Ne he lands
12
The go e nmen lab
GLAB
Uni ed S a es o Ame ica
13
Agency o Da a Supply and In as uc u e
ADSI
Denma k
14
GFOSS Open Technologies Alliance
GFOSS
G eece
15
Inno3 Consul ing
IC
F ance
16
Regione Ma che
RM
I aly
17
Open Da a Ins i u e
ODI
Uni ed Kingdom
18
Swedish Na ional A chi es
SwNA
Sweden
D5.1 Models o alloca ing oles, asks and esponsibili ies in open da a ecosys ems
7
1 Execu i e summa y
This Task 5.1 is ocussed on he po en ial impac o di e en o ms o collabo a ions (including
public-p i a e pa ne ships) o sus ainably a ange he dis ibu ion o oles, asks and esou ces
in open da a ecosys ems. Building on p e ious ODECO esea ch on go e nance o open da a
ecosys ems and d awing om a pa icipa i e wo kshop conduc ed du ing ODECO T aining Week
5 held a Samos, G eece, his epo summa ises he dis ibu ion o oles, asks and esou ces in
ou open da a case-s udies – he B eak h ough Open Da a P ojec , beamm.b ussels, Ci yLAB
Be lin ees p ojec , and Femicides in Eu ope. Each case-s udy se e as an illus a i e model o
collabo a ion be ween a public adminis a ion and one o mo e open da a ac o g oup. By
applying he Ins i u ional Analysis and Design F amewo k (a p e e ed ool o policy analysis) o
each case-s udy, his epo summa ises a se o ins i u ional ac o s ha could be ele an o
sus aining and eplica ing models o collabo a ion in o he open da a ecosys ems. These
ins i u ional ac o s a e:
• The e should be con inued ocus on publica ion o open go e nmen da ase s by public
adminis a ion.
• Coo dina ing unc ions should be discha ged by public adminis a ions o b ing oge he
open da a p o ide s and open da a use s o openly discuss hei needs. In some cases, such
coo dina ing unc ions can be discha ged by o he non-go e nmen al s akeholde s as well.
• Pa ne ships should be o med be ween public adminis a ions / in e na ional o ganisa ions
and o he ci ic open da a use g oups o co-de elop open da a ini ia i es, which can p omp
con ibu ions om o he ac o s.
• Sha ed open in as uc u es o publishing and use o da a and in o ma ion a e impo an ,
including o non-go e nmen al da a holde s.
• A s ong in e o ganisa ional cul u e o ien ed owa ds e ec ing social and economic impac o
open da a in a pa icipa i e manne is also use ul.
D5.1 Models o alloca ing oles, asks and esponsibili ies in open da a ecosys ems
8
2 In oduc ion
This Task 5.1 is ocussed on he po en ial impac o di e en o ms o collabo a ions (including
public-p i a e pa ne ships) o sus ainably a ange he dis ibu ion o oles, asks and esou ces
in open da a ecosys ems.
Acco ding o he DoA, his ask “will design and e iew di e en models o alloca ing oles, asks
and esou ces in open da a ecosys ems. ESR1 will iden i y di e en oles o ac o s o pa icipa e
in he open da a ecosys em and explo e p ac ices o pa icipa o y design o allow ac o s o ac i ely
pa icipa e in and con ibu e o he open da a ecosys em. The design will build on he pe spec i e
o he eigh ac o g oups: non-specialis da a use s (ESR1), local go e nmen (ESR6), jou nalis s
(ESR9), s uden s (ESR10), NGOs (ESR11), cen al/ egional go e nmen (ESR12), companies (ESR13),
and da a in e media ies (ESR15) as p esen ed in he esul s o T2.1, T2.3, T3.3 and T4.3. CNRS
(ESR4: o ms o public-p i a e pa ne ships), AAU (ESR6: local go e nmen pe spec i e),
KULEUVEN (ESR12: cen al go e nmen pe spec i e) and UNICAM (ESR13: companiesʼ
pe spec i e) will explo e he po en ial and impac o di e en o ms o public-p i a e pa ne ships
as a means o sus ainably a ange o he dis ibu ion o oles and asks in he ecosys em."
This epo builds on p e ious ODECO esea ch ela ing o open da a go e nance – speci ically
epo s p epa ed o Task 2.1 (Open Da a Use Needs: Se en Fla ou s), Task 2.3 (Use needs om
a go e nance pe spec i e), Task 3.3 (Closing he cycle: P omo ing open da a use sʼ con ibu ion
om a go e nance pe spec i e) and Task 4.3 (An app oach o s ee he beha iou o non-
go e nmen da a holde s owa ds open da a om a go e nance pe spec i e). Fu he , his epo
is ocussed on eigh ac o g oups: non-specialis da a use s, local go e nmen , jou nalis s,
s uden s, NGOs, cen al/ egional go e nmen , local go e nmen , and open da a in e media ies.
In o de o iden i y he di e en oles o ac o s o pa icipa e, we unde ook a e iew o hese
p e ious ODECO ou pu s on open da a go e nance ha iden i ied some oles, asks and esou ces
in open da a ecosys ems. We syn hesised indings on he oles discha ged by he iden i ied open
da a ac o g oups in an open da a ecosys em, and he ypes o alue con ibu ions made by hese
ac o g oups.
Then, using p ac ices o pa icipa o y design, we designed and conduc ed a wo kshop a ODECO
TW 5, in Samos (G eece). This wo kshop p oduced eal-li e examples o collabo a ion be ween
open da a ac o sʼ g oups o c ea e alue om open da a ha se e as case-s udies o his epo .
Fo each case-s udy, wo kshop pa icipan s iden i ied speci ic asks pe o med by each ac o
g oup, anked hese asks in acco dance wi h he deg ee o esponsibili y bo ne by each ac o
g oup, and iden i ied go e nance ins umen s ha acili a ed he dis ibu ion o hese asks. This
allowed us o iden i y he connec ions be ween he oles, asks and esou ces, o ind ou i he
knowledge had o be upda ed since he p e ious epo s, o iden i y he a ious ways in which he
ac o s g oup collabo a e, and in which he esou ces a e ob ained and managed by hose g oups.
Finally, we used he Ins i u ional Analysis and Design amewo k, a heo e ical amewo k sui able
o ep esen he ela ions be ween esou ces and communi iesʼ a ibu es, ules and pa e ns o
in e ac ions, in a e sion adap ed o knowledge esou ces (F ischmann, Madison, & S andbu g,
2014). The choice o his analy ical amewo k was discussed and alida ed du ing he kick-o
mee ing o his Task 5.1 (held on June 20, 2024), as allowing o bo h ep esen he dynamics,
analyse and e alua e he case-s udies con ibu ed du ing he ODECO TW 5 a Samos as well as
D5.1 Models o alloca ing oles, asks and esponsibili ies in open da a ecosys ems
9
iden i y he po en ial and impac o he di e en ypes o collabo a ions (including public-p i a e
pa ne ships). The Ins i u ional Analysis and Design amewo k is sui able o policy analysis. I has
been used o analysing and e alua ing collabo a ions o sus ainable esou ce managemen in
he con ex o sha ed in o ma ion esou ces.
We p esen some sugges ions on ins i u ional ac o s ele an o collabo a ions in open da a
ecosys ems, which can aid in sus ainable dis ibu ion o oles and asks, as well as enable
eplicabili y o exis ing models o collabo a ion. In pa icula , we sugges i e ins i u ional ac o s
o sus ain collabo a ions and success ully go e n open da a ecosys ems:
• The e should be con inued ocus on publica ion o open go e nmen da ase s by public
adminis a ion.
• Coo dina ing unc ions should be discha ged by public adminis a ions o b ing oge he
open da a p o ide s and open da a use s o openly discuss hei needs. In some cases, such
coo dina ing unc ions can be discha ged by o he non-go e nmen al s akeholde s as well.
• Pa ne ships should be o med be ween public adminis a ions / in e na ional o ganisa ions
and o he ci ic open da a use g oups o co-de elop open da a ini ia i es, which can p omp
con ibu ions om o he ac o s.
• Sha ed open in as uc u es o publishing and use o da a and in o ma ion a e impo an ,
including o non-go e nmen al da a holde s.
• A s ong in e o ganisa ional cul u e o ien ed owa ds e ec ing social and economic impac o
open da a in a pa icipa i e manne is also use ul.
This epo is pa o Wo k Package 5 (Towa ds a Sus ainable Open Da a Ecosys em) ha seeks o
in eg a e all ODECO esea ch un il da e owa ds design, policy and go e nance ecommenda ions
o sus ainable open da a ecosys ems. This epo o Task 5.1 ou lines ac o oles, asks and
esponsibili ies in open da a ecosys ems, and p oposes a se o ins i u ional ac o s ha could aid
in sus ainable a angemen o hese oles, asks and esponsibili ies. These indings a e g ounded
in he p e ious epo s which had iden i ied asks, ac o s, esou ces and oles alloca ion, and ha e
been upda ed wi h he con ibu ion o he ESRs. This epo , he e o e, cons i u es a ga eway and
an inpu designed o u he eed in o Task 5.2 on balancing and edis ibu ing alue in a
sus ainable open da a ecosys em, and in o Task 5.3 on he design o an open da a ecosys em.
D5.1 Models o alloca ing oles, asks and esponsibili ies in open da a ecosys ems
16
Figu e 5: Ques ionnai e o using he IAD F amewo k
In his epo , in o ma ion ela ing o he backg ound con ex , esou ce ( echnical) a ibu es,
ac o s/communi y membe s, ules-in-use / go e nance p ac ices, and goals and objec i es a e
syn hesised om a e iew o p e ious ODECO deli e ables – speci ically T2.1, T2.3, T3.3 and T4.3.
In o ma ion ela ing o pa e ns o in e ac ion we e syn hesised collabo a i ely by all ESRs,
h ough a wo kshop conduc ed a TW5 and h ough pos -wo kshop da a collec ion. All his
in o ma ion is hen cohesi ely analysed, o a i e a ins i u ional ecommenda ions o sus ainable
dis ibu ion o oles, asks and esou ces wi hin he selec ed open da a ecosys em, o mee he
objec i es o T5.1.
D5.1 Models o alloca ing oles, asks and esponsibili ies in open da a ecosys ems
17
5 Applying he IAD F amewo k o an open da a ecosys em –
Con ex ual in o ma ion
In his sec ion we desc ibe ce ain ea u es o an open da a ecosys em (highligh ed in blue in
Figu e 6 below), based on a li e a u e e iew o p e ious ODECO deli e ables. This se es o
con ex ualise in e ac ions wi hin his ecosys em, and aids in e alua ing whe he collabo a i e
in e ac ions wi hin his ecosys em can be eplica ed.
Figu e 6: IAD F amewo k, wi h emphasis on Resou ce Cha ac e is ic, A ibu es o he
Communi y and Rules-in-Use.
5.1 Backg ound en i onmen
F ischmann, S andbu g and Madison (2014, pp 21) iden i y wo ypes o cul u al en i onmen s in
he con ex o in o ma ional esou ce – he ‘na u alʼ cul u al en i onmen whe e in o ma ional
esou ces a e excluded om p op ie a y in ellec ual p ope y egimes, and he ‘p op ie a yʼ
en i onmen whe e in o ma ional esou ces (like code, da ase s o da abases) a e subjec o
p op ie a y egimes like copy igh ha egula e and/o con ol access, sha ing and use o hese
esou ces.
Fo open da a, he backg ound cul u al en i onmen is he la e – he p op ie a y en i onmen .
In he Eu opean Union, bo h so wa e code and da abases a e p o ec ed by copy igh (EU Di ec i e
2001/29/EC, A icle 1). Fu he , da abases a e also p o ec ed unde a sui gene is amewo k, whe e
subs an ial in es men in “ob aining, e i ica ion o p esen a ion o he con en s o p e en
ex ac ion and/o e-u iliza ion o he whole o o a subs an ial pa o he con en s o a da abase”
(EU Di ec i e 96/9/EC, A icle 7). Open da a become sha ed in o ma ional esou ces, i.e. esou ces
wi hou legal access o use es ic ions, h ough he use o open da a licenses whe e he esou ce
owne /c ea o p o ides p e- ac o au ho isa ions o wai es copy igh /sui gene is claims
(Giannopoulou, 2018). In he con ex o open go e nmen da a, legal egula ions equi e ha
public sec o bodies exe cise hei in ellec ual p ope y igh s o e da abases in a manne ha
enables e-use (see o e.g., EU Di ec i e 2019/1024 Open Da a Di ec i e, Reci al 54; EU Regula ion
2022/868 Da a Go e nance Ac , Reci als 17 and 18). Howe e , as De Filippi and Mau el (2015)
no e, he e a e unde lying con lic s be ween legal egula ions ha encou age e-use o public
sec o in o ma ion and he legal sys em o in ellec ual p ope y ha allow public sec o bodies o
asse a de- ac o exclusi e igh s on public sec o in o ma ion.
D5.1 Models o alloca ing oles, asks and esponsibili ies in open da a ecosys ems
18
5.2 Resou ce (socio- echnical) a ibu es
Open da a is digi al da a ha is capable o ee and un es ic ed usage, sha ing, and access o
da a in any a ailable o ma (ODECO 2023b; Open De ini ion 2.1). F om a echnical pe spec i e,
open da a comp ises o mul iple componen s such as indi idual da a elemen s, da ase s ha
cons i u e agg ega ed da a elemen s, da abases which con ain mul iple da ase s, pla o ms ha
house and/o p o ide access o da abases, me ada a, and open da a s anda ds. F om a unc ional
pe spec i e, open da a is no me ely da a ha is ‘ob ainableʼ by anyone. Ra he , i is da a ha is:
(i) a ailable as a whole in a con enien and modi iable o m, (ii) p o ided unde e ms ha pe mi
i s euse and edis ibu ion, including ‘ emixingʼ wi h o he da a, and (iii) subjec o uni e sal
pa icipa ion in i s use, euse and edis ibu ion (Do e 2015, pp 158).
Fu he , unlike na u al esou ces, open da a is no na u ally occu ing bu is b ough in o exis ence.
As a esul , he a ibu ed o open da a also include he human labou and choices in ol ed in i s
p oduc ion and main enance as well as he ma e ial a e ac s necessa y o i s p oduc ion and use
such as senso s, da a cen es, cables, compu e s, e c. And inally, as schola s o c i ical da a s udies
and STS no e, da a is no only an objec /economic esou ce bu also a p ocess o powe . Socio-
poli ical decisions abou wha da a o gene a e (and wha no o) as well as wha o do wi h da a
a e inhe en ly linked o he echnical a ibu es o open da a (Gu s ein, 2011; Ki chin and Lau iaul ,
2014; Fishe and S einz, 2022).
Beyond open da a, ODECO (2024b) iden i ies ce ain o he alue con ibu ions made o an open
da a ecosys em. These include ou pu s gene a ed om open da a (such as da a analysis,
isualisa ions, da a s o ies), insigh s gene a ed om open da a (such as local knowledge and social
issues o conce n) and echnological inno a ions o enable he use o open da a (such as websi es,
pla o ms, applica ions, ools).
5.3 Ac o s
Pu suan o he ODECO DoA, his epo inco po a es he pe spec i es o 8 open da a ac o
g oups:
• Non-specialis da a use s
• Local go e nmen
• Jou nalis s
• S uden s
• NGOs
• Cen al/ egional go e nmen
• Companies
• Open da a in e media ies
F om exis ing ODECO epo s (2023a, 2024b, 2024c), i is also possible o deduce he di e en
oles ha hese ac o s pe o m in an open da a ecosys em:
D5.1 Models o alloca ing oles, asks and esponsibili ies in open da a ecosys ems
19
Figu e 7: Au ho sʼ isualisa ion o oles discha ged by open da a use g oups, based on
p e ious ODECO epo s
5.4 Rules-in-use and gene al go e nance s uc u e
F ischmann, S andbu g and Madison (2014, pp 28) ecommend an analysis o ules-in-use a
h ee le els – he deg ee o openness o he esou ce and o he communi y, he gene al
go e nance s uc u e, and he speci ic ules and no ms ha apply o speci ic ac ion a enas.
5.4.1 Rules-in-use wi h ega d o openness o he esou ce and o he communi y
ODECO (2023a; 2024a) iden i ied ce ain ules-in-use ha se e as ba ie s o use open da a.
De ini ionally, open da a is mean o a ailable o un es ic ed e-use. In p ac ice, he e a e
di e en legal modali ies by which da a is made a ailable as open da a – h ough he olun a y
use o open da a licenses, o by i ue o legal manda es such as he EU Open Da a Di ec i e o
publish public sec o in o ma ion in machine- eadable o ma s (ODECO 2024a, pp 34). The e a e
also sec o al legal egula ions o elease o ce ain da ase s o he public, such as A icle 11(1) o
he EU INSPIRE Di ec i e which equi es public bodies o make spa ial da ase s a ailable o he
public, and he USʼs Equi able Da a Collec ion and Disclosu e on COVID-19 Ac which equi ed he
US ede al go e nmen o collec and publicly elease acial and o he demog aphic da a on
COVID-19 (Id.) To ob ain da a om he p i a e sec o , public adminis a ions some imes do ely
on da a- o -da a ag eemen s. Fo example, one o he esponden s o a ques ionnai e ci cula ed
o Task 2.3 e e ed o da a- o -da a a angemen s be ween he Ne he lands T anspo
Depa men and Voda one, o ob ain da a on a ic in ensi y om Voda one, combined wi h o he
da a held by he T anspo Depa men , and o elease all such da a as open da a by he T anspo
Depa men . E en wi hin licenses, he e is a lack o s anda diza ion (ODECO 2023a, 2024a). Fu he ,
he e a e echnical ba ie s o he use o open da a, owing o challenges in ansla ing he FAIR
(Findable, Accessible, In e ope able, Reusable) p inciples in o p ac ice (ODECO 2023b). Fo
D5.1 Models o alloca ing oles, asks and esponsibili ies in open da a ecosys ems
20
ins ance, open da a po als o en ha e only one inpu me hod o sea ch and should include
al e na i e inpu s me hods o sea ch he eposi o y. Open da a po als a e also o en no
op imised o use ia sma phones.
ODECO (2024a) also iden i ied ce ain ules-in-use wi h ega d o open da a ac o s. Fo ins ance,
in some cases, ce ain open da a ac o s come oge he o o m ei he as communi ies o pu pose
(as in he case o OSM, whe e humani a ian ac o s come oge he wi h open sou ce code s and
mappe s, o map con lic /disas e a ec ed a eas) o as communi ies o p ac ice (as in he case o
ce ain scien i ic da a) (ODECO 2024a, pp 30-31). In each o hese communi ies, membe ship ules
a e di e en ly de ined – h ough in o mal ules as in he case o communi ies o pu pose as
opposed o mo e o mal membe ship c i e ia as in he case o communi ies o p ac ice.
5.4.2 Gene al go e nance s uc u e(s)
An ecosys emic pe spec i e o open da a mo es beyond a linea unde s anding o open da a as
me e da a disclosu es by public bodies, and ins ead p obes he di e en o ces o compe i ion
and collabo a ion ha sus ain he gene a ion and e-use o open da a. F om his pe spec i e,
ODECO has made signi ican con ibu ions in h ee aspec s:
• ODECO (2024b; 2024c) has in es iga ed wha ac o s con ibu e as alue. This includes
con ibu ion o open da a by bo h go e nmen and non-go e nmen ac o s, bu also o he
alue con ibu ions in o m o knowledge ou pu s, echnological inno a ions, ad ocacy, e c.
• ODECO (2024a; 2024b; 2024c) has also in es iga ed why ce ain ac o s con ibu e such alue,
by in es iga ing hei in insic and ex insic mo i a ions as well as exis ing go e nance
ins umen s.
• ODECO (2024c) has in es iga ed how ce ain ac o s can con ibu e (mo e) open da a, by
in es iga ing go e nance ins umen s necessa y o such open da a con ibu ions.
D awing om C omp oe s e al (2019), ODECO (2024c) iden i ied h ee b oad
mechanisms
unde pinning go e nance in an open da a ecosys em – hie a chies, ma ke s, ne wo ks. F om his
b oad ca ego iza ion, i is possible o iden i y he
p ocesses
ha unde pin hese h ee go e nance
mechanisms, such as au ho i y, p ice and compe i ion o us and solida i y. These p ocesses, in
u n, ely on speci ic go e nance ins umen s. ODECO (2024c) classi ies hese go e nance
ins umen s in o wo ypes – s uc u al and manage ial. The analysis unde aken in ODECO (2024c)
e ealed ha a mix o hie a chical measu es, such as legal amewo ks as well as g ass oo s
ne wo k ini ia i es in he o m o collabo a i e pa ne ships, can e ec i ely s imula e open da a
sha ing. Howe e , ma ke -o ien ed ins umen s, such as inancial incen i es, a e cu en ly
unde u ilized, likely due o he non-comme cial na u e o many non-go e nmen al ac o s we
analysed in his s udy. These indings can be applied no only o he sha ing o mo e open da a,
bu also o he acili a ion o o he o ms o pa icipa ion om non-go e nmen al ac o s.
5.4.3 Speci ic ules and no ms
Th ough he wo kshop conduc ed a TW5, ESRs iden i ied ce ain case-s udies o collabo a ion
be ween open da a ac o s. Upon u he i e a ion, ESRs iden i ied go e nance ins umen s ha
acili a e he dis ibu ion o asks among he ac o s in each case-s udy. These go e nance
ins umen s a e examples o speci ic ules and no ms and a e desc ibed in mo e de ail in Sec ion
6 below.
5.5 Goals and objec i es
The bene i s o open da a include enhancing he e ec i eness and e iciency o public se ices,
inc easing ins i u ional accoun abili y, boos ing ci izen pa icipa ion, accele a ing scien i ic
p og ess, and os e ing he c ea ion o o he economic and social alues (ODECO 2023a, Hossain
e al., 2016; Janssen e al., 2012; Zhu e al., 2019).
D5.1 Models o alloca ing oles, asks and esponsibili ies in open da a ecosys ems
21
A e iew o exis ing ODECO epo s on go e nance using in e p e i e analysis also e eals wha
kinds o alue ealised a e by and/o con ibu ed by he open da a use g oups h ough
pa icipa ion in an open da a ecosys em. We e e o hese collec i ely as ‘ alue ypesʼ, and hey
comp ise o he ollowing:
• The gene a ion o mo e open da a
• Imp o ing he quali y o exis ing open da ase s
• C ea e echnological inno a ions (pla o ms/apps) o he use o open da a
• C ea e businesses h ough open da a
• C ea e isualisa ions and knowledge om open da a
• Iden i y social issues o conce n
• Hold go e nmen s accoun able
• C ea e p oduc s om open da a
• Become in o med ci izens
• Ensu e anspa ency o public adminis a ions
• P o ide unding o open da a ini ia i es
Some challenges o he ealisa ion o hese alue ypes ha e also been iden i ied in p e ious
ODECO epo s. One se o challenges ela e o he inco po a ion o use needs in o policy design
o open da a ecosys ems. ODECO (2023a) iden i ied some commons use needs ac oss 9 use
g oup ypes – local go e nmen , egional/cen al go e nmen , companies, open da a
in e media ies, a i icial use s, non-specialis da a use s, jou nalis s, s uden s, and non-
go e nmen al o ganisa ions. The iden i ied use needs can be g ouped in h ee le els – use needs
ela ing o esou ce a ibu es, use needs ela ing o ac o sʼ compe encies, and use needs
ela ing o he b oade open da a ecosys em.
Table 2: Syn hesis o open da a use needs, om p e ious ODECO epo s
Use needs ela ing o
esou ce a ibu es
Use needs ela ing o
ac o sʼ compe encies
Use needs ela ing o he
b oade open da a
ecosys em
Access o da a, a ailabili y
and indabili y
Findabili y and me ada a
ex ac ion o open da a is a
challenge, including
adhe ence o he 5-S a
P inciples o Linked Open
Da a. Da a a ailabili y is also
no uni o m ac oss e i o ies,
no equally ep esen a i e o
he conce ns o di e en
ci izen g oups.
Li e acy
All 9 use g oups equi e a
b oad ange o skills o
in e ac and pa icipa e in an
open da a ecosys em. These
include da a and digi al
li e acy, c i ical and scien i ic
hinking, and e hics.
Funding
The pa icipa ion o use s in
an open da a ecosys em
depends on he amoun o
unding/economic capi al
made a ailable o such
pa icipa ion.
Da a Quali y
This includes bo h echnical
quali y o open da ase s (i.e.
hei comple eness, accu acy,
indabili y and me ada a
quali y) as well as he social
quali y (i.e. he manne in
which da ase s accu a ely
e lec social eali ies)
Da a e hics
Use s mus be awa e o da a
e hics and p i acy issues
when making use o open
da a
Regula ion
The e is a need o g ea e
egula o y cla i y in e ms o
s anda d licensing o open
da a, enabling easy e-use.
Fu he , egula ion is also
equi ed o ensu e equi able
da a access o acili a e he
pa icipa ion o di e se
D5.1 Models o alloca ing oles, asks and esponsibili ies in open da a ecosys ems
22
Use needs ela ing o
esou ce a ibu es
Use needs ela ing o
ac o sʼ compe encies
Use needs ela ing o he
b oade open da a
ecosys em
g oups and sa is y socie al
needs.
Da a in as uc u e
Digi al open da a equi e
well-designed and well-
main ained IT and echnical
in as uc u e.
Communica ion
Di e en use -
g oups ha e
di e en communica ion
needs. Fo example, local
go e nmen s need o
communica e wi h public
bodies and p i a e companies
o he gene a ion o open
da a, while NGOs need o
communica ion wi h a ange
o pa ne s o ind open da a.
Go e nance and coo dina ion
The e is a need o bo h
o ganisa ional go e nance as
well as da a go e nance, o
ensu e inclusi e da a use
p ac ices.
D5.1 Models o alloca ing oles, asks and esponsibili ies in open da a ecosys ems
23
6 Applying he IAD F amewo k o an open da a ecosys em -
Ac ion a ena
As men ioned in Chap e 3.2 abo e, we conduc ed a wo kshop a TW 5, Samos, whe e we used
pa icipa i e design p inciples o iden i y eal-li e examples o collabo a ion be ween ac o s in an
open da a ecosys em o ealise di e en ypes o alue. This sec ion summa ises each eal-li e
example o collabo a ion as a ‘case-s udyʼ (see Table 3).
In e ms o he IAD F amewo k, hese case-s udies ep esen he ac ion si ua ions wi hin he open
da a ecosys em (highligh ed in blue in Figu e 8 below):
Figu e 8: IAD F amewo k, wi h emphasis on Ac ion A ena.
These case-s udies illus a e: (i) di e en ypes o collabo a ions be ween ac o s in an open da a
ecosys em, and (ii) di e en ypes o alue ealised om such collabo a ions - ei he in he o m
o gene a ion o mo e o new open da ase s, o in he o m o o he social and/o economic
bene i s.
Th ee speci ic insigh s eme ge om hese case-s udies, which se e as he basis o e alua ing
whe he hey p esen sus ainable o ms o collabo a ion in he open da a ecosys em:
(i) how asks a e di ided among ac o s in ol ed in he ecosys em,
(ii) wha go e nance ins umen s acili a e he dis ibu ion o hese asks, and
(iii) whe he any ins i u ional ac o s a e ele an o he dis ibu ion o hese asks, eplicabili y o
he collabo a ions, and sus ainabili y o he collabo a ions.
D5.1 Models o alloca ing oles, asks and esponsibili ies in open da a ecosys ems
24
Table 3: Case-s udies o collabo a ions in he open da a ecosys em
#
Ti le
1
B eak h ough Open Da a P ojec , Ne he lands
2
Open Access Tax Bene i Mic o Simula ion Model (beamm.b ussels), Belgium
3
Gieß den Kiez p ojec , Ci yLAB Be lin, Ge many
4
Collabo a i e in es iga ion on emicides in Eu ope, Eu opean Union
Each case-s udy also con ains he RACI Table p epa ed by ESRs du ing ODECO TW 5 a Samos and
subsequen ly i e a ed by he ESRs. Each RACI Table iden i ies he ac o s in ol ed in a case-s udy,
he asks pe o med by each ac o , and hei le el o in ol emen each ask. This was done by
iden i ying ou deg ees o in ol emen :
• R as in ‘ esponsibleʼ - he ac o who ac ually execu es he ask,
• A as in ‘accoun ableʼ - he ac o e iews/supe ises he ask,
• C as in ‘consul edʼ - he ac o p o ides inpu on he ask,
• I as in ‘in o medʼ - he ac o who is kep in loop abou he p og ess o he ask.
6.1 Case-s udy #1: B eak h ough Open Da a P ojec , Ne he lands
Desc ip ion o
case-s udy
This case s udy is abou he geospa ial da a sec o in he Ne he lands. The
Du ch go e nmen ini ia ed a p ojec called ‘B eak h ough Open Geoda a
P ojec ʼ ha an om 2013 o 2017. The ini ia i e was led by he CEO o Es i.
The p ojec comp ised o ep esen a i es om businesses, public sec o , and
academia: GeoBusiness Nede land ( ade associa ion o companies ha
wo k wi h geoin o ma ion), Es i Nede land, Minis y o Economic A ai s,
Minis y o In as uc u e and he E
n i onmen , Minis y o In e io and
Kingdom Rela ions, and Del Uni e si y o Technology.
The p ojec aimed o b ing oge he socie al demand, en ep eneu s who
de elop applica ions, and holde s o open da a h ough wo pilla s. The i s
pilla is o shi he supply-o ien ed app oach o open da a p o ision owa ds
demand-d i en app oach. The second pilla is o ensu e con inuous p o ision
o high-quali y open da a in o de o p o ide ce ain y o ma ke ac o s and
acili a e solid business models based on open da a.
URL
•
h ps://adoc.pub/doo b aakp ojec -open-geoda a-als-g onds o - oo -
g oei-en-inc207c91981124eda8cc49d9e21c39 bc80957.h ml
• h ps://ibes uu .nl/a ikel/doo b aakp ojec -open-geoda a-kan-zonde -
doo b aak/
Ac o s
in ol ed
• GeoBusiness Nede land ( ep esen ing in e es s o p i a e sec o use s o
open geoda a)
•
Es i as an open da a in e media y ( ha is also pa o GeoBusiness
Nede land)
• Du ch na ional go e nmen
•
Del Uni e si y o Technology (TU Del ) ( ep esen ing he academic
communi y)
Types o alue
con ibu ions
Tangible ou comes om he p ojec include he elease o ac ual ele a ion
da a (AHN) and da a om he Du ch space o ice (NSO) as open da a.
D5.1 Models o alloca ing oles, asks and esponsibili ies in open da a ecosys ems
25
Dis ibu ion
o asks
among ac o s
Ac o :
Du ch
go e nmen
Ac o :
GeoBusiness
Nede land
Ac o :
Es i
Ac o :
TU
Del
Ac o :
O he
use s o
open
geoda a
Task :
Communica e
in e es s
I
R
R
R
C
Task: P o ide
ecommenda ions
I
R
R
R
C
Task: Publish open
da a
R
C
C
C
I
Task: Use open
da a
I
R
R
R
R
• GeoBusiness Nede land and Es i communica e he in e es s o p i a e
sec o open geoda a use s o he go e nmen
• TU Del p o ides ecommenda ions o open geoda a s a egies
• Go e nmen agencies elease ac ual ele a ion map (AHN) and sa elli e
da a om he Du ch Space O ice as open da a
• O he open geoda a use s bene i om he ini ia i e: e.g., esea che s
om Wageningen Uni e si y epo ed ha sola panels can be ins alled
mo e e icien ly by using AHN in combina ion he Basic Regis a ion o
Add esses and Buildings (BAG) ( ha is also open da a
), and
a chaeologis s use AHN da a o loca e ancien se lemen s ha a e no
no iceable o he naked eye
Go e nance
ins umen s
acili a ing
dis ibu ion o
asks
S uc u al ins umen :
• Es ablishmen o coo dina ing unc ions o en i ies
Obse a ions
on
ins i u ional
ac o s
enabling
collabo a ion
•
The collabo a ion was ini ia ed by he go e nmen bu was led by a
majo playe in he geoin o ma ion indus y, namely Es i.
• While his p ojec exempli ies he po en ial o m o coo dina ion ha
could ake place o imp o e he p o ision o open go e nmen da a (i.e.,
use -d i en), i had limi ed impac s in making he non-public sec o
sha e open da a (i.e., inclusi i y) and in imp o ing he dis ibu ion o
cos s and bene i s wi hin he open da a ecosys em (i.e., ci cula i y).
D5.1 Models o alloca ing oles, asks and esponsibili ies in open da a ecosys ems
32
6.5 Summa y o all case-s udies
In Table 3 below, we summa ise he dis ibu ion o asks om he 4 case-s udies. Speci ically, we
highligh he di ision o asks be ween go e nmen al and non-go e nmen al ac o s.
Table 3: Summa y o di ision o asks be ween go e nmen al and non-go e nmen al ac o s,
de i ed om 4 case-s udies
Name o case-
s udy
Tasks pe o med by
go e nmen al ac o s
Tasks pe o med by non-go e nmen al ac o s
Regional and
na ional
go e nmen
Local
go e nmen
Academic
ins i u ion
Indus y
Jou nalis s
NGO
Ci izens as
Non-
specialised
use s
B eak h ough
Open Da a
P ojec
•
Responsible
o
publishing
open
geospa ial
da a
• In o med
abou and
ac ed on
needs o
open da a
use s, and
in o med
abou use o
open da a
N/A
•
Ad ised
he
egional
go e nme
n on open
da a
s a egies
•
Communic
a ed needs
and
in e es s o
p i a e
sec o
ac o s
ega ding
a ailabili y
and use o
open da a
N/A
N/A
N/A
beamm.b ussel
s
• Bo h
go e nmen
s a e
esponsible
o
publishing
s a is ical
da a
• Regional
go e nmen
is
esponsible
o
p o iding
unding o
he ini ia i e
• Bo h
go e nmen
s a e
in o med o
da a analysis
and he
simula ion
N/A
• Responsibl
e o
c ea ion o
syn he ic
da ase s
om
exis ing
da a
(including
s a is ical
da a),
de elopin
g he ax
simila
model,
and
e i ying
he model
• Academic
ins i u ion
mus
emain
accoun abl
N/A
N/A
N/A
• In o med
o he ax
simula ion
ool as
po en ial
use s o
he ool.
D5.1 Models o alloca ing oles, asks and esponsibili ies in open da a ecosys ems
33
and
e i ica ion
o he ax
simula ion
model
e o
unding
ecei ed
om
egional
go e nme
n
Ci yLAB Be lin
•
Responsible
o
publishing
open
da ase s on
ee egis y
in Be lin
•
Responsible
o
publishing
open
da ase s on
ee egis y
in Be lin
N/A
N/A
N/A
•
Responsibl
e o
collec ing
da a om
ci izens
and
combining
wi h open
da a
• Also
esponsibl
e o
c ea ing
and
main ain
he Gieß
den Kiez
websi e
•
Responsibl
e o
p o iding
c ow-
sou ced
da a on
ee heal h
• Consul ed
on
c ea ion o
he Gieß
den Kiez
websi e
Femicides in
Eu ope
• Regional/na
ional
go e nmen
s ( oge he
wi h he
Eu opean
Union) we e
accoun able
o c ea ing
s a is ical
da a on
iolence
agains
women
N/A
N/A
N/A
• Responsibl
e o
collec ing
and
combining
da a on
iolence
agains
women
• Responsibl
e o
c ea ing
isualisa io
ns
• Responsibl
e o
collec ing
addi ional
da a,
main ainin
g he
da ase s,
and
e i ying
ob ained
da a
• Consul ed
by
jou nalis s
when
collec ing
and
p epa ing
da ase s
on
iolence
agains
women
• Responsibl
e o
c ea ing
isualisa io
ns
• Responsibl
e o
ob aining
addi ional
da a and
e i ying
ob ained
da a
• In o med
o he
da abase
and
isualisa io
ns
D5.1 Models o alloca ing oles, asks and esponsibili ies in open da a ecosys ems
34
7 Applying he IAD F amewo k o an open da a ecosys em –
E alua ing pa e ns o in e ac ion
In his sec ion, we combine he con ex ual in o ma ion on open da a ecosys ems (de i ed h ough
li e a u e e iew o exis ing ODECO epo s) wi h he eal-li e examples o collabo a ions in an
open da a ecosys em (de i ed h ough a pa icipa i e design-based wo kshop). F om he
pe spec i e o he IAD F amewo k, we combine hese aspec s o unea h insigh s on pa e ns o
in e ac ions (highligh ed in Figu e 9 below), o analyse whe he he collabo a ions we s udied can
be eplica ed. We also ex ac and syn hesise some obse a ions on ins i u ional ac o s ha
in luence he dis ibu ion o oles, asks and esou ces in open da a ecosys ems in a sus ainable
manne .
Figu e 9: IAD F amewo k, wi h emphasis on Pa e ns o In e ac ions.
7.1 Findings om case-s udies
Pe he IAD amewo k as applied o sha ed in o ma ional esou ces, he pu pose o e alua ing
di e en ac ion si ua ions in acco dance wi h ce ain p e-de ined me ics is o “ex ac
gene alizable knowledge ha will be use ul o policy make s” (F ischmann, Madison and
S andbu g, 2014, pp 36).
In his epo , we analysed he ou case-s udies desc ibed in Sec ion 6 abo e as he ac ion
si ua ions wi hin an open da a ecosys em. While hese case-s udies a e no ep esen a i e o all
ypes o collabo a i e in e ac ions be ween open da a ac o g oups o ealise alue om open
da a no a e hey ep esen a i e o all ypes o open da a ecosys ems, hey none heless cons i u e
empi ical da a om which insigh s on he success and eplicabili y o hese in e ac ions can be
gleaned.
The IAD F amewo k equi es ha pa e ns and ou comes s emming om he ac ion a ena be
e alua ed in e ms o : (i) he solu ions and bene i s hey o e o a pa icula collec i e ac ion
p oblem, and (ii) he associa ed cos s and isks (F ischmann, Madison and S andbu g, 2014, pp
37). Acco dingly, we e alua e he ou case-s udies summa ised in Chap e 6 abo e o assess: (i)
wha goals and objec i es hey alo ise, and (ii) wha challenges and bene i s hey b ing o he
ealisa ion o social and economic alue om open da a.
D5.1 Models o alloca ing oles, asks and esponsibili ies in open da a ecosys ems
35
7.1.1 Summa y o indings
All ou case-s udies a e examples o collabo a ions be ween public adminis a ions (ei he a
local, egional o na ional le el) and one o mo e open da a use -g oups. In one case-s udy
(B eak h ough Open Da a P ojec ), a non- go e nmen collabo a o s comp ised o indus y and
academia. In one case-s udy (beamm.b ussels), he p ima y non- go e nmen collabo a o was an
academic ins i u ion. In one case-s udy (Ci yLAB Be lin), he non- go e nmen collabo a o s we e
an NGO and ci izens. In ano he case-s udy (Femicides in Eu ope), he non- go e nmen
collabo a o s we e NGOs and jou nalis s.
Th ee o he case-s udies (beamm.b ussels, Ci yLAB Be lin and Femicides in Eu ope) in ol ed
ci izens as non-specialised use s.
All 4 case-s udies se e as examples o open da a ini ia i es being join ly designed and
implemen ed by public adminis a ions wi h he p ima y collabo a o s. In his ega d, hese case-
s udies cons i u e examples o collabo a ion wi hin an open da a ecosys em – i.e. an ecosys em
consis ing o he 8 ac o g oups men ioned in he DoA, whe e hese ac o s no only make use o
open da a o hei own pu poses, bu also con ibu e alue back in di e en ways.
In e ms o alue-con ibu ions, one o he case-s udies (B eak h ough Open Da a P ojec ) esul ed
in he elease o exis ing da ase s as open da a. One o he case-s udies (Ci yLAB Be lin) esul ed
in he p oduc ion o new open da ase s. One case-s udy (Femicides in Eu ope) sough o imp o e
he quali y o exis ing open da ase s. Two case-s udies (beamm.b ussels and Ci yLAB Be lin)
con ibu ed new isualisa ions, o c ea e knowledge om open da a. Th ee case-s udies
(beamm.b ussels, Ci yLAB Be lin and Femicides in Eu ope) iden i ied social issues o conce n om
he open da a gene a ed/analysed. And inally, wo case-s udies (Ci yLAB Be lin and Feminicides
in Eu ope) sough o c ea e a ci ic communi y a ound he social issue iden i ied.
In e ms o dis ibu ion o asks, wo o he case-s udies (B eak h ough Open Da a P ojec and
beamm.b ussels) elied on public adminis a ion (ei he a egional o na ional le els) o elease
open da ase s. In B eak h ough Open Da a P ojec , he ocus was wo- old: (i) o shi he supply-
o ien ed app oach o open da a p o ision owa ds demand-d i en app oach, and (ii) o ensu e
con inuous p o ision o high-quali y open da a in o de o p o ide ce ain y o ma ke ac o s and
acili a e solid business models based on open da a. In beamm.b ussels, exis ing open da ase s
(such as census da a) we e elied on o c ea e he syn he ic da ase om which isualisa ions o
iscal policies we e c ea ed. In one case-s udy (beamm.b ussels), he academic collabo a o was
also iden i ied as a esponsible pa y o gene a e and elease open da ase s. In wo case-s udies (
Ci yLAB Be lin and Femicides in Eu ope), he collec ion and publica ion o open da ase s was he
esponsibili y o NGOs (in bo h cases) and jou nalis s (in he case o Femicides in Eu ope). Bu in
bo h hese as well case-s udies, he NGOs elied on and combined exis ing open da ase s wi h
o he gene a ed da a.
In h ee case-s udies, ce ain ac o s we e consul ed in he gene a ion and elease o open da ase s.
In he B eak h ough Open Da a P ojec , Es i and GeoBusiness Ne he lands p o ided
ecommenda ions o he Du ch na ional go e nmen on wha da ase s should be p o ided as
open da a. In Ci yLAB Be lin, since he da a on he wa e ing o he ees was c owdsou ced, he
local Be lin go e nmen was consul ed o upda e hese da a wi h a ailable in o ma ion on ci y
wa e ing schedule. In Femicides in Eu ope, o he NGOs as well as he egional go e nmen s o he
coun ies su eyed we e consul ed in he da a gene a ion, publica ion and isualisa ion p ocesses.
In e ms o s uc u al go e nance ins umen s, h ee case-s udies (beamm.b ussels, Ci yLAB Be lin
and Femicides in Eu ope) iden i ied he same s uc u al ins umen s ele an o he dis ibu ion
D5.1 Models o alloca ing oles, asks and esponsibili ies in open da a ecosys ems
36
o asks – he c ea ion o sys ems o sha ing o in o ma ion, and he exis ence o pa ne ships
be ween di e en ac o s. Two case-s udies (beamm.b ussels and B eak h ough Open Da a
P ojec ) lagged ano he s a egic ins umen – he es ablishmen o coo dina ing unc ions o
en i ies.
In e ms o manage ial go e nance ins umen s, one case-s udy (beamm.b ussels) iden i ied
s a egic planning as a ele an ins umen . In his case, he collabo a ion be ween CAPE and he
B ussels egional go e nmen was unde a amewo k which speci ied clea objec i es and a ge s
o he ac o s. Two case-s udies (Ci yLAB Be lin and Femicides in Eu ope) lagged he impo ance
o a ib an in e o ganiza ional cul u e and knowledge managemen owa ds he c ea ion o open
da a and knowledge and owa ds he c ea ion o ci ic communi ies cen ed on social issues o
conce n. One case-s udy (Ci yLAB Be lin) lagged he impo ance o capaci y building as a
manage ial go e nance ins umen , o in ol e non-specialised use s. Two case-s udies
(beamm.b ussels and Femicides in Eu ope) lagged he impo ance o inancial managemen o
he sus ained collabo a ion be ween a uni e si y and egional go e nmen (in he case o
beamm.b ussels) and be ween jou nalis s, NGOs and egional go e nmen s (in case o Femicides
in Eu ope).
7.1.2 Speci ic indings on oles and esou ces o non-go e nmen da a holde s
All 4 case-s udies in ol e pa icipa ion o a leas one non-go e nmen al ac o .
In he B eak h ough Open Da a P ojec , he non-go e nmen ac o s we e GeoBusiness – an
associa ion o geo companies, Es i, and Del Uni e si y o Technology ep esen ing he academic
communi y. These ac o s, oge he wi h he public sec o , collec i ely ad ised on he need o
mo e open geoda ase s. In beamm.b ussels, he non-go e nmen al ac o was CAPE – an academic
esea ch cen e. This esea ch cen e c ea ed he syn he ic da ase s used o build he ax
simula ion model – by combining open da ase s on s a is ics wi h o he da a on socio-economic
indica o s. CAPE sha es hese syn he ic da ase s upon eques . He e, he non-go e nmen al ac o
played he ole o ‘open da a use ʼ as well as ‘da a c ea o ʼ, albei he da ase s c ea ed by CAPE
a e no eleased as openly licensed da ase s.
In bo h Ci yLAB Be lin and Femicides in Eu ope, NGOs we e esponsible o da a collec ion and
o elease o his da a as open da ase s. In Femicides in Eu ope, jou nalis s con ibu ed o his
objec i e as well. As a esul , hese wo case-s udies e eal he oles discha ged by NGOs and
jou nalis s as c ea o s and holde s o non-go e nmen open da a.
Th ee case-s udies – beamm.b ussels, Ci yLAB Be lin and Femicides in Eu ope – e eal he
impo ance o sha ed sys ems o in o ma ion exchange as a esou ce o hese non-go e nmen al
ac o s o con ibu e open da a as well as c ea e alue om open da a. Two case-s udies –
beamm.b ussels and Femicides in Eu ope – also e eal he impo ance o inancial ins umen s in
he o m o unding, o enable he non-go e nmen ac o s o pa icipa e in hese collabo a ions.
7.1.3 Obse a ions on goals and objec i es o open da a ini ia i es
All case-s udies e eal ha he c ea ion o economic and social alue can be achie ed h ough
collabo a ions be ween public adminis a ions and mo e han one open da a use g oup (such as
academic ins i u ions, jou nalis s, open da a in e media ies, NGOs and/o non-specialised use s).
One case-s udy (Ci yLAB Be lin) also e eal how en i onmen al alue can be ealised om
collabo a ions – in his case, he wa e ing o ees in he ci y o Be lin.
Two case-s udies (B eak h ough Open Da a P ojec and beamm.b ussels) e eal he impac o he
collabo a ions on enhancing e ec i eness and e icacy o public se ices – in he o me , enabling
D5.1 Models o alloca ing oles, asks and esponsibili ies in open da a ecosys ems
37
he elease o exis ing da ase s as open da a, and he in la e in imp o ing he abili y o
policymake s o assess p oposed iscal policies.
Th ee case-s udies (beamm.b ussels, Ci yLAB Be lin and Femicides in Eu ope) also e lec he ways
in which collabo a ion wi h non-specialised use s boos ed ci izen pa icipa ion – by co-iden i ying
social issues o conce n as well as c ea ing ci ic communi ies a ound hese social issues.
One o he case-s udies (Ci yLAB Be lin) also se es as an example o open da a collabo a ion
enhancing scien i ic p og ess, by acking ee wa e ing in Be lin.
7.1.4 Obse a ions on bene i s and challenges o collabo a ion
F ischmann, Madison and S andbu g (2014, pp 37-38) w i e ha unde he IAD amewo k, he
cos s and bene i s o p oducing open da a and o he ou pu s/ou comes om open da a based
on he case-s udies in he ac ion a ena should be compa ed agains he p oduc ion o simila
esou ces/ou pu s/ou comes unde “IP-based ma ke ansac ions, go e nmen subsidy, o some
al e na i e sys em.”
In he B eak h ough Open Da a P ojec , Es i and TU Del p o ide ecommenda ions on wha ypes
o geoda a a e necessa y o use s o such open da a. These ecommenda ions help imp o e he
quali y and quan i y o open da ase s published by he Du ch go e nmen . Legal amewo ks like
he Open Da a Di ec i e impose ce ain obliga ions on public adminis a ions o elease high-
quali y geog aphical da ase s. Bu in he absence o a channel o communica ion be ween he
da a p o ide (i.e. Du ch go e nmen ) and da a use s (such as Es i, TU Del and o he geoda a
use s), he legal amewo k equi ing publica ion o open geoda ase s by go e nmen bodies does
no in-and-o -i sel allow o a shi om a supplie -d i en open da a ecosys em o a use -d i en
open da a ecosys em. On he o he hand, in e ms o cos s, he B eak h ough Open Da a P ojec
was ini ia ed by he Du ch go e nmen o imp o e p o ision o open
go e nmen
da ase s,
iden i ying and esol ing ba ie s owa ds he use o open da a, and ecommending ways o
imp o e he in e ac ion be ween p o ide s and use s. I had limi ed impac s in making he non-
public sec o sha e open da a (i.e., inclusi i y) and in imp o ing he dis ibu ion o cos s and
bene i s wi hin he open da a ecosys em (i.e., ci cula i y).
In beamm.b ussels, he collabo a ion be ween public adminis a ion and an academic ins i u ion
o de elop a simula ion ool o assess iscal policies illus a es how social equi y can be achie ed
in policymaking. This enables policymake s o ‘seeʼ he po en ial impac s o iscal policies be o e
hey a e in oduced, as opposed o a e . Fu he , he exis ence o open da ase s on ax and socio-
economic da a abou B ussels Region enabled he c ea ion o his ool. As a esul , i is impo an
o ensu e quali y, accu acy and ep esen a i eness o hese da ase s. Bu he beamm.b ussels
p ojec is no ocused on his ype o eedback loop be ween he da a p o ide s (i.e. Belgian
egional go e nmen s) and he da a use (i.e. UCLou ain as he c ea o o he simula ion ool).
In he Ci yLAB Be lin p ojec , he collabo a ion be ween an NGO (Ci yLAB), ci izens and local
go e nmen enabled he c ea ion o a ci ic communi y a ound he p ese a ion o ees and g een
co e in he ci y o Be lin. This p ojec in eg a es ci izen-con ibu ed da a on ee wa e ing wi h
exis ing open da ase s on ee co e , o imp o e he quali y o exis ing open da ase s. I also
enables he c ea ion o a ci ic cul u e a ound ci izen con ibu ion and use o open da a. Fu he ,
he NGO plays an impo an ole as a acili a o o ci izen pa icipa ion. Ci izens could ha e c ea ed
his p ojec on hei own, using exis ing open da ase s, bu his does no accoun o echnical skill
D5.1 Models o alloca ing oles, asks and esponsibili ies in open da a ecosys ems
38
gaps among ci izens in loca ing open da a and building echnical ools like apps using open da a.
The NGO is an impo an ac o in add essing hese skill gaps.
Finally, in he Femicides in Eu ope p ojec , a mul i-ac o collabo a ion be ween jou nalis s, NGOs,
he Eu opean Ins i u e o Gende Equali y, egional go e nmen s, he Eu opean Union and
ci izens as non-specialised use s, was c ucial in d awing a en ion o he social issue o emicide
in Eu ope. Funding p o ided by he Eu opean Union was c ucial in sus aining his collabo a ion.
Fu he , he p esence o a sha ed in e o ganisa ional cul u e on he ealisa ion o social alue om
open da a also helped sus ain he collabo a ion be ween di e se ac o s. In he absence o hese
ac o s, a collabo a ion o his scale could be possible in heo y bu would be di icul o execu e
in p ac ice.
7.2 Findings on ins i u ional ac o s o sus ainable collabo a ions in he open da a
ecosys em
The case-s udies e eal he impo ance o ins i u ions, o wo pu poses: (i) sus aining he
collabo a ions iden i ied in hese case-s udies, and (ii) eplica ing he ypes o collabo a ions and
ask dis ibu ions in hese case-s udies o o he open da a ecosys ems.
As men ioned abo e, o he IAD F amewo k, ins i u ions encompass bo h o mal and in o mal
no ms ha de ine ules, sha ed unde s andings, and s a egies guiding human beha iou and
social decision-making. These sha ed ules and s a egies a e collec i ely de eloped, en o ced,
adjus ed, and moni o ed o p omo e he sus ainable use o in o ma ion esou ces like open da a.
Consequen ly, collabo a i e ac ions wi hin he 'ac ion a ena' can be dis illed in o p ac ical
ins i u ional insigh s, po en ially allowing o he eplica ion o success ul collabo a ions in
di e en se ings. Fi s , he con inued elease o open da ase s by public adminis a ions is
impo an , gi en ha each case-s udy elied on open go e nmen da a. These da ase s can be
eleased unde legal egula ions like he Open Da a Di ec i e. The scope o open da ase s can also
be inc eased olun a ily by public adminis a ions, whe e addi ional da ase s a e made open as in
he B eak h ough Open Da a P ojec . Based on he impo ance o open go e nmen da ase s o
he collabo a ions s udied in his epo , legal egula ions o he elease o open da a could be
an impo an ins i u ional ac o . Con inued implemen a ion o laws such as he Open Da a
Di ec i e oge he wi h he Implemen ing Regula ion on High-Value Da ase s combined wi h
egula consul a ions wi h open da a use and p o ide g oups should be ensu ed. Fu he ,
p o ide new a enues by which public adminis a ions can acqui e da a om non-go e nmen
da a holde s and make hem a ailable o o he use s o ce ain ypes o e-use. The e should be
con inued ocus on s ong implemen a ion o such legal ins umen s as well. The combina ion o
open da ase s wi h o he pa ially-open da ase s can esul in mo e alue con ibu ions, as e iden
in he beamm.b ussels case-s udy.
Second, he c ea ion o coo dina ing en i ies in di e en sec o s could boos collabo a ion. In he
B eak h ough Open Da a P ojec o ins ance, he Du ch go e nmen se ed as he coo dina ing
en i y ha b ough oge he public and p i a e sec o use s o geoda a and Du ch public
adminis a ions who a e p o ide s o open da a and enabled he use s o sha e hei open da a
needs. Public adminis a ions a local, egional, na ional and Eu opean le el could p oac i ely
adop such coo dina ing oles, o b ing oge he open da a p o ide s and open da a use s in
di e en domains o openly discuss and add ess he use sʼ needs. Going one s ep u he , such an
app oach could also be adop ed o he EU Implemen ing Ac on High- alue Da ase s. A
coo dina ing unc ion could also be pe o med by public adminis a ions, by p o iding unding
o collabo a i e open da a ini ia i es, as unde aken by he B ussels egional go e nmen in he
beamm.b ussels case-s udy.
D5.1 Models o alloca ing oles, asks and esponsibili ies in open da a ecosys ems
39
Thi d, he c ea ion o pa ne ships be ween public adminis a ions and NGOs could also boos
collabo a ion o ealise social alue om open da a. In he Ci yLAB Be lin case-s udy and in he
Femicides in Eu ope case-s udy, he e was a clea and o mal pa ne ship be ween he local
go e nmen (in he o me case) and he egional and Eu opean go e nmen (in he la e case)
wi h NGOs, o wo k wi h communi ies and use open da a o iden i y social issues o conce n. In
bo h case-s udies, he p ojec s ecei ed unding om he espec i e go e nmen bodies and
he e o e ook he o m o o mal pa ne ships be ween he NGOs and he go e nmen bodies.
These pa ne ships enable o he ac o s, like non-specialised use s, o con ibu e o open da a
ini ia i es. In many cases howe e , NGOs ini ia e p ojec s and build pa ne ships wi h go e nmen
bodies on hei own, which could ake he o m o mo e in o mal pa ne ships. In such cases, he e
should be g ea e willingness on he pa o go e nmen bodies o engage in such pa ne ships
wi h NGOs. The pa ne ship (whe he o mal o in o mal) should also include a eedback loop,
whe e ci izen-con ibu ed da a (as in he case o Ci yLAB Be lin) and NGO-c ea ed da a (as in he
case o Femicides in Eu ope) a e in eg a ed in o open go e nmen da a ini ia i es.
Fou h, sys ems o da a and in o ma ion sha ing se e as impo an in as uc u es o
collabo a ion. In h ee case s udies (beamm.b ussels Ci yLAB Be lin and Femicides in Eu ope), such
sys ems we e de eloped by an academic ins i u ion (in beamm.b ussels), an NGO (in he Ci yLab
Be lin case-s udy) and by coo dina ed ac ion be ween jou nalis s, NGOs and Eu os a (in he
Femicides in Eu ope case-s udy). In e ms o eplicabili y, no all ac o s may ha e he necessa y
esou ces and skills necessa y o build such in as uc u es om sc a ch. As a esul , wi hin he
Eu opean Union, sha ed in as uc u es like he Eu opean Open Science Cloud, could also enable
a ious ac o s o come oge he and use his in as uc u e o analyse open da ase s and gene a e
knowledge om such analysis.
Fi h and inally, a s ong in e -o ganisa ional cul u e on he impo ance o ealising economic as
well as social alue om open da a in a collec i e manne is also impo an . Fo example, in he
Ci yLAB Be lin case-s udy, Ci yLAB Be lin has a s ong in e nal cul u e o c ea e social impac . This
mo i a ed employees o Ci yLAB o p opose, design and implemen he p ojec discussed in his
epo . Simila ly, in he Femicides in Eu ope case-s udy, he p ojec was led by jou nalis s, who
ha e a s ong cul u e o using open da a o da a jou nalism. These ypes o in e -o ganisa ional
cul u es can be cul i a ed using o mal ins i u ions like legal amewo ks, oge he wi h in o mal
app oaches o c ea ing sha ed unde s andings among he a ious open da a ac o s.
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8 Conclusions
8.1 Objec i e o Task 5.1
Pe he ODECO DoA, he objec i e o his Task 5.1 was o “design and e iew di e en models o
alloca ing oles, asks and esou ces in open da a ecosys ems.” In his epo , we summa ise 4
case-s udies o collabo a ion be ween public adminis a ion and one o he open da a ac o g oup
o ealising alue ou o open da a. These case-s udies se e as illus a i e models o he
alloca ion o oles, asks and esou ces in an open da a ecosys em. F om hese case-s udies and
by applying he heo e ical concep o he ‘Ins i u ional Analysis and Design F amewo kʼ, we
p opose some ins i u ional ac o s enabling collabo a ions be ween open da a ac o g oups,
which could enable eplica ion o hese ypes o collabo a ions in o he open da a ecosys ems.
8.2 De ailed conclusions
An ecosys emic app oach o open da a ecognises bo h he plu ali y o ac o s and plu ali y o
mo i a ions unde pinning he gene a ion and use o open da a. P e ious ODECO epo s ha e
iden i ied di e en open da a use needs. P e ious ODECO epo s ha e also p oposed
go e nance ins umen s o enable he gene a ion o open da a by non-go e nmen ac o s, as well
as go e nance o open da a in a manne ha enables he ealisa ion o bo h economic and social
alue om open da a in a pa icipa i e manne .
In o de o iden i y he di e en oles o ac o s o pa icipa e, we unde ook a e iew o p e ious
ODECO ou pu s on open da a go e nance ha iden i ied oles, asks and esou ces in open da a
ecosys ems. We syn hesised indings on he oles discha ged by he iden i ied open da a ac o
g oups in an open da a ecosys em, and he ypes o alue con ibu ions made by hese ac o
g oups.
Using a pa icipa i e design app oach, we de eloped and conduc ed a wo kshop a ODECO TW
5, Samos, o iden i y eal-li e examples o collabo a ion be ween open da a ac o sʼ g oups o
c ea e alue om open da a. This wo kshop esul ed in ou case-s udies. In each case-s udy, ESRs
iden i ied he ac o s in ol ed, he asks pe o med by hese ac o s, he le el o esponsibili y
accep ed by each ac o , and he go e nance ins umen s ha acili a ed he dis ibu ion o asks.
F om hese case-s udies and om a e iew o exis ing ODECO epo s, we s udied he di e en
ways in which public adminis a ions collabo a e wi h o he open da a use g oups (including
companies, open da a in e media ies, jou nalis s, NGOs and ci izens as non-specialised use s), o
ealise social and economic alue (and in one case, en i onmen al alue) ou o open da a in an
open da a ecosys em. These collabo a ions esul ed in he elease o mo e open da a,
imp o emen o he quali y o exis ing open da ase s, c ea ion o isualisa ion and knowledge
om open da a, iden i ica ion o social issues o conce n, and he c ea ion o ci ic communi ies.
Finally, we syn hesised some indings on ins i u ional ac o s ha enable sus ainable
collabo a ions in ou selec ed open da a ecosys em, which could allow ou case-s udies o
become models o collabo a ion ha could be eplica ed. D awing om he Ins i u ional Analysis
and Design (IAD) amewo k, we de ined ‘ins i u ionsʼ as “widely unde s ood ules, no ms, o
s a egies ha c ea e incen i es o beha iou in epe i i e si ua ions.” Ins i u ions may be o mally
desc ibed in he o m o a law, policy, o p ocedu e, o hey may eme ge in o mally as no ms,
s anda d ope a ing p ac ices, o habi s. The IAD heo e ical amewo k has p o ed sui able o
ep esen he ela ions be ween esou ces and communi iesʼ a ibu es, ules and pa e ns o
in e ac ions, pa icula ly in he con ex o in o ma ional and knowledge esou ces (F ischmann,
Madison, & S andbu g, 2014).
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We ex ac ed i e ins i u ional ac o s ha we sugges ed could se e as s a ing poin s o he
sus ainable a angemen o ac o oles, asks and esponsibili ies in o he open da a ecosys ems:
1. The e should be con inued ocus on publica ion o open go e nmen da ase s by public
adminis a ion.
To ealise alue ou o open da a, i is impo an ha high-quali y open da ase s a e easily
a ailable. Acco dingly, public adminis a ions should con inue o elease open da ase s, based on
legal manda es as well as on a olun a y basis. Fo ins ance, he I alian Mili a y Geog aphic
Ins i u e ep esen s one example o public adminis a ions adop ing a p o-ac i e app oach o
elease o open da a. This public body c ea es and main ains a comp ehensi e geog aphic
da abase o all o I aly called ‘Da abase di Sin esi Na ionale (DBSN).2 This da abase in eg a es
open go e nmen da a om mul iple public bodies, oge he wi h o he open da a such as da a
om OpenS ee Map and sa elli e da a. As a esul , he da abase con ains da a on a a ie y o
pa ame e s, such as public ameni ies, g een a eas, as well as da a on ypes o p ope y owne ship.
This da abase is machine- eadable and eleased unde an OdBL License. The da abase is used by
he I alian Ci il P o ec ion Depa men du ing escue ope a ions, as i con ains high-quali y and
upda ed geog aphic da a. (DCPC 2024, pp 23; San o o 2017). Howe e , o ensu e ha public
adminis a ions p io i ise elease o open da a, i may be impo an o e alua e di e en
en o cemen as well as incen i e s uc u es.
2. Coo dina ing unc ions should be discha ged by public adminis a ions o b ing oge he
open da a p o ide s and open da a use s o openly discuss hei needs.
Public adminis a ions should ou inely consul wi h open da a use s and p o ide s om he
ci izen y, he p i a e sec o and he public sec o o unde s and e ol ing needs o hese
s akeholde s and unde ake open da a ini ia i es ha espond o hese needs. Public
adminis a ions should also p o ide unding o collabo a i e open da a ini ia i es, which can hen
se e a coo dina ing unc ion. Fo ins ance, he Glasgow Cen e o Popula ion Heal h coo dina es
ci ic p ojec s in ol ing public adminis a ions, academic uni e si ies and ci il socie y
o ganisa ions. This enabled he Glasgow Cen e o Popula ion Heal h o c ea e ‘Unde s anding
Glasgowʼ3- a websi e ha hos s isualisa ions on heal h and li e ci cums ances, encompassing
isualisa ions on po e y, anspo se ices, popula ion and cul u e o name a ew. (DCPC 2024,
pp 31-32).
A he same ime, coo dina ing unc ions can also lead o open da a ecosys ems in unexpec ed
ways. Fo ins ance, he UK mapping agency – O dnance Su ey – did c ea e la ge geog aphic
da ase s, bu many open da a use s we e dissa is ied ha hese da ase s we e no eely
dis ibu ed. This led o he bi h o OpenS ee Map (see
h ps://wiki.opens ee map.o g/wiki/His o y_o _OpenS ee Map) – an open pla o m o c owd-
sou ce geospa ial da a, which could be conside ed an example o a sus ainable open da a
ecosys em. Fu u e esea ch can explo e mechanisms o non-go e nmen al ac o s o discha ge
coo dina ing unc ions.
2 h ps://igmi.o g/en/dbsn-da abase-di-sin esi-nazionale/dbsn-da abase-di-sin esi-nazionale
3 h ps://www.unde s andingglasgow.com/
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