CEPHALOPODS
IN GREENLAND WATERS
Technical epo no. 57, 2004
Pinngo i ale i ik, G eenland Ins i u e o Na u al Resou ces
2
Ti le: Cephalopods in G eenland Wa e s
Au ho s: Rikke Pe i F andsen & Kai Wieland
Se ial i le and numbe : Technical epo no. 57
Publishe : Pinngo i ale i ik, G eenland Ins i u e o Na u al Resou ces
Da e o publica ion: 1s July 2004
T ansla ion: Emma K is ensen
Co e pho o: Female Ba hypolypus sp. caugh in a bo om awl o Wes
G eenland in July 2003. Fo o: R.P. F andsen
ISBN: 87-91214-09-2
ISSN: 1397-3657
Ci ed as: F andsen and Wieland 2004, Cephalopods in G eenland
Wa e s. Technical epo no. 57, Pinngo i ale i ik, G eenland
Ins i u e o Na u al Resou ces
Con ac add ess: The epo is only a ailable in elec onic o ma . You can
download a PDF- ile o he epo a his homepage
h p://www.na u .gl/publika ione / ekniske appo e
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Cephalopods in G eenland
Wa e s
by
Rikke Pe i F andsen and Kai Wieland
3
Technical epo no. 57, 2004
Pinngo i ale i ik, G eenland Ins i u e o Na u al Resou ces
Eqikkaaneq
Kalaalli Nunaa a ima aani amiku assigiinngi su 15 nassaassaappu . Ilimagineqa poq
amiku ilaa Gona us ab icii naamma uugassaane usoq. Nassaassane a aammalu lipid-inik
akoqa lua ne a peqqu aaqa aalluni siusinne usukku oqaa igineqa nikuu oq amikoq aanna
unisassiassa u soqu iginaa eqa sinnaasoq. Kalaalli Nunaa a a aanii amikunik 800 onsi
missaannik eqqussuisa poq, aakkulu qale alinnia ne mi (Rheinha d ius hippoglossoides)
saa ua nia ne milu (Chionoece es opilio) neqi assa u a o neqa a lu ik. Kalaalli Nunaani
unisassiassanik amiko nia ne nik nalunaa suisoqa nikuunngilaq, kisiannili
naluneqanngilaq aaja nia ne mi amiku pisa isoo neqa a u neqi assiassa u
oqqo neqa a u (Ols ig aamma Mosbech 2003).
Ima ani assigiinngi suni qalunik naqqa siu inik a o luni misissuisa ne ni
paasineqa nikuu oq amiku ame lane paa Qeqe a suup eqqaani 400 aamma 600 me e i
ako nanni i issu sini nassaassaane usu . G. ab icii immap ike ani nassaassaane u oq,
ine issimaso ai i issu sini 400 aamma 1100 me e -i ako nanni naamma uugassaallu ik.
Misissuine i ama mik qalu naqqa siu i a o lugi misissuine uppu , aamaa umillu
amiku G. ab icii- immap ike aniine usoq uumasuusu pisaqa iunnginne unissaa
ilimagineqa sinnaalluni.
600 me e inii i ine usuni misissuine i iki uinnaasimappu , aamaa umillu amiku G.
ab icii- misissuine ni paasisanii immap ike innaasio ne unissaa aammalu
siamma simane unissaa ilimagineqa poq.
Amiku pingaa umillu Gona us sp.- immami uumassuseqa ne mu
pingaa u eqa o ujussuuppu , assami aalisakkani allani , imaani immissani kiisalu imaani
miluumasuni ne ineqa lua a ma a. Amiku iluaqu iginia neqassappa a imaani
uumassuseqa neq piujua i sinissa lu a aqqillugi pile saa usio oqa a iaqa poq.
4
Sammen a ning
Minds 15 o skellige blæksp u e le e i G ønlandsk a and. De an ages a Gona us ab icii
e den hyppigs o ekomne a og på bagg und a dens o ekoms og høje indhold a lipide ,
ha de idlige e æ e emsa , a a en kunne æ e a komme ciel in e esse. G ønland
impo e e ca. 800 ons blæksp u e , de b uges som agn il iske i e e helle isk
(Rheinha d ius hippoglossoides) og k abbe (Chionoece es opilio). De e ikke egis e e
komme ciel iske i e e blæksp u e i G ønland, men lokal bli e bi angs a blæksp u e i
eje iske ie gem og an end som agn (Ols ig og Mosbech 2003).
Tog e med bund awl ha is , a de s ø s e koncen a ione a blæksp u e indes i
Diskobug en på dybde mellem 400 og 600 m. G. ab icii ha en oceanisk udb edelse, og de
oksne indi ide be inde sig mid i andsøjlen på dybde mellem 400 og 1100 me e . Alle
unde søgelse e ud ø med bund awl og må de o o en es a ha e en beg ænse angs
a pelagiske ( i s ømmende) a e som G. ab icii. Da de desuden kun ha æ e å
unde søgelse a om åde dybe e end 600 m, an ages de a den egen lige udb edelse a x G.
ab icii e me e id s ak , end de emgå a unde søgelse ne.
Blæksp u e gene el og i sæ deleshed Gona us sp. ha en mege ig ig olle i økosys eme
da de udgø en essen iel andel a øden o isk, ha ugle og ma ine pa edy . En udny else
a essou cen skal de o il e elægges med espek o bæ edyg igheden a hele
økosys eme .
Summa y
G eenland wa e s a e inhabi ed by a leas 15 species o cephalopods o which one, Gona us
ab icii, is mos commonly caugh . Due o i s abundance and lipid con en , i has p e iously
been s a ed ha his species could be o comme cial in e es . In G eenland app oxima ely 800
ons o squid a e impo ed and used as bai in he long line and ap ishe y o G eenland
halibu (Rheinha d ius hippoglossoides) and snow c ab (Chionoece es opilio), espec i ely. The e
is no eco d o any comme cial ishe y on cephalopods in G eenland wa e s, bu locally, he
by-ca ch o squid in he sh imp ishe y is kep and used as bai (Ols ig and Mosbech 2003).
The highes concen a ions o cephalopods as egis e ed om bo om awl su ey, ha e
been ound in Disko Bay a dep hs o 400-600 m. G. ab icii is oceanic and adul s li e in mid-
wa e a dep hs anging om 400 o 1100 m. The su eys a e conduc ed wi h bo om awls
and only ew in es iga ions ha e been ca ied ou a dep h below 600 m. The ue
dis ibu ion o pelagic species as Gona us sp. is hus expec ed o exceed indings in he
su eys.
The ecological impo ance o cephalopods in gene al and Gona us sp. in pa icula is
p o ound, since hey cons i u e a signi ican elemen o he die o ish, sea bi ds and ma ine
mammals. An exploi a ion o he esou ce should espec he ca ying capaci y o he en i e
ecosys em.
5
6
Table o Con en s
Eqikkaaneq .........................................................................................4
Sammen a ning..................................................................................5
Summa y.............................................................................................5
Table o Con en s...............................................................................6
In oduc ion........................................................................................7
In es iga ions on cephalopods in G eenland wa e s.................................................................. 7
Dis ibu ion o cephalopods in G eenland wa e s ...................................................................... 8
Cephalopod species in G eenland wa e s....................................10
Ci a e oc opods (Ci a a)............................................................................................................. 10
Inci a e oc opods (Inci a a)........................................................................................................ 10
Squids (Teu hida)........................................................................................................................... 11
Bob ail squids (Sepiolida) ............................................................................................................. 12
Re iew o li e a u e on Gona us sp................................................13
Dis ibu ion..................................................................................................................................... 13
Biology............................................................................................................................................. 14
Biomass............................................................................................................................................ 14
Ecological impo ance ................................................................................................................... 14
Ma ine mammals as p eda o s on Gona us sp. .......................................................................... 15
Fishe ies........................................................................................................................................... 16
Assessmen ...................................................................................................................................... 16
Conclusion........................................................................................17
Acknowledgemen s.........................................................................17
Re e ences.........................................................................................18
In oduc ion
In es iga ions on cephalopods in G eenland wa e s
Dis ibu ion o he ea ly li e s ages o Gona us ab icii in G eenland wa e s was in es iga ed
spo adically in he 1980’s and ea ly 1990’s. Since hen, no in es iga ions had cephalopods as
a ge .
7
Fig. 1: Map showing NAFO and ICES
di isions in G eenland wa e s (The 200
m isoba h is indica ed by he do ed
line).
This epo p esen s ecen in o ma ion on cephalopods in G eenland wa e s based on he
li e a u e and on by-ca ch da a om esea ch su eys conduc ed in Eas and Wes G eenland
wa e s in ecen yea s (Fig. 1). Resul s om awl ca ches om annual sh imp and wo
di e en ypes o g ound ish su eys we e conside ed in he analysis:
The G eenland Ins i u e o Na u al Resou ces (GINR) bo om awl su ey o no he n
sh imp (Pandalus bo ealis) a Wes G eenland: The gea used is a sh imp awl wi h a high
e ical opening (10–12 m), which is owed a 2-3 kno s. The su ey is conduc ed om July o
Oc obe and co e s he o sho e a ea o Wes G eenland be ween 59◦00’N and 72◦30’N and
dep hs be ween 150 and 600 m. In addi ion, he Disko Bay is co e ed and in 1992 o 1996 an
a ea o Eas G eenland was in es iga ed as well. F om 1992 and onwa ds, ca ch in weigh
and in numbe ha e been egis e ed o all cephalopod species pooled (i.e. wi hou de ailed
axonomic iden i ica ion).
The Ins i u e o Sea Fishe ies Hambu g (ISH) g ound ish su ey o cod (Gadus mo hua) a
Eas and Wes G eenland: The su ey co e ed, in ecen yea s, NAFO subdi isions 1C-1F
and ICES di ision 14 a dep hs down o 400m. The su ey gea is a g ound ish awl wi h a
e ical opening o 3–4 m, which is owed a 4.5 kno s. In addi ion, a pelagic awl was used
on one s a ion o Sou heas G eenland in 1999 and in 2002 (sampling dep h 680-705 m) .
Da a on cephalopods om 1999 and 2002 we e a ailable om Zumholz and Pia kowski
(unpubl.).
The G eenland Ins i u e o Na u al Resou ces g ound ish su eys o G eenland halibu
(Rheinha d ius hippoglossoides) a Eas and Wes G eenland: The gea used is a bo om awl,
owed wi h 3 kno s. Ca ches bo h in weigh and in numbe a e egis e ed o he o al
combined cephalopod ca ch. O Wes G eenland, his su ey co e s a eas wi h dep hs o
200 o1400 m.
No ewo hy is, ha none o he su eys a e ideal o cephalopod sampling, hus
ca chabili ies o he ea ed species a e unknown. Hence he esul s a e likely o be highly
biased by gea ype, owing speed and dep h ange o he su eys. Dis ibu ion o
cephalopods based on hese su eys should he e o e be in e p e ed wi h cau ion.
Dis ibu ion o cephalopods in G eenland wa e s
Densi y o cephalopods has been calcula ed om he sh imp and he g ound ish su eys
conduc ed by he GINR in 1992-2002 and 1997-2002 espec i ely. The esul s indica e ha he
highes cephalopod densi ies (kg km-2) o Wes G eenland a e ound in Disko Bay and in he
deep enches be ween Disko Bank, S o e Helle iske Bank and Lille Helle iske Bank.
Fu he mo e, high densi ies occu ed in o sho e a eas no h o 62º30’N (Fig. 2).
8
Fig. 2: Dis ibu ion o cephalopods in G eenland wa e s (Da a om he GINR sh imp and g ound ish
su eys conduc ed in 2001).
60°45'
62°30'
64° 15'
66°15'
1C
1D
1B
1A
1E
1F
68°50'
14
GREENLAND
Cephalopod ca ches in 2001 (kg/sq.km
)
Sh imp su ey
50 o 100 (3)
10 o 50 (21)
5 o 10 (23)
1 o 5 (75)
0 o 1 (123)
G ound ish su ey
100 o 500 (10)
50 o 100 (10)
10 o 50 (31)
5 o 10 (13)
1 o 5 (46)
0 o 1 (106)
Va ia ion be ween yea s is small and he dis ibu ion in 2001 is p esen ed as ep esen a i e
o he in es iga ed pe iod (Fig. 2). In all GINR su eys o Eas G eenland, cephalopod
ca ches ha e been ex emely low. In 2001, no su ey was conduc ed in Eas G eenland.
Cephalopods we e caugh h oughou he in es iga ed a ea and densi ies a e inc easing wi h
dep h. Based on pe sonal obse a ions, we belie e ha o Wes G eenland, by weigh , he
majo i y o he cephalopod ca ches in he sh imp su ey is Gona us ab icii whe eas Ci a e
9
oc opods a e domina ing in he GINR g ound ish su ey. Whe he his di e ence is due o
dep h, gea o geog aphy is unknown.
K is ensen (1984) epo ed ha he mos common squid in G eenland wa e s is Gona us
ab icii. The adul popula ion o his species is pelagic and usually ound a dep hs o 1000 m
and deepe (Bjø ke and Gjøsæ e 1998). As he ca chabili y o pelagic species mus be e y
low in bo om awl su eys, he ue o sho e dis ibu ion o cephalopods is expec ed o be
mo e widesp ead.
Resul s om sh imp su eys, indica e ha mean indi idual weigh o cephalopods, peaks a
bo om dep hs be ween 400 and 600 m in Disko Bay (68.33 ± 3.34 g) (Table 1). Fo G. ab icii,
mean indi idual weigh s o app oxima ely 10 g and 200 g would co espond o pen1 leng hs
o 6 and 20 cm and ages o 7 mon hs and 2 yea s, espec i ely (K is ensen 1984). Equally, and
assuming ha he en i e cephalopod ca ch in Disko Bay is G. ab icii, mean pen leng h a
dep hs be ween 400-600 m would be 13 cm and a e age age, 1 yea . Howe e , du ing he
sh imp su ey in 2003 only ew indi iduals wi h a leng h abo e 15 cm has been caugh .
Table 1: Weigh (Mean ± SE)(g) o cephalopods caugh in GINR sh imp su eys. S a ions whe e
cephalopods we e caugh ha e been di ided in o s a a based on dep h and a ea. No e ha ICES a ea
14 (Eas G eenland) was only in es iga ed in 1992-1996. Figu es in b acke s indica e numbe o
s a ions in he s a um.
150-200 m 200-400 m 400-600 m
NAFO 1A (excl Disko Bay) 22.28 ± 1.80
(51) 22.16 ± 1.35
(267) 32.67 ± 2.70
(70)
NAFO 1B (excl Disko Bay) 17.25 ± 2.49
(126) 25.31 ± 6.00
(452) 25.50 ± 1.89
(132)
NAFO 1C 13.45 ± 1.41
(103) 13.68 ± 1.04
(103) 26.97 ± 8.00
(54)
NAFO 1D 12.35 ± 1.70
(68) 15.03 ± 1.37
(73) 16.27 ± 3.31
(16)
NAFO 1E 28.11 ± 15.97
(46) 19.28 ± 9.30
(52) 6.92 ± 1.84
(8)
NAFO 1F 11.02 ± 1.22
(58) 17.13 ± 3.13
(46) 9.97 ± 1.21
(35)
ICES 14 28.97 ± 8.92
(13) 22.27 ± 2.67
(83) 19.47 ± 3.35
(33)
DISKO BAY 28.04 ± 4.25
(13) 54.01 ± 4.11
(148) 68.33 ± 3.34
(126)
1 The pen (=gladius) is a ea he o od shaped chi inous suppo ing s uc u e in he do sal midline o some amilies o squid.
16
Resul s om s omachs and in es ines o seals in he G eenland Sea, o Eas G eenland,
indica e ha G. ab icii is he dominan ood i em o hooded seal (Cys opho a c is a a) bu no
o ha p seal (Phoca g oenlandica) in his a ea (Po elo e al. 2000). O Wes G eenland, ha p
seal did con ain emains o squid hough (Kapel and Angan y 1989, Po elo e al. 2000). A
s udy on s omachs o inged seal (Phoca hispida) om Wes G eenland shows ha G. ab icii is
included in he die in all samples excep hose om he no he n mos municipali ies. Thus
om Upe na ik in he no h o Nano alik in he sou h, inged seal eed on G. ab icii. The
es ima ed ac ion by weigh peaks in Uummannaq and Kangaa siaq wi h 52.5% and 45.8%
espec i ely (Siegs ad e al. 1998).
Fishe ies
The e is no his o y o ishe y di ec ed owa ds cephalopods in G eenland wa e s, bu based
on he high occu ences o ea ly li e s ages o G. ab icii o Wes G eenland, Pia kowski and
Wieland (1993) sugges ed ha he species migh be o comme cial in e es .
As p e iously men ioned, Bjø ke and Gjøsæ e (1998) es ima ed he li e ime biomass
p oduc ion o G. ab icii in he No wegian Sea, o be 20 mill . O his biomass, he au ho s
calcula ed ha spe m whales consume 384 750 /yea and no he n bo lenose whales
consume 480 000 /yea . Fu he mo e i is easonable o belie e ha a leas 100 000 o
G. ab icii is consumed by hooded seal in his a ea (Bjø ke 2001). Based on hese calcula ions
Bjø ke and Gjøsæ e (1998) sugges ha he e is a su plus p oduc ion o G. ab icii aking
place in he No wegian Sea, which could be exploi ed by he ishe ies. In sho li ed species,
abundance may luc ua e widely om yea o yea , so ha p eda o s and ishe ies mus be
able o u n o al e na i e esou ces in yea s o low abundance (Pia kowski e al. 2001).
In 2003, an expe imen al bo om awl ishe y o cephalopods was conduc ed o Wes
G eenland du ing a pe iod o wo mon hs. In his expe imen al ishe y, he o al ca ch o
Oegopsids (p obably Gona us sp.) was 4.7 kg. In 1998, a pelagic awl was used in an
expe imen al ishe y a ge ing adul G. ab icii in he No wegian Sea. Ca ches we e small
(max. 10 kg haul-1) p obably due o he slow speed o he awl (1.5 kno s) (H. Bjø ke pe s.
comm.). The e a e no o he epo s on ca ches o la ge specimens o Gona us, hus i s
comme cial alue is ye o be in es iga ed.
Assessmen
In sho -li ed and as g owing species such as squid, he s anding s ock (biomass) pe se is
no necessa ily a good indica o o he le el o p eda ion o exploi a ion ha he popula ion
may sus ain, since he a e a which biomass is gene a ed mus also be conside ed. Thus,
ca ch s a is ics pe mon h a he han pe yea , is necessa y o cephalopod s ock assessmen
(ICES 2003). The in luence o en i onmen al ac o s on cephalopod s ocks in G eenland is
unknown bu likely o be o high impo ance. F om he ishe y o squids (Loligo sp.) in he
No h Sea i is known ha ca ch pe uni e o in he win e is s ongly posi i ely ela ed o
bo h sea su ace and sea bo om empe a u e and also bu o a lesse ex en , salini y. Thus
o ecas accu acy in squid p oduc ion can be imp o ed by aking in o accoun en i onmen al
a iables (ICES 2003).
17
Conclusion
Since G. ab icii may be he mos common cephalopod in G eenland wa e s, i may be
p esumed ha his species would domina e he ca ch in an expe imen al squid ishe y. The
species has a nu i ional alue, ha makes i sui able o consump ion and a e y high lipid
con en , which makes i sui able o indus ial use (K is ensen 1984). Though less abundan ,
Rossia moelle i, may also be o comme cial in e es e.g. in associa ion wi h he sh imp ishe y
(Thomas K. K is ensen, pe s. com.).
Conside ing he suspec ed high ecological impo ance o his esou ce, any exploi a ion
should be p eceded by and subsequen ly closely accompanied wi h ho ough in es iga ions
on s ock sizes, dis ibu ions and biology in o de o assess he ishe y po en ial o a
sus ainable exploi a ion o his esou ce.
Acknowledgemen s
We wish o hank: Thomas K. K is ensen (Danish Bilha ziasis Labo a o y) and Mads Pe e
Heide-Jø gensen (GINR) o use ul commen s and in o ma ion, Uwe Pia kowski and Ka s en
Zumholz (Ins i u e o Ma ine Resea ch, Kiel) o p o iding unpublished da a, Ma ie S o -
Paulsen (GINR) o e ie ing da a om he g ound ish su eys conduc ed by G eenland
Ins i u e o Na u al Resou ces, as well as Uwe Pia kowski, Helle Siegs ad (GINR) and Bo
Be gs øm (GINR) o commen s and ideas ha imp o ed he manusc ip .
18
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