S a us o wo Wes G eenland
Ca ibou popula ions 2005
1) Akia-Manii soq
2) Kange lussuaq-Sisimiu
Technical Repo No. 61, 2005
G eenland Ins i u e o Na u al Resou ces
2
Ti le: S a us o wo Wes G eenland ca ibou popula ions 2005
1) Akia-Manii soq
2) Kange lussuaq-Sisimiu
Au ho s: Ch is ine Cuyle , Michael Rosing, Johannes Egede, Rink
Hein ich & Hans Mølgaa d
Funding: G eenland Ins i u e o Na u al Resou ces
Se ies: Technical Repo No. 61, 2005
Publishe : G eenland Ins i u e o Na u al Resou ces
Co e pho o: Ch is ine Cuyle
ISBN: 87-91214-15-7
ISSN: 1397-3657
Re e ence: Cuyle , C., Rosing, M., Egede, J., Hein ich, R. & Mølgaa d,
H. 2005. S a us o wo Wes G eenland ca ibou popula ions
2005; 1) Akia-Manii soq, 2) Kange lussuaq-Sisimiu .
G eenland Ins i u e o Na u al Resou ces. Technical Repo
No. 61. Pa I-II, 64+44 pp.
A ailable om: The epo is only a ailable in elec onic o ma . You can
download a PDF- ile o he epo a his homepage
h p://www.na u .gl/publika ione / ekniske appo e
I is possible o achie e a p in o he epo he e:
G eenland Ins i u e o Na u al Resou ces
P.O. Box 570
DK-3900 Nuuk
G eenland
Phone: +299 36 12 00
Fax: +299 36 12
[email p o ec ed]
www.na u .gl
3
S a us o wo Wes G eenland
Ca ibou popula ions 2005
1) Akia-Manii soq
2) Kange lussuaq-Sisimiu
By
Ch is ine Cuyle 1, Michael Rosing1, Johannes Egede2, Rink Hein ich3 &
Hans Mølgaa d4
1G eenland Ins i u e o Na u al Resou ces, P.O. Box 570, DK–3900 Nuuk, G eenland
2Innannguaq 13-B, DK–3900, Nuuk, G eenland
3Nukalloq 11, B-205, DK–3905, Nuussuaq, G eenland
4P.O. Box 122, DK–3911 Sisimiu , G eenland; [email p o ec ed]
Technical Repo No. 61, 2005
G eenland Ins i u e o Na u al Resou ces
4
Table o Con en s
Summa y............................................................................................ 5
In oduc ion ...................................................................................... 9
Me hods ........................................................................................... 12
Resul s.............................................................................................. 17
Discussion ....................................................................................... 21
Acknowledgemen s......................................................................... 28
Li e a u e ci ed ............................................................................... 30
Appendices
1. Region s a i ica ion & ansec alloca ion Page 32.
2. Su ey ield me hod & s a is ical design Page 35.
3. Inc easing he accu acy o ae ial coun s o ca ibou in wes e n G eenland Page 37.
4. Ae ial su ey 2005 Akia-Manii soq ca ibou, Cen al egion, Wes G eenland Page 45.
5. Ae ial su ey 2005 Kange lussuaq-Sisimiu ca ibou, No h egion, Wes G eenland Page 50.
6. Recommenda ions o u u e Page 55.
7. Lis o e ms Page 58.
8. Commen s om local obse e s Page 60
Pa : II
9. T ansec snow co e and isibili y condi ions.
Pho og aphs aken du ing he helicop e su ey, Ma ch 2005.
A) Cen al egion, 14-16 Ma ch 2005 Page 1.
B) No h egion, 18-22 Ma ch 2005 Page 14.
10. Ca ibou ails in he No h Region Page 38.
11. Loess s o ms nea he Ice Cap in he No h egion Page 41.
12. “In isibili y” o muskoxen & ca ibou and li ing side-by-side; Pho og aphs aken
Ma ch 2005
Page 42.
5
Summa y
In Ma ch 2005 wo s ocks, Kange lussuaq-Sisimiu and Akia-Manii soq we e
su eyed by helicop e o abundance and he d s uc u e. Me hods and analysis
ollowed Cuyle e al. (2003). Recommended s ocking densi ies a e exceeded by ca
60,000 ca ibou in he Kange lussuaq-Sisimiu popula ion and ca 17,500 in he Akia-
Manii soq. The 2005 cal pe cen age and ec ui men a e low. The e is also a
dec ease in he a io o bulls o cows. The low p oduc ion and he skewed sex a io
may become mo e p onounced in u u e. Hun ing p essu e is no suspec ed o be a
majo cause o hese changes, because he low ha es numbe s can ha e had li le
e ec on hese la ge popula ions. Al hough quan i a i e da a is lacking, i seems ha
densi y dependen e ec s a e causing highe mo ali y a es among cal es, and
pe haps e en among bulls, in he Kange lussuaq-Sisimiu and Akia-Manii soq
popula ions. Gi en ha densi ies a e h ee o six- imes he ecommended a ge
alue conside ed sus ainable, we expec s ong compe i ion be ween indi iduals o
a ailable ood esou ces. I he s ocks a e allowed o con inue a hei cu en size o
inc ease u he , he e is a clea isk o las ing damage o he anges, e.g. o e g azing
and ampling. Unsus ainable ange use may comp omise he u u e heal h and
iabili y o ca ibou s ocks in Wes G eenland. Rega dless o managemen ini ia i es
aken now, popula ion c ashes may be ine i able o some Wes G eenland he ds
wi hin he o eseeable u u e, bu accu a e p edic ions abou he d ends a e
impossible. To unde s and app oaching de elopmen s he ca ibou and hei ange
mus be s udied wi hin he wide con ex o global wa ming and associa ed clima e
change.
Akia-Manii soq he d – Cen al egion
The es ima e o p e-cal ing popula ion size o Akia-Manii soq he d o he Cen al
egion in Ma ch 2005 is ca 35,807 ca ibou (27,474 - 44,720; 90% CI). Ca ibou densi y
in 2005 was 3.0 ca ibou pe km2 in he high-densi y s a um, and 1.1 pe km2 in he
low-densi y s a um. Mean g oup size was 4.33 ± 2.91 S.D. in 2005. La e win e cal
pe cen age was a low 14%, as was he annual ec ui men o 24 cal es pe 100 cows.
The bull o cow a io was only 0.45. I na u al mo ali y is be ween 8 and 10% hen
on a he d his size be ween 2,200 and 4,500 animals may be expec ed o die annually
o na u al causes.
Kange lussuaq-Sisimiu he d – No h egion
The es ima e o p e-cal ing popula ion size o Kange lussuaq-Sisimiu he d o he
No h egion in Ma ch 2005 is ca 90,464 ca ibou (70,276 – 113,614; 90% CI). Ca ibou
densi y in 2005 was 6.2 ca ibou pe km2 in he high-densi y s a um, and 2.3 pe km2
6
in he low-densi y s a um. Mean g oup size was 4.63 ± 3.38 S.D. in 2005. La e win e
cal pe cen age was a low 11%, as was he annual ec ui men o 16 cal es pe 100
cows. The bull o cow a io was only 0.33. I na u al mo ali y is be ween 8 and 10%
hen on a he d his size be ween 5,600 and 11,400 animals may be expec ed o die
annually o na u al causes. Since he cal pe cen age is app oaching he na u al
mo ali y alue, his popula ion may be app oaching i s heo e ical ca ying capaci y
whe e bi hs equal dea hs, i.e. p oduc ion equals ze o.
Eqikkaaneq
Tu oqa inni Kange lussuaq-Sisimiu kiisalu Akia-Manii soq qulimiguulik a o lugu
ma s 2005-imi kisi sisoqa poq. Kisi sineq ilua sillugu u oqa inni aakkunani
u u eqimassusia u ullu a aa simoo u qanoq aaqqissuunneqa a simane a
ilanngullugu misissui igineqa poq. Kisi se iaaseq misissue iaa sillu 2003-mi Cuyle
allallu allaase isimasaa malillugi inge lanneqa pu . Tu u eqimassusissaannu
inne suussu i naape o lugi u oqa immi Kange lussuaq-Sisimiu -mi u u
60.000- missaannik ame la allaale simappu , kiisalu u oqa immi Akia-
Manii sumi 17.500- missaannik ame la allaale simallu ik. 2005-imi kisi sine mi
u oqa igii amakke lugi isiginia lugi piaqqa ame lassusia ikigisassaa oq.
Kisi sine mi aamma maluginiagassaa oq panne i ame lassusia kula aa
no aa sullu ame lassusiannu sanilliullugi ikilia ule simane a . Piaqqiaasa u
ikilia ule ne a aammalu u u ame lassusia eqqa saa igalugu suiaassu simikku
kipungane a siunissami malunnaa eqa ne ule sinnaa oq. Allannguu inu
pineqa unu piniagaane inu unngassu eqa u peqqu aasimana ianngilla ,
assami u oqa inni aakkunani u o passuaqa ne a eqqa saa igalugu
pisaasa ume ngi anne une usumik sunniu eqa simana ianngimma a. Naak
paasissu issa suli ame lane usu pisa iaqa ikkalua lugi amaa oq ilimagaa pu
no aa allaallu immaqa panne i ako nanni oquinna a unik naamma uuisa ne i
u u ame la allaa ne inik peqqu eqa simassasoq. Piujuaanna i sinissaq
angunia lugu u u ame lassusissaa u inne suussu inu sanilliullugu maanna
u u pingaso iaammii allaa a inile iaa angullugu ame lane ule simappu ,
aamaa oqa ne alu peqqu aalluni naa so suu igineqa a iaqa poq
ne isassa sio lu ik sakko uumik unammisa simanissaa . Tu u maanna uu
ame la igiinnassappa a imaluunnii ame lia uinna issappa a nunap
ne inia iusa up inna le neqa sinnaanissaa ilimanaa eqa luinna poq, assa
naggo lu silluni imaluunnii ummaa a ineqa pallaa ne migu ase o neqa luni.
Taama piujuaanna i sinissamik unnga eqanngi sumik ne inia innik a ui i sineq
inge laannassappa Kalaalli Nunaa a ki aani u u peqqissusia aammalumi
uumaniaanna sinnaanissaa ajo na o sio inneqale alu uinnassaaq. Tu oqassuseq
7
miane inia lugu aqu sinikku pe iusissa suulluunnii maannakku
a uu i inneqale alua pa a Kalaalli Nunaa a ki aani u oqa ii ilaanni siunissami
qaninne usumi u u assanngaanna umik ikile ia ujussua a a sinnaanissaannik
pe ia issaq pinngi soo inneqa sinnaagunanngilaq. Taamaakkalua o li
u oqassu sip siunissami qanoq allannguu eqa sinnaanissaa
sio nge uminaa so ujussuu oq. Tu oqassu sip siunissami
allannguu eqa sinnaanissaa paasisaqa ige usunneqa pa maannamu
misissugaasa unu sanilliullugu misissuine nik siamasinne usunik, assa
ne inia iinu unngassu eqa unik misissuine nik aammalu silaannaap
kissa sikkia o ne a a kingune inik misissuine nik, ilaqa inneqa a iaqa pu .
Tu oqa ik Akia-Manii soq – Qeqqa
Kalaalli Nunaa a u oqa i u immikkoo ua Qeqqa, u oqa ik Akia-Manii soq, ma simi
2005 u u piaqqiulinnginne isa nalaani ame lassu simikku missingiunneqa pu 35.807-
inu (27.474 – 44.720; 90 % KI). Tamaani u u ame lane paa iini k ad a kilome e imu
ame lassusia 3,0-imiippoq, ikinne paa iinilu 1,1-imiilluni. Agguaqa igiissillugu
a aa simoo u 2005-imi ame lassusia 4,33±2,91 SD-miippoq. 2005-imi ukiuune ani no aa
ame lassusia appasippoq 14 %-imiilluni, aama ullu aamma kula aa 100-gaanga a no aa
ame lassusia 24-ulluni. Panne i a na issallu nikingassusia amaallaa 0,45-ju oq.
Toquinna a u ame lassusia 8-10 %-imiippa u oqa immi Akia-Manii su u i umi
oquinna a u ame lassusia ukiumu 2.200 aamma 4.500 ako nanniissappu .
Tu oqa ik Kange lussuaq-Sisimiu – A annaa
Kalaalli Nunaa a u oqa i u immikkoo ua, u oqa ik Kange lussuaq-Manii soq,
ma simi 2005 u u piaqqiulinnginne isa nalaani ame lassu simikku missingiunneqa pu
90.464-inu (70.276-113.614; 90 % KI). Tamaani u u ame lane paa iini
k ad a kilome e imu ame lassusia 6,2-miippoq, ikinne paa iinilu 2,3-miilluni.
Agguaqa igiissillugu a aa simoo u 2005-imi ame lassusia 4,63±3,38 SD-miippoq. 2005-imi
ukiuune ani piaqqa ame lassusia appasippoq 11 %-imiilluni, aama ullu aamma a na issa
100-gaanga a piaqqa ame lassusia 16-iulluni. Panne i a na issallu nikingassusia
amaallaa 0,33-u oq. Toquinna a u ame lassusia 8-10 %-imiippa u oqa immi
Kange lussuaq-Sisimiu u i umi oquinna a u ame lassusia ukiumu 5.600 aamma
11.400 ako nanniissappu . Piaqqa ame lassusia oquinna a u ame lassusia
nalle simale magu imaa a aannaa oq amaani u oqassu sip killissani ikissimassagaa,
assa piaqqa oquinna a ullu ame laqa igiile ma a u u ame lia o unnaa simassallu ik.
Resume
I ma s 2005 ble bes ands æ heden og loks uk u en a o ensdy bes ande, Kange lussu-
aq-Sisimiu og Akia-Manii soq, bes em ed helikop e -op ælling. Me ode og analyse a
de samme som i Cuyle e al. (2003). Den anbe alede lok æ hed e o e sk ede med ca.
60.000 ene i Kange lussuaq-Sisimiu popula ionen og ca. 17.500 i Akia-Manii soq popula-
8
ionen. Både andelen a kal e og ek u e ingen e la i 2005. De ses også e ald i an al a
bukke i o hold il simle. Den la e p oduk ion og den skæ e køns o deling kan bli e me e
ud al emo e . Jag ykke menes ikke a æ e en æsen lig å sag il disse ænd inge , da
de la e angs an al ikke kan ha e ha nogen s ø e e ek på så s o e popula ione . Sel om
i mangle k an i a i e da a, se de ud il, a æ hedsa hængige e ek e o å sage høje e
dødelighed bland kal ene, og måske endda også bland bukkene i Kange lussuaq-Sisimiu
og Akia-Manii soq popula ionen. Ide æ hede ne e e il seks gange høje e end den anbe-
alede mål æ di, de anses o a æ e bæ edyg ig, o en e i, a konku encen mellem
dy ene om de ilgængelige øde essou ce e hå d. H is bes andenes s ø else å lo a o -
sæ e på de nu æ ende ni eau elle øges yde lige e, e de en kla isiko o a ige skade
på g æsningsa eale ne, x i o m a o e g æsning og ned ampning. Ikke-bæ edyg ig udny -
else a g æsningsa eale ne kan bli e en ussel o ensdy bes andenes em idige sund-
heds ils and og le edyg ighed i Ves g ønland. Uanse h ilke o al ningsmæssige o holds-
egle de ages nu, kan bes andssammenb ud æ e uundgåelig o nogle a Ves g ønlands
ensdy lokke inden o en o e skuelig em id, men de e umulig a o udsige lokud ik-
lingen p æcis . Skal i o s å den em idige ud ikling, må ensdy ene og de es g æsnings-
a eale s ude es i en b ede e sammenhæng, som også om a e den globale op a mning og
de med ølgende klima o and inge .
Akia-Manii soq bes anden – Region Mid
Akia-Manii soq bes anden i Region Mid anslås i ma s 2005 a ha e en popula ionss ø else
ø kæl ning på ca. 35.807 ene (27.474-44.720; 90 % KI). Rensdy æ heden a i 2005 på 3,0
ene p . km2 h o æ heden a s ø s , og 1,1 p . km2 h o æ heden a minds . Den gen-
nemsni lige loks ø else a 4,33 ±2,91 SD i 2005. Sen in e -andelen a kal e a la , 14 %,
og ligeså den å lige ek u e ing på 24 kal e p . 100 simle. Fo holde mellem bukke og simle
a på kun 0,45. Ved en na u lig dødelighed på 8-10 %, il man i en lok på denne s ø else
kunne o en e a se en na u lig dødelighed på mellem 2200 og 4500 dy om å e .
Kange lussuaq-Sisimiu bes anden – Region No d
Kange lussuaq-Sisimiu bes anden anslås i ma s 2005 a ha e en popula ionss ø else ø
kæl ning på ca. 90.464 ene (70.276-113.614; 90 % KI). Rensdy æ heden a i 2005 på 6,2
ene p . km2 h o æ heden a s ø s , og 2,3 p . km2 h o æ heden a minds . Den gen-
nemsni lige loks ø else a 4,63 ±3,38 SD i 2005. Sen in e -andelen a kal e a la , 11 %,
og ligeså den å lige ek u e ing på 16 kal e p . 100 simle. Fo holde mellem bukke og simle
a på kun 0,33. Ved en na u lig dødelighed på 8-10 %, il man i en lok på denne s ø else
kunne o en e a se en na u lig dødelighed på mellem 5600 og 11.400 dy om å e . Da ande-
len a kal e næ me sig den na u lige dødelighed, kan denne bes and æ e på ej mod sin
eo e iske bæ ekapaci e , h o ødsle e lig med døds ald, d s. p oduk ionen e lig nul.
9
In oduc ion
Ca ibou (Rangi e a andus g oenlandicus) ha e no na u al p eda o s in Wes
G eenland, and none ha e exis ed o se e al hund ed yea s (Dawes e al. 1986).
When combined wi h hei high e ili y (Cuyle & Øs egaa d 2005) and ec ui men
(Cuyle e al. 2002, 2003, 2004), his would sugges ha o e abundance may be hei
g ea es h ea . Se e al boom and c ash cycles o ca ibou in Wes G eenland ha e
been no ed since he 1700’s (Vibe 1967, Meldgaa d 1986), and ecen popula ion
es ima es a e he highes e e documen ed, indica ing ha a new c ash migh be
expec ed in he nea u u e.
Pas popula ion es ima es
To al ca ibou abundance in Wes G eenland may ha e been abou 100,000 animals in
he la e 1960’s wi h a p oposed c ash o abou 16,000 animals by 1978 (Clausen e al.
1980, Roby & Thing 1985). Following unsys ema ic su eys he es ima es we e 7-
9,000 in 1980 and 15,000 in 1982 (S andgaa d e al. 1983). Du ing ha pe iod he e
was li le co ela ion be ween he popula ion es ima es and go e nmen ha es
s a is ics. O e 6,000 ca ibou we e ha es ed in 1980, and o e 9,000 in bo h 1982 and
1983 (Bo n e al. 1998). Those ha es numbe s would no ha e been possible i he
ae ial su ey es ima es o 1980-82 had been close o accu a e. No c i isicm o he
popula ion es ima es occu ed, pe haps because he public was unawa e o hem
and hun ing emained un egula ed.
Sys ema ic ae ial su eys comple ed in he 1990’s sugges ed ha ca ibou in Wes
G eenland we e ew in numbe . In 1993 he es ima e was abou 7-9,000 ca ibou, and
in 1996 abou 20-22,000 (Ydemann & Pede sen 1999). Local knowledge con adic ed
he low es ima es. The e o e, he accu acy o hese es ima es was ho ely deba ed and
c ea ed much public ange because hun ing was i s p ohibi ed o 2 yea s and hen
hea ily egula ed o he i s ime.
All su eys ha e in insic e o s and biases. Gi en he me hods employed in he
1990’s (high speed, high al i ude, wide s ip wid h, long ansec leng h, sun gla e,
inabili y o main ain cons an al i ude, e c.), i is likely ha hese su eys
unde es ima ed popula ions in Wes G eenland because a la ge numbe o ca ibou
p esen wi hin he a ea o he ansec s we e no seen (Cuyle e al. 2002, 2003).
16
A ea 2
A ea 2
A ea 2
A ea 2
A ea 2
A ea 2
A ea 2
A ea 2
A ea 2
A ea 6
A ea 6
A ea 6
A ea 6
A ea 6
A ea 6
A ea 6
A ea 6
A ea 6
A ea 1
A ea 1
A ea 1
A ea 1
A ea 1
A ea 1
A ea 1
A ea 1
A ea 1
A ea 3
A ea 3
A ea 3
A ea 3
A ea 3
A ea 3
A ea 3
A ea 3
A ea 3
A ea 4
A ea 4
A ea 4
A ea 4
A ea 4
A ea 4
A ea 4
A ea 4
A ea 4
A ea 5
A ea 5
A ea 5
A ea 5
A ea 5
A ea 5
A ea 5
A ea 5
A ea 5
Eldo ado
Eldo ado
Eldo ado
Eldo ado
Eldo ado
Eldo ado
Eldo ado
Eldo ado
Eldo ado
Manii soq
Manii soq
Manii soq
Manii soq
Manii soq
Manii soq
Manii soq
Manii soq
Manii soq
56
17
164
39 1
87
200
Nuuk
Nuuk
Nuuk
Nuuk
Nuuk
Nuuk
Nuuk
Nuuk
Nuuk
124
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
070
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
kilome es
kilome es
kilome es
kilome es
kilome es
kilome es
kilome es
kilome es
kilome es
136
Figu e 4. Cen al egion: Akia-Manii soq he d s uc u e zigzag o e ligh a eas (indica ed by blue c oss-
ha ching) and ansec s ( he blue ansec s wi h ID numbe highligh ed we e zigzagged; he ed ansec s
indica e whe e oppo unis ic obse a ions whe e ob ained). The high ca ibou densi y s a um included he a ea
inside he blue ou line. Ele a ion is no shown.
143
K20
K20
K20
K20
K20
K20
K20
K20
K20
29 203
P21
P21
P21
P21
P21
P21
P21
P21
P21
S19
S19
S19
S19
S19
S19
S19
S19
S19
122
115
172
65
209
211
W20
W20
W20
W20
W20
W20
W20
W20
W20
200
137
92
197
112
210
24
116
36
34
58
104
189
154
106
73
9
32
153
192 70
59
192
153
153
8
Sisimiu
Sisimiu
Sisimiu
Sisimiu
Sisimiu
Sisimiu
Sisimiu
Sisimiu
Sisimiu
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
kilome es
kilome es
kilome es
kilome es
kilome es
kilome es
kilome es
kilome es
kilome es
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30 60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
Kange lussuaq
Kange lussuaq
Kange lussuaq
Kange lussuaq
Kange lussuaq
Kange lussuaq
Kange lussuaq
Kange lussuaq
Kange lussuaq
Figu e 5. No h egion: Kange lussuaq-Sisimiu he d s uc u e zigzag o e ligh a eas (indica ed by blue c oss-
ha ching) and ansec s ( he blue ansec s wi h ID numbe highligh ed we e zigzagged; he ed ansec s
indica e whe e oppo unis ic obse a ions whe e ob ained). The high ca ibou densi y s a um included he a ea
inside he blue ou line. Ele a ion is no shown.
17
du ing zigzagging. All ca ibou sigh ed we e sexed and aged (< o > 1 yea old)
ollowing a b ie o e pass wi h he helicop e .
Sex was de e mined by he p esence o absence o a ul a and/o u ine pa ch on he
ump. This eliably indica ed a emale on bo h adul s and cal es. No o he me hod
was 100% ce ain, e.g. an le size, shape, p esence o absence, we e no used, as he
p esence o an le s on emale ca ibou is highly a iable in wes e n G eenland. Age
was de e mined by body size. Cal es o bo h sexes we e conside ably smalle han
all o he age classes a his ime o yea . The e we e wo age classes used in
subsequen analyses, i.e. cal (≤ 9-10 mon hs old) and adul (> 1 yea ). Cal
pe cen age gi en is he pe cen age o he o al numbe o ca ibou seen. Cal
ec ui men is he la e-win e cal pe 100 cow a io. G oup size was based on
p oximi y and g oup cohesion du ing possible ligh esponse.
Resul s
Ca ibou on he ansec s, commonly eac ed wi h ligh when he helicop e lew by,
howe e , equen ly animals emained lying down o s anding/g azing (Appendix
12, Figu e 92). These animals ypically looked a he helicop e bu o he o e
eac ions we e no o hcoming. Hence mo emen was no he only key o loca ing
animals p esen on a ansec . The abili y o spo he shape o colou ing o a
s a iona y ca ibou was necessa y, ega dless o he deg ee o camou lage agains he
a ied backg ounds. The Ma ch 2005 snow co e condi ions in he Cen al
(Appendix 9a) and speci ically he No h egion (Appendix 9b) made i clea ha
de ec ing ca ibou would ha e been di icul o impossible i i we e no o he
su ey’s low ligh al i ude, low speed, and na ow s ip wid h. Cu en su ey
design p omo es spo ing ca ibou (Appendix 7). No dead ca ibou we e obse ed.
A he ligh al i ude used, 15 m, “dead” g ound is common on ansec s, i.e. e ain
ea u es p e en seeing he en i e 300 me e s ip wid h. Ca ibou may be missed
because hey a e hidden om iew. This is a sou ce o nega i e bias and con ibu es
o unde es ima ing popula ion size.
The co ec ion calcula ion accoun ed o di e en co ec ion ac o s o each s a um.
Since no good me hod is a ailable which could include he a iance o a co ec ion
ac o , he con idence in e als we e ins ead calcula ed using a boo s ap me hod
(E on & Tibshi ani 1993).
18
Akia-Manii soq es ima ed popula ion size, Cen al Region
We obse ed a o al o 554 ca ibou. The aw da a (Appendix 4) ga e an unco ec ed
p e-cal ing popula ion es ima e o ca 33,181 ca ibou, wi h densi ies o ca 1-3 ca ibou
pe sq km o he low and high-densi y s a a espec i ely. A e inco po a ing a
co ec ion o missed ca ibou (Cuyle e al. 2002), he p e-cal ing popula ion size
es ima e o Ma ch 2005 became ca 35,807 (90% CI: 27,474 – 44,720), while densi ies
emained basically unchanged (Table 2).
The su ey o o Akia-Manii soq used 19 hou s and 57 minu es o lying ime.
Wea he condi ions be ween he 14 and 16 Ma ch we e excellen o s ip isibili y
and ca ibou sigh abili y. Snow co e , howe e , was pa chy and could a y
d ama ically along an indi idual ansec . This inc eased he di icul y in spo ing
ca ibou, and obse e s had o emain concen a ed and ocused while coun ing.
Snow co e in he high-densi y s a um a ied be ween 10 and 99%, while he
ypical ange was 40 o 80%. As usual, he low-densi y s a um was almos o ally
co e ed in deep snow. To al numbe o Akia-Manii soq ca ibou seen pe obse e
we e as ollows; 312 Ch is ine Cuyle , 300 Rink Hein ich, 206 Johannes Egede. Mo e
ca ibou we e obse ed on he le side o he helicop e han on he igh , 336 and
218 espec i ely.
Kange lussuaq-Sisimiu es ima ed popula ion size, No h Region
We obse ed a o al o 1284 ca ibou. The aw da a (Appendix 5) ga e an unco ec ed
p e-cal ing popula ion es ima e o ca 87,244 ca ibou, wi h densi ies o ca 2-6 ca ibou
pe sq km o he low and high-densi y s a a espec i ely. A e inco po a ing a
co ec ion o missed ca ibou (Cuyle e al. 2002), he p e-cal ing popula ion size
es ima e o Ma ch 2005 became ca 90,464 (90% CI: 70,276 – 113,613), while densi ies
emained basically unchanged (Table 3).
The su ey o Kange lussuaq-Sisimiu used 26 hou s and 38 minu es o lying ime.
This was g ea e han he numbe o hou s used o he su ey in he Cen al egion,
owing o he e u n helicop e e y be ween Nuuk and Kange lussuaq ai po s and
he g ea e dis ances o e ueling in he No h egion. Wea he condi ions on he i s
and second day o he su ey we e excellen , howe e , snow co e was o en
comple ely lacking, and ypically pa chy a bes . Typical snow co e was 10-40%,
al hough occassionally up o 99% . On he hi d and ou h days o he su ey, a
ligh dus ing o new all snow p oduced a “sal & peppe ” backg ound, agains
which he ca ibou we e op imally camou laged. Snow lu ies and low cloud- og
u he inc eased he di icul y in spo ing ca ibou, by obscu ing s ip wid h
isibili y and o en c ea ing whi e-ou condi ions. These ac o s inc eased he
19
di icul y in spo ing ca ibou, and obse e s had o be ex emely concen a ed and
ocused while coun ing. To al numbe o Kange lussuaq-Sisimiu ca ibou seen pe
obse e we e as ollows; 701 Hans Mølgaa d, 588 Ch is ine Cuyle , 539 Rink
Hein ich. Mo e ca ibou we e obse ed on he le side o he helicop e han on he
igh , 691 and 593 espec i ely.
He d s uc u e & ec ui men
In Ma ch 2005, cal ec ui men and numbe o bulls in he popula ion we e poo in
bo h popula ions s udied (Table 4, Appendices 4 & 5). Animals we e widely sp ead
h oughou bo h egions, wi h a mean g oup size a ca 4.6 ±3.4 SD in he
Kange lussuaq-Sisimiu s ock, and ca 4.3 ±2.9 SD in he Akia-Manii soq s ock. La ge
cong ega ions o animals we e no common, and he la ges numbe ed 17 ca ibou in
bo h egions.
Table 2. Su ey in o ma ion and p elimina y aw and co ec ed popula ion size es ima es o Akia-Manii soq
ca ibou, Cen al egion, 14-16 Ma ch 2005.
Pa ame e High-densi y Low-densi y To als
A ea size 10,037 km2 5,325 km2 15,362 km2
Numbe s ips 39 15 54
Leng h o each s ip 7.5 km 7.5 km
To al s ip wid h 2x 300 m 2x 300 m
A ea co e ed 175.5 km2 67.5 km2 243 km2
Fligh heigh 15 me es 15 me es
Fligh speed (km/h ) 46 o 65 46 o 65
To al ca ibou seen (n) 485 69 554
Raw Densi y (ca ibou / km2)* 2.76 1.02 1 o 3
Raw es ima e he d size* 27,738 5,443 33,181
Co ec ed Densi y (ca ibou / km2)** 3.00 1.06 1 o 3
Co ec ed es ima e he d size** 30,153 5,654 35,807
90% Con idence In e al (CI) 22,088 – 39,266 3,765 – 7,663 27,474 – 44,720
* He d size es ima e om aw da a wi h no co ec ion o missed ca ibou.
** He d size es ima e a e co ec ion o missed ca ibou has been made.
20
Table 3. Su ey in o ma ion and p elimina y aw and co ec ed popula ion size es ima es o Kange lussuaq-
Sisimiu ca ibou, No h egion, 18-22 Ma ch 2005.
Pa ame e High-densi y
S a um
Low-densi y
S a um
To als
A ea size 8,000 km2 18,000 km2 26,000 km2
Numbe s ips 40 20 60
Leng h o each s ip 7.5 km 7.5 km
To al s ip wid h 2x 300 m 2x 300 m
A ea co e ed 180 km2 90 km2 270 km2
Fligh heigh 15 me es 15 me es
Fligh speed (km/h ) 46 o 65 46 o 65
To al ca ibou seen (n) 1090 194 1284
Raw Densi y (ca ibou / km2)* 6.06 2.16 2 o 6
Raw es ima e he d size* 48,444 38,800 87,244
Co ec ed Densi y (ca ibou / km2)** 6.22 2.26 +2 o +6
Co ec ed es ima e he d size** 49,723 40,741 90,464
90% Con idence In e al (CI) 41,833 – 58,470 22,263 – 62,251 70,276 – 113,613
* F om aw da a wi h no co ec ion o missed ca ibou.
** A e co ec ion o missed ca ibou has been made.
Table 4. He d S uc u e o wo ca ibou he ds in Wes G eenland, Ma ch 2005.
Pa ame e Akia-Manii soq
Ca ibou Popula ion
Kange lussuaq-Sisimiu
Ca ibou Popula ion
Region (Hun ing a ea) Cen al (3) No h (2)
Time pe iod 14-16 Ma ch 2005 18-22 Ma ch 2005
Me hod Helicop e Helicop e
To al sexed & aged (n) 705 745
Numbe o g oups obse ed 163 161
A e age g oup size 4.33 ± 2.91 SD 4.63 ± 3.38 SD
Maximum g oup size 17 17
Minimum g oup size 1 1
Bull (> 1 yea ) 187 (26.52%) 163 (21.9%)
Cow (> 1 yea ) 419 (59.43%) 501 (67.3%)
Cal om 2004 99 (14.04%) 81 (10.9%)
Rec ui men (cal /100cow) 24 16.2
Bull o Cow a io 0.45 0.33
21
Discussion
Kange lussuaq-Sisimiu popula ion
The co ec ed p e-cal ing Ma ch 2005 Kange lussuaq-Sisimiu popula ion es ima e
is ca 90,464 ca ibou (90% CI : 70,276 – 113,614). This is bes conside ed a conse a i e
es ima e since a nega i e bias o ca ibou missed emains, owing o his yea ’s
wea he condi ions, pa chy snow co e , “sal & peppe ” backg ounds, and “dead”
g ound. This es ima e is almos double he 2000 su ey es ima e and is g ea e han
any p e ious es ima e o his he d. An in e p e a ion o popula ion end om his
esul is di icul since me hods di e ed. The p esen su ey be e e lec s ue
animal abundance in 2005.
The s ocking densi y is now o e six ca ibou pe sq km, almos a doubling since he
2000 su ey. Gi en he la ge popula ion size, i was no unexpec ed ha mean g oup
size inc eased (Figu e 6). La ge agg ega ions o ca ibou, howe e , we e no common
and he maximum g oup size was unchanged om he su ey in 2000. Meanwhile,
he pe cen age and ec ui men o cal es in o he popula ion is he lowes obse ed
(Figu e 7, 8). The pe cen age o cal es is simila o he na u al mo ali y alue. I is
possible ha his popula ion is app oaching i s heo e ical ca ying capaci y whe e
bi hs equal dea hs, i.e. p oduc ion equals ze o. A popula ion a ca ying capaci y
will no be able o p o ide a sus ainable op imal yield o annual ha es .
Table 5. G eenland ca ibou popula ion es ima es, ha es quo as, epo ed ha es and he pe cen age by which
he quo a was illed.
Yea Es ima e o o al
ca ibou in G eenland
Quo a Repo ed Ha es
(Pinia neq) **
Amoun o quo a
illed
1995 ca 18,000 2,000 1,398 69.9%
1996 ca 22,000 2,600 2,048 78.8%
1997 3,111 2,755 88.6%
1998 3,680 3,692 100.3%
1999 4,050 3,957 97.7%
2000 13,600 9,671 71.1%
2001 ca 140,000 24,300 13,490 55.5%
2002 36,150* 16,910 52.3%
2003 Open 18,851 -
2004 Open No ye a ailable -
* The 2002 ha es quo a was o iginally se a 32,150 ca ibou; howe e , he numbe o licences pe mi ed ex-
ceeded ha numbe by 4,000.
** Pinia neq eco ds a e om he Di ec o a e o Fishe ies & Hun ing, P.O. Box 269, 3900 - Nuuk, G eenland.
22
Gi en ha he No h egion is ca 26,000 sq km, i he ecommended s ocking densi y
o 1.2 ca ibou pe sq km was a ained, hen an app op ia e popula ion size migh be
ca 31,200 ca ibou. The 2000 popula ion es ima e o he No h egion exceeded his
by almos 20,500 animals, and he 2005 es ima e exceeds i by almos 60,000 ca ibou.
Al hough annual ha es esul s pe popula ion a e una ailable, he o al numbe s
o ca ibou ha es ed in G eenland (Table 5) a e low ela i e o he numbe s equi ed
o popula ion educ ion e en in jus he No h egion. The e o e, despi e he la ge
quo as in 2000-2001 ollowed by open ha es s in 2002/03/04, hun ing has no been
su icien o hal g ow h o educe he Kange lussuaq-Sisimiu he d size.
Akia-Manii soq popula ion
The Akia-Manii soq s ock si ua ion is sligh ly di e en . The co ec ed p e-cal ing
Ma ch 2005 Akia-Manii soq popula ion es ima e is ca 35,807 ca ibou (90% CI : 27,474
– 44,720). This is also bes conside ed a conse a i e es ima e since a nega i e bias o
ca ibou missed emains, owing o his yea ’s pa chy snow co e and “dead” g ound.
This es ima e is ca 10,000 animals less han he 2001 su ey es ima e, bu is s ill a
la ge numbe o his he d. The only di e ence be ween he 2001 and 2005 su ey
was he addi ion o se en ansec s, which could no be lown in 2001 owing o
inancial cons ain s. The addi ional ansec s in 2005 se ed only o educe he
a iance and did no a ec he popula ion size es ima e. Since me hods be ween he
su eys o 2001 and 2005 did no di e , he p esen esul s may e lec a ue
dec ease in animal abundance o e he pas ou yea s. When he wo es ima es a e
compa ed he esul is a P = 0.12. This indica es a 12% p obabili y ha he 2005
es ima e was smalle by chance.
Gi en ha he Cen al egion is ca 15,362 sq km, i he ecommended s ocking
densi y o 1.2 ca ibou pe sq km was a ained, hen a sui able popula ion size migh
be ca 18,434 ca ibou. The 2001 popula ion es ima e o he Cen al egion exceeded
his by almos 28,000 animals, and he 2005 es ima e exceeds i by almos 17,500
ca ibou. The Akia-Manii soq s ock densi y d opped since 2001, howe e , i emains
oo high in 2005. In 2001, i was ou - imes he ecommended a ge and in 2005 is
h ee- imes. Since hun ing had no clea impac on he Kange lussuaq-Sisimiu
popula ion, he appa en s ock educ ion ha has occu ed in Akia-Manii soq is no
au oma ically assumed due o hun ing. Ra he i could be an exp ession o g ea ly
inc eased na u al mo ali y due o o e s ocking. The la e is suppo ed by he poo
cal ec ui men obse ed in Ma ch 2005.
23
Densi y-dependen e ec s
Densi y-dependen e ec s a e he esul o in aspeci ic compe i ion, i.e. be ween
indi iduals in he same s ock. Di ec e ec s ypically inc ease mo ali y, while
delayed e ec s a ec g ow h and ecundi y. Wi h inc easing densi ies, se e e
wea he e en s can ha e addi ional e ec s on ec ui men , wi h consequences o
popula ion s abili y (Skogland 1985). In 2001, al hough ca ibou densi ies we e as
high as 3-4 pe sq km, he e was no e idence o d ama ic densi y e ec s in any o he
wes -coas popula ions. S ill he cal pe cen age was conside ed low in wo
popula ions, he Akia-Manii soq (Cen al egion) and Ame alik ( egion Sou h). In
con as , he cu en Ma ch 2005 su eys s ongly sugges ha densi y dependan
ac o s now play a majo ole in ca ibou popula ion dynamics in he wo s ocks
examined. O he s ocks in Wes G eenland may be expe iencing simila p oblems.
Rec ui men
The Akia-Manii soq (Cen al egion) had a la e win e cal pe cen age o ca 14% and
a ec ui men o only 24 cal es pe 100 cows. The Kange lussuaq-Sisimiu (No h
egion) s ock had a cal pe cen age o ca 11% and a ec ui men o only abou 16
cal es pe 100 cows. The esul s o bo h s ocks a e low compa ed o he ds
elsewhe e. S udies om No h Ame ica and Scandina ia epo la e win e
ec ui men s o 41 cal es pe 100 cows (Fancy Whi en & Russell 1994), 20 cal es pe
100 cows (Dzus 1999) and 22 cal es pe 100 cows (Pa ke 1972), and some o hese
popula ions ypically ha e p eda o s. Fu he a compa ison o he Sou hamp on
Island he d, which like G eenland has no p eda o s, shows la e win e ec ui men s
a ying be ween 22 and 77 cal es pe 100 cows (Hea d & Ouelle 1994). This
sugges s ha he cu en Kange lussuaq-Sisimiu ca ibou he d la e win e
ec ui men is low, while he Akia-Manii soq ec ui men is ending in he same
di ec ion.
The poo cal ec ui men s ongly sugges s an ele a ed na u al mo ali y among
cal es, and a dec eased ecundi y o adul emales. Independen o clima e and
gene ics, ca ibou cal mo ali y inc eases wi h high popula ion densi y and g azing
p essu e (Valkenbu g e al. 2000). Fu he , cal ec ui men is low o a iable whe e
win e anges a e o e g azed and ha d o deep snow is common (Heggbe ge e al.
2002). A Kange lussuaq snow is uled ou as a cause o dec eased ec ui men ,
because ha d o deep snow is almos ne e a p oblem in he d y s eppe clima e o
he No h egion, which is whe e ca ibou densi y is highes . Knowledge on possible
changes in emale ecundi y is no a ailable, howe e , inc eased cal mo ali y may
occu when animal densi ies a e high. Thing & Clausen (1980) sugges ed high
ca ibou densi y inc eased aeces con amina ion (bac e ia and pa asi es) o he
24
y = 0.1116x - 219.2
R2 = 0.1303
y = 0.1623x - 321.19
R2 = 0.6649
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
Yea
Mean G oup Size
Figu e 6. Changes in mean g oup size since 1992 in wo Wes G eenland s ocks; Kange lussuaq-Sisimiu s ock
(●, - - -) (p = 0.03), and Akia-Manii soq s ock (□, ____) (p = 0.43); linea eg ession lines wi h 2 alues.
y = -0.2927x + 603.11
R2 = 0.047
y = -0.8254x + 1670
R2 = 0.7218
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Yea
Cal pe cen age
Figu e 7. Changes in cal pe cen age since 1990 in wo Wes G eenland s ocks, Kange lussuaq-Sisimiu s ock
(●, - - -) (p = 0.68), and Akia-Manii soq s ock (□, ____) (p = 0.03); linea eg ession lines wi h 2 alues.
25
y = -5.6351x + 11318
R2 = 0.8142
y = -5.6923x + 11434
R2 = 0.6123
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
Yea
Cal es pe 100 Cows
Figu e 8. Changes in la e win e ec ui men (cal es pe 100 cows) in wo Wes G eenland s ocks,
Kange lussuaq-Sisimiu s ock (●, - - -) (p = 0.43), and Akia-Manii soq s ock (□, ____) (p = 0.28) ; linea
eg ession lines wi h 2 alues.
y = -0.0804x + 161.52
R2 = 0.9477
y = -0.0653x + 131.28
R2 = 0.8921
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
Yea
Bull o Cow Ra io
Figu e 9. Changes in he Bull o Cow a io in wo Wes G eenland s ocks, Kange lussuaq-Sisimiu s ock (●, - -
-) (p = 0.15), and Akia-Manii soq s ock (□, ____) (p = 0.21) ; linea eg ession lines wi h 2 alues.
32
Appendix 1
Region S a i ica ion & T ansec Alloca ion
How many ansec s a e needed?
One o he mos impo an ques ions ha ha e o be answe ed be o e unde aking
any su ey is whe he he su ey will yield da a o a su icien quali y o answe he
ques ion ha he su ey a emp s o answe ; animal abundance. A ela ed ques ion
is he choice o sample size. In a helicop e su ey, whe e ligh hou s in G eenland
a e e y expensi e, his ques ion becomes e y impo an .
An idea o he expec ed a iance is necessa y. In ligh su eys he a iance is
in ima ely ela ed o he densi y o animals. The p io in o ma ion a ailable be o e
he su eys was ela i e densi ies om a p e ious su ey in 1996 and densi ies
ound in he No h egion in 2000. The assump ion made was ha al hough he 1996
su eys used a adically di e en me hodology, he ela i e densi ies would emain
ai ly cons an . Implici in ha assump ion is he expec a ion ha he ca ibou
popula ions in all egions ha e had simila g ow h a es since 1996 despi e ha hey
o m clea ly dis inc popula ions wi h di e en demog aphics.
A simula ion expe imen was pe o med in he ollowing ashion. The highes
densi y a ea in he 1996 su ey was he high-densi y a ea o he No h egion, he
densi y o he o he a eas was known as a ac ion o he densi y o ha high-densi y
a ea. Fo each simula ed ansec he numbe seen is ound as ollows. A andom
ansec om he high-densi y a ea in he No h egion is chosen and he numbe
seen he e is called “s”. I is he ela i e densi y o he a ea in ques ion and w is he
ela i e wid h o he ansec s hen a numbe seen can be simula ed as a binomial:
(, )
B
inomial s w⋅
Once a simula ion was done, he esul ing da a was analyzed using s anda d
pa ame ic me hods, and a con idence in e al ound. The p ocedu e was epea ed
o di e en o al numbe s o ansec s. The da a was hen plo ed by aking all he
con idence in e als, cen e ing hese on hei common mean and plo ing hem
agains he o al numbe o ansec s (Figu e 10).
33
Figu e 10. How many ansec lines needed o a ela i ely accu a e and p ecise su ey o he Cen al egion?
Simula ion o con idence in e al mean alues e sus he numbe o ansec s used.
F om he g aph i is ob ious ha an e o smalle han 40 lines will esul in a wide
con idence in e al, whe eas a numbe la ge han 60 will be a was e o esou ces.
No e ha he pic u e he e is sligh ly misleading since i akes in o accoun only he
wid h o he con idence in e al a ound he g and mean o he es ima es. In eali y
he means will jump a ound less o highe sample sizes. Fo economic easons he
inal numbe o ansec lines in 2005 was se o 54 o he Akia-Manii soq he d in he
Cen al egion, while 60 ansec s we e again applied o he Kange lussuaq-Sisimiu
he d in he No h egion.
T ansec alloca ion
Since he Cen al egion is di ided in o wo s a a wi h di e en expec ed densi ies,
ansec alloca ion mus be decided. He e a simple ma hema ical me hod was used
o alloca ing ansec s o each s a a. The s anda d me hod o alloca ion o ansec s
o s a a is o alloca e p opo ional o he p oduc o he a ea and he expec ed
s anda d de ia ion o each s a a.
I : i
Ais he a ea o s a a i
i
dis he expec ed densi y o s a a i
hen he bes alloca ion is p opo ional o
o al numbe o ansec s
20 30 40 50 60 70 80
12000 14000 16000 18000 20000 22000 24000
Con idence in e al mean alue
Numbe o ansec s
34
ii
Ad
α
⋅
whe e: 0.5
α
= co esponds o he squa e oo o he expec ed densi y.
No e ha i is su icien o ha e he expec ed ela i e densi ies and a eas. Fo a eas
{1,..,i} he p opo ions o ansec s alloca ed o a ea 1 will be.
11
1
1
11 1 11
11 1
ii ii i i ii
iii i
Ad
pAd Ad Ad Ad
A
Ad d Ad
α
αα α α
αα
⋅
== = =
⋅⋅ ⎛⎞⎛⎞
⋅⋅
⎜⎟⎜⎟
⋅⎝⎠⎝⎠
∑∑∑∑
The e a e se e al ways o choosing α. Fo animals ha end o be in g oups he
ques ion cen es a ound whe he hey end o inc ease he g oup size when he
densi y is highe . I he g oup size is he same ega dless o densi y hen α = 0.5. I
on he o he hand he g oup size ends o go up wi h highe densi y wi hou he
numbe o g oups changing hen α = 1. In his case we chose α = 0.75 as a
comp omise solu ion.
The alloca ion assumed ha he ela i e densi ies emained unchanged since las
su ey o 1996. The s a i ica ion was no he same as in he las su ey, bu was
al e ed based on he obse ed densi ies in 1996. The Cen al and No h egions we e
di ided in o wo s a a, a high and low-densi y s a a. On he basis o he abo e
men ioned o mulas, in 2005 he Cen al egion was alloca ed 15 ansec s o he low-
densi y a ea and 39 ansec s o he high-densi y a ea. Simila ly he No h egion
was alloca ed 20 ansec s o he low-densi y a ea and 40 ansec s o he high-
densi y a ea.
35
Appendix 2
Su ey ield me hod and s a is ical design
Accu acy equa es o he popula ion size calcula ed being close o he ue alue.
Bias, which makes he calcula ed popula ion size depa om eali y, esul s in
inaccu acy. The e can be bias in you coun ing, sampling design o e en analysis.
P ecision is he measu e o a ia ion in he numbe s o ca ibou on each o he
ansec s. Poo p ecision can esul om sampling e o s, e.g. i g oup size and
dis ibu ion we e highly a iable wi hin a s a um.
Field me hods – Reducing nega i e bias: Sigh abili y o ca ibou on ansec
To educe he nega i e bias associa ed wi h iola ion o he assump ion ha all
ca ibou wi hin he s ip a e obse ed, he ollowing su ey ield me hods we e used.
Na ow s ip wid h, 300x2 me es,
Slow lying speed, ca 46-65 kilome e/hou ,
Low al i udes, 15 me es,
Sun ypically behind obse e s,
Sho ansec leng h, 7.5 kilome es (p omo ed concen a ion and educed a igue),
S a is ical co ec ion o missed ca ibou.
S a is ical design
Ca ibou popula ion es ima es can be calcula ed as ollows:
Fo each s a um we ha e:
ˆij
i
jj
i
i
yA
NA y
AA
=⋅ = ⋅
∑
∑ (0.1)
Whe e
ˆ
j
N is he es ima ed o al in he j h s a a
i
y
is he o al numbe o ca ibou obse ed in s ip i
j
A is he o al a ea o s a a j
i
A is he a ea o s ip i
A is he mean a ea o he s ips in he s a um
Because he a ea o each s ip is cons an he calcula ion o a iance is
36
22 2
22 2
22
ˆ
() ( )
1
() ( ) ( )
()
11
() ( ())
j
j
i
jj j
ii
i
jj j
i
ii
i
A
Va N Va y
A
y
AA A
Va y Va Va y
AAnAn
AA A
Va y
Va y n Va y
An An A n
=⋅=
⎛⎞ ⎛⎞ ⎛⎞
=⋅ =⋅ =
⎜⎟ ⎜⎟ ⎜⎟
⎝⎠ ⎝⎠ ⎝⎠
⎛⎞ ⎛⎞ ⎛⎞
⋅=⋅⋅=⋅
⎜⎟ ⎜⎟ ⎜⎟
⎝⎠ ⎝⎠ ⎝⎠
∑∑
∑
22
1
ˆ() ( )
1
ii
i
Va y s y y
n
== −
−∑
Since he o al numbe o ca ibou in he a ea is he sum o he o als in each s a um
he a iance o he o al will be he sum o he a iances in he s a a.
ˆj
j
j
A
Ny
A
=⋅
∑
2()
ˆ
() ji
j
AVa y
Va N An
⎛⎞
=⋅
⎜⎟
⎝⎠
∑
37
Appendix 3
Inc easing he accu acy o ae ial coun s o ca ibou in wes e n
G eenland.
Mos ae ial su eys o animal abundance a e nega i ely biased because animals
wi hin he sample uni a e o e looked by obse e s. Va ious doublecoun me hods
ha e been de eloped o gene a e su ey speci ic co ec ion ac o s. Howe e , hese
me hods equi e ha obse a ions can be a ibu ed o speci ic indi iduals o
g oups, which is no always possible. We p esen a simple me hod o gene a ing a
minimum es ima e o he numbe o o e looked animals based on he o al numbe
o animals seen by double obse e s on one side o he ai c a . In addi ion, we
desc ibe aspec s o su ey design ha ha e been used in ca ibou Rangi e a andus
su eys in Wes G eenland o u he educe bias.
The ex en o which animals a e o e looked can be in luenced by many ac o s such
as ai c a design, lying speed, ligh heigh , ligh condi ions, ege a ion densi y,
opog aphic complexi y, and obse e expe ience/ a igue (Caughley 1974, Samuel e
al. 1987, Aas up & Mosbech 1993). Ea ly a emp s o co ec o his bias ocused on
de e mining a ac o om a se ies o con olled ials, and using his as a blanke
co ec ion ac o o all u he su eys (Caughley 1974, Caughley e al. 1976, Samuel
e al. 1987, Pollock & Kendall 1987, Aas up & Mosbech 1993). Howe e , because
condi ions a y om su ey o su ey he e ha e been a emp s o de elop su ey-
speci ic co ec ion ac o s, especially using he doublecoun me hodology (Pollock &
Kendall 1987, G aham & Bell 1989, Ri es e al. 1995). In his p ocess, a leas one
side o he ai c a has wo obse e s. Using he numbe s o animals o g oups seen
by he i s obse e only, he second obse e only, o by bo h obse e s i is
possible o apply cap u e-ma k- ecap u e me hodology o calcula e he numbe o
animals seen by nei he obse e (Pollock & Kendall 1987). Howe e , his equi es
ha obse a ions om he wo obse e s can be a ibu ed speci ically o each
animal o g oup obse ed. While such esul s may be achie ed using double- ack
ape eco de s (Ma sh & Sinclai 1989) o GPS/da a logge echnology, he e a e
always si ua ions whe eby echnology ails, is una ailable o canno be applied
p ac ically. We p esen an ex ension o he no mal doublecoun s a is ics o es ima e
he co ec ion ac o o he p opo ion o animals unseen using he o al numbe o
animals coun ed by each obse e wi hin a gi en sample s ip. In many ways his is
simila o he aims o Caughley & G ice (1982), bu is designed o species ha occu
a a highe densi y.
38
Accoun ing o o e looked animals
In he cases whe e he e a e mo e han one obse e in one side o he ai c a and i
is possible o know which animals ha e been seen o no seen by each obse e , i is
possible o es ima e he p obabili y ha a isible animal has been obse ed. The
me hod is ho oughly discussed in Pollock & Kendall (1987) and will be sligh ly
elabo a ed upon he e. We will use he ollowing nomencla u e simila o he one
used by G aham & Bell (1989).
B
is he numbe o animals obse ed by bo h obse e s
S is he numbe o animals obse ed by he on sea obse e only
S is he numbe o animals seen by he ea sea obse e only
M
is he numbe o animals no seen by ei he obse e
p
is he p obabili y ha a isible animal is seen by he on sea obse e
p
is he p obabili y ha a isible animal is seen by he ea sea obse e
N is he o al numbe o isible animals in he ansec s
Then
NS S BM=+++
In a con en ional doublecoun se up whe e animals o g oups can be indi idually
iden i ied o compa ison be ween obse e s he ollowing p ocedu e is o en used:
B can be es ima ed as ()
EB p p N=⋅⋅
The e o e ()
EB
N
p
p
=
⋅
In he same manne
S can be es ima ed as
() (1 )
ES p p N=⋅− ⋅
By subs i u ion
()
() (1 )
()
()(1 )
() () ()
(( ) ()) ()
()
() ( )
EB
ES p p
p
p
EB
ES p p
ES p EB EB p
ES EB p EB
EB
pEB ES
=⋅− ⋅
⋅
=− ⋅
⋅= − ⋅
+⋅=
=
+
In he same manne
p
can be es ima ed as
39
()
() ( )
EB
pEB ES
=
+
The eby he p opo ion o animals o e looked by bo h he on and he ea sea
obse e is
(1 ) (1 )
p
p−⋅−
The e o e, he numbe o obse ed animals in he le side o he helicop e should
be mul iplied wi h
()()
11
1(1 )(1 ) ( )
1(1 )(1 )
B
SBS
BB
p
pBBSS
BS BS
+⋅+
==
−− ⋅− ⋅ + +
−− ⋅−
++
o equi alen ly
()()()()
ˆ()
()
B
SBS BSBS
NBSS BBS S B
+⋅+ +⋅+
=++ ⋅ =
⋅+ +
And, unde he assump ion ha he le and igh ea sea obse e s ha e he same
p obabili y o obse ing a isible animal, he igh side obse a ions should be
mul iplied by
1
B
S
p
B
+
=
This me hod does no ake in o accoun he a iance in he es ima es o
p
and
p
.
The easies way o ind con idence in e als is o use a boo s ap p ocedu e (E on
& Tibshi ani 1993).
The es ima es o
p
and
p
a e equi alen o he Pe e sen es ima e. Al hough his
es ima e is biased, he bias can be elimina ed using Chapman’s co ec ion.
(1)(1)
ˆ1
1
le
BS BS
NB
++⋅++
=−
+ (G aham & Bell 1989)
Then ˆ
N
SB+will be an es ima e o 1
p
Hence he es ima e o he numbe o animals on he igh side o he ai c a is
40
(1)(1)(1)
ˆ(1)( )
igh igh
BS BS B
NS BSB
++⋅++−+
=⋅
+⋅ +
Howe e , i we don’ know which speci ic animals o g oups ha e been seen by each
obse e bu ha e he o al numbe o animals obse ed wi hin each s ip o each
obse e , hen we can calcula e maximum alues o and
p
p
I o each s ip i
i
is he numbe o animals seen by he obse e in he on sea
i
is he numbe o animals seen by he ea sea obse e
Then we can de ine
*
*
*
(,)
(0, )
(0, )
ii
i
ii
i
ii
i
BMin
SMax
SMax
=
=−
=−
∑
∑
∑
and obse e ha
*
*
*
(1 )
(1 )
BppN
Sp pN
Sp pN
≥⋅⋅
≤⋅− ⋅
≤⋅− ⋅
leading o
*
*
*
*
*
*
and
(1 ) (1 )
B
Npp
B
Sp pNp p
p
p
B
pBS
≤
⋅
≤⋅−⋅≤⋅−⋅
⋅
≤
+
Simila ly
41
*
*
*
B
p
B
S
≤
+
Since we he e a e dealing wi h maximum alues o and
p
p he co esponding
alues o o e looked animals will be minimum alues. Acco dingly he co ec ed
alues o he numbe o animals seen will s ill be nega i ely biased. As his
me hodology gi es a lowe bound o he p obabili y o obse ing a isible animal i
is ins uc i e o simula e some obse a ions in o de o gauge he e ec i eness o he
me hod.
Since we a e assuming ha o each ansec line he numbe seen by bo h obse e s
is equal o he lowes numbe seen, i would be easonable o assume ha he
me hod wo ks bes o small obse a ion numbe s and la ge obse a ion
p obabili ies. This assump ion can be es ed using a simula ion s udy. In his
simula ion a numbe o i ual su eys we e se up, each wi h 100 ansec s ips.
Fo each assumed le el o de ec ion p obabili y (0.6; 0.7; 0.8; 0.9) a mean numbe o
animals pe s ip was chosen be ween 1 and 10. The numbe o animals on each
ansec s ip was chosen as a Poisson andom a iable. The numbe o animals seen
by each obse e was hen chosen as a binomial andom a iable. The esul ing
es ima es o he sigh ing p obabili ies we e hen plo ed agains he mean numbe o
animals pe s ip. As expec ed (Figu e A1) he es ima ed de ec ion p obabili ies
ended o be oo high, pa icula ly when he numbe o animals pe s ip is high.
Reducing bias h ough su ey design
The o e iding conce n wi h he su ey design has been o minimise he numbe o
o e looked animals by lying close o he g ound and concen a ing he e o in a
na ow s ip close o he ai c a . In addi ion, obse e a igue was minimised by
lying many sho ansec s ips, a he han ewe longe s ips. I is possible o
e alua e he e ec i eness o he di e en expe imen al p o ocols by compa ing
p
and
p
be ween yea s. In addi ion, i is ins uc i e o see how la ge a di e ence
accoun ing o o e looked animals makes in each case (Table 7).
In he 2000 su ey (wi h he highe ligh al i ude and wide s ip) o he
Kange lussuaq-Sisimiu egion he e was s ill a la ge bias ha needed o be
co ec ed. In con as , he 2001 su eys (lowe al i ude, na owe s ip) in he o he
h ee egions esul ed in a much smalle bias (Table 7).
48
15.03.05 A ea 4 - S mou h o Eldo ado Valley 2 0 1 1
15.03.05 A ea 4 - S mou h o Eldo ado Valley 1 0 1 0
15.03.05 A ea 4 - S mou h o Eldo ado Valley 3 3 0 0
15.03.05 A ea 4 - S mou h o Eldo ado Valley 2 0 2 0
15.03.05 A ea 4 - S mou h o Eldo ado Valley 1 0 1 0
15.03.05 A ea 4 - S mou h o Eldo ado Valley 6 1 3 2
15.03.05 A ea 4 - S mou h o Eldo ado Valley 3 0 3 0
15.03.05 A ea 4 - S mou h o Eldo ado Valley 5 1 3 1
15.03.05 A ea 4 - S mou h o Eldo ado Valley 4 2 2 0
15.03.05 A ea 4 - S mou h o Eldo ado Valley 4 0 2 2
15.03.05 A ea 4 - S mou h o Eldo ado Valley 5 1 3 1
15.03.05 A ea 4 - S mou h o Eldo ado Valley 3 0 3 0
15.03.05 A ea 4 - S mou h o Eldo ado Valley 3 0 3 0
15.03.05 A ea 5 - Small Valley N o muskox p 11 0 7 4
15.03.05 A ea 5 - Small Valley N o muskox p 2 0 1 1
15.03.05 A ea 5 - Small Valley N o muskox p 2 0 2 0
15.03.05 A ea 5 - Small Valley N o muskox p 1 0 1 0
15.03.05 A ea 5 - Small Valley N o muskox p 7 0 5 2
15.03.05 A ea 5 - Small Valley N o muskox p 5 1 3 1
15.03.05 A ea 5 - Small Valley N o muskox p 6 0 5 1
15.03.05 A ea 5 - Small Valley N o muskox p 9 2 5 2
15.03.05 136 2 0 2 0
15.03.05 A ea 4 – nea 46 1 1 0 0
15.03.05 A ea 4 – nea 46 2 0 1 1
15.03.05 A ea 4 – nea 65 2 0 2 0
16.03.05 A ea 6 - be ween 61-15 2 0 1 1
16.03.05 A ea 6 - be ween 61-15 4 0 4 0
16.03.05 A ea 6 - be ween 61-15 3 2 1 0
16.03.05 A ea 6 - be ween 61-15 4 2 0 2
16.03.05 A ea 6 - be ween 61-15 4 0 0 4
16.03.05 A ea 6 - be ween 61-15 4 0 1 3
16.03.05 A ea 6 - be ween 61-15 3 0 0 3
16.03.05 A ea 6 - be ween 61-15 3 1 1 1
16.03.05 A ea 6 - be ween 61-15 2 1 1 0
16.03.05 A ea 4 - Highway alley NE o Eldo ado 2 0 1 1
16.03.05 A ea 4 - Highway alley NE o Eldo ado 2 0 1 1
16.03.05 A ea 4 - Highway alley NE o Eldo ado 1 0 1 0
16.03.05 A ea 4 - Highway alley NE o Eldo ado 3 0 3 0
16.03.05 A ea 4 - Highway alley NE o Eldo ado 5 1 3 1
16.03.05 A ea 4 - Highway alley NE o Eldo ado 3 0 1 2
16.03.05 A ea 4 - Highway alley NE o Eldo ado 1 0 1 0
16.03.05 A ea 4 - Highway alley NE o Eldo ado 4 0 4 0
16.03.05 A ea 4 - Highway alley NE o Eldo ado 2 0 2 0
16.03.05 A ea 4 - Highway alley NE o Eldo ado 2 0 2 0
16.03.05 A ea 4 - Highway alley NE o Eldo ado 2 0 2 0
16.03.05 A ea 4 - Highway alley NE o Eldo ado 3 0 3 0
16.03.05 A ea 4 - Highway alley NE o Eldo ado 3 0 3 0
16.03.05 A ea 4 - Highway alley NE o Eldo ado 2 2 0 0
16.03.05 A ea 4 - Highway alley NE o Eldo ado 2 0 2 0
16.03.05 A ea 4 - Highway alley NE o Eldo ado 2 1 1 0
16.03.05 A ea 4 - Highway alley NE o Eldo ado 2 1 1 0
16.03.05 A ea 4 - Highway alley NE o Eldo ado 6 0 5 1
16.03.05 A ea 4 - Highway alley NE o Eldo ado 3 0 3 0
16.03.05 A ea 4 - Highway alley NE o Eldo ado 7 0 7 0
16.03.05 A ea 4 - Highway alley NE o Eldo ado 6 2 4 0
16.03.05 A ea 4 - Highway alley NE o Eldo ado 1 0 1 0
16.03.05 A ea 4 - Highway alley NE o Eldo ado 3 0 3 0
16.03.05 A ea 4 - Highway alley NE o Eldo ado 2 0 1 1
16.03.05 A ea 4 - Highway alley NE o Eldo ado 2 0 0 2
16.03.05 A ea 4 - Eldo ado N o middle 2 0 1 1
16.03.05 A ea 4 - Eldo ado N o middle 1 1 0 0
16.03.05 A ea 4 - Eldo ado N o middle 8 8 0 0
16.03.05 A ea 4 - Eldo ado N o middle 4 0 4 0
16.03.05 A ea 4 - Eldo ado N o middle 3 0 3 0
16.03.05 A ea 4 - Eldo ado N o middle 2 0 1 1
16.03.05 A ea 4 - Eldo ado N o middle 4 1 1 2
16.03.05 A ea 4 - Eldo ado N o middle 5 0 5 0
16.03.05 A ea 4 - Eldo ado N o middle 6 1 5 0
16.03.05 A ea 4 - Eldo ado N o middle 5 0 5 0
16.03.05 A ea 4 - Eldo ado N o middle 7 1 6 0
16.03.05 A ea 4 - Eldo ado N o middle 7 3 3 1
16.03.05 A ea 4 - Eldo ado N o middle 5 0 4 1
49
16.03.05 A ea 4 - Eldo ado N o middle 3 0 3 0
16.03.05 A ea 4 - Eldo ado N o middle 7 1 5 1
16.03.05 A ea 4 - Eldo ado N o middle 14 4 8 2
16.03.05 A ea 4 - Eldo ado N o middle 3 1 2 0
16.03.05 A ea 4 - Eldo ado N o middle 4 0 4 0
16.03.05 A ea 4 - Eldo ado N o middle 4 1 3 0
16.03.05 A ea 4 - Eldo ado N o middle 5 0 5 0
16.03.05 A ea 4 - Eldo ado N o middle 2 0 2 0
16.03.05 A ea 4 - Eldo ado N o middle 3 2 1 0
16.03.05 A ea 4 - Eldo ado N o middle 2 0 2 0
16.03.05 A ea 4 - Eldo ado N o middle 2 0 2 0
16.03.05 A ea 4 - Eldo ado N o middle 3 0 3 0
16.03.05 A ea 4 - Eldo ado N o middle 6 2 4 0
16.03.05 A ea 4 - Eldo ado N o middle 6 2 4 0
16.03.05 A ea 4 - Eldo ado N o middle 3 0 3 0
16.03.05 A ea 4 - Eldo ado N o middle 8 5 3 0
16.03.05 A ea 4 - Eldo ado N o middle 9 4 5 0
16.03.05 A ea 4 - Eldo ado N o middle 3 1 2 0
16.03.05 A ea 4 - Eldo ado N o middle 3 0 3 0
16.03.05 A ea 4 - Eldo ado N o middle 4 4 0 0
16.03.05 A ea 4 - Eldo ado N o middle 2 2 0 0
16.03.05 A ea 4 - Eldo ado N o middle 6 1 5 0
16.03.05 A ea 4 - Eldo ado N o middle 13 11 2 0
TOTALS 705 187 419 99
50
Appendix 5
Ae ial su ey 2005 Kange lussuaq-Sisimiu ca ibou, No h egion, Wes G eenland
Table 11. Raw da a ae ial su ey Kange lussuaq-Sisimiu ca ibou he d, No h egion, Ma ch 2005.
Kange lussuaq-Sisimiu obse e s: (CC) Ch is ine Cuyle , (RH) Rink Hein ich , and(HM) Hans Mølgaa d.
Numbe Ca ibou obse ed on ansec Rea Sea Ob-
se e s
Da e
ddmmyy
T ansec
numbe Densi y
S a um Le on (CC) Le ea Righ ea Le Righ
18.03.05 77 Low 6 6 6 HM RH
18.03.05 64 Low 6 8 2 HM RH
18.03.05 27 Low 0 1 0 HM RH
18.03.05 151 Low 1 0 0 HM RH
18.03.05 161 Low 10 7 2 HM RH
18.03.05 113 Low 1 1 0 HM RH
18.03.05 101 Low 12 14 0 HM RH
18.03.05 47 Low 0 0 1 RH HM
18.03.05 155 Low 0 0 26 RH HM
18.03.05 87 Low 0 0 0 RH HM
18.03.05 29 Low 3 3 0 RH HM
18.03.05 120 High 22 23 19 RH HM
18.03.05 193 High 6 7 9 RH HM
18.03.05 203 High 37 24 37 RH HM
18.03.05 143 Low 0 0 7 RH HM
18.03.05 139 High 13 13 13 RH HM
18.03.05 122 High 4 3 4 RH HM
18.03.05 202 High 3 3 13 RH HM
18.03.05 115 High 12 12 8 RH HM
18.03.05 76 High 9 12 9 RH HM
18.03.05 172 High 36 36 11 RH HM
18.03.05 211 High 6 6 2 RH HM
18.03.05 200 High 13 18 18 RH HM
19.03.05 125 Low 0 0 0 HM RH
19.03.05 32 Low 2 2 6 HM RH
19.03.05 8 Low 28 37 15 HM RH
19.03.05 61 Low 0 1 0 HM RH
19.03.05 135 Low 1 1 4 HM RH
19.03.05 5 Low 14 13 18 HM RH
19.03.05 150 Low 0 1 6 HM RH
19.03.05 158 Low 0 1 0 HM RH
19.03.05 175 High 3 3 4 RH HM
19.03.05 24 High 15 15 10 RH HM
19.03.05 10 High 17 20 23 RH HM
19.03.05 34 High 15 15 19 RH HM
19.03.05 183 High 4 4 3 RH HM
19.03.05 137 High 8 13 39 RH HM
19.03.05 36 High 15 14 9 RH HM
19.03.05 116 High 59 57 23 RH HM
19.03.05 152 High 5 5 13 RH HM
21.03.05 73 High 17 16 7 HM RH
21.03.05 9 High 7 20 22 HM RH
21.03.05 153 High 0 2 6 HM RH
21.03.05 142 High 11 11 12 HM RH
21.03.05 192 High 15 32 12 HM RH
21.03.05 106 High 15 30 14 HM RH
21.03.05 58 High 10 11 7 HM RH
21.03.05 149 High 0 9 9 HM RH
21.03.05 197 High 13 7 11 HM RH
21.03.05 189 High 8 17 0 HM RH
22.03.05 59 High 6 4 6 RH HM
22.03.05 70 High 11 11 17 RH HM
22.03.05 63 High 8 2 6 RH HM
22.03.05 154 High 8 10 23 RH HM
22.03.05 104 High 6 6 8 RH HM
22.03.05 210 High 10 7 7 RH HM
22.03.05 209 High 4 4 3 RH HM
22.03.05 65 High 10 10 24 RH HM
22.03.05 112 High 24 22 5 HM RH
22.03.05 92 High 19 17 15 HM RH
TOTAL 1284 (691 le side + 593 igh side)
51
Table 12. Random ansec s o ae ial su ey Kange lussuaq-Sisimiu ca ibou he d, No h egion, Ma ch 2005.
T ansec s a DD mm.m T ansec end DD mm.m Da e
ddmmyy
Di ec ion
lown T ansec
numbe La i ude Longi ude La i ude Longi ude
19.03.05 NE-SW 5 66º 30.3' 50º 24.5' 66º 28.9' 50º 34.0'
19.03.05 SE-NW 8 66º 44.4' 50º 20.4' 66º 46.5' 50º 29.2'
21.03.05 SW-NE 9 67º 13.0' 50º 20.4' 67º 16.4' 50º 14.4'
19.03.05 SE-NW 10 66º 59.1' 51º 12.8' 67º 01.9' 51º 20.3'
19.03.05 WSW-ENE 24 66º 56.9' 51º 19.6' 66º 55.0' 51º 28.7'
18.03.05 NE-SW 27 66º 35.0' 52º 14.4' 66º 33.1' 52º 23.3'
18.03.05 WSW-ENE 29 67º 26.8' 52º 59.0' 67º 28.5' 52º 49.3'
19.03.05 SE-NW 32 66º 51.7' 49º 56.0' 66º 55.1' 50º 01.7'
19.03.05 SW-NE 34 67º 02.3' 51º 17.5' 67º 06.2' 51º 14.3'
19.03.05 S-N 36 67º 14.2' 51º 05.3' 67º 10.5' 51º 01.3'
18.03.05 ESE-WNW 47 67º 01.5' 53º 31.1' 67º 02.4' 53º 41.2'
21.03.05 W-E 58 67º 15.3' 50º 51.3' 67º 16.9' 50º 41.8'
22.03.05 SW-NE 59 67º 17.2' 49º 59.5' 67º 20.5' 49º 53.3'
19.03.05 SE-NW 61 66º 39.4' 50º 37.2' 66º 42.1' 50º 44.8'
22.03.05 SE-NW 63 67º 39.3' 50º 11.7' 67º 41.5' 50º 20.7'
18.03.05 NW-SE 64 66º 36.6' 51º 53.9' 66º 36.6' 51º 43.7'
22.03.05 NE-SW 65 67º 33.1' 51º 36.5' 67º 36.5' 51º 30.4'
22.03.05 SE-NW 70 67º 21.9' 50º 09.6' 67º 24.9' 50º 16.6'
21.03.05 WNW-ESE 73 67º 09.9' 50º 25.6' 67º 09.2' 50º 15.4'
18.03.05 W-E 76 * 67º 30.7' 51º 52.5' 67º 34.1' 51º 47.2'
18.03.05 SW-NE 77 66º 47.1' 51º 52.8' 66º 43.7' 51º 58.3'
18.03.05 S-N 87 67º 18.8' 53º 01.6' 67º 22.6' 53º 05.2'
22.03.05 NE-SW 92 67º 29.2' 51º 14.7' 67º 26.8' 51º 23.2'
18.03.05 SSE-NNW 101 66º 21.0' 53º 26.8' 66º 24.6' 53º 31.4'
22.03.05 SE-NW 104 67º 40.9' 50º 45.4' 67º 42.6' 50º 55.0'
21.03.05 NE-SW 106 67º 22.4' 50º 42.1' 67º 18.6' 50º 46.3'
22.03.05 S-N 112 67º 27.4' 51º 06.0' 67º 31.4' 51º 08.2'
18.03.05 SE-NW 113 66º 33.7' 53º 08.1' 66º 36.6' 53º 15.1'
18.03.05 NW-SE 115 67º 35.1' 51º 47.6' 67º 38.0' 51º 55.0'
19.03.05 SW-NE 116 67º 04.4' 50º 44.9' 67º 08.2' 50º 41.7'
18.03.05 SSE-NNW 120 67º 27.1' 52º 33.1' 67º 30.9' 52º 36.6'
18.03.05 SSE-NNW 122 67º 26.2' 52º 09.4' 67º 22.8' 52º 03.8'
19.03.05 E-W 125 66º 56.3' 50º 35.8' 66º 55.9' 50º 25.5'
19.03.05 S-N 135 66º 34.5' 50º 32.9' 66º 38.5' 50º 34.3'
19.03.05 SW-NE 137 67º 13.2' 51º 15.0' 67º 17.1' 51º 12.5'
18.03.05 SSE-NNW 139 67º 23.2' 52º 20.7' 67º 19.9' 52º 14.9'
21.03.05 NW-SE 142 67º 18.6' 50º 10.2' 67º 21.5' 50º 17.4'
21.03.05 SSE-NNW 143 67º 20.4' 52º 38.9' 67º 17.0' 52º 33.2'
21.03.05 E-W 149 67º 17.7' 51º 02.7' 67º 17.7' 50º 52.2'
19.03.05 E-W 150 66º 30.9' 50º 49.8' 66º 31.0' 50º 59.9'
18.03.05 SSW-NNE 151 66º 38.6' 52º 34.9' 66º 42.5' 52º 31.9'
19.03.05 WSW-ENE 152 ** 67º 04.3' 50º 41.5' 67º 06.2' 50º 32.3'
21.03.05 SW-NE 153 67º 13.2' 50º 33.2' 67º 16.8' 50º 28.2'
22.03.05 S-N 154 67º 41.9' 50º 32.8' 67º 45.8' 50º 35.2'
18.03.05 WSW-ENE 155 67º 22.9' 53º 37.2' 67º 24.8' 53º 27.9'
19.03.05 SW-NE 158 66º 34.4' 51º 26.5' 66º 37.8' 51º 21.0'
18.03.05 SSW-NNE 161 66º 36.5' 52º 56.1' 66º 40.3' 52º 52.3'
18.03.05 NW-SE 172 67º 30.5' 51º 43.6' 67º 28.7' 51º 34.1'
19.03.05 WSW-ENE 175 66º 48.3' 51º 44.0' 66º 49.6' 51º 34.3'
19.03.05 W-E 183 *** 67º 01.1' 51º 08.6' 67º 02.2' 50º 58.6'
21.03.05 NW-SE 189 67º 25.4' 50º 49.5' 67º 27.2' 50º 58.9'
21.03.05 SE-NW 192 67º 21.4' 50º 30.8' 67º 25.5' 50º 34.3'
18.03.05 SW-NE 193 67º 32.3' 52º 27.0' 67º 34.7' 52º 18.5'
21.03.05 SE-NW 197 67º 21.8' 50º 51.6' 67º 24.3' 50º 59.8'
18.03.05 NW-SE 200 67º 04.9' 51º 22.7' 67º 06.4' 51º 32.4'
18.03.05 SE-NW 202 67º 35.5' 52º 00.8' 67º 32.4' 51º 54.0'
18.03.05 SW-NE 203 67º 31.2' 52º 22.1' 67º 27.3' 52º 24.4'
22.03.05 SW-NE 209 67º 34.6' 51º 22.8' 67º 37.9' 51º 16.4'
22.03.05 NNE-SSW 210 67º 34.3' 51º 11.7' 67º 38.3' 51º 10.7'
18.03.05 NW-SE 211 67º 11.6' 51º 30.9' 67º 14.2' 51º 38.9'
* T ansec 76 – he o iginal 2000 end poin , 67º 32.4'N / 51º 49.9'W made ansec oo sho he e o e co ec ed in 2005.
** T ansec 152 – Pilo e o in 2005 on key-in o ansec end poin s, caused his end poin o ac ually be 66º 37.1’N; 50º 33.5’W.
*** T ansec 183 – Typo e o in da a shee om 2000 made ansec oo sho . Was 50º 08.6' in able, he e co ec ed o 51º 08.6'.
52
Table 13. Raw da a ae ial su ey he d s uc u e Kange lussuaq-Sisimiu ca ibou he d, No h egion, Ma ch
2005.
Da e
ddmmyy T ansec numbe / A ea Flown G oup
Size Males
(Age > 1 yea ) Females
(Age > 1 yea ) Cal es
(Age < 1 yea )
18.03.05 29 3 0 3 0
18.03.05 203 2 0 1 1
18.03.05 203 2 0 1 1
18.03.05 203 3 1 2 0
18.03.05 203 6 2 2 2
18.03.05 203 2 0 1 1
18.03.05 203 6 3 3 0
18.03.05 143 2 0 0 2
18.03.05 139 2 0 1 1
18.03.05 122 1 0 0 1
18.03.05 122 3 0 0 3
18.03.05 203 5 5 0 0
18.03.05 203 3 3 0 0
18.03.05 203 2 0 1 1
18.03.05 203 4 1 2 1
18.03.05 203 4 1 3 0
18.03.05 203 2 2 0 0
18.03.05 203 8 4 4 0
18.03.05 203 3 0 1 2
18.03.05 203 6 0 3 3
18.03.05 203 4 1 3 0
18.03.05 203 13 1 8 4
18.03.05 203 12 2 8 2
18.03.05 203 4 0 2 2
18.03.05 203 5 0 5 0
18.03.05 203 6 0 4 2
18.03.05 202 2 0 2 0
18.03.05 172 1 1 0 0
18.03.05 172 2 0 1 1
18.03.05 172 3 0 3 0
18.03.05 172 9 1 7 1
18.03.05 172 2 0 2 0
18.03.05 172 6 0 6 0
18.03.05 172 17 6 10 1
18.03.05 172 3 0 2 1
18.03.05 211 2 0 2 0
18.03.05 200 2 0 2 0
18.03.05 200 4 0 2 2
19.03.05 32 1 1 0 0
19.03.05 32 1 1 0 0
19.03.05 8 3 0 3 0
19.03.05 8 2 0 2 0
19.03.05 8 2 0 2 0
19.03.05 8 4 2 2 0
19.03.05 8 1 0 1 0
19.03.05 8 2 0 2 0
19.03.05 8 1 1 0 0
19.03.05 8 8 2 6 0
19.03.05 8 8 1 7 0
19.03.05 8 3 0 3 0
19.03.05 8 3 0 3 0
19.03.05 8 4 0 4 0
19.03.05 24 2 0 1 1
19.03.05 24 2 2 0 0
19.03.05 24 4 0 2 2
19.03.05 34 4 1 3 0
19.03.05 34 4 0 3 1
19.03.05 34 5 1 4 0
19.03.05 34 2 0 1 1
19.03.05 34 4 2 1 1
53
19.03.05 137 17 3 11 3
19.03.05 137 11 6 5 0
19.03.05 137 5 3 2 0
19.03.05 137 7 3 4 0
19.03.05 137 2 0 1 1
19.03.05 137 7 6 1 0
19.03.05 137 5 2 1 2
19.03.05 137 5 3 2 0
19.03.05 137 4 2 2 0
19.03.05 137 4 1 3 0
19.03.05 137 1 0 1 0
19.03.05 137 2 0 2 0
19.03.05 137 4 1 3 0
19.03.05 137 11 2 7 2
19.03.05 137 4 2 2 0
19.03.05 36 2 0 2 0
19.03.05 36 3 1 2 0
19.03.05 116 3 0 1 2
19.03.05 116 5 0 5 0
19.03.05 116 8 1 7 0
19.03.05 116 9 0 9 0
19.03.05 116 14 1 13 0
19.03.05 116 14 0 14 0
19.03.05 116 7 0 7 0
19.03.05 116 4 1 3 0
19.03.05 116 4 0 4 0
19.03.05 116 9 3 6 0
21.03.05 73 3 0 3 0
21.03.05 73 5 1 4 0
21.03.05 9 4 1 3 0
21.03.05 192 6 0 5 1
21.03.05 106 6 0 6 0
21.03.05 58 1 1 0 0
21.03.05 197 3 0 3 0
21.03.05 197 2 1 1 0
21.03.05 189 1 0 0 1
21.03.05 153 8 1 7 0
21.03.05 115 4 1 3 0
21.03.05 115 6 0 6 0
21.03.05 115 16 0 16 0
21.03.05 115 3 0 3 0
21.03.05 115 3 0 3 0
21.03.05 115 12 2 10 0
21.03.05 115 4 0 4 0
21.03.05 115 2 0 1 1
21.03.05 115 13 2 11 0
21.03.05 115 13 3 10 0
21.03.05 115 5 2 1 2
22.03.05 59 3 0 3 0
22.03.05 70 4 0 4 0
22.03.05 70 3 0 3 0
22.03.05 154 4 0 4 0
22.03.05 154 2 0 1 1
22.03.05 154 1 0 0 1
22.03.05 154 2 0 2 0
22.03.05 104 2 0 0 2
22.03.05 210 5 5 0 0
22.03.05 209 2 2 0 0
22.03.05 209 2 0 2 0
22.03.05 209 3 1 2 0
22.03.05 65 6 0 4 2
22.03.05 112 5 0 5 0
22.03.05 112 2 2 0 0
22.03.05 92 5 0 4 1
54
22.03.05 92 16 1 15 0
22.03.05 92 4 0 4 0
22.03.05 92 3 0 0 3
22.03.05 92 5 0 5 0
22.03.05 92 2 0 2 0
22.03.05 92 2 0 2 0
22.03.05 92 7 0 7 0
22.03.05 92 3 0 3 0
22.03.05 92 2 0 0 2
22.03.05 112 6 1 5 0
22.03.05 112 5 1 4 0
22.03.05 112 5 5 0 0
22.03.05 112 5 1 4 0
22.03.05 112 7 1 6 0
22.03.05 112 2 0 1 1
22.03.05 112 5 0 4 1
22.03.05 112 2 0 2 0
22.03.05 112 7 1 4 2
22.03.05 112 6 0 6 0
22.03.05 112 8 4 4 0
22.03.05 112 6 0 5 1
22.03.05 112 3 1 2 0
22.03.05 112 6 2 4 0
22.03.05 112 2 2 0 0
22.03.05 Be ween ansec s 92 and 137+197 7 2 5 0
22.03.05 Be ween ansec s 92 and 137+197 4 4 0 0
22.03.05 S o Iso oq Ri e ; WNW o line 116 2 0 1 1
22.03.05 S o Iso oq Ri e ; WNW o line 116 5 2 3 0
22.03.05 S o Iso oq Ri e ; WNW o line 116 3 2 1 0
22.03.05 W20 (G id Cell) 7 0 1 6
22.03.05 W20 (G id Cell) 2 2 0 0
22.03.05 S19 (G id Cell) 4 3 0 1
22.03.05 P21 (G id Cell) 1 1 0 0
22.03.05 P21 (G id Cell) 2 2 0 0
22.03.05 P21 (G id Cell) 3 3 0 0
22.03.05 P21 (G id Cell) 2 2 0 0
22.03.05 K20 (G id Cell) 6 6 0 0
TOTALS 745 163 501 81
55
Appendix 6
Recommenda ions o u u e
Ae ial su ey me hods & design
To ensu e ha ca ibou can be spo ed, he me hods desc ibed in his epo should
be used in u u e ae ial su eys. Fu he , i inancially possible mo e ansec s a e
ecommended in he low-densi y s a a, as hese would educe a iance.
Sigh ing ca ibou
Al hough seldom signi ican (P < 0.05), ewe ca ibou we e always obse ed on he
igh side o he helicop e , whe e only one obse e was p esen ela i e o he le
side o he helicop e , whe e wo obse e s independen ly coun ed animals (Table
14). We sugges ha a subconscience elemen o compe i ion exis ed be ween he
wo le side obse e s, since hei esul s will be compa ed agains each o he . This
sha pened hei concen a ion and mo e ca ibou p esen on he ansec we e
spo ed. Compe i ion, eal o imagina y, may be a me hod o u he educe he
numbe o missed ca ibou on a su ey.
Since we we e in e es ed in which obse e saw mo e ca ibou and no how much
mo e hey saw, binomial non-pa ame ic es s we e used o es o his possible
“compe i ion” e ec be ween obse e s. We es ed he accumula i e sum o ca ibou
sigh ed on he le and igh side o he helicop e using all da a om he 2001 and
2005 su eys. Fi s we es ed he wo obse e s on he le side agains each o he ,
secondly he le and igh ea sea obse e s we e compa ed. Be ween le side
obse e s he di e ence in spo ed ca ibou was no signi ican (P = 0.84). Howe e ,
he di e ence be ween le and igh ea sea obse e s was signi ican (P = 0.02).
This esul suppo s ou hypo hesis ha mo e ca ibou a e spo ed when wo
obse e s simul aneaously, ye independen ly, scan he ansec s ip o animals.
The e o e we ecommend wo obse e s on bo h sides o he helicop e o u u e
su eys. This is di icul bu no impossible wi h he AS350 helicop e . The second
obse e o he igh ea side could ake he middle sea be ween ansec s and
mo e o a c amped c ouch o ac ual ansec s. Flying ime on a ansec is six o nine
minu es, which is no oo long a pe iod o main ain an awkwa d posi ion. I
obse e s ook u ns being second obse e on he igh ea side, han no one
pe son su e ed o long pe iods. Al e na i ely a la ge helicop e wi h oom o
h ee obse e s le side and wo on he igh migh be used. Gi en ha a co ec ion
ac o is al eady applied o he esul s ob ained by h ee obse e s, i may be a gued
56
ha a ou h obse e o bigge helicop e may no he imp o e he accu acy o he
inal es ima e enough o jus i y he inc eased expense.
A ea (km2) calcula ion
A eas gi en in his epo a e “ la ”, and do no e lec he opog aphical complici y
o he egions o he andom ansec s lown. I a GIS ele a ion model could be
c ea ed o he egions / ansec s, hen his would inc ease he accu acy o he
es ima ed ca ibou densi ies.
Table 14. Summa y o ca ibou obse ed on he le and igh side o he helicop e .
Ca ibou popula ion su eyed Numbe ca ibou ob-
se ed
Le Side
Numbe ca ibou ob-
se ed
Righ Side
Signi icance4
P(T ≤ ) 2- ail
Ma ch 2000 Su ey1&2
Kange lussuaq-Sisimiu 619 386
P = 0.001
Ne ia 201 131
P = 0.083
Ma ch 2001 Su ey3
Akia-Manii soq 335 296
P = 0.576
Ame alik 343 289
P = 0.417
Qeqe a sua siaa 68 28 P = 0.103
Ma ch 2005 Su ey4
Akia-Manii soq 336 218 P = 0.101
Kange lussuaq-Sisimiu 691 593 P = 0.223
TOTAL 2593 1941 P = 0.011
1 Cuyle e al 2002; 2 Cuyle e al 2004; 3 Cuyle e al 2003; 4 -Tes pai ed wo sample o means.
Logis ics Tips
• Re ueling is no always possible be ween 09:00 and 17:00, Monday o F iday,
speci ically a Sisimiu ai po , which can close ea ly, e.g. 14:00, and possibly
also a Manii soq. Telephone on he speci ic day o ob ain upda e on whe he
e ueling is possible and when.
• Re ueling in Kapisilli o Qeqe a sua siaa (Fiskenæsse ) is only possible i
uel ba els a e al eady he e, and pilo has pumping gea onboa d. Re ueling
may ake up o wo hou s i condi ions a e ad e se.
• All ai po s a e closed o Sundays and holidays, unless you p ojec is
willing o pay o keep hem open.
• Helicop e pilo s a e p ohibi ed om lying mo e han 7 hou s pe day. Sa e y
conside a ions would sugges ha less han 7 hou s is be e when lying he
low slow ansec s used in he ca ibou su eys.
57
• B ing o ally non-sc a ch clo hs, which a e app o ed by Ai G eenland
Helicop e Cha e depa men o wipe condensa ion o he inside o he
helicop e ’s on window.
• Book he ime pe iod o helicop e use well in ad ance (minimum wo
mon hs) and check as o whe he Ai G eenland has o he plans o hei
helicop e o pilo du ing he ime pe iod o he in ended su ey. One yea ,
Ai G eenland neglec ed o in o m us ha hei pilo was obliged o
pa icipa e in an Ai G eenland pilo s aining cou se. This in e up ed he
su ey when wea he was op imal.
• Make su e he helicop e has a SATELLITE TELEPHONE. Fo sa e y easons
helicop e pilo s mus call-in by adio o Ai G eenland e e y hal -hou and
gi e hei posi ion. Since adio con ac is impossible a he 15 m ligh
al i udes used du ing he su ey. The pilo mus d op wha he’s doing and
gain al i ude un il con ac is made. This causes delays and can esul in
was ed ime, i.e. ex a expense, o he su eys. Wi h a sa elli e elephone he
pilo can make con ac wi h Ai G eenland ega dless o whe e we a e in he
e ain.
• S a and end GPS poin s keyed-in by he pilo should always be checked
p io o akeo .
• Check om helicop e GPS ha all ansec s en e ed ha e leng h 7.5 km.
• Check ha all ansec s a e ac ually in helicop e GPS. The numbe o da a
poin s may exceed memo y o helicop e GPS, which caused all he i s
ansec s en e ed o be e ased in 2005.
• Check pilo ’s p in -ou o ansec poin s wi h you own, and pick ou
disc epancies p io o ake-o .
• Always ca y you o iginal p in -ou o ansec s a and end poin s wi h you
in helicop e o consul a ion in case he abo e s ill does no ca ch all human
e o s.
64
Rink Hein ich & Johannes Egede - NUUK 04/04-2005 (in G eenlandic)
Tu unik kisi sineq. Akia – Akia No d.
Ulloq 14/3-2005 16/3-2005 ilanngullugu u unik kisi sisoqa poq. NAPP-mi
ukuullu a peqa aa ugu . Rink Hein ich Johannes Egede (u i) a annamu
Nuummii Manii soq ikillugu.
Tassani maluginia pa pu A na ia passuaqa oq Angu i issallu
ikinne ungaa siaqisu .
Sio na igu usa akka u umimmaa nuup kange luani akuneqa a simasu
aku iup eqqaalu aqqusaa simagalua lugu aku iginagillu.
Ulluni aakkunani kisi sini inni suleqa igiillua lu a pisima a pu silagissuup
a aani.
Nuup kuja aa ungaa eqqaalaa usullugu ukiuune ani u unik akussaasuinne a
maluginia simagakku
E seqqinne usumillu oqaa igisinnaanagu amanna aa saa aappaagumu
pineqassaguna ma .
Tu unik kisi sineq. Kange lussuaq + Nassu ooq
Ulloq 18/3-2005 mii . 22/03-2005 ilanngullugu.Tu unik kisi sineq.
Ukuullu a peqa aallu a Rink Hein ich. Hans Mølgaa d, aa ani pinia ne mu
nakku illiisoq.
Maluginiakka a ilagaa kange lussuup eqqaa u unissimaqisoq kisi sine mi
siulle mu sanilliullugu
Maluginiakka alu ilagaa nuna ujussuaq qanoq ummaa ineqa igisimasoq
ama luinnangajammi a qusinne luni .
Maluginiakkamalu aamma ilagaa Tu u Umimmaallu imminnu
ako nu eqanngi sumik nunaqqa igiissinnaasu paasillugu, naak sio na igu
usa akkagu u u umimmaallu imminnu sape u kisiannili aamaannani.
Ulluni aakkunani assu aaq suleqa igillua lu a kisi sineq inge lassima a pu ,
assullu uanga nammineq paasisaqa lua lunga.
Uangalu immikku Ch is inimu quja usuppunga suleqa igiillua ni sinnu ulluni
aakkunani.
Immikku eqqaasaqalaa usuppunga kange lussuup nuna aa pillugu.
Tu u Umimmaallu ne inia ii aso o luinnassanngippa a immikku
ina sisilio nikku iliuuseqa oqa a iaqa poq.
Inuss. inuull. Rink Hein ich
Appendix 9
T ansec snow co e and isibili y condi ions
Pho og aphs aken du ing he helicop e su ey, Ma ch 2005
A) Cen al egion, 14-16 Ma ch 2005
High-densi y s a um, om seacoas o Ice Cap
Figu e 12. The sou he n po ion o Akia (No dlande ), looking om Godhåbs jo d ac oss Akia o he
Da is S ai . Snow condi ions ypical o ansec s 77, 97, 17 and 39. Pho o by: C. Cuyle .
Figu e 13. Akia, ac oss om Nuuk, a closeup o he Kanasu uplands. Pho o by: C. Cuyle .
1
Cen al egion: High-densi y s a um, om seacoas o Ice Cap
Figu e 14. Akia, looking wes -no hwes om Kanasu . Pho o by: C. Cuyle .
Figu e 15. Akia, looking wes -no hwes a oss he Sâ dlup ase ssua Lake. Snow condi ions ypical
o ansec 68. Pho o by: C. Cuyle .
2
Cen al egion: High-densi y s a um, om seacoas o Ice Cap
Figu e 16. Akia, looking no h in o highlands. Pho o by: C. Cuyle .
Figu e 17. Akia, wes side o Quagssûp ase ssua Lake, looking no h o Usuk lake. Snow condi ions
ypical o ansec 227 and 18. Pho o by: C. Cuyle .
3
Cen al egion: High-densi y s a um, om seacoas o Ice Cap
Figu e 18. Akia, on he eas side o he sou he n ip o Quagssûp ase ssua Lake, 104 ca ibou we e
p esen in he o eg ound la lands. Pho o by: C. Cuyle .
Figu e 19. T ansec 56 a he no h-no hwes end looking wes a unnamed lake. Pho o by: C.
Cuyle .
4
Cen al egion: High-densi y s a um, om seacoas o Ice Cap
Figu e 20. Looking eas -no heas in o Eldo ado Valley No. 2, wi h Tugdlup âp asia lake c ossing
he o eg ound. Snow condi ions ypical o ansec 46. Pho o by: C. Cuyle .
Figu e 21. T ansec 65 a ea jus eas o Eldo ado Valley No. 2. Pho o by: C. Cuyle .
5
Cen al egion: High-densi y s a um, om seacoas o Ice Cap
Figu e 22. A ea o he no h o Na ssa ssuaq Valley nea ansec s 193 and 36. Pho o by: C. Cuyle .
Figu e 23. Na ssa ssuaq Valley, sou heas end o ansec 8, looking no h. Pho o by: C. Cuyle .
6
Cen al egion: High-densi y s a um, om seacoas o Ice Cap
Figu e 24. Na ssa ssuaq Valley, sou heas end o ansec 21, looking wes -no hwes . Pho o by: C.
Cuyle .
Figu e 25. T ansec 108 a no heas end o Ilulialik Fjo d. Pho o by: C. Cuyle .
7
Cen al egion: High-densi y s a um, om seacoas o Ice Cap
Figu e 26. Ilulialik Fjo d, looking sou h ou he jo d owa ds Bi d Moun ain. Pho o by: C. Cuyle .
Figu e 27. Ilulialik Fjo d, i e alley on he eas side. Pho o by: C. Cuyle .
8
Cen al egion: High-densi y s a um, om seacoas o Ice Cap
Figu e 28. Highlands nea he Ice Cap in he a ea o ansec 166. Pho o by: C. Cuyle .
Figu e 29. Highlands nea he Ice Cap a ansec 64. Pho o by: C. Cuyle .
9
No h egion: Low-densi y s a um, om seacoas o Ice Cap
Figu e 42. T ansec 161 beginning a sou hwes end on lake. Pho o by: C. Cuyle .
Figu e 43. T ansec 151 beginning a sou hwes end, e idence o eeding c a e s. Pho o by: C. Cuyle .
16
No h egion: Low-densi y s a um, om seacoas o Ice Cap
Figu e 44. T ansec 155 looking no heas ; snow co e ypical o he seacoas a eas nea No d e
S øm jo d. Pho o by: C. Cuyle .
Figu e 45. T ansec 29 a he wes -sou hwes end; snow co e ypical o he moun ain a eas nea
No d e S øm jo d. Pho o by: C. Cuyle .
17
No h egion: Low-densi y s a um, om seacoas o Ice Cap
Figu e 46. T ansec 27, s a in no heas on le and sou hwes inish on igh . Snow co e changed
d ama ically along he a ied ele a ion g adien o many ansec s. Pho o by: C. Cuyle .
Figu e 47. T ansec 77, no h o Sønd e S øm jo d and midway be ween seacoas and Ice Cap, had
li le emaining snow co e . Pho o by: C. Cuyle .
18
No h egion: Low-densi y s a um, om seacoas o Ice Cap
Figu e 48. T ansec 64, sou h o Sønd e S øm jo d and midway be ween seacoas and Ice Cap. Pho o
by: C. Cuyle .
Figu e 49. Gene al lack o snow co e in he a ea sou hwes o ansec 158. Pho o by: C. Cuyle .
19
No h egion: Low-densi y s a um, om seacoas o Ice Cap
Figu e 50. T ansec 61, a ea jus sou h o he la ge Tase ssuaq Lake, iew o he eas side o he Qan-
ga ap kua Ri e Valley looking no hwes owa ds he lake. Pho o by: C. Cuyle .
Figu e 51. T ansec 125 nea he Ice Cap: aken while lying he ansec in an eas o wes di ec ion,
looking sou h. Pho o by: C. Cuyle .
20
No h egion: Low-densi y s a um, om seacoas o Ice Cap
Figu e 52. No snow close o he Ice Cap and nea ansec 125, looking no h wi h Angmalo oq Lake
in he o eg ound. Pho o by: C. Cuyle .
Figu e 53. A ea nex o he Ice Cap (no shown bu on immedia e igh ), a he poin o highes ele a-
ion on ansec 32 looking no hwes o Ø kandalen Valley. Pho o by: C. Cuyle .
21
No h egion: High-densi y s a um, inland and o Ice Cap (be o e snow all)
Figu e 54. No h sho e o Kange lussuaq Fjo d, looking wes owa ds Ami so ssuaq Lake, and ap-
p oaching gene al a ea nea he wes e n end o ansec 24. Pho o by: C. Cuyle .
Figu e 55. T ansec 24 nea he sou hwes end. Pho o by: C. Cuyle .
22
No h egion: High-densi y s a um, inland and o Ice Cap (be o e snow all)
Figu e 56. Gene al a ea o he no h o ansec 183 looking eas ( a end o u hes lake cen e is has
DeHa iland ai plane w eck). Pho o by: C. Cuyle .
Figu e 57. App oaching he wes -sou hwes end o ansec 152, looking eas wi h Sanningassoq Lake
in he dis ance. Pho o by: C. Cuyle .
23
No h egion: High-densi y s a um, inland and o Ice Cap (be o e snow all)
Figu e 58. Flying ansec 16 looking no hwes . Pho o by: C. Cuyle .
Figu e 59. T ansec 193 in he no he n po ion o he high-densi y s a um, looking o he no hwes
om he sou hwes end o he ansec . Pho o by: C. Cuyle .
24
No h egion: High-densi y s a um, inland and o Ice Cap (a e snow all)
Figu e 60. A ea be ween he Iso oq Ri e and Kange lussuaq ai po , speci ically wes o ansec
116 looking no h-no hwes a e he ligh snow all. The sal and peppe backg ound made spo ing
ca ibou di icul . Pho o by: C. Cuyle .
Figu e 61. A ea be ween he Iso oq Ri e and Kange lussuaq ai po , speci ically jus no h o
Langsøe ne. Sal and peppe backg ound made ca ibou coun ing di icul . Pho o by: C. Cuyle .
25
No h egion: High-densi y s a um, inland and o Ice Cap (poo condi ions)
Figu e 74. Nagssug ûp Nunâ a ea, lying ansec 209, illus a ing il e ed ligh ing and sal & pep-
pe backg ound. Pho o by: C. Cuyle .
Figu e 75. Nagssug ûp Nunâ a ea, illus a ing ypical condi ions o og, poo ligh ing and sal &
peppe backg ound. Pho o by: C. Cuyle .
32
No h egion: High-densi y s a um, inland and o Ice Cap (poo condi ions)
Figu e 76. Nagssug ûp Nunâ a ea, lying ansec 189 om no hwes o sou hes . Ca ibou we e well
camou laged agains he da k sal & peppe backg ound. Pho o by: C. Cuyle .
Figu e 77. Nagssug ûp Nunâ a ea, lying ansec 189 no hwes o sou heas . Pho o by: C. Cuyle .
33
No h egion: High-densi y s a um, inland and o Ice Cap (poo condi ions)
Figu e 78. Nagssug ûp Nunâ a ea, ansec 197 a he no hwes end, looking no hwes . Ca ibou
we e well camou laged agains he sal & peppe backg ound. Pho o by: C. Cuyle .
Figu e 79. Nagssug ûp Nunâ a eas nea he Ice Cap while lying ansec 59, looking no hwes . In
he poo ligh , he ca ibou we e camou laged in he sal & peppe backg ound. Pho o by: C. Cuyle .
34
No h egion: High-densi y s a um, inland and o Ice Cap (poo condi ions)
Figu e 80. Eqalungmiu Nunâ a ea, looking no hwes a no h sho e o he Kuuk Ri e a Igssui .
Pho o by: C. Cuyle .
Figu e 81. Eqalungmiu Nunâ a ea, looking wes a he no heas end o Eqalungmiu Lake. Pho o
by: C. Cuyle .
35
No h egion: High-densi y s a um, inland and o Ice Cap (poo condi ions)
Figu e 82. Eqalungmiu Nunâ , a ea no heas o Eqalungmiu Lake. Ca ibou we e well camou laged
agains he sal & peppe backg ound. Pho o by: C. Cuyle .
Figu e 83. Eqalungmiu Nunâ a he sou heas end o ansec 63. Ca ibou we e well camou laged
agains he sal & peppe backg ound a ea. Pho o by: C. Cuyle .
36
No h egion: High-densi y s a um, inland and o Ice Cap (poo condi ions)
Figu e 84. Eqalungmiu Nunâ , sou h sho e o he Qo dlo oq Ri e , which was jus sou h o ansec
154. Ca ibou hid well in he sal & peppe backg ound. Pho o by: C. Cuyle .
Figu e 83. Eqalungmiu Nunâ a ansec 154, illus a ing poo su ey condi ions in he no he n po ion o
he high-densi y s a um. Pho o by: C. Cuyle
37
Appendix 10
Ca ibou ails in he No h egion
Ex ensi e ail ne wo ks, e oding and ampling in he high-densi y
s a um be ween he Iso oq Ri e and he Kange lussuaq ai po . Pho-
og aphs aken ollowing a ligh snow all, 21 Ma ch 2005.
Figu e 84. E osion ails c ea ed by ca ibou. The ails gene ally un on an eas -wes o ien a ion.
Pho o by: C. Cuyle .
38
Figu e 85. E osion ail ne wo ks c ea ed by ca ibou. The ails un eas -wes . Pho o by: C. Cuyle .
39
Figu e 86. Th ee pho os in se ies illus a ing a ypical ne wo k o ca ibou e osion ails co e ing an ex ensi e
a ea. Pho os by: C. Cuyle .
40
Appendix 11
Loess s o ms nea he Ice Cap in he No h egion
Pho og aphs we e aken du ing he helicop e su ey 18-22 Ma ch 2005
Figu e 87. Loess s o m blowing down om he Ice Cap and h ough he Iso oq Ri e alley. Pho o
by: C. Cuyle .
Figu e 88. Loess s o m caused by s ong winds blowing down om he Ice Cap and h ough he
Sand lug and Ø kandalen alleys. Pho o by: C. Cuyle .
41
