The Northern Common Eider: Status, Problems, Solutions. Report of an International Workshop held at the Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, Nuuk, 15–17 February 2005. Technical Report No. 64

The No he n Common Eide :
Repo o a Wo kshop
Technical epo no. 64, 2006
Pinngo i ale i ik, G eenland Ins i u e o Na u al Resou ces
ii
Ti le
The No he n Common Eide : S a us, P oblems, Solu ions.
Repo o an In e na ional Wo kshop held a he G eenland
Ins i u e o Na u al Resou ces, Nuuk, 15–17 Feb ua y 2005
Edi o
Michael C.S. Kingsley
Se ial Ti le and
Numbe
Technical Repo 64
Publishe
G eenland Ins i u e o Na u al Resou ces, Nuuk, G eenland
Da e o Publica ion
Decembe 2006
Edi ing concluded
June 2006
Financial Suppo
DANCEA, Danish Coope a ion o En i onmen in he A c ic,
Minis y o he En i onmen , S andgade 29, Copenhagen K,
Denma k;
Canadian Wildli e Se ice, Depa men o he En i onmen ,
351 S Joseph Bl d, Ga ineau, Quebec, Canada.
Co e Pho og aph
Emma K is ensen
ISBN
87-91214-23-8
ISSN
1397-3657
Ci ed As
Kingsley, M.C.S. (edi o ), 2006. The No he n Common Eide :
s a us, p oblems, solu ions; epo o an in e na ional
wo kshop held a he G eenland Ins i u e o Na u al Resou ces,
Nuuk, 15–17 Feb ua y 2005. G eenland Ins i u e o Na u al
Resou ces, Nuuk, G eenland. x + 53 pp.
A ailable om
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Con ac Add ess
Pinngo i ale i ik, G eenland Ins i u e o Na u al Resou ces
P.O. Box 570, 3900 Nuuk, G eenland
Phone: +299 36 1200; Fax: +299 36 1212
E-mail: in o@na u .gl
www.na u .gl
iii
i
The No he n Common Eide :
S a us, P oblems, Solu ions
Repo o an In e na ional
Wo kshop held a he
G eenland Ins i u e o
Na u al Resou ces, Nuuk
15–17 Feb ua y 2005
edi ed by
Michael C.S. Kingsley
Technical epo no. 64, 2006
Pinngo i ale i ik, G eenland Ins i u e o Na u al Resou ces
Con en s
Summa y ............................................................................................................................................. ii
Imaqa niliaq ..................................................................................................................................... iii
In oduc ion .......................................................................................................................................... 1
Summa ies o Scien i ic P esen a ions:
Sa a d, Gilch is ; Conse a ion: ................................................................................................. 3
Hein ich; Impo ance o No he n Residen s in G eenland: .................................................. 4
Me kel, Mosbech, Sonne, Gilch is ; S a us in G eenland: ....................................................... 4
Gilch is , Robe son, Mallo y; Popula ion S a us in he eas e n Canadian A c ic: .............. 5
Nyeland; Ha es in G eenland, and E ec o New Legisla ion: ........................................... 6
Gilliland; Recen T ends in Conse a ion in New oundland: ................................................ 7
Beda d, Mu doch, Mu doch, Sa a d; Down Ha es ing: ....................................................... 8
Me kel; Impac o Hun ing and Gillne Fishe y on Win e ing Eide s in Nuuk: .................. 9
Falk, Me kel, Kampp, Jamieson; E ec s o Hun ing wi h Lead Sho in G eenland: ........... 9
Johansen, Pe e sen, Asmund, Rige ; Lead Sho om Hun ing as a Sou ce o Lead in
Human Blood: ....................................................................................................................... 10
Ch is iansen; Hun ing in Denma k: ......................................................................................... 11
Mosbech; En i onmen al P o ec ion: ....................................................................................... 11
Gilliland; Regula ions and P o ec ion in Canada and New oundland: .............................. 12
Thaulow; Managemen Measu es in G eenland: ................................................................... 13
Me kel; Recen Resea ch in G eenland: ................................................................................... 14
Mallo y, Gilch is , Robe son; Recen Resea ch in he Eas e n Canadian A c ic: .............. 15
Con ibu ions by he Hun e s‘ Associa ions in G eenland:
Hein ich, N., on behal o KNAPK: .......................................................................................... 17
Mølgaa d, K., on behal o KNAPK: ......................................................................................... 19
Pe e sen, J., on behal o KNAPK: ............................................................................................. 20
Pe e sen, O., on behal o KNAPK: ........................................................................................... 21
Schmid , J., on behal o TPAK: ................................................................................................. 22
Summa ies o Discussions:
Numbe s, Popula ion S a us, Popula ion T ends: .................................................................. 25
Hun ing, Egg- and Down-Collec ing, and o he Exploi a ion: ............................................. 25
Haza ds and Mo ali ies:
C ippling ................................................................................................................................ 26
Byca ch ................................................................................................................................... 26
Ships‘ Ligh s and Collisions ................................................................................................ 27
P eda ion ................................................................................................................................ 28
O he haza ds—oil spills, con aminan s, pa asi es, diseases ......................................... 28
P io i ies o S udy and Ac ion: ....................................................................................................... 30
Appendices:
I: Ac ion Plan o he No he n Common Eide .................................................................... 33
II: Pa icipan s ............................................................................................................................. 44

i
III: Planned P og amme ............................................................................................................ 46
IV: Ac ual P og amme ............................................................................................................... 49
V: Recen , Cu en and Planned Resea ch S udies and Managemen Ini ia i es
G eenland .............................................................................................................................. 51
Canada ................................................................................................................................... 55
ii
Summa y:
The No he n Common Eide is a subspecies o he Common Eide b eeding in Wes and
no h-wes e n G eenland and h oughou he eas e n Canadian A c ic as a sou h as
Hudson S ai and no he n Hudson Bay and as a wes as Lancas e Sound and Jones
Sound. I win e s in Wes G eenland and in eas e n Canada o New oundland and in he S
Law ence. The s a us o he popula ion has long gi en cause o conce n: i is exploi ed in
all pa s o i s ange, in some a eas hea ily; numbe s in some b eeding a eas a e much
educed om o me imes and in o he a eas a e li le known; s udies o he dynamics o
he species indica e ha i can ole a e only limi ed emo als.
An in e na ional wo kshop o discuss no only he s a us o he popula ion, bu also h ea s,
managemen ac ions, and esea ch p io i ies, was held a he G eenland Ins i u e o Na u al
Resou ces in Nuuk in Feb ua y 2005, wi h he pa icipa ion o scien is s, hun e s, and
manage s om bo h Canada and G eenland, and suppo om he Danish En i onmen al
Managemen Agency, he Danish En i onmen al Resea ch Ins i u es, he Canadian Wildli e
Se ice, Depa men o he En i onmen , and he G eenland Ins i u e. Scien is s p esen ed
hei knowledge o he biology o he species and he s a us o his popula ion, manage s
desc ibed hei ac ions o ensu e sus ainable use, and hun e s ela ed hei p ac ices and
hei knowledge. All pa icipan s con ibu ed hei obse a ions and opinions abou h ea s
o he s ock, p io i ies o esea ch, and sugges ions o managemen ac ions.
Reco ds o mig a ions ac oss Da is S ai con i m ha his is a sha ed s ock. While some
b eeding s ocks a e and emain deple ed, win e ing numbe s appea s able. Measu es o
con ol exploi a ion on he summe ing g ounds and o egula e win e hun ing appea om
p esen da a o be e ec i e, bu conce ns we e exp essed abou by-ca ch in nea -sho e
gillne s and abou collisions on win e nigh s be ween locks o lying bi ds and ships‘
sea chligh s. Bo h cause signi ican mo ali y, bu a e poo ly s udied, and li le is known
abou hei se e i y and spa ial dis ibu ion o wha can be done o mi iga e hem. O he
conce ns included p eda ion on he nes ing g ounds.
Resea ch p io i ies iden i ied included explo a ion o ind and su ey b eeding colonies,
bo h in Canada and in G eenland—many a eas o possible b eeding habi a a e unsu eyed,
while known win e ing numbe s appea inconsis en wi h p esen knowledge o b eeding
iii
a eas. Con inua ion and ex ension o ma king s udies, and inding ou how he G eenland
ca ch is spli be ween Canadian and G eenland b eede s, we e also ecommended.
G eenland hun e s exp essed conce n ha p esen season limi s comple ely p o ec eide s
when hey a e p esen in no he n Wes G eenland and no h-wes e n G eenland, so
p e en ing people he e om any use o he esou ce, and a gued o locally adap ed
egula ions. O he ecommenda ions o managemen we e o se de ini e managemen
objec i es o he popula ion, and o do so coope a i ely be ween he wo ju isdic ions.
Recommenda ions we e also made o imp o ed coope a ion be ween hun e s and scien is s
and o be e in o ma ion on esea ch and managemen issues.
Imaqa niliaq:
A annaa a mi ii nalinginnaasu assaappu mi i nalinginnaasu Kalaalli Nunaa a ki aani
a annaanilu aammalu Canadap issi o aanii kujammu Hudsonip Ike asaa aammalu
Hudsonip Kange liumane sua aammalu kimmu Lancas e Sound Jones Soundilu
iki illugi siamma simasu ilaqu a isaa . Kalaalli Nunaa a ki aani aammalu Canadami
New oundlandip S . Law encellu a a aanni ukiisa pu . Ame lassusii qangali
aa le isi sisale simappu : siamma sima imminni amani piniagaappu , sumii ii ilaanni
assu piniagaallu ik; e nio imminni qanga ni ikilisimaqaa sumii innilu allani qanoq
issusii ilisimaneqa lua a ik; allanngo a assusiinik misissuine i naape o lugi
paasineqa sima oq ilannga o neqa ne ik anniki suinna mik a assinnaasa aa .
Nuummi eb ua 2005-imi mi i ame lassusii piinna nagi , aammali na iana o sio i sisui,
aqu sinikku iliuu si , salliu illugi ilisima usa igineqa ussa pillugi nuna amalaani
peqa aa igineqa umik isumasioqa igiisi sisoqa poq. Isumasioqa igiinne mu peqa aappu
Canadamii Kalaalli Nunaanniillu biologi , pinia u , aqu sisu , aammalu ape se suisu
makkuusu : Danski A a angiisinik Aqu sisoqa ia , Danski A a angiisinik Ilisima usa ia ,
Canadami Nujua ale i ik, A a angiisinu Piso aqa ik kiisalu Kalaalli Nunaanni
Pinngo i ale i ik. Uumasu , aakkulu ame lassusii, pillugi biologi ilisimasaminnik
saqqummiippu , aqu sisu nungusaa aanngi sumik a uisoqa nissaa qula naa nia lugu
iliuuse isa akkaminnik, aa alu pinia u pe iaa siminnik ilisimasaminnillu
sanilliussillu ik. Peqa aasu ama mik mi inik na iana o sio i sisuusu pillugi ,
ix
salliu illugi ilisima usa igineqa a iaqa unik kiisalu aqu sine mi iliuuse ineqa ussa u
siunne suu igineqa unik oqaaseqa pu .
Da is S ædikku ikaa oqa a simane a paasineqa simamma mi i a aa simoo ussaane a
ama umuunakku uppe na sa neqa poq. E nio u ilaasa ikilia o ne a
ikilia o ua sinna ne allu paasineqa ee simagalua oq ukiisa u ame lassusii
aalaakkaa pasippu . Aasisa iini piniagane a aqunnia lugu iliuuse ineqa u aammalu
ukiukku pinia neqa a ne a killile so nia lugu iliuuse ineqa u ullumikku
paasissu issaa igineqa u naape o lugi iluaqu aa pasippu , aamaa o li sine issami
qassuse so ne mi pisa isoo neqa a u aammalu umia sui qulliinu ukiup unnuini
apo lu ik oqusa u ame lassusii aa leqqu igineqa pu . Taakku ma luk ama mik
ilannga uu aasa aluaqalu ik misissui igineqa lua simanngilla , aammalu qanoq
ingasa sigisa ne a qano lu siammasi sigisumi pisa ne a ilisimaneqa lua anilu qanoq
annikillisa neqa sinnaane a paasisimallua neqanngilaq. Piaqqio iini piniagaasa ne a
aa leqqu inu ilaa oq.
Ilisima usa igineqa a iaqa alua u u paasineqa u ilaa assaappu piaqqio iinik
nassaa nia luni misissuinia lunilu ilisimasassa sio neq, Canadami Kalaallillu Nunaanni
pisussaq – piaqqio iusimasinnaaso passuimmi misissui igineqa simanngilla , aammalu
ukiisa u ame lassusii ilisimaneqa u kiisalu e nio iini ame lassuse isa agaa
ilisimaneqa u imminnu naape uu inngilla . Nalunaaqqu se suine i
inge la eqqinneqa nissaa anne usineqa nissaallu, aammalu Kalaalli Nunaanni pisaasa u
qanoq ame la igisu Kalaalli Nunaanni piaqqiaane su kiisalu qanoq ame la igisu
Canadami piaqqiaasimane su misissui igineqa nissaa ilanngullugu kissaa igineqa poq.
Kalaalli pinia uisa ullumikku killile suineq pissu igalugu mi i ki aa a
a annaanniinne minni kiisalu A ane sua miinne minni
pinia neqa sinnaanngilluinna a ne a , aamaalillu illu inui pisuussu inik aakkuninnga
a uisinnaanngilluinna a ne a isumalio na oqa ippaa aa ungalu naleqqussakkanik
male uagassio oqa nissaa piumasaqaa igalugu. Aqu sine mu unnga illugu inne suussu i
alla assaappu ame lassusiisa qanoq ilisinneqa nissaannik siune alimmik
aqu sisoqale nissaa, kiisalu nuna aakku oqa ussaqa iisa suleqa igiinne isigu amanna
angunia neqassasoq. Aamma aaq pinia u biologillu suleqa igiillua ne unissaa kiisalu
6
Hudson S ai and sou heas Ba in Island. The popula ion win e s in A lan ic Canada and
Sou hwes G eenland. Recen da a om band eco e ies and sa elli e eleme y has shown
ha a signi ican p opo ion o he Canadian nes ing popula ion win e s in G eenland.
Roughly 2 ou o e e y 3 eide s banded a Eas Bay on Sou hamp on Island in Nuna u a e
sho and epo ed om G eenland, a ew a e ha es ed locally in Nuna u and abou one
qua e a e ha es ed in A lan ic Canada. These es ima es ag ee wi h in o ma ion p o ided
by sa elli e acking o bi ds om his colony. The sa elli e acking has also iden i ied
impo an s aging o moul ing loca ions along Hudson S ai and in eas e n F obishe Bay.
Es ima es o b eeding numbe s in Canada a e poo , because colonies a e widely
dispe sed along housands o kilome es o sho eline a ound he Canadian A c ic
a chipelago, and many a eas o good b eeding habi a ha e ne e been su eyed. Su eys
ca ied ou o da e in Canadian b eeding a eas can only accoun o app oxima ely 200 000
eide s, bu based on numbe s in win e ing a eas mo e han 400 000 eide s should be
b eeding in A c ic Canada. The e a e undoub edly many small colonies sca e ed along he
coas s ha ha e no ye been ound.
The bes ecen in o ma ion on No he n Common Eide s in Canada comes om long-
e m esea ch a he Eas Bay colony, Sou hamp on Island, Nuna u . This colony alone
suppo s abou 4 500 b eeding pai s o eide s and is he la ges known in A c ic Canada.
Adul emales a he Eas Bay colony ha e only a 73% chance o su i al each yea ,
which is much lowe han eide s elsewhe e. Resea ch p io i ies o he No he n Eide
include de e mining be e popula ion and ha es es ima es, and gene a ing addi ional
su i al es ima es o bi ds a e G eenland es ic ed i s hun ing egula ions.
Nyeland, Jens.
EIDER HARVEST IN GREENLAND 1993-2002 AND THE EFFECT OF A NEW HUNTING
LEGISLATION.
G eenland Ins i u e o Na u al Resou ces, Nuuk.
Fo housands o yea s eide ducks ha e been an impo an ood esou ce o he indigenous
peoples o G eenland, and al hough Eu opean oods become e e mo e impo an , ducks
and o he seabi d species con inue o play a majo ole. Fu he mo e, bi d hun ing is an
impo an ec ea ional ac i i y in many pa s o he coun y. Be ween 1993 and 2001 he
hen-exis ing bi d hun ing legisla ion emained unchanged. In 2002, howe e , owing o
inc easing conce n abou declining seabi d popula ions, new egula ions came in o o ce,
which we e pa icula ly in ended o educe sp ing ha es s. The p esen alk epo s on he
ha es o Common Eide s (Soma e ia mollissima) by comme cial and spo hun e s on a
na ional as well as on a egional scale be ween 1993 and 2002. I assesses he e ec o he
new hun ing legisla ion on he Common Eide ha es and analyses ends and causes.

7
In 1993 an obliga o y ha es epo ing sys em—Pinia neq—was in oduced in G eenland,
which p o ided he in o ma ion epo ed he e; howe e , as he e a e indica ions o unde -
epo ing, hese s a is ics a e conside ed as index alues. F om 1993 o 2001 he epo ed
na ional ha es declined g adually by 37% om 83 000 o 52 000 bi ds. The decline was
associa ed wi h, and mos p obably la gely due o, a 33% educ ion in he numbe o
comme cial hun e s, om 4 000 in 1993 o 2 700 in 2002. Howe e , o he causes, such as a
decline o he b eeding popula ion, canno be excluded. In 2002 only 20 000 bi ds we e
epo ed aken, which was a clea and addi ional d op om he g adual decline be ween
1993 and 2001. The 2002 ha es co esponds o a 62–68% educ ion since 2000–2001 o a
76% educ ion since 1993. Based on he o icial hun ing s a is ics, i is concluded ha he
2002 bi d legisla ion has had he in ended e ec on he Common Eide ha es le el in
G eenland. In 2004 he 2002 legisla ion was e ised and he open season was ex ended by
he las wo weeks in Feb ua y. As ela i ely ew bi ds a e sho a his ime o he yea , his
is no expec ed o ha e a majo impac on he annual ha es .
Gilliland, Sco G.
RECENT TRENDS IN THE CONSERVATION OF COMMON EIDERS IN NEWFOUNDLAND.
Canadian Wildli e Se ice, A lan ic Region, S John’s, New oundland.
Eide s i s b eed a 2–5 yea s o age, and ha e a li e expec ancy o 20 yea s. They lay abou
4 eggs/pai /yea on a e age, bu ledge only abou 0.5 young. These dynamics make hei
popula ions slow o eco e . In New oundland and Lab ado , ecen ends in b eeding
numbe s ha e been gene ally posi i e. In he eas e n Canadian A c ic, coun s in Ba in
Island ha e shown ca. 25 000 b eeding pai s, and s able o inc easing numbe s in Unga a
Bay and no he n Hudson Bay. Howe e , win e ing numbe s in New oundland wa e s
ha e dec eased in ecen decades—possibly owing o ha es s up o 20 000/yea in he
1980s— eaching alues as low as 30 000 coun ed on ae ial su ey in 1996. A sho ened
season and lowe daily bag limi has educed he ha es o cu en le els nea 7–8 000/y ,
conside ed sus ainable. Cu en win e ing es ima es a e o he o de o 460 000 bi ds in he
ice- ee wa e s o Wes G eenland, and abou 205 000 win e ing in New oundland wa e s
and he lowe S Law ence, whe e a win e ing s ock o , o e all, abou 250 000 migh be a
easonable objec i e.
Eide s a e no highly p oduc i e, and while an annual ha es nea 7% allows some
popula ion g ow h, a ha es o 10% migh p oduce a nea -s a iona y si ua ion and ha es s
o 12% would p obably cause a decline. The win e o 2004–05 was excep ional o ecen
8
yea s, wi h con inued hea y sea ice ha concen a ed eide s in es ic ed open-wa e a eas
whe e hun e s could ge a hem. The ha es was much la ge han no mal and may ha e
in lic ed las ing damage on he esou ce. Addi ional managemen measu es a e he e o e
unde conside a ion, including ags o season limi s on indi idual ca ches, ea ly closu es,
eme gency ice closu es, o addi ional p o ec ed a eas o eide managemen .
The e appea o be ew o he se ious h ea s a p esen on he Canadian win e ing g ounds.
Al hough se e al ma ine species a e a med, aquacul u e has no so a p esen ed se ious
p oblems, and bilge-wa e oil ouling, mo e se ious o he mo e pelagic seabi d species, is
no cu en ly impac ing eide s. La ge oil spills, especially in nea -sho e wa e s, do,
howe e , p esen a h ea , as e idenced by ecen oiling e en s in bo h Quebec and
New oundland wa e s in each o which a ew housand eide s died.
Béda d, J.1, Be na d Mu doch2, Richa d Mu doch2, and J.-P. L. Sa a d3.
EIDERDOWN HARVESTING: A TOOL FOR MANAGEMENT AND RESEARCH.
1La Socié é Du e no L ée, Ri iè e-du-Loup; 2Fédé a ion des Coopé a i es du
Nou eau-Québec, Mon eal; 3Canadian Wildli e Se ice, Quebec Region, Quebec.
P esen ed by: Jean-Pie e L. Sa a d.
Eide down has been ha es ed o cen u ies o use in clo hing and has become a luxu y
i em in some pa s o Eu ope, hus p o iding an addi ional sou ce o e enue o some
no he n communi ies. Pe mi s o collec ing down om eide nes s in he S Law ence
es ua y a e issued by he Canadian Minis e o he En i onmen unde Regula ions made
pu suan o he Mig a o y Bi ds Con en ion Ac . Two such pe mi s a e issued o non-p o i
o ganisa ions, which annually collec some 1 000 kg o aw down om abou 25 000 nes s.
The yield—150–200 kg o cleaned down—is sold in Eu ope as a luxu y p oduc . The income
is essen ially e u ned o he colonies in he o m o habi a imp o emen , p eda o con ol
and p o ec ion om dis u bance. T ained down ha es e s also moni o eide popula ions
as hey go, eco ding popula ion numbe s, incidence o disease, condi ion o nes ing habi a ,
e c., and his has gene a ed a unique and scien i ically sound da abase. This ac i i y has
p o ided a s ong incen i e o p o ec ing he esou ce.
Communi ies in no he n Canada a e apidly mo ing om a adi ional o a comme cial use
o his esou ce and could bene i by lea ning om he expe ience gained in he S .
Law ence. Down is collec ed in Nuna ik om (p obably) 75 000 o 125 000 nes s on an
un old numbe o islands, mos ly along he sou h coas o Hudson S ai and he wes coas
o Unga a Bay. The ( aw) amoun collec ed a e aged 3 300 kg o e 1998–2004, bu eached
5 000 kg in 2004. Howe e , in Nuna ik he e a e a numbe o no -ye - esol ed con lic s
ela ed o ha es ing igh s, anging om e i o ial ju isdic ion o e coas al islands—
his o ically de ju e Nuna u e i o y, al hough close o he coas line o , and de ac o used by
esiden s o , Nuna ik— o he alloca ion o ha es ing p i ileges wi hin local communi ies
9
and e en o con lic s be ween di e en modes o exploi a ion: down ha es e s, egg
collec o s, and mea hun e s.
Me kel, Flemming R.
IMPACT OF HUNTING AND GILLNET FISHERY ON WINTERING EIDERS IN NUUK,
SOUTHWEST GREENLAND.
G eenland Ins i u e o Na u al Resou ces, Nuuk.
Comme cial ha es o he Common Eide (Soma e ia mollissima) and King Eide (S.
spec abilis) was s udied a he local ma ke in Nuuk (Sou hwes G eenland) du ing he
hun ing season (Oc obe –May) in 2000 and 2001. The goal was o quan i y composi ion (by
species, sex and age), sou ces (hun ing o byca ch), and spa ial and empo al dis ibu ion o
he ha es . Hun ing wi hin 30 km o he ci y was he sou ce o 98% o all eide kills om
Oc obe un il Ma ch. In con as , byca ch in gillne s accoun ed o 52% o he eide s b ough
o he ma ke in Ma ch and Ap il (2000 and 2001 combined). In Ap il, mos byca ch was
om emo e jo d habi a s, which seem o hold a high p opo ion o adul Common Eide s.
As measu ed by he emo al o po en ial ep oduc i e eide s, sp ing ha es (Ap il and
May) was highly c i ical o he Common Eide , while he impac o ha es was highes
du ing midwin e (Janua y and Feb ua y) o he King Eide . Sympa ic dis ibu ions
wi hin hun ing a eas complica e adap i e managemen o bo h species. Sp ing hun ing and
gillne byca ch a e o high managemen conce n.
Falk, K.1, F. Me kel1, K. Kampp1 and S. E. Jamieson2.
EFFECTS OF HUNTING WITH LEAD SHOT ON COMMON EIDERS IN GREENLAND.
1G eenland Ins i u e o Na u al Resou ces, Nuuk; 2A lan ic Coope a i e Wildli e
Ecology Resea ch Ne wo k, Uni e si y o New B unswick, F ede ic on.
P esen ed by: Flemming Ra n Me kel.
The la ge numbe s o Common and King Eide s win e ing in Sou hwes G eenland a e
subjec o in ensi e hun ing, and in addi ion o di ec ha es an unknown numbe o bi ds
a e wounded and become ca ie s o embedded lead sho . We conduc ed he i s
assessmen o he magni ude o his undesi able side-e ec o hun ing in G eenland by X-
aying 879 Common and 114 King Eide s collec ed du ing 3 win e s (2000–2002) by local
ishe men and hun e s. On a e age, 22% o all Common Eide s ca ied embedded sho , bu
p opo ions we e s ongly age-dependen . O i s win e (1W) bi ds 13.2%, 16.4% o
imma u es (IM), and 29.1% o adul s (AD) had been hi . Fo King Eide s he p opo ions
we e simila : 11.3, 10 and 20% had been hi . Adul Common Eide s collec ed in jo d a eas
we e signi ican ly less bu dened (24.5 %) han bi ds collec ed in he mo e hea ily hun ed
coas al a eas (35.0 %). 1W bi ds con ained mo e pelle s (mean 2.2) han AD (mean 1.7),
despi e he adul s‘ longe ime o accumula e pelle s om epea ed occu ences, sugges ing
10
ha he ha des hi ju eniles die be o e en e ing he olde age class. F om he p opo ion o
wounded 1W bi ds (13.2%) we es ima ed he wounding a es (p opo ion o age class
wounded o he i s ime each yea ) o olde bi ds (IM+AD) o be a leas 1.8–3%,
assuming annual su i al o adul eide s alls in he ange 0.8–0.9. Assuming ha oughly
35% o he 463 000 Common Eide s es ima ed o win e in Sou hwes G eenland a e
ju eniles, 13% a e imma u e, and 52% adul s (4 h win e and olde ), hen each win e up o
30 000 eide s would become new ca ie s o embedded sho (21 000 ju eniles, 1 200–1 800
imma u es and 4 800–7 300 adul s). Since c ippled bi ds may su e highe win e mo ali y
and also may also ha e educed ep oduc i e ou pu , hese c ippling losses ha e
implica ions o he demog aphic models used o assess sus ainable eide ha es le els.
The e is a need o ollow-up s udies o egional a ia ion in c ippling, and o iden i y ways
o possibly educe hun e s‘ unin ended impac s on game popula ions.
Johansen, P.1, Henning S. Pe e sen2, G. Asmund1, F. F. Rige 1.
LEAD SHOT FROM HUNTING AS A SOURCE OF LEAD IN HUMAN BLOOD.
1Danish Na ional En i onmen al Resea ch Ins i u e, Roskilde; 2D onning Ing id’s
Hospi al, Nuuk
P esen ed by: Helene Nyegaa d.
Lead esidues in sho game bi ds a e a sou ce o lead con amina ion o humans. No
necessa ily h ough he consump ion o whole sho o la ge pieces, bu also om in isible
ace emains o lead along he sho ack. B eas muscle o eide s and mu es bough a he
ma ke in Nuuk was analysed o lead con en . E en wi h whole sho and isible agmen s
emo ed, b eas mea om eide s a e aged 6.1 ppm, much highe han b eas mea om
mu es a abou 0.73 ppm. By-caugh eide s a e aged only 0.14 ppm. The di e ence
be ween eide s and mu es may be due o he di e ence in size, o o he ac ha mu es
a e mo e o en sho on he wa e , whe e he b eas is p o ec ed om being hi .
Inges ion o 1 500 µg o lead pe week is a le el ha is o medical conce n; o e all a e age
inges ion a es in G eenland a e only 15 µg/week. Bu a 200-gm meal o eide mea b ings
on a e age 1 220 µg. A s udy o 50 people in Nuuk du ing he seabi d hun ing season
egis e ed 1 300 meals o seabi ds: 61% we e o mu es and 29% eide s. Lead le els in he
blood a ied wi h how o en people a e bi ds, om 15 µg/l among hose who a e no bi ds o
an a e age o 128 µg/l among hose who a e mo e han 30 ‘bi d uni s‘/mon h; he highes
alue o all was 221 µg/l. E en hose who a e bi ds as li le as 5 imes a mon h o less had
a e age le els o 62 µg/l. Al hough i akes abou 850 µg/l o p oduce o e signs o lead
poisoning, he U.S. has es ablished a ‘le el o conce n‘ a 100 µg/l, and de elopmen al
e ec s on oe uses and in an s can be de ec ed a abou 60 µg/l.
11
Ch is iansen, Thomas Kjæ .
HUNTING OF EIDER DUCKS IN DENMARK.
Danish Na ional En i onmen al Resea ch Ins i u e, Kalø.
Common Eide s o he Bal ic–Wadden-Sea lyway popula ion occu in in e na ionally
impo an numbe s in Danish wa e s in he non-b eeding seasons. F om Oc obe h ough
Feb ua y he eide is a common qua y, he annual bag p esen ly numbe ing c. 75 000. F om
he Danish Bag Reco d, annual bag inc eased om c. 100 000 in he la e 1950s o abou
150 000 du ing he 1970s and 1980s, bu hen dec eased by abou 5%/y h ough he 1990s o
i s p esen le el. Du ing he pe iod o dec ease, es ima es o win e ing numbe s declined
co espondingly a abou 7%/y . Analyses o 1980–1999 ha e shown ha a ia ion in he
bag is mainly ela ed o he numbe o hun e s ha epo shoo ing eide s; his explains
71.3% o he a iance. The p opo ion o ju eniles in he Oc obe bag also con ibu ed
signi ican ly o bag size, al hough he con ibu ion o ju eniles only accoun ed o 6.1% o
he a ia ion. The leng h o he hun ing season was cons an , and he numbe o days
sui able o hun ing a sea did no signi ican ly a ec he bag. Thus he decline in hun e
numbe s om c. 14 000 in 1980 o c. 7 300 in 1999 is p obably he main eason o he decline
in ha es . Assessed om ends in numbe s aken pe hun e , he e is no indica ion ha
hun e numbe s ha e declined because o a decline in he eide popula ion; i seems mo e
likely ha he numbe o hun e s has declined in esponse o legisla i e changes in he
condi ions o hun ing ha ha e aken place o e he las wen y yea s.
Mosbech, A.
EIDERS AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION.
Danish Na ional En i onmen al Resea ch Ins i u e, Roskilde.
P esen ed by: Helene Nyegaa d.
Gi en he his o ical size o he Wes G eenland b eeding popula ion o eide s, he e is oom
o a conside able inc ease. Howe e , limi ing ac o s should be assessed, and egula ion
conside ed. Hun ing and egg-collec ing ha e now been egula ed o a sus ainable le el, and
con aminan s a e no a p oblem.
Nea ly 25 % o eide s ha e lead pelle s in issue, and some will ha e educed su i al o
lowe p oduc i i y, bu i is di icul o assess he popula ion impac . By educing shoo ing
anges, wounding could be educed: goose hun e s in Denma k ha e achie ed his
ollowing a campaign by hei associa ion.
The e is signi ican byca ch o eide s in ishing ne s, o alling se e al housand pe yea . I is
la gely localised in ime and space and could be elimina ed wi h local es ic ions in he
lumpsucke ishe y. Howe e , he ishe men‘s coope a ion is needed o mapping
impo an con lic a eas, assessing local mo ali y and iden i ying al e na i e ishing a eas.

12
Eide s a e a ac ed o ships‘ sea chligh s and locks collide a ally wi h ships; la ge
mo ali ies esul . E e y G eenland shipmas e knows o such inciden s. Some u n
sea chligh s o when an eide lock is seen app oaching on he ada , o p o ec no only he
bi ds bu also he ship‘s equipmen . We ha e no da a o assess he popula ion impac s o
sea chligh collisions in G eenland—p obably a ew housand pe yea . A pilo
in es iga ion showed ha numbe s we e a iable om yea o yea and om a ea o a ea. I
is no clea wha could be done o educe his p oblem, as shipping sa e y mus be
p ese ed. Howe e , i local coas al a eas in ce ain pe iods could be iden i ied as he main
locus, he egula ion o shipping ou es could be conside ed.
Oil spills a e no now a p oblem, bu may be an inc easing h ea as explo a ion ac i i y
inc eases and i p oduc ion ensues. A la ge oil spill in a win e concen a ion a ea could kill
ens o housands o eide s. S ic sa e y and en i onmen al egula ion, oil spill con ingency
planning and inclusion o impo an eide a eas in sensi i i y mapping a e measu es ha
could educe he isk o he bi ds. A la ge and p oduc i e eide popula ion, wi h good
eco e y po en ial, would sa egua d agains long- e m e ec s.
Human dis u bance in b eeding colonies can lowe p oduc i i y. His o ically, mos
dis u bance has been ela ed o hun ing and o egg- and down-collec ing, so le els should
now be lowe . Dis u bance in hun ing season in o aging a eas can dis up ime and ene gy
budge s. P o ec ed a eas in good o aging a eas can a ac bi ds, p o iding secu e eeding
a eas and s able ene gy budge s.
Gilliland, Sco G.
REGULATIONS AND PROTECTION IN CANADA AND NEWFOUNDLAND.
Canadian Wildli e Se ice, A lan ic Region, S John’s, New oundland.
Mig a o y bi ds in Canada a e p o ec ed unde Canadian ede al legisla ion passed o
implemen he Mig a o y Bi ds Con en ion ag eed be ween G ea B i ain ( o Canada) and
he Uni ed S a es in 1916. Among i s impo an p o ision was he o bidding o ma ke
hun ing—mig a o y game bi ds could no longe be sold—and he p o ec ion o mig a o y
bi ds be o e and du ing he b eeding season. Howe e , New oundland was no a ha ime
a membe o he Canadian ede a ion, and eide s we e no p o ec ed by his legisla ion un il
1949.
Cu en egula ions o ( he island o ) New oundland, ha a ec he win e ing popula ions
o he No he n Common Eide , a e a season be ween he ou h Sa u day o No embe and
he las day o Feb ua y, and a daily bag limi o 6 sea-ducks—oldsquaws Clangula hyemalis,
sco e s Melani a spp. and eide s combined—wi h a possession limi o 12. A e he i s
13
Monday o Feb ua y, hese limi s a e hal ed. In Quebec wa e s o he lowe S Law ence,
he season is ea lie , om 1 No embe un il 14 Feb ua y.
A ecen ha d win e wi h e y hea y ice co e concen a ed eide s in es ic ed ice- ee
a eas whe e hun e s could ge a hem and led o e y la ge ha es s. While he exis ing
egula ions migh well be be e en o ced in key loca ions, he egula ions hemsel es could
also pe haps be imp o ed, o example wi h possibili ies o eme gency ice closu es,
p o ec ed a eas, o indi idual limi s on he o al bag o he season.
Thaulow, I.
MANAGEMENT MEASURES IN GREENLAND AND STATUS OF THE NEW HUNTING
REGULATIONS: A NEW ERA OF BIRDS PROTECTION IN GREENLAND.
The Di ec o a e o En i onmen and Na u e, G eenland Home Rule Go e nmen ,
Nuuk.
In Feb ua y 2004 a new e ised e sion o he execu i e o de on p o ec ion o bi ds came
in o o ce in G eenland. The new legisla ion was he esul o a long and in ensi e deba e
ha had been going on since 2001, when he o me execu i e o de was adop ed.
The execu i e o de o 2001 was in oduced on he basis o da a showing ha especially he
sp ing hun in G eenland on mu es, Common Eide s and King Eide s was no sus ainable.
A comple e ban on sp ing hun ing was in oduced.
In G eenland he e is a long his o y o seabi d ha es , da ing back housands o yea s.
The e o e hese mo e es ic i e egula ions igge ed in ense discussions and he hun e s‘
associa ion (KNAPK) exe ed huge p essu e on he poli icians o wi hd aw he new
egula ions.
To es ablish a egula ion ha was mo e accep able o he public he Home Rule Go e nmen
decided o g an an exemp ion in 2003 especially ega ding he sp ing hun . Among o he s
he exemp ion implied ha hun on eide s and mu es o p i a e consump ion was allowed
un il 30 Ap il in he sou h o G eenland and 15 June in he no h.
The exemp ion was g an ed du ing an uns able poli ical pe iod in G eenland and was
ollowed by a g owing in e na ional p essu e om bi de s‘ associa ions and o he non-
go e nmen al o ganisa ions. Fu he mo e, he new G eenlandic na u e conse a ion NGO,
Uppik, and he G eenlandic bi de s‘ associa ion, Timmiaq, exp essed conce ns abou he
exemp ion.
The Home Rule Go e nmen insis s on he impo ance o sus ainable de elopmen o he
socie y in gene al and in he u ilisa ion o he li ing esou ces. A e consul a ion wi h
14
esea che s and hun e s‘ associa ions a e ised execu i e o de o p o ec ion o bi ds was
in oduced, which came in o o ce on 15 Feb ua y 2004. The au umn and win e hun ing o
eide s and mu es is now allowed un il 28/29 Feb ua y2, which is a mino ex ension in he
hun ing pe iod compa ed wi h he 2001 legisla ion. To compensa e o his small ex ension
in he open season, he ules o hun ing du ing all and win e has been igh ened e en
mo e, wi h smalle daily limi s. Fu he mo e bi ds aken as byca ch in ishe ies may no be
sold3. I is hoped ha his will secu e he igh balance o sus ainable hun ing in o de o
main ain he li ing esou ces o u u e gene a ions.
The Minis y o En i onmen and Na u e has ollowed up on his new legisla ion by
p oducing wa e - esis an in o ma ion bookle s ha can be b ough on hun ing ips.
Di e en bookle s o di e en egions and di e en game seasons ha e been p in ed and
dis ibu ed.
Me kel, Flemming R.
RECENT RESEARCH ON THE COMMON EIDER IN GREENLAND.
G eenland Ins i u e o Na u al Resou ces, Nuuk.
Recen esea ch on Common Eide s in G eenland has mos ly s udied popula ion
s a us and popula ion biology. The e a e sca ce his o ical eco ds o b eeding
numbe s o Wes G eenland spanning he 20 h Cen ., and some e en ea lie
his o ical eco ds o ade in down, ha indica e numbe s o ac i e nes s. Mo e
in ensi e g ound su eys we e ca ied ou in 1995–2002 and an ae ial su ey o
win e ing bi ds in Wes G eenland was ca ied ou in win e 1999–2000. T ends in
b eeding numbe s a e cu en ly being moni o ed by local people in some a eas—a
p og amme ha should be ex ended. Nes ing success and losses o p eda ion we e
s udied in Upe na ik in 2002.
Popula ion s uc u e was s udied by banding in he second and hi d qua e s o he
20 h cen u y, and sa elli e s udies in 2001–2003 ha e allowed mig a ion ou es and
iming o be ollowed. Gene ic s udies on eggs collec ed in Canada and G eenland
will con ibu e o unde s anding o popula ion s uc u e.
Win e ecology s udies in Nuuk in 2000–02 co e ed die , ac i i y budge s, body
condi ion, and pa asi e loads, as well as he e ec o dis u bance on ac i i ies.
2 in he Local Au ho i y o I oqqo oo mii he bi ds men ioned may be hun ed un il 31 May and in
he Local Au ho i y o Qaanaaq un il 15 June, bu only o p i a e consump ion and wi h bag limi s.
3 ue when he p esen a ion was gi en; since al e ed by dispensa ion om he p o isions o he
Execu i e O de .
15
Ha es s ha e been moni o ed h ough he ha es -s a is ics sys em ‘Pinia neq‘ since
1993, and he composi ion o he ha es has been s udied in Nuuk in he mid- and
la e 1990s, and in Manii soq and Sisimiu in 2002–03. C ippling, c ippling a es, and
he e ec o c ippling on he body condi ion o su i o s, has been s udied in Nuuk.
Byca ch, essen ially in he lumpsucke ishe y, was s udied locally in Nuuk in 1999–
2001 wi h some success, bu a mo e ex ensi e s udy in 2002–03 u he sou h in Wes
G eenland was unsuccess ul.
Mallo y, M.1, G. Gilch is 2 and M. Robe son3.
RECENT RESEARCH ON NORTHERN COMMON EIDERS IN THE EASTERN CANADIAN
ARCTIC.
1Canadian Wildli e Se ice, Wes e n and No he n Region, Iqalui ; 2Canadian
Wildli e Se ice, Na ional Wildli e Resea ch Cen e; 3Canadian Wildli e Se ice,
Wes e n and No he n Region, Yellowkni e.
P esen ed by: Ma k Mallo y.
The No he n Common Eide (Soma e ia mollissima bo ealis) has been he subjec o se e al
su ey and esea ch p ojec s o e he pas 30 yea s in he eas e n Canadian A c ic, al hough
he majo i y o in ensi e wo k has only been unde aken since he mid-1990s. In
collabo a ion wi h biologis s om G eenland and Denma k sa elli e ansmi e s ha e been
implan ed in eide emales o moni o hei mo emen s h ough he b eeding season, du ing
mig a ion, and o he win e ing g ounds. This has yielded new in o ma ion on he loca ion
o moul ing and s aging a eas, and has con i med some o he belie s ha had been based on
in e p e ing band e u ns.
S udies a e unde way a Eas Bay, Sou hamp on Island, Nuna u , o examine he in luence
o body condi ion, pa asi es, con aminan s and local ood supplies on he iming o b eeding
and he acquisi ion and use o ene ge ic esou ces by b eeding emales.
Habi a cha ac e is ics can in luence nes loca ion and ep oduc i e success. In Nuna u , we
ha e s udied he in luence on ep oduc i e success o habi a use nea he colony du ing
and a e incuba ion, nes -si e cha ac e is ics (including a i icial shel e s), and male
a endance on emales a he nes .
Eide emales ely on s o ed ese es no only o p oduce he clu ch o eggs, bu also o
sus enance du ing incuba ion. The ole ha ene gy ese es play in eide ep oduc ion has
been s udied, pa icula ly by examining whe e emales ga he hese esou ces.
22
be o e hey mig a e, as ou elde s a e accus omed o hem and miss hem as a sou ce o
ood.
When we canno ha e bi ds on a daily basis, i would be desi able ha hun o King Eide be
pe mi ed, as hey do no b eed he e in No h G eenland, bu come he e o moul . Jus as
non-b eeding guillemo s a e hun ed in Sou h G eenland, and we do no ge hose in No h
G eenland.
Jokum Schmid , Paamiu ; on behal o TPAK
15 Feb ua y
Re 1: Based on cu en knowledge and my own expe ience om sailing ips, I ha e no iced
ha he numbe o bi ds p esen in he b eeding season is inc easing and ha he numbe o
bi ds is inc easing a he han dec easing. Fu he mo e, i is no iceable du ing he mig a ion
season ha he popula ions lying sou h, especially in au umn, a e becoming la ge and
la ge . Finally, he win e ing popula ions ha e also become no iceably la ge , so ha he e
may no be su icien ood o all o hem. One migh also say ha in ecen yea s he bi ds
ha e become bolde , o ame , han be o e.
2: Rega ding TPAK o all o G eenland and he Bi ds O de , I ind ha he quo a o bi d
hun ing is se oo low; as he bi ds in ecen yea s ha e inc eased se e al old in numbe
compa ed wi h ea lie (especially eide , as well as o he bi ds) as judged om a single
sailing ip. Rega ding he hun in Wes G eenland, we ind ha i is impo an o amend
he O de , i.e. ha he size o he quo a as well as he leng h o he hun ing season be
inc eased wi hou a ec ing he sus ainable exploi a ion o na u al esou ces. We ind,
he e o e, ha he Bi ds O de should be econside ed, e en hough i has only been in o ce
a sho while, as we ind ha he g ounds o i s implemen a ion a e de icien , pa icula ly
ega ding he announcemen o sp ing-season quo a.
3: We also ha e o ebodings conce ning bi ds ha a e killed because o he use o
loodligh s on ships a nigh , and why no coun is kep o he bi ds killed as hey hi he hull,
b idge o cabin o ships, because he bi ds ly owa ds ligh , and speaking o sa e y a sea,
ada and o he ins umen s a e used as well, bu e en hese a e no enough, ega ding
sa e y p ecau ions. The e o e, I ind ha his issue should be aken up wi h he ma i ime
au ho i ies, i such coope a ion does no exis al eady, as hey, oo, mus ha e some
expe ience in such cases. Fu he mo e, I belie e ha hese conce ns mus also be o in e es
o Canada.
In addi ion, we ind, al hough i has no been documen ed, ha du ing ne ing o lump ish,
bi ds may be caugh as well, which is no epo ed ei he . In addi ion, clima e change may
also ha e an e ec , o ins ance, he wea he has been e y wa m jus be o e Ch is mas o

23
2004, which is why bi ds ha e no been close o he sho e. Only when he wea he g ew
colde did he eide ducks each he sho e. When we conside he p eceding yea s, he
popula ion o scallops has also a ec ed he bi ds. Fo ins ance, when scallops a e being
caugh in he Nuuk a ea, a ma ked educ ion in numbe o eide ducks is obse ed. The
eason o his is he ac ha he eide li es on scallop, and when hese a e caugh by
ishe men, no much ood is le o e o he eide . We ind, he e o e, ha when gi ing ou
ishing licenses, one does no ake in o accoun he e ec on he ood chain, which is also a
hing o conside .
I we u he conside heal h condi ions in connec ion wi h he use o lead sho , i is said o
be dange ous when we ea bi ds wi h lead sho in hem. We do no ind ha any hing can
be done abou he legisla i e aspec a his poin , because, i we change he legisla ion, his
will en ail inancial expenses o he hun e s, who will ha e o pu chase new hun ing
ins umen s, and we know ha he human aspec canno be measu ed in e ms o inancial
assessmen s.
16 Feb ua y
I we look a he guidelines, he e a e some holes and some could be clea ed up. Rega ding
he Bi ds O de , leisu e hun e s ha e no in luence wha soe e on he educ ion in numbe o
bi ds, as only 5 bi ds may be sho in a single sailing ip, and due o he need o wo king on
weekdays and some imes being unable o sail ou because o he wea he , which means ha
i is only possible o sail ou on he weekends and only when he wea he allows i ,
especially his yea . The e o e, we ind ha he O de should be amended so ha we a e
allowed o shoo mo e bi ds, especially eide ; o we mus conside ha hey, oo, need o be
able o ind ood, o he wise hey will jus die o na u al causes when hey expe ience
sho age o ood.
1: In connec ion wi h inad e en killing o bi ds by ships, one should coope a e wi h he
ma i ime au ho i ies so ha some a angemen can be made conce ning he p oblem
wi hou jeopa dising sa e y a sea.
2: One should ake a close look a guidelines, ules and decla a ions conce ning lump ish
ne ing, as bi ds may also be caugh in he ne s. The legisla ion on lump ish ne ing should
be in es iga ed, and each ne should bea he name o i s owne , as he law equi es, bu he
ules a e jus no ollowed.
3: In connec ion wi h an i-pollu ion measu es, all pa ies conce ned wi h his issue mus be
mo e o ganised han a p esen , so ha pollu ion can be emo ed as as as possible.
4: Fo ins ance: I he Canadians say ha ou eide ducks a e being e adica ed by
G eenlande s (we hea hem whispe o shou abou i ) whe e is he p oo o his claim? Fo
cen u ies, ou li ing condi ions ha e been changing because o clima e change. This has also
24
been clea in ecen yea s, when he bi ds ha e become mo e and mo e. This is he way
li ing condi ions a e o us G eenlande s. G eenlande s ha e always li ed he way li ing
condi ions allowed and ha e always adjus ed acco dingly. Such a e he li ing condi ions.
To men ion a piece o good news, I am pleased o say ha , o old, we ha e always adjus ed
ou li ing condi ions acco ding o wha we can ge : In 1916–17, Kangaamiu ( he
se lemen ‘s) council decided ha in connec ion wi h sealing one should no shoo bi ds
ce ain mon hs o he yea in a ce ain a ea ou side he se lemen . So you see—we ha e
always gua ded ou li ing esou ces he e in G eenland.
17 Feb ua y:
When we conside he mig a ing popula ions o bi ds and he win e ing popula ions, I ha e
no iced, o expe ienced, as I ha e men ioned p e iously, ha eide ducks li e on scallop,
which is why he eide popula ion is declining—because o he u hless exploi a ion o
scallops by he ishe men, bu because he eide ducks ha e ound new ood i ems, he size
o he popula ion is now conside able again. When we hink o he yea s 2004 and 2005, he
cold win e s ha e caused he eide ducks o inc ease in numbe and, he e o e, when
econside ing he Bi ds O de , one mus ake his in o accoun . We jus canno see why he
bi ds should die om lack o ood, and i is impo an , he e o e, o keep his ealis ic
conside a ion in iew.
13:30: Mo e wo k is needed on in o ma ion campaigns, and he use s should be d awn in o
his wo k. Mo e in o ma ion should be dissemina ed in schools, educa ional ins i u ions,
he media and o he o ganisa ions. In addi ion, I hink ha he wo k o he p ojec
―Tulugaq‖ should be con inued and ha he au ho i y o he Hun ing Council should be
s eng hened.
Fu he mo e, I ind ha i is impo an ha he au ho i y o he G eenlandic municipali ies
be s eng hened, as hey know he li ing condi ions o he local populace be e han anyone
else. A he same ime, I would like he G eenland Home Rule and people in au ho i y o
coope a e mo e and ha e he G eenlande s ca y ou in o ma ion campaigns a ge ed a he
es o he wo ld, in o de ha o he s may unde s and he li ing condi ions in G eenland.
Thus, alks migh be gi en and o he echnical aids applied o le o he s see how we li e.
Fo ins ance, he day be o e yes e day, a F ench ac o a emp ed o c ea e a dis u bance
wi hou knowing he G eenlandic way o li e.
25
Summa ies o Discussions
On Numbe s, Popula ion S a us, Popula ion T ends:
We ag eed ha he e a e la ge numbe s o b eeding bi ds in eas e n A c ic Canada, al hough
he numbe s a e no pe ec ly known. The e was discussion and some disag eemen abou
he b eeding numbe s in G eenland, and hei s a us in compa ison wi h o me ly; some
iews we e ad anced ha eide s ha e mo ed o o he places. I was ag eed ha he e a e in
any case la ge numbe s win e ing in Wes G eenland, bu no good knowledge on he end o
hose numbe s. Hun e s obse ed ha he e a e some locks o be ound in win e in ice- ee
a eas as a no h as Disko Bay, o example, and biologis s ag eed, and said ha hey had
knowledge o hese no he ly win e ing g oups. An es ima e o 250 000 was men ioned as a
ca ying capaci y and also as a managemen objec i e o he win e ing locks in
New oundland wa e s. This gene a ed some discussion, as i was no clea wha he basis
was o p oposing ha numbe .
Al hough end in win e ing numbe s in Wes G eenland is no known, i was p oposed ha
a mo e se ious lack o p ecise knowledge was a s ock- aking o b eeding numbe s in some o
he a eas o G eenland ha ha e no been su eyed. I was also no ed ha knowledge o
b eeding numbe s o e he b eeding ange o his popula ion in eas e n A c ic Canada was
incomple e, and ha u he su eys he e would be in o ma i e.
On Hun ing, Egg- and Down-Collec ing and o he Exploi a ion:
A p esen a ion on down collec ing was hea d wi h in e es , bu he e was li le discussion o
his subjec . The indus y appea s o be unde de elopmen in A c ic Canada, and in
G eenland, he pe cei ed p esen need o ebuild he b eeding popula ions will no conduce
o de eloping such an indus y, e en hough he dis u bance o b eeding bi ds may be
sligh . Down collec ing in G eenland used o be pe mi ed, bu only a e he bi ds had le
he nes , and hen he down is soon spoil o blown away. P esen p ac ice in Canada is o
collec down while he nes is ac i e, bu o collec only a pa o he down om each nes .
The e we e some obse a ions on egg collec ing in Canada, which is a adi ional p ac ice.
Canadian hun e s desc ibed hei p ac ice o only aking pe haps 4 o 6 eggs in a nes .
Hun ing p ac ices and bags in A c ic Canada seem poo ly known and epo ed, al hough i
was poin ed ou ha he e a e no comme cial o ec ea ional hun e s in A c ic Canada, only
subsis ence hun e s. The e was hea ed discussion o he p esen egula ions in G eenland.
The sp ing and summe closu e o seabi d hun ing was seen as di ec ed agains he no he n
communi ies, om which eide s ha e disappea ed be o e he hun ing season opens, and in
26
which hey do no eappea un il a e i has closed again. The e we e oluble a gumen s
agains he p esen egula ions. I was asse ed ha in no he n Wes G eenland he e a e
ew o he esou ces han seabi ds, and ha he e o e i was impo an o adjus he bi d-
hun ing egula ions so ha hese a eas could ha e some be e access o mig a o y sea-bi ds.
On Haza ds and Mo ali ies:
C ippling and subsequen mo ibundi y:
Discussion on c ippling and he p opo ion o bi ds ca ying sho was la gely di ec ed
owa d he me hods used in he s udy, bu he e was also some discussion o whe he an
in oduc ion o s eel sho in G eenland—whe e lead sho is s ill being used—would inc ease
c ippling losses in he seabi d hun . Opinions we e mixed. C ippling loss can be educed
by es ained shoo ing and ca e ul hun ing, and i was sugges ed ha he e would be a
lea ning expe ience o hun e s a e a swi ch o non- oxic sho —c ippling loss migh
inc ease a i s , bu as hun e s lea n abou he new sho and changed hei hun ing
p ac ices, i could be b ough down again. I was said om Canada ha many hun e s he e
a e s ill in his lea ning phase, al hough lead sho has been o bidden o mig a o y bi d
hun ing since 1999.
Byca ch:
The e was a lo o discussion on byca ch, wi hou necessa ily much ag eemen . Da a, as well
as some anecdo al in o ma ion, was b ough o wa d showing ha o al byca ch can be
la ge. One s udy in Nuuk ound a o al o 1 800 bycaugh eide s on sale o e 83 days, and in
ano he s udy in an a ea u he sou h abou 2000 bycaugh eide s we e ound in one mon h
o checking ne s. I was also epo ed ha abou 50% o eide s, and 73% o adul eide s, on
sale in he Nuuk open ma ke we e bycaugh bi ds, indica ing ha , a leas a ce ain imes
o yea , byca ch is abou as big as he ake by hun ing, and mo e damaging o he popula ion
because o he la ge p opo ion o adul s. I appea s ha Common Eide s a e mo e liable o
byca ch han King Eide s, because hey eed close o sho e and in a eas whe e he e a e
ishe ies.
The e is no ag eed es ima e o wha he o al byca ch migh be, and s udies on byca ch ha e
p o ed di icul o ca y ou . A es ic ed s udy in a eas nea Nuuk was ai ly success ul,
bu a la ge s udy in a eas u he sou h in Wes G eenland did no succeed. Al hough some
ishe men and hun e s a e qui e eady o decla e ha he e is byca ch, i is la ge, and i
should be educed, i seems ha o he s a e sensi i e o he possibili y o es ic ions on he
luc a i e ishe y o lumpsucke oe. The e is a equi emen o eco d and epo byca ch
numbe s in he ha es s a is ic sys em Pinia neq, bu i is ecognised ha byca ch is
incomple ely epo ed. The e was no discussion o he e ec s o use ulness o he p esen
27
ban on selling bycaugh eide s6, which was imposed o educe any incen i e o allow
byca ch o occu . I was obse ed ha byca ch damages ne s and is o ha ex en
undesi able o he ishe man.
Byca ch is ag eed o be mos ly in lumpsucke gillne s, in Ma ch and Ap il, and in ela i ely
shallow wa e in coas al a eas. I was also s a ed ha much o he byca ch occu s a nigh .
Howe e , all hese p ope ies a e p ope ies o he lumpsucke ishe y i sel , and he e was
li le op imism ha seasonal o ime-o -day es ic ions on he ishe y would be usable o
use ul. Howe e , i was main ained ha closu es—possibly sho - e m—in es ic ed a eas
as a esponse o local high byca ch migh be e ec i e in educing he o al, o a leas ha he
p oblem should be s udied o ind ou whe he his is a ealis ic possibili y. Fo example, by
inding ou how localised high-byca ch a eas a e, and also whe he he e can be good
lumpsucke ca ches in a eas wi hou high byca ch.
The e was also some discussion o modi ying ne s so ha hey sca e eide s away—by sound
o by making he ne s isible—o in o he ways a oid ca ching hem, and whe he his could
be done wi hou ha ming he ishe y, bu no sugges ions o his kind o gea modi ica ion
we e made a he wo kshop ha we e ecognised by he ishe men as likely o be help ul.
Howe e , u he in es iga ions should p obably be made, a leas by enqui ing in o he
ishe ies ha ha e p oblems wi h byca ch o eide s o o he bi ds.
The e was some discussion o byca ch by abandoned ne s o ne s ha a e le ou oo long,
and also whe he , o o wha deg ee, ishe men can hemsel es ac o educe byca ch o
eide s wi hou losing ish. The e was some ac imony o e ques ions o whe he some
classes o ishe men a e be e o wo se han o he s a knowing how o ca ch lumpsucke s
wi hou ca ching eide s. I was impossible o d aw any conclusions om his discussion,
bu i seems ha i some way could be ound o s udy he abili y o he mos compe en
ishe men o con ol byca ch, lessons migh be lea n ha would make i easie o p o ec he
eide -duck esou ce.
The indica ions om Nuuk i sel we e ha mos ca ch o eide s in he jo ds was by-ca ch—
ew hun e s go a om he own o shoo —and ha since he bi ds win e ing in he jo ds
a e mos ly adul s, he byca ch is he mo e damaging o he popula ion.
Ships’ ligh s and collisions:
The e was much ag eemen on his p oblem. I was ecognised as ha ing a se ious e ec on
he esou ce: kills in he housands om single inciden s we e men ioned, and i seemed
ha kills in he hund eds we e common. The desc ip ion o he p oblem was ag eed: almos
any ship sailing a nigh in win e , in an a ea whe e eide s ha e ga he ed, wi h a sea chligh
o de ec and a oid ice—a common p ac ice in Wes G eenland—is liable o a ac locks o
6 his ban was emo ed by dispensa ion om he Execu i e O de in la e May 2005.

28
lying eide s o se ious, o a al, collision. The damage o he ship‘s equipmen may be
signi ican , bu la ge numbe s o bi ds a e o en killed. I was no epo ed ha his is a
majo sou ce o win e mo ali y in Canada.
Howe e , he e has been no su ey, and no a emp o da e o measu e he scale o he
p oblem o es ima e he o al damage o he eide esou ce. The e is nei he an es ima e o
he numbe o collisions ha occu e e y yea , no o he numbe o bi ds in an a e age
collision. The e is also no in o ma ion on wha ac o s de e mine whe he a collision will
occu , o (apa om he size o he lock) how se ious i will be i one does occu .
The e was uni e sal ag eemen ha his is a p io i y o s udy, s a ing o example wi h
su eys o ships o di e en classes o ind ou how o en collisions occu , and whe he
highe - isk a eas can be iden i ied. Howe e , no much hope was exp essed ha solu ions
o his p oblem would be easy o ind. I was ecognised ha ma ine sa e y would end o
be a p io i y, and ha he e we e ew, o no, easy solu ions in sigh . I was no ed ha some
cap ains u n o sea chligh s when app oaching eide locks a e seen on he ada , pa ly o
a oid collision damage o equipmen , bu he e was no sugges ion ha his p ac ice could be
applied in all cases, o e en a signi ican p opo ion. I was men ioned ha collisions wi h
ships in ha bou migh be educed i sea chligh s we e equi ed o be ex inguished he e.
P eda ion:
P eda ion was discussed in connec ion wi h ep oduc i e success. La ge gulls and a ens
a e cons an and consis en p eda o s on b eeding g ounds; i was men ioned in connec ion
wi h he S Law ence eide -down indus y ha nes co e s can be e ec i e in educing his
a ian p eda ion. Access by an A c ic ox o a pola bea can wipe ou a yea ‘s p oduc ion a
an A c ic colony. Hun e s we e insis en on he signi icance o p eda ion by oxes, and hey
obse ed ha ox p eda ion in Wes G eenland has inc eased since egg-collec ing was
o bidden, he implica ion being ha egg-collec o s de e o de lec oxes. A simila
obse a ion om Canada was ha p eda ion has inc eased since people mo ed in o (la ge )
se lemen s, again wi h he implica ion ha while people we e li ing on he land hey
helped o p o ec he b eeding colonies om oxes.
Da a also appea s o show ha he h ea o p eda ion on he G eenlandic win e ing
g ounds can in luence bi ds‘ use o habi a , because sea-eagles can sa ely a ack nea o he
sho e bu a e a highe isk when a emp ing o ake eide s in o sho e wa e s.
O he haza ds, including oil spills, con aminan s, pa asi es and diseases:
The e was li le discussion on hese issues. A ian chole a was men ioned in wo
p esen a ions as a signi ican mo ali y ac o on b eeding g ounds in he S Law ence and in
Denma k, bu no (ye ) in connec ion wi h he No he n Common Eide . No only spills o
oil, bu also ch onic low-le el eleases in bilge-wa e discha ge can cause mo ali y o
mo ibundi y, bu nei he he one issue no he o he is ye egis e ed as a cu en con inuing
29
p oblem o his popula ion. O he con aminan s seem no o be an issue, and lead
poisoning o ducks om inges ing sho on hea ily hun ed win e ing g ounds is no
appa en ly so a a p oblem o hese sea-ducks. Pa asi es, and hei e ec on p oduc ion o
mo ali y, we e men ioned in connec ion wi h cu en esea ch on he Canadian b eeding
g ounds, and as a possible con ibu o y cause o declines in Denma k, bu we e no
desc ibed o discussed as a p oblem ha can be, o needs o be, con olled.
30
P io i ies o S udy and Ac ion:
Pa icipan s in he wo kshop we e asked o name h ee hings we should do o imp o e he
managemen o he eide popula ion and o imp o e he ou look o i s u u e, and also
h ee hings we should s udy. Then we lis ed he di e en subjec s and allied up how
many imes each one had been ecommended. The di ision be ween subjec s o s udy and
ecommenda ions o ac ion was no always clea -cu a he ime, so he wo lis s ha e he e
been combined, and alloca ed ad hoc o ‘Ac ion‘ (A) o ‘S udy‘ (S). ‘Imp o e epo ing‘ has
been conside ed a ‘s udy‘ i em. Some i ems ha had simila in en ions and only
insigni ican ly di e en desc ip ions ha e been combined.
The e was a clea dis inc ion be ween impo an subjec s ha ecei ed a lo o a en ion and
subjec s ha we e only men ioned once o wice. The main p eoccupa ions we e clea : in
e ms o s udy, we should ind ou mo e abou popula ion numbe s (20), abou byca ch (15),
and abou collisions wi h ships (19). Among o he da a collec ion, imp o ed epo ing o
o he means o es ima ing hun ing akes a e also seen as a p io i y, and he mig a ion ou es
connec ing di e en b eeding and win e ing a eas we e also impo an (7).
P io i y ac ions we e less clea -cu . Imp o emen s in he social amewo k o eide
managemen ecei ed a o al o 14 men ions, wi h educa ion p og ammes and imp o ing
he communica ion and ela ions be ween use s, manage s and scien is s a he op o he
lis . Ha ing be e (mo e clea ly de ined) managemen goals, common be ween he wo
coun ies, was seen as impo an (7), and G eenland hun e s a ached g ea impo ance o
ex ending hun ing seasons and adap ing egula ions o local condi ions (7). O he p io i y
ac ion i ems we e inding ways o educe ox p eda ion on he b eeding-g ounds (6), by-
ca ch (5) and collisions wi h ships‘ sea chligh s (4). By-ca ch and collision we e p io i y
i ems o bo h s udy and ac ion (43 in o al), bu i was no hough impo an o s udy
p eda ion (1).
Social F amewo k in Gene al
A Educa ion p og ammes---hun e s, boa e s, ou is s, immig an s om ou side G eenland,
schools as well, media, and es a Tulugaq XXXXXX
A Be e coope a ion and us , hun e s and biologis s, (and e en manage s!) use
in ol emen in esea ch, also spa e- ime hun e s XXXX
A Inc ease he in luence o he Fangs åde , he use s, and he municipali ies (in
managemen and esea ch) XXX
A Imp o e he ans e o esea ch esul s o he communi y X
31
Managemen in Gene al
A Make be e and common managemen goals XXXXXXX
A Ex end he hun ing season and ha e locally adap ed egula ions o G eenland hun ing:
XXXXXXX
S Imp o e he epo ing o bag, by-ca ch and collisions; change a i udes XXXX
A Imp o e en o cemen o egula ions: XX
A O e haul managemen me hods, go away om a daily bag sys em, go away om
ha ing wo classes o hun e s X
S Find ou how well he new egula ions a e wo king in G eenland X
Numbe s, Popula ion S a us, Popula ion T ends:
S Ge be e da a on popula ion sizes XXXXXXXX; e.g. mo e b eeding a eas XXXXXX, in
G eenland XXX, speci ically in Eas G eenland X, and also in Canada X
S Speci ically win e ing numbe s: X
S Imp o e su ey me hods— emo e sensing, obse a ion sa elli es! X
A Imp o e ep oduc i e success, by all app op ia e means X
O he Popula ion Biology:
S Mo e widesp ead ma king in colonies (also in Canada); s udy mig a ions and ela ions
be ween b eeding and moul ing a eas and win e ing si es XXXXXXX
S Es ima e how he G eenland ca ch spli s be ween Canadian b eeding bi ds and
G eenland b eede s? XXXX
S Es ima e o al mo ali y le els, no jus hun ing bu including o he mo ali ies XXX and
including he Canadian subsis ence ha es X
S S udy mo emen s be ween colonies and ind new colonies XX
Hun ing, Egg- and Down-collec ing, O he Exploi a ion
S Find ou abou egg collec ion in Canada, e.g. i s scale and i s e ec on p oduc ion; X
S S udy he e ec s on p oduc i i y o dis u bance by down and egg collec ion X
A Ban egg-collec ing—also in Canada: X
O he Haza ds:
Byca ch:
S Ge da a, imp o e in o ma ion on and epo ing o byca ch (Pinia neq) XXXXXXXX
A De elop me hods o educe byca ch XXXXX
Ships’ ligh s and collisions
S In oduce an en o ceable egula ion equi ing epo ing o sea chligh collisions as an
ini ial s ep o ind ou mo e abou his p oblem: XXXXXXXXXXXX
A Make egula ions o u ning sea chligh s o , ind solu ions o his p oblem, ake some
ac ion: XXXX
38
p opose s udy o he s ee ing commi ees o GN, KNAPK and TAPK; execu e he s udy and
epo i s esul s; p opose measu es o egula ing ishe ies o educe byca ch o eide ducks,
including: equi emen s o sho - e m moni o ing o by-ca ch, sho - e m and/o local-a ea
closu es, al e a ions in gea , &c;
Timing: immedia ely. This is a se ious issue, and se ing up a sa is ac o y s udy, ge ing i
app o ed by he a ious in e es ed pa ies, execu ing i and e iewing i s esul s will be a
leng hy p ocess.
Leade s: GN/DMU, KNAPK/TAPK, DMN/DFF.
6. Collisions wi h ships—es ima e size and s udy spa ial incidence; egula ions
on epo ing collisions;
In o ma ion: Ships sailing a nigh in win e in G eenland commonly use powe ul
s eaming ligh s o see and a oid ice and o he obs acles. Eide locks lying in he da k,
especially when og o snow educe isibili y, a e a ac ed o ships using ligh s and,
dazzled, hi he ship‘s supe s uc u e and igging. Such occu ences usually esul in a al
inju y o la ge numbe s o eide s. They can also cause expensi e damage o some o he
mo e delica e pa s o he ship‘s supe s uc u e, such as ada an ennas. (Cap ains
some imes shu ligh s o i eide locks a e seen on ada , o a oid damage.)
Al hough he e is plen y o anecdo al e idence ha his happens, ai ly o en, e e y yea ,
he e is no quan i a i e da a on he numbe o imes i happens in an a e age yea , s ill less
on how many bi ds a e in ol ed in an a e age collision inciden o how badly hey a e
inju ed.
A p elimina y s udy o es ima e he scale o he p oblem, and ind ou how se ious i is,
would be app op ia e, bu di icul o ca y ou . Remedial ac ion would be di icul and
con en ious, as he use o sea chligh s makes sailing a nigh in ice-in es ed wa e s in small
and medium-sized boa s signi ican ly sa e ; o much o he win e , in many a eas o
G eenland, i would no be possible o na iga e wi hou hem. Howe e , i mo ali y om
his cause is la ge, i beho es manage s o in es iga e i .
Ac ions: a sample su ey o boa s could be ca ied ou , wi h con ac o he skippe e e y
wo weeks o e e y mon h o es ima e he equency o collision inciden s h ough he
win e . Es ima ing he mean losses pe inciden would be di icul , as he numbe s p obably
a y widely. Ini ially, cap ains‘ es ima es o he numbe s o bi ds in ol ed migh be he
bes place o s a . Analysis o he spa ial and empo al pa e ns o occu ence would
pe haps indica e how o p oceed wi h u he in es iga ions.

39
Timing: This s udy, o planning o i , should p oceed immedia ely. This is a conce n abou
which he e is li le in o ma ion on how se iously i should be aken.
Leade s: s udy: GN/DMU, KNAPK/TAPK; epo ing egula ions: DMN/DFF.
Managemen and Regula ion
7. Managemen objec i es, and managemen by objec i es
In o ma ion: managemen measu es ha e no speci ic goals; in gene al, he objec i e
assumed is o a oid ( u he ) declines in popula ions. Howe e , no quan i a i e goals o
win e ing o b eeding popula ions in G eenland ha e been es ablished. So we can‘ ind ou
whe he managemen is being success ul—achie ing i s desi ed objec i es—no can we plan
managemen ac ions o each a s a ed objec i e—none has been s a ed.
Possible managemen objec i es migh be o ha e a win e ing popula ion o a gi en size, o
ha e popula ions ha will suppo ha es s o desi ed size, o main ain egional b eeding
popula ions a speci ied sizes, o o main ain a speci ied annual p oduc ion. Any o hese
migh be u he speci ied by egion and season, and hey migh be combined, e.g. by
equi ing bo h win e ing popula ions o gi en sizes and also a ce ain dis ibu ion o he
b eeding bi ds.
Any sugges ion o se managemen objec i es would need o s a wi h wo k speci ically by
managemen au ho i ies, o conside wha hey would conside o be sui able ypes o
objec i es (e.g. numbe s); pe haps ad ised by biologis s as o wha objec i es could be
moni o ed (e.g. numbe o nes s can be moni o ed, p oduc ion pe nes is mo e di icul ) and
by hun e s as o wha objec i es a e impo an (e.g. allowable ha es migh be seen as mo e
impo an han numbe s pe se).
Al hough G eenland and Canada sha e s ocks o mig a o y seabi ds (no only eide s), he e
is no o mal bila e al ag eemen be ween he wo ju isdic ions on managemen o
managemen p inciples o mig a o y bi ds. Bo h a e membe o he A c ic Council, unde
which— h ough subsidia y le els—one e en ually eaches he le el o he Ci cumpola
Seabi d Wo king G oup. This is howe e p incipally a echnical wo king g oup, and
managemen au ho i ies do no gene ally pa icipa e.
Ac ions: a sugges ed p og amme migh include he ollowing elemen s:
- discussions a he managemen le el be ween he wo ju isdic ions wi h a iew o
pu ing in place a o mal in e na ional ag eemen on he managemen o mig a o y
bi ds, including eide ducks;
40
- a co espondence wo king g oup o managemen au ho i ies (DMN, DOE)—wi h
biological ad ice— o discuss and p opose wha kinds o managemen objec i e could
be usable;
- dialogue wi h use s (hun e s and o he s) on wha objec i es hey ega d as desi able
(e.g. egional dis ibu ions o ha es , ha es o e longe pe iods o yea );
- biological inpu on wha le els o hese objec i es migh be a ainable in he medium
o long e m;
- a o um o semina on wha he implica ions (e.g. educ ions in p esen ha es s)
migh be i objec i es a e se a ce ain le els;
- a decision o se managemen objec i es and o p omulga e hem;
Timing: Immedia ely; o show ha managemen au ho i ies ake he managemen o his
species se iously; also o show ha he p inciple o managemen by objec i es is accep ed;
Leade s: DMN/DFF/DOE;
8. Locally adap ed egula ions
In o ma ion: G eenland hun e s conside ha hei coun y has a la ge no h-sou h ex en
and ha i would be app op ia e o bi d hun ing egula ions o e lec la i udinal a ia ion
in clima ic egimes. Eide s ha b eed in he no he n pa o Wes G eenland end o lea e
he a ea soon a e b eeding, and do no e u n un il nea he s a o he b eeding season.
Fo he main pa o he ‘ ecognised‘ hun ing season, eide s a e no p esen in hese a eas
and a e no a ailable o people li ing he e. The locally p oduced bi ds a e no a ailable o
local people as a esou ce, bu a e seen as un ai ly ese ed o people li ing in he a eas
whe e bi ds spend he win e mon hs. The e is a pe sis en demand o ha e special seasons
in hese a eas, especially o allow local people o hun in sp ing nea he s a o he b eeding
season.
Biologis s discoun enance hun ing in sp ing o se e al easons: p incipally because hun ing
on b eeding bi ds ha ha e su i ed win e mo ali y is expensi e o he b eeding s ock,
bu also because dis u bance associa ed wi h pu sui and hun ing is hough o hinde bi ds
in building up he ene gy ese es hey need o b eeding. A limi ed hun migh be
allowable, i a co esponding educ ion could be made in he win e ake in he main
win e ing a eas. Howe e , egula ions o limi sp ing hun ing ha e been con en ious. Small
daily limi s a e no wo h going ou o , and weekly limi s ha e been de ided as
unen o ceable.
While biologis s a e, in gene al, cau ious abou sp ing hun ing, he abili y o make
quan i a i e assessmen s o i s e ec s on he popula ion o on he allowable win e ha es is
limi ed. Da a is lacking on he age dis ibu ion o bi ds aken in sp ing in he no he n
41
b eeding a eas, and on he e ec o hun ing and associa ed dis u bance on he building up
o ene gy ese es.
Managemen au ho i ies in G eenland ha e ecen ly a e some yea s o discussion
in oduced e ised egula ions o bi d hun ing, and look o a pe iod o s abili y while he
e ec o he ecen changes can be assessed. Re ision o he egula ions is no a his ime a
p io i y, so he e is ime o conside how da a on he e ec s o possible sp ing hun ing could
be ga he ed.
Ac ions: design s udies o collec in o ma ion on e ec s o sp ing hun ing on he b eeding
popula ion and b eeding success.
Timing: low p io i y, bu s udy design could be ini ia ed now, wi h a iew o ha ing a
p oposal eadily a ailable o submission when oppo uni y pe mi s.
Leade s: GN/DMU; KNAPK/TAPK.
9. Imp o ed epo ing o all kinds o mo ali y—bag, by-ca ch, and collisions.
In o ma ion: moni o ing mo ali y is a key elemen in wildli e managemen . G eenland
ope a es a ca ch epo ing sys em, ope a ed by he Di ec o a e o Fishing and Hun ing,
co e ing all hun e s and all hun ed species, wi h a daily dia y, sen o hun e s wi h hei
hun ing licence, ha he hun e is asked o summa ise o mon hly o als and submi
annually; i has p o isions o epo ing by-ca ch o eide s (bu no o he seabi ds) as a
sepa a e en y, bu wi hou no de ails on he ishe y o gea ha gene a ed he byca ch.
Hun e s a e esponsible o species iden i ica ion. Canada es ima es ca ches by a mailed
sample su ey o holde s o mig a o y bi d licences, bu has no sys em o epo ing by-
ca ches. In nei he case is he e any e i ica ion o he accu acy o he da a collec ed, o a
egula obse e p og amme in ishe ies ha gene a e eide by-ca ch.
Nei he ju isdic ion has any sys em o egula ly eco ding o epo ing o he mo ali ies
whe e people a e p esen (in G eenland, no ably collisions wi h ships due o dazzling),
while human-caused mo ali ies whe e people a e absen (due o example o oil ouling)
a e eco ded haphaza dly i a all.
I is likely ha highe p io i y needs o be gi en o add essing mo ali ies ha a e no
eco ded a all (in G eenland, collisions wi h ships; in Canada, pe haps by-ca ch) han o
imp o ing he moni o ing sys ems ha a e al eady in place.
Ac ions: e iew he unc ioning o exis ing sys ems o epo ing mo ali ies, especially
wi h espec o e idence o gaps o e o s in he collec ed in o ma ion;
42
assess he signi icance o mo ali ies, o causes o mo ali y, ha a e missed by exis ing
sys ems ( o G eenland, see abo e unde ship collisions and byca ch); decide whe he hey
a e signi ican enough o equi e mi iga ion, moni o ing, o bo h.
i app op ia e, ins i u e moni o ing sys ems, such as log-book en ies o obse e
sys ems, o egis e and eco d mo ali y e en s.
Leade s: DMN/DFF/CWS;
Social F amewo k
10. Educa ion, in o ma ion, be e us be ween use s and biologis s;
In o ma ion: Educa ion: in gene al equi es closing he gap be ween an accep ance o he
p inciple o sus ainable u ilisa ion o esou ces (which ecei es a leas lip se ice
uni e sally) and an accep ance o i s p ac ical implica ions, which may include se ing lowe
quo as o p o ec ing animals a some seasons. Wi h speci ic e e ence o he managemen o
bi d hun ing, he e needs o be a con inuing e o o make all pa icipan s in managemen
awa e o he s a us o popula ions and he ac o s ha a ec hem.
Rela ions be ween use s and biologis s. In G eenland in pa icula , a supposed lack o
mu ual comp ehension and con idence be ween esou ce use s and biologis s is a
con inually ecu ing opic, in ela ion o he managemen no only o eide hun ing, bu o
ha o o he esou ces as well. This pe cep ion is nu u ed by he leade s o KNAPK, in
hei e o s o ep esen he in e es s o he membe s o hei o ganisa ion. Howe e , he e
is simila ly, a he same ime, a con inuing e o a all le els o imp o e ela ions, mu ual
con idence, coope a ion, and he exchange o in o ma ion. I is p obably no necessa y o
unde ake a speci ic e o in he con ex o he managemen o eide s, al hough o cou se
wo k on eide s should con inue o be cha ac e ised by coope a ion and communica ion
be ween hun e s and biologis s.
The si ua ion in Canada is di e en ; bi d hun e s in gene al—including A c ic esiden s—
ha e mo e con idence ha biologically in o med managemen is e ec i e, and ha
egula ions a e app op ia e and a e needed o sa egua d bo h popula ion numbe s and
u u e exploi a ion.
In o ma ion: In G eenland, KNAPK, GN, DMN ha e o coope a e in wo espec s, one is
ag eeing on common iews o he si ua ion, he biology, he numbe s, he o he is pu ing
ou a common message. I he only message con eyed o he public is o disco d and
disag eemen i is di icul o people o belie e ha hun ing is being managed e ec i ely.
The G eenland Ins i u e o Na u al Resou ces has in ecen yea s de o ed wo issues o i s
popula -science pe iodical Pi u o he s a us o game bi d popula ions, one o hem
43
speci ically o eide ducks, and eide s we e one o he species g oups named as ‗p oblem
species‘ in he ecen G eenland public dialogue p og amme ‗Tulugaq‘.
Ac ions: con inue e o s by hun e s‘ o ganisa ions and GN o imp o e communica ions,
ela ions, con ac be ween biologis s and hun e s and mu ual con idence.
Leade s: GN/KNAPK/TAPK.
Timing: ongoing:
Ac ions: design and implemen con inuing in o ma ion p og ammes on he s a us o bi d
popula ions, on hun ing egula ions, and on new p og ammes o educe mo ali y and hei
success.
Leade : DMN/DFF/DOE.
Timing: now.

44
Appendix II: Pa icipan s
Canadian Wildli e Se ice, Depa men o he En i onmen , Canada:
Sco G. Gilliland, A lan ic Region, 6 B uce S ., Moun Pea l, New oundland, A1N 4T3;
Sco .Gillila[email p o ec ed]
Ma k Mallo y, Wes e n and No he n Region, Box 1714, Qimugjuk Building 969, Iqalui ,
Nuna u X0A 0H0; ma k.mallo [email protected]
Jean-Pie e L. Sa a d, Quebec Region, 1141 ou e de l‘Église, P.O. Box 10100, Sain e Foy,
Québec , G1V 4H5. jean-pie e.sa a [email protected]
Danish Na ional En i onmen al Resea ch Ins i u es:
Thomas Kjæ Ch is iansen, Depa men o Wildli e Biology and Biodi e si y, Kalø, G enå ej
12, 8410 Rønde. [email protected]
Helene Nyegaa d, Depa men o A c ic En i onmen , Risø, F ede iksbo g ej 399, 4000
Roskilde.
Di ek o a o Fiske i og Fangs , G ønlands Hjemmes y e, P.O. Boks
269, 3900 Nuuk:
Mads B inck Lillelund [email p o ec ed]
Knud Nielsen S o ch k[email p o ec ed]
Di ek o a o Miljø and Na u , G ønlands Hjemmes y e, P.O. Boks
1614, 3900 Nuuk
Ma ianne Jensen ma [email protected]
Me e-As id Jessen ma[email p o ec ed]
Inge Thaulow [email p o ec ed]l
G ønlands Na u ins i u , P.O. Boks 570, 3900 Nuuk:
Ca s en Ege ang ege a[email p o ec ed]
Emma K is ensen emk @na u .gl
Michael Kingsley mcsk@na u .gl
Flemming Me kel lme@na u .gl
Jens Nyeland now a Na u ama, D onningemaen 30, 5700 S endbo g, Denma k.
jen@na u ama.dk
Kalaalli Nunaanni Aalisa u Pinia ullu Ka u ia :
Nikolaj Hein ich, Lyngby-Taa nbæks ej 5, Blok 42 lejl. 10, 3900 Nuuk
La s Rasmussen, H J Rinks ej 22, Blok 7 Lejl. 113, 3900 Nuuk
Ole Pe e sen, Niue up O up Aqqu aa B 1023, 3962 Upe na ik
Jakob Pe e sen, Ili ileq B 480, 3922 Nano alik
45
Kalé Mølgaa d, Qaqqannguaq 18, 3953 Qeqe a suaq
Nuna u :
Gab iel Ni lingayuk, Nuna u Tunnga ik, gabni @a c ic.ca
Joe Tigulla aq, Nuna u Wildli e Managemen Boa d, Iqalui .
Tape a alugu Pinia a u Aalisa a ullu Ka u ia :
Jokum Schmid , Box 75, 3940 Paamiu
Lud ig Dahl, Akinngui Aqqu aa 8, 3953 Qeqe a suaq
46
Appendix III: Planned P og amme
Tuesday 15.02
09:00
Welcome, housekeeping, e c.
09:10
P esen a ion: Wo kshop objec i es and P og amme:
09:30
Session S a : Se ing he Scene: whe e we a e now
09:30
Impo ance o eide ducks o no he n esiden s in Canada: Can. hun e s, CWS
09:50
Impo ance o eide ducks o esiden s in G eenland: KNAPK, TPAK
10:10
Popula ion s a us in G eenland: nes ing, mig a ing, win e ing: GN, KNAPK
10:40
Popula ion s a us in eas e n A c ic Canada: nes ing, mig a ing, win e ing: CWS
& Canadian hun e s
11:10
Co ee
11:25
Hun ing, byca ch, and o he exploi a ion in Wes G eenland: numbe s,
egula ions, seasonal incidence: DFF, KNAPK, GN
11:55
Hun ing, byca ch, down collec ion and o he exploi a ion in eas e n Canada:
numbe s, egula ions, seasonal incidence: CWS & Can. hun e s
12:30
Lunch
13:30
O he h ea s in Wes G eenland: ships‘ sea chligh s, dis u bance, c ippling,
clima e change, e c.: DMN, DFF, DMU
14:00
O he h ea s in Canada: oil emissions, ma icul u e, dis u bance, clima e
change, e c: CWS & ?
14:30
Lead sho and heal h e ec s; DMU, DIH
15:00
Co ee
15:15
Discussion, Colla ing, P io ising:
Knowledge, wha we know and wha we don‘
Regula ions and P o ec ion: wha ‘s wo king and wha isn‘
Hun ing and o he h ea s: which do we know abou , which do we no know
abou ; which ones a e se ious, which need s udy, e c.
(This discussion will gene a e in o ma ion o in o m he discussions in he nex
2 days.)
16:45
Ending i s day, Summa y
Wednesday 16.02
09:00
Thomas Kjæ : Eide duck hun ing in Denma k: his o y and consequences
47
09:30
Session S a : Managemen Measu es (DMN, DFF, KNAPK, CWS)
(Discussion s uc u ed on he esul s o he p e ious day‘s discussions.)
09:30
Regula ions in Canada: CWS and Canadian hun e s—wha do we know abou
egula ions and hei obse ance; wha is no wo king, wha is uselessly s ic ,
wha managemen changes can o should be conside ed? how well is con ac
wi h use s wo king, a e hei inpu s heeded? Wha h ea s a e se ious, in spi e
o egula ions? Should egula ions be al e ed? I so, how?
10:30
Co ee
10:45
Regula ions in G eenland: DMN and G eenland hun e s— wha do we know
abou egula ions and hei obse ance; wha is no wo king, wha is uselessly
s ic , wha managemen changes can o should be conside ed? How well is
con ac wi h use s wo king, a e hei inpu s heeded? Wha h ea s a e se ious,
in spi e o egula ions? Should egula ions be al e ed? I so, how?
12:30
Lunch
13:30
En i onmen al P o ec ion: DMU, DMN: wha measu es can o should be
aken o comba o he h ea s (oil spills, sea chligh s)?
a e he e egula o y oppo uni ies ha a e being missed?
a e he e oppo uni ies o inc eased coope a ion wi h use s and o he
o ganisa ions?
14:30
Summa y: ecommended ac ions on managemen measu es
15:00
Co ee
15:15
Session S a : Resea ch Requi emen s and P io i ies
15:15
Recen esea ch and esul s, cu en p og ammes and p oposals in G eenland:
GN, DMU and Canada;
16:00
Recen esea ch and esul s, cu en p og ammes and p oposals in Canada:
CWS
16:45
Summa y: cu en esea ch
Thu sday 17.02
09:00
Resea ch Requi emen s and P io i ies:
his discussion will be s uc u ed on esul s o he p io ised i ems om Day 1,
in he ligh o discussion on managemen measu es in Day 2
09:00
Eide popula ion model: CWS
09:40
Discussion on needed, possible, and desi able esea ch on:
- popula ion size, numbe s, end, ecological pa ame e s; popula ion
sepa a ions;
- mig a ion ou es, win e ing a eas;
- o he h ea s: oil emissions, sea chligh s; byca ch;
54
25. Falk, K., Me kel, F.R., Kampp, K. & Jamieson, S.E. In p ess. Embedded lead sho and in lic ion a es o Common and King Eide s
win e ing in Sou hwes G eenland. Wildli e Biology 00: 000–000.

55
Canada
P e ious s udies
Re e ences
P esen P oposals and Ac i e P ojec s
Abundance and dis ibu ion
His o ical eco ds
Sca ce eco ds
Recen g ound su eys
S. coas Ba in I.; Unga a B. no he n
Quebec; F obishe B., Ba in I.; islands in
Hell Ga e polynya; Lab ado Coas .
14, 35, 37
40, 56, 58,
62
Island su eys along Lab ado Coas ,
ongoing; g ound su eys in
Cumbe land Sd, Foxe Basin, E. Ba in
I. p oposed.
Ae ial su eys, win e (A lan ic
Canada)
Gul o S Law ence (1981,1989,2003,2006)
New oundland (2003, 2006),
41, 42, 43
Win e ae ial su eys in eas e n
Canada ongoing; planned a 3 yea
in e als.
Ae ial Su eys, B eeding
S. Ba in I. (1980–83, 1998); Unga a B.
(1978); Lab ado coas (1980,1994,2006);
Hudson S . (1980–1983)
35–39
Lab ado coas o be esu eyed in
2006
Popula ion ends
His o ical
S. Ba in I.
61
Recen
Unga a B. and I uju ik no he n Quebec
(2001); Hell Ga e polynya (high A c ic,
ongoing); no he n Foxe Basin (1995);
Penny S ai polynya (2002); Lab ado
Coas .
21, 27, 30,
40, 56, 57,
58, 37, 27
Hell Ga e and Penny S ai polynya
a eas (high A c ic) su eys ongoing.
Renewed island su eys S. Ba in I.,
p oposed.
P oduc i i y and su i al
Clu ch size
S. Ba in I.; Eas B., Sou hamp on I.; S
Helena I.; Lab ado Coas ; Unga a B.
14, 21, 35,
40, 60, 62
Eas B., Sou hamp on I. (low A c ic)
and S Helena I. (high A c ic),
ongoing; Unga a B. (p oposed).
56
Nes success
S. Ba in I.; Eas B., Sou hamp on I.; S
Helena I.; Lab ado Coas .
14, 21, 35,
40, 60, 62
Eas B., Sou hamp on I. (low A c ic,),
S . Helena I. (high A c ic), ongoing.
Nes & duckling p eda ion
S. Ba in I.; Eas B., Sou hamp on I.; S
Helena I.
22, 28,
Eas B. Sou hamp on I. (low A c ic),
S Helena I. (high A c ic), ongoing
Endogenous ese e dynamics
Fac o s a ec ing ep oduc ion and
mig a ion
9–12, 17,
20, 25
Con aminan s in eide s
Ca case analysis
19, 26, 29,
31, 33, 63
Popula ion delinea ion
Ringing
S. Ba in I.; Eas B., Sou hamp on I.; S
Helena I.; Unga a.
6
Eas B., Sou hamp on I. and S
Helena I., (ongoing). S. Ba in I.,
F obishe B., and Unga a B.
p oposed..
Sa elli e eleme y, summe
Eas B. 2001, 2003; Upe na ik 2002
8
Unga a B. (planned o 2006)
Sa elli e eleme y, moul ing
Eas B. 2001, 2003 (moul ed in Hudson S .);
8
Gene ics
Eggs collec ed G eenland and Canada;
gene ic ela edness wi hin a Canadian
colony (Eas B., Sou hamp on I.)
16
Ac i e M.Sc. p ojec 2006
Win e ecology
Dis ibu ion in A lan ic Canada
Ae ial su eys in win e
39, 41, 42,
43
Ae ial su eys ongoing
Body condi ion, ac i i y, and die in
win e
Gul o S . Law ence
50, 51, 52,
53, 54
Ongoing, Gul o S . Law ence.
Pa asi e loads in win e
None
Ha es and o he mo ali ies
Ha es le els
Nuna u Wildli e Ha es S udy;
Canadian Na ional Ha es Su ey
44, 45, 46,
47, 48
Ongoing, A lan ic Canada.
57
Demog aphy
Sou hwes G eenland
F ac ion o bi ds ca ying lead sho ,
in lic ion a es, and e ec s o condi ion
Eas B., Sou hamp on I.; A lan ic Canada
13, 49
Dis u bance
F om humans a nes ing colonies
34
Oiling
Moni o ed in New oundland
55
Ongoing, oppo unis ic.
Byca ch
None
Collisions wi h ships
None
Re e ences:
1. Me kel ,F.R., Mosbech, A., Boe mann, D. & G øndahl, L. 2002. Win e seabi d dis ibu ion and abundance o sou h-wes e n G eenland,
1999. Pola Resea ch 21: 17–36.
2. Boe mann, D., Lyngs, P., Me kel, F.R. & Mosbech, A. 2004. The signi icance o SW G eenland as win e qua e s o seabi ds. Bi d
Conse a ion In e na ional 14: 87–112.
3. Mosbech, A. & Johnson, S.R. 1999. La e win e dis ibu ion and abundance o sea-associa ed bi ds in sou h-wes e n G eenland, he Da is
S ai and sou he n Ba in Bay. Pola Resea ch 18: 1–17.
4. Du inck, J. & Falk, K. 1996. The dis ibu ion and abundance o seabi ds o sou hwes e n G eenland in au umm and win e 1988–1989.
Pola Resea ch 15: 23–42.
5. Vibe, C. 1967. A c ic animals in ela ion o clima ic luc ua ions. Meddelelse om G ønland 170. 227 pp.
6. Lyngs, P. 2003. Mig a ion and win e anges o bi ds in G eenland—an analysis o inging eco e ies. Dansk O ni hologisk Fo enings
Tidssk i 97: 1–167.
7. Me kel, F.R., Mosbech, A., Sonne-Hansen, C. & Flags ad, A. 2002. Sa elli e acking o Common Eide s win e ing a ound Nuuk, Sou hwes
G eenland, 2000–2001. G eenland Ins i u e o Na u al Resou ces, Nuuk. P og ess epo .
8. Mosbech, A., Gilch is , H.G., Me kel, F.R., Sonne, C. & Flags ad, A. In p ep. Compa ing sp ing and au umn mig a ion o A c ic common
eide based on sa elli e eleme y. Submi ed o A dea.
9. Me kel, F.R., Falk, K. & Jamieson, S.E. In p ess. E ec o embedded lead sho on body condi ion o Common Eide s. Jou nal o Wildli e
Managemen 00: 000–000.
58
10. Jamieson, S., H.G. Gilch is , F.R. Me kel, A. Diamond & K. Falk. In p ess. Endogenous ese e dynamics o No he n Common Eide s
win e ing in G eenland. Pola Resea ch 00: 000–000
11. Jamieson, S., H.G. Gilch is , F. Me kel, K. Falk & Diamond, A.W. In p ess. An e alua ion o me hods used o es ima e ca cass composi ion
o Common Eide ducks, Soma e ia mollissima. Wildli e Biology 00: 000–000
12. Jamieson, S.E. Endogenous ese e dynamics o No he n Common Eide s (Soma e ia mollissima bo ealis) win e ing in G eenland 2003.
Thesis, Uni e si y o New B unswick, Canada.
13. Falk, K., Me kel, F.R., Kampp, K. & Jamieson, S.E. In p ess. Embedded lead sho and in lic ion a es o Common and King Eide s
win e ing in Sou hwes G eenland. Wildli e Biology 00: 000–000.
14. Smi h, S., R.D. Saunde s & J.A. Whi ney. 1996. Wildli e su eys in he Lyon Inle Region, Foxe Basin—1995. Canadian Wildli e Se ice
unpublished epo , 54 pp.
15. Gas on, A.J., R. Decke , F.G. Cooch & A. Reed. 1986. The dis ibu ion o la ge species o bi ds b eeding on he coas s o Foxe Basin and
No he n Hudson Bay, Canada. A c ic 39: 285–296.
16. McKinnon, L., H.G. Gilch is & L.K. Sc ibne . In p ess. Female sociali y in he Common Eide , Soma e ia mollissima: he in luence o K in
ela edness. Beha io al Ecology 00: 000–000
17. Fas , P.L., H.G. Gilch is & R.G. Cla k. In p ess. Habi a -speci ic weigh loss among incuba ing Common Eide s, (Soma e ia mollissima): an
expe imen al es . Jou nal o A ian Biology 00: 000–000.
18. E.H. Mille , J. Williams, S.E. Jamieson, H.G. Gilch is & M.L. Mallo y. In p ess. Allome y and a ia ion o he ocal ac in Common
Eide s (Soma e ia mollissima) and King Eide s (S. spec abilis). Jou nal o A ian Biology 00: 000–000.
19. Wayland, M., H.G. Gilch is & E. Neugebaue . 2005. Concen a ions o cadmium, me cu y and selenium in common eide ducks in he
eas e n Canadian A c ic: in luence o ep oduc i e s age. Science o he To al En i onmen . 351–52: 323–332.
20. DeVink, J.M., H.G. Gilch is & A. Diamond. 2005. E ec s o wa e salini y on g ow h and su i al o Common Eide ducklings. Auk 122:
523–529.
21. Mallo y, M.L. & H.G. Gilch is . 2005. Ma ine bi ds o he Hell Ga e polynya, Nuna u , Canada. Pola Resea ch 24: 87–93.
22. Alla d, K., H.G. Gilch is & A. Diamond. In p ep. Fo aging ecology o an a ian p eda o , he He ing Gull: in e ac ions be ween wea he ,
p ey beha io , and unc ional p ey a ailabili y. Submi ed o Beha io al Ecology.
23. Mallo y, M.L. & H.G. Gilch is . 2004. Wa e owl in he eas e n Canadian A c ic. Mig a o y game bi d hun ing egula ions in Canada, July
2004. p. 11.
59
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