1
Technical Repo No. 47, 2002
G eenland Ins i u e o Na u al Resou ces
Moni o ing la ge he bi o e
e ec s on ege a ion in
G eenland
- Wo kshop epo
2
Ti le: Moni o ing la ge he bi o e e ec s on ege a ion in G eenland
- Wo kshop epo
Edi ed by: A ild Landa
T ansla ion: Bjø n Rosing
Funding: No dic Council (No dic A c ic Resea ch P og amme) and
G eenland Ins i u e o Na u al Resou ces
Se ies:Technical Repo No. 47, 2002
Publishe : G eenland Ins i u e o Na u al Resou ces
Co e pho o: A ild Landa
ISBN: 87-90024-83-4
ISSN: 1397-3657
Layou : Ki s en Rydahl
P in ing: Oddi P in ing L d., Reykja ik, Iceland
P in s: 100
Re e ence: Landa, A. (ed.) 2002. Moni o ing la ge he bi o e e ec s on ege a ion in
G eenland – Wo kshop epo . G eenland Ins i u e o Na u al Resou ces.
Technical Repo No. 47. 33 pp.
Key wo ds: Ca ibou, g azing, he bi o es, muskoxen, O ibos moscha us, Rangi e
a andus, eindee .
A ailable om:G eenland Ins i u e o Na u al Resou ces
P. O . Box 570
DK-3900 Nuuk
G eenland
Phone: +299 32 10 95
Fax: +299 32 59 57
www.na u .gl
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Technical Repo No. 47, 2002
G eenland Ins i u e o Na u al Resou ces
Moni o ing la ge he bi o e
e ec s on ege a ion in
G eenland
- Wo kshop epo
by
A ild Landa (ed.)
Con ibu o s in alphabe ic o de :
Gunna Aus heim, Ch is ine Cuyle , Panipek Dao ama, E ic S een Hansen,
Jus in I ine, A ild Landa, Anne Loison, Jon Moen, K is jana G. Mo z eld ,
Ch is ian Pede sen, Mikkel Tams o , Rene an de Wal
4
Summa y
G eenland Ins i u e o Na u al Resou ces
(GN) has es ablished an ex ensi e ne wo k
wi h expe ise on la ge ungula e esea ch
and managemen . Objec i es o he ne -
wo k include he enhancemen o he e-
sea ch quali y and compe ence a GN as
well as he de elopmen o moni o ing p o-
ocols, esea ch p og ams and sus ainable
managemen plans o la ge ungula es in
G eenland. Besides he impo ance o buil-
ding a ne -wo k g oup, ano he impo an
ask is o seek co-o dina ion and collabo a-
ion wi h in e na ional esea ch g oups
wi h p ojec in e es s wi hin G eenland.
In pa allel wi h comp ehensi e esea ch on
moni o ing echniques and ungula e ecolo-
gy, he ins i u e has a anged wo in e na-
ional wo kshops on ca ibou and musk-
oxen. The i s wo kshop was abou he
es ablishmen o goals o managing ca ibou
and muskoxen in G eenland, whe eas he
p esen del wi h he me hods needed o
moni o ungula e popula ions and ege a-
ion. The p esen wo kshop ga he ed e-
sea che s and ep esen a i es om GN, The
Home ule Go e nmen s’ Di ec o a e o
Fishe y, Hun ing and Villages, expe s om
he No dic coun ies, USA, Sco land and
F ance. The wo kshop co e ed a back-
g ound session on ungula es and g azing as
well as a session on mapping he di e en
moni o ing and esea ch ools a ailable. Re-
le an ques ions on u u e moni o ing and
u u e esea ch plans wi hin G eenland
we e also add essed.
The wo kshop ecommended ha u u e
moni o ing should be buil so ha ga he ed
ma e ial a e p ocessed and a ailable o
ansla ion in o managemen ad ice in a
as and e icien way. Se e al ques ions
needs o be add essed. How is his he bi o-
e plan balance and how can we be able o
p edic when popula ions g owing oo la ge
and wha densi ies can be wi hin he di e-
en a eas? A numbe o apid habi a ass-
essmen s o add ess sus ainabili y ques ions
in he sho e m, as well as building up a
da abase in he long e m a e necessa y. As
a i s s ep he e inemen o he exis ing
eedback sys em om he hun e s should be
mani es ed in simple and clea e o ms as
well as expanding/de eloping he coope a-
ion wi h locals o ca y ou simple moni o-
ing p ocedu es on ege a ion and he den-
si y o animals. On a longe e m he ins i-
u es’ esea ch and moni o ing p og am
should be co-o dina ed and ca ied ou in
co-ope a ion wi h he o he ele an e-
sea ch in e es s om ab oad.
The wo kshop and ne wo k building is
inaced by he No dic Council (NARP P o-
g amme) and GN.
Eqikkaaneq
Pinngo i ale i ik Kalaalli Nunaanni u u
umimmaallu sulia ine annu unnga illugu
a a eqa issanik anne uunik pile si sisima-
oq. Tama umani siune a ineqa u ilagaa
Pinngo i ale i immi u unik umimmannil-
lu misissuine mi nakku iginninne milu suli-
anu unnga illugu ilisimasa anne une u-
le nissaa aammalu paasisimasalinnik a a-
igisassanik pile si sineq siunissami suline -
mi ikiuu a ussanik. Suliassa oq naasu ,
u u umimmaallu nakku igineqa nissaan-
nik pile si sia uaa nissaq assungalu ilan-
ngullugu ilisima uu Kalaalli Nunaanni su-
lianu unnga illugu nunani allani ilisima-
uu suliaannik a aqa igiissaa inissaq sule-
qa igiinne lu.
Pinngo i ale i immik ilisima uu u suline-
up anne uumu peqa igi illugu ulloq man-
na ikillugu nunani allani peqa aa igine-
qa umik Kalaalli Nunaanni u unu umim-
mannullu sulianu unnga illugu wo kshop-
eqa i sisoqa a sima oq. Wo kshopimi siul-
le mi Kalaalli Nunaanni u u umimmaal-
lu pillugi aqu sine mi anguniagassa aala-
jange so neqa ne a sammineqa sima oq.
Appaani, ugguuna nalunaa usio neqa us-
sami, Kalaalli Nunaanni u oqa igii umim-
maqa igiillu aammalu nunap naasuisa nali-
lii iginissannu nakku iginissaannullu pe-
iaasissa sammineqa pu .
5
Wo ksshopimi assani Pinngo i ale i im-
mi , Aalisa ne mu , Pinia ne mu Nunaqa -
innullu Piso aqa immii , nunanilu a an-
na le ni, USA-mi. Sco landimi ank igimilu
im-mikku ilisimasalli ka e suu inneqa -
pu . Wo kshopimu ima i inneqa unu
ilaappu kuki alli i iga o ne allu pillugu
ilisimaneqa u , aammalu nakku iginninne -
mi ilisima usa ne milu pe iaa si assigiinngi -
su pissa sia ineqa sinnaasu . Ilanngullugi
amma sammineqa poq siunissami kuki alli
Kalalli Nunaannii u nakku igineqa nissa
ilisima uu ullu misissui igineqa nissaa pil-
lugu apeqqu saqqummiunneqa launilu
oqallisigineqa poq.
Wo kshopimi inassu igineqa poq siunissami
nakku illiineq imaalillugu ilusile neqassasoq
paasissu issa pissa sia ineqa u piso a
aqu sine annu sukkasuumik sunniu ilim-
millu siunne suu eqaa aasinnaanngo lugi .
Aamma nunap naasuisa kuki allillu oqimaa-
qa igii ia a nassaa ineqa nissaa pingaa -
uu oq. Qanoq ilillu a sioqqu sillu a uuma-
soqa igii ne isassaminnu naleqqiullu ik
ame la alaale nissaa paasisinnaa a pu ,
aammalu uumasu qanoq ame la igisu
nunap immikkoo ua a nammassinnaa ai?
Tu u umimmaallu ame lassu simikku ne-
isassaasalu allanngo ne i paasisinnaassa-
gu sigi ilaa igu inassu igineqa u ilagaa
siunissami pisanik nalunaa a ne i pisa iin-
ne usa iaqa u nassuiaa inillu pi saane u-
sunik ilaqa i a iaqa lu ik. Tama uma sania-
igu inui najugaqa issu a a igineqa a -
u suliamu akuu inneqa ne usa iaqa pu ,
aakkua nunap naasuinik uumasullu ame -
lassusiannik pisa ii sumik nakku illiisuu il-
lugi . Pi issaq ungasinne usoq isigalugu
Pinngo i ale i iup suleqa iginia a iaqassa-
ai nunani allani ilisima ooqa igii Kalaalli
Nunaanni suliamik inge la sinissamik soqu-
igisalli u unik, umimmannik nunallu naa-
suinik nakku illiine mi pe iaasissanik sulia-
qa illugi .
Najukkami nunanilu allani suleqa issanik
pile si sineq No disk Minis e ådimi Pin-
ngo i ale i imillu aningaasale neqa poq.
Sammen a ning
G ønlands Na u ins i u ha e able e e
om a ende ne æ k ed ø ende a bejde
med ensdy og moskusokse i G ønland.
Fo måle e bland ande a øge den aglige
kompe ence ed Na u ins i u e angående
me e e ek i e unde søgelse og o e åg-
ning a ensdy og moskusokse , sam a
danne e aglig ne æ k il s ø e o de
em idige a bejde. A bejde om a e op-
bygning a e o e ågningsp og am o e-
ge a ion, ensdy og moskusokse , sam a
koo dine e og sama bejde med in e na io-
nale o ske g uppe i gennem ø elsen a
p ojek e i G ønland.
Pa allel med e om a ende o skningsa -
bejde i Na u ins i u e s egi e de ind il nu
a hold o in e na ionale wo kshops i ela-
ion il a bejde med ensdy og moskusokse
i G ønland. Den ø s e wo kshop omhand-
lede as sæ else a mål o o al ningen a
ensdy og moskusokse i G ønland. Den
anden, som a appo e es he , omhandlede
me ode il a u de e og o e åge bes ande
a ensdy og moskusokse sam ege a ion i
G ønland.
Denne wo kshop samlede ep æsen an e
a Na u ins i u e , Di ek o a e o Fiske i,
Fangs og Bygde sam ekspe e a de no -
diske lande, USA, Sko land og F ank ig.
P og amme o wo kshoppen om a ede
bl.a. en bagg undssession om klo dy og
g æsning så el som en ko lægning a de
o skellige o e ågnings- og o sknings-
æ k øje , de e ilgængelige. End ide e
ble spø gsmål ed ø ende o e ågning og
em idig o skning på klo dy i G ønland
p æsen e e og disku e e .
Wo kshopen anbe alede a em idig o e -
ågning ud o mes på en måde, så indsamle
ma e iale hu ig og e ek i kan omsæ es i
ådgi ning il o al ningen. End ide e e
de ig ig a inde balancen mellem ege a-
ion og klo dy . H o dan kan i o udse
h o nå bes andene bli e o s o e o
g æsningsunde lage , og h o mange dy
kan de o skellige om åde bæ e? Så em
6
This NARP – ne wo k p ojec , unded by
he No dic Council, is pa o a dynamic
p ocess o imp o e he knowledge ounda-
ion o he yea ly ha es ecommenda-
ions, and hus p omo e sound and sus ain-
able managemen o ca ibou and muskoxen
in G eenland.
Al hough he G eenland Ins i u e o Na u-
al Resou ces (GN) is he la ges esea ch
ins i u e in G eenland, i is s ill ela i ely
small wi h a scien i ic s a o app oxima-
ely 20 pe sons. GN was es ablished in 1995
o p o ide he Home Rule Go e nmen wi h
scien i ic ad ice o he sus ainable use o
na u al esou ces, among hem ca ibou and
muskoxen. The ins i u e is expec ed, how-
e e , o co e a wide ange o disciplines,
and species, as well as as a eas on and
a ound he wo lds’ la ges island. I is he e-
o e absolu ely necessa y o seek pa ne s
and o m alliances wi h uni e si ies and
o he esea ch ins i u es o achie e he sci-
en i ic expe ise needed o build knowledge
and ul il obliga ions.
The scien i ic s udy o wes G eenland
ca ibou and muskoxen is s ill in i s in ancy.
Al hough se e al s udies occu ed in he
pas , he e was p e iously no sys ema ic o
holis ic app oach o achie e in o ma ion e-
le an o ha es managemen .
P e ace
Since 1996 GN has ca ied ou wo p ima y
and a ew seconda y p ojec s on la ge
he bi o es. The i s p ima y p ojec was:
“The in e ac ion among ca ibou, ege a ion
and human ac i i ies in Wes G eenland”,
which aimed a imp o ing he unde s an-
ding o ca ibou popula ions on he wes
coas o G eenland. In 1999 he second p i-
ma y p ojec began: “Es ablishing a sys em
o moni o ing ca ibou and muskoxen in
G eenland”, which ocused on moni o ing
echniques and ob aining cu en es ima es
o ca ibou and muskox abundance in wes
G eenland.
O he esea ch ins i u ions and uni e si ies
ab oad a e conduc ing o planning ela ed
p ojec s in G eenland. The pu pose o his
wo kshop, “Moni o ing e ec s o la ge he -
bi o e g azing on ege a ion”, was o ga -
he key playe s and explo e he possibili ies
o u u e coope a ion on ege a ion and
he bi o e esea ch and moni o ing p ojec s.
Es ablishing collabo a ion ne wo ks wi h
se e al leading ins i u ions will ul ima ely
p o ide be e scien i ic ad ice o he Home
Rule Go e nmen o ca ibou and musk-
oxen managemen .
A ild Landa
P ojec coo dina o
Nuuk, G eenland
man skal op ange ænd inge i an alle a
ensdy , moskusokse og de es ødeg und-
lag, ble de bland ande anbe ale a
angs ilbagemeldinge ne o em iden skal
æ e me e simple og ledsage a en bed e
o kla ing. De udo e må lokale kon ak -
pe sone i s ø e g ad indgå i a bejde , såle-
des a disse pe sone kan ud ø e simpel
o e ågning a ege a ionen og an alle a
dy . På længe e sig bø Na u ins i u e
søge sama bejde med udenlandske o sk-
ningsg uppe de ha p ojek in e esse i
G ønland om a ide eud ikle o e åg-
ningsp og amme og o skningen ed ø en-
de ensdy , moskusokse og ege a ion.
Dannelsen a de lokale og in e na ionale
ne æ kssama bejde e inansie e a No -
disk Minis e åd og G ønlands Na u -
ins i u .
7
Abou he NARP-ne wo k p ojec ........
Backg ound ..............................................
Ca ibou in G eenland .....................................
Muskoxen in G eenland .................................
Issues in sus ainable ha es o A c ic
ungula es ..........................................................
Session I: Backg ound – Sus ainable
g azing? - Abs ac s .................................
1. Sus ainable eindee husband y in
Sweden .........................................................
2. Snowmel and cha ac e is ics o g ow h
season in Wes G eenland .........................
3. Va ious imp essions om he moni o-
ing wo k in Qussuk and Sangujaassui
no h o Nuuk in he summe o 1997 ......
4. S a us o muskoxen O ibos moscha us
and ca ibou Rangi e a andus g oenlan-
dicus and e al eindee Rangi e a andus
a andus in G eenland ................................
5. Plan di e si y and g azing in he Scan-
dina ian moun ains - How does g azing
impac plan di e si y pa e ns? ...............
6. The s a us o la ge he bi o es in he Alps .
7. The popula ion dynamics o S alba d
eindee . Wha is he ole o pa asi es? ....
8. Modi ica ion o high A c ic ecosys ems
by he bi o es; pa e n and p ocess o
S alba d Reindee g azing ........................
9. Role o La ge He bi o es in Vege a ion
Response o Global Change in he A c ic...
Session II: Mapping impo an
a iable and Key Tools - Abs ac s ......
1. Dis ibu ion o ege a ion wi hin ca ibou
home anges using eleme y and emo e
sensing da a ................................................
2. Reindee lichens and UV-B, u u e
scena ios ......................................................
3. Aims and me hods in g azing ecology:
Case s udies om Wes - G eenland and
No wegian alpine habi a s .......................
4. De elopmen o a na ional moni o ing
sys em o landscapes in Sweden .............
5. Plan -he bi o e ela ionships in he Alps.
P esen a ion o esea ch plans ..................
6. P e ious and ongoing ege a ion
moni o ing in Wes G eenland .................
Session III: Fu u e plans in G eenland,
coope a ion and ne wo king - abs ac s..
1. In e play be ween muskoxen and
eindee g azing: Habi a and he bi o e
popula ion sus ainabili y ..........................
2. Popula ion di ision and a iabili y in
densi y and popula ion dynamics among
g eenlandic eindee ...................................
3. Clima e and he bi o es - in luence o
empe a u e and CO2 on biomass and
p oduc i i y .................................................
4. Fu u e needs & plans: Ca ibou and
muskoxen popula ions e ec s on ange ...
5. Range Use o Wes G eenland Ca ibou in
ela ion o habi a , clima e and
dis u bance ..................................................
6. Vege a ion a iabili y, dis ibu ion, adia-
ion e ec s and coas inland g adien s ....
Session IV: Ques ions .............................
1. Ques ion 1 & 2: Wha is sus ainable ma-
nagemen o A c ic und a ecosys ems?
And wha a e he main scien i ic chal-
lenges ela ed o a sus ainable manage-
men o plan he bi o e in e ac ions in
he A c ic und a? .......................................
2. Ques ion 3 & 4: Me hods and ools in
g azing. How could he main p oblems
ela ed o plan –he bi o e in e ac ions in
A c ic sys ems be challenged and wha
in o ma ion do he managemen agencies
need? .............................................................
Lessons lea n /concluding ema ks....
Acknowledgemen s ................................
Re e ences ci ed.......................................
Appendix 1: Wo kshop p og amme....
Appendix 2: Add esses wo kshop
pa icipan s...............................................
Con en s
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9
10
10
11
12
12
12
13
13
14
15
15
16
16
17
17
17
18
18
19
19
21
21
22
22
23
23
24
25
25
25
27
27
28
30
33
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Abou he NARP-ne wo k p ojec
Ha es ing ca ibou (Rangi e a andus g oen-
landicus) and muskoxen (O ibos moscha us)
is bo h an economically and cul u ally im-
po an ac i i y o he inhabi an s o G een-
land. Howe e , he e is much unce ain y
conce ning p esen s a us, ecology and mana-
gemen o ca ibou and muskoxen in G een-
land.
Ou cu en goal is o build a ne wo k g oup
wi h expe ise on la ge ungula e esea ch
and managemen , d awing om ins i u es
in G eenland, Nuna u , Denma k, No way
and o he ele an ins i u es.
Objec i es o he ne wo k includes:
Ne wo k ou pu s:
Sha e expe iences on ege a ion & he bi-
o e moni o ing and esea ch among
no he n coun ies
De elop ecommenda ions o a me ho-
dology and p ojec design sui able o
applica ion in G eenland.
Gene a e a be e unde s anding o he
ole la ge he bi o es play in ege a ion
dynamics and ecosys em p ocesses, and
be achie able unde he ield cons ain s
ha G eenland’s na u e imposes.
Enhance he G eenland Ins i u e o Na-
u al Resou ces’ esea ch quali y and
compe ence by building co-ope a ion
wi h la ge ungula e esea ch g oups om
he No dic and o he ele an coun ies.
De elop moni o ing p o ocols, esea ch
p og ams and sus ainable managemen
plans o la ge ungula es on G eenland.
Build a ne -wo k g oup on muskox and
ca ibou/ eindee moni o ing/ esea ch
and managemen .
Conc e e objec i es o his wo kshop:
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
3.
inc eased scien i ic compe ence a G een-
land Ins i u e o Na u al Resou ces
es ablishmen o a ne -wo k g oup o
mu ual bene i o each o he and u u e
esea ch on wild A c ic ungula es in
G eenland
es ablishmen o moni o ing p og ams in
G eenland o ca ibou and muskoxen
ecommenda ions o u u e esea ch
p og ams on ca ibou and muskoxen
wi hin he No dic coun ies
ecommenda ions o inc eased local
pa icipa ion in ca ibou and muskox
moni o ing in G eenland.
9
Backg ound
The G eenland Ins i u e o Na u al Resou -
ces (GNI) was es ablished in 1995 and is he
Home Rule go e nmen ’s cen e o biologi-
cal esea ch. GNI is esponsible o achie-
ing scien i ic knowledge on he na u al
esou ces o G eenland, among hem ca i-
bou and muskoxen. GNI is expec ed o p o-
ide alid ecommenda ions o he Home
Rule go e nmen o sound ha es mana-
gemen o hese la ge ungula es. The bes
way o achie e an op imal and sus ainable
ha es o hese esou ces is much deba ed,
mainly because o a lack o clea goals, lack
o in o ma ion on species ecology and p e i-
ous moni o ing echniques. The e is he e-
o e a need o inc ease GNI’s compe ence in
es ablishing e ec i e (1) esea ch, (2) moni-
o ing and (3) managemen p o ocols. To
achie e hese goals, we p oposed he buil-
ding o a ne wo k g oup among esea che s
om No dic coun ies wi h expe ise in
la ge ungula e esea ch and managemen .
Fu he mo e, his should also p omo e in-
c eased exchange o in o ma ion and co-
ope a i e esea ch in u u e.
Wild ca ibou and muskoxen ha e always
been a i al ood esou ce o he people o
G eenland as demons a ed by he abun-
dan bone emains a a chaeological si e
(Møhl 1972; Meldgaa d 1986; Sandell &
Sandell 1991; Gullø 1997). Despi e he
eno mous socio-economic changes ha
ha e occu ed in G eenland du ing he pas
cen u y, ca ibou and muskoxen emain spe-
cies o cul u al and economic impo ance
(Rasmussen 1995; Sandell & Sandell 1998).
Mea om hese wild ungula es is an im-
po an sou ce o income o p o essional
hun e s and he possibili y o hun ing ca i-
bou is impo an cul u ally and ec ea io-
nally o non-p o essional hun e s o main-
ain hei con ac wi h he land and access
o “G eenlandic oods” (Ma qua d & Caul-
ield 1996; Seje sen 1998). I is clea ha , o
wildli e manage s on G eenland, a majo
objec i e is o p o ide o sus ainable ha -
es o he wild ungula e popula ions.
Howe e , he G eenland ha is now en e-
ing he 21s cen u y is e y di e en om
he G eenland, ha en e ed he 20 h cen u y.
The human popula ion has inc eased by a
ac o o 5 and a ma ke economy has de e-
loped (Lyck & Taaghol 1987; G ønlands
S a is isk 1999). In addi ion, he human po-
pula ion has become inc easingly mobile
h ough he inc ease o mode n boa s wi h
powe ul engines (Ma ox 1973; Nielsen
1999). Despi e he low popula ion densi y
and lack o oads, ew pa s o G eenland
whe e ca ibou o muskoxen occu a e mo e
han a ew hou s boa a el om human
se lemen s. Hun ing p ac ices ha e also
changed wi h he de elopmen o seg ega-
ion be ween p o essional hun e s and
ec ea ional hun e s. As o 1998 he e we e
2,556 p o essional hun e s and 7,601 ec ea-
ional hun e s egis e ed (G ønlands S a i-
s ik 1999). P o essional hun e s a e depen-
den on a di e se a ie y o p ey species
including c abs, ish, ma ine mammals, sea
bi ds, ducks and ca ibou/muskoxen, de-
pending on seasonal a ailabili y (Siegs ad e
al. 1999). These “local oods” a e used by
he hun e , sold o aded p i a ely, sold o
p ocessing companies o sold a own ma -
ke s. The p o essional hun e s a e cu en ly
ying o u n wha has o me ly been a
o m o subsis ence in o a p o ession ha is
able o main ain a mode n s anda d o li e
in wha is becoming a cash economy wi h a
ela i ely high s anda d o li ing (Caul ield
1993; Ma qua d & Caul ield 1996). The e-
o e he po en ial p essu e on all na u al e-
sou ces, including ca ibou and muskoxen, is
e y high (Rasmussen 1995; Heide-Jø gensen
& Ree es 1996; Bo n e al. 1998), and ca e-
ul egula ion o he ha es will be equi ed
o ensu e i s sus ainabili y in he u u e.
16
8. Modi ica ion o high A c ic
ecosys ems by he bi o es; pa -
e n and p ocess o S alba d
eindee g azing
Rene an de Wal, CEH Bancho y, Hill o
B a hens, Bancho y, UK
La ge he bi o es ha e e i iable and signi i-
can impac s on bo h empe a e and opi-
cal ecosys em s uc u e and unc ion. He bi-
o e impac s on A c ic sys ems, and pa i-
cula ly he mechanisms by which hey in-
luence plan communi ies, a e la gely un-
known. High A c ic ege a ion, commonly
o e lying pe ma os soils, is o en domina-
ed by moss wi h e y spa se ascula plan
co e . We es ed he hypo hesis ha la ge
he bi o es in luence A c ic plan communi-
ies by al e ing he dep h o he moss laye ,
leading o wa me soils and bene i ing as-
cula plan s. We su eyed 14 high-a c ic si-
es wi h con as ing eindee densi ies ac oss
Spi sbe gen (76-80ºN). Deepe moss laye s
signi ican ly dep essed soil empe a u es
and summe g ass abundance. Mo eo e ,
he abundance o g asses, bu no o al as-
cula plan co e , was posi i ely ela ed o
he abundance o eindee , wi h e y low
g ass co e a si es wi h low densi ies o ein-
dee . In a soil empe a u e manipula ion ex-
pe imen we ound a g ea e , posi i e e-
sponse o g asses o inc eased empe a u e
compa ed wi h non-g asses. These indings
indica e ha g aze impac s on moss dep h,
and subsequen ly soil empe a u e, may e-
gula e ascula plan abundance and com-
muni y composi ion because o he posi i e
bu g ow h- o m-speci ic esponse o ascu-
la plan s o soil wa ming, leading o he
p omo ion o g asses. Addi ionally, we ob-
se ed inc eased abundance o g asses in
he icini y o bi d cli s, whe e soil ni ogen
a ailabili y is e y high, indica ing ha he
indi ec empe a u e-d i en e ec s o he bi-
o es may be combined wi h a di ec e ec
on soil nu ien a ailabili y. We p opose ha
he posi i e associa ion o g asses and la ge
he bi o es in high A c ic moss-domina ed
sys ems esul s om wo simul aneously
ope a ing posi i e eedback loops. Fi s ly,
he bi o e g azing and ampling educes
moss laye dep h, leading o inc eased soil
empe a u es. Secondly, g asses bene i om
g aze s as a esul o nu ien s eleased
om aeces and u ine.
9. Role o La ge He bi o es in
Vege a ion Response o Global
Change in he A c ic
Ch is ian Pede sen, Dep . o Biology,
Pennsyl ania S a e Uni e si y, Uni e si y
Pa k, USA
Conce n ega ding global clima e change, has
lead o he idea ha ege a ion migh mi i-
ga e he e ec s o clima e change h ough
ca bon seques a ion. The abili y o he e-
ge a ion in he A c ic o do his is limi ed, in
pa , by nu ien a ailabili y. Because e e-
b a e he bi o es exe conside able in luen-
ce on plan biomass, soil ni ogen dynamics
and species composi ion o plan communi-
ies, hey may in luence he abili y o ege-
a ion o unc ion as a ca bon sinks in he
A c ic. In his s udy, we will in es iga e he
in luence o he bi o y on he p oduc i i y
esponse o ege a ion o clima e change in
g azed and un-g azed a eas. Use o en i-
onmen al chambe s will allow o manipu-
la ions o ambien and ele a ed empe a u e
and CO2 concen a ions, and allow us o
in es iga e he ole o he bi o y by ca ibou
in he seques a ion o ca bon by ege a ion
in he A c ic.
17
1. Dis ibu ion o ege a ion
wi hin ca ibou home anges
using eleme y and emo e
sensing da a
Mikkel Tams o , Na ional En i onmen al
Resea ch Ins i u e, Dep. Fo A c ic
En i onmen ,, Roskilde, Denma k
Vege a ion maps o wo a eas a ound Kan-
ge lussuaq/Sisimiu and Nuuk/Fiske jo d
ha e been p epa ed using sa elli e images
and ieldwo k. These a e used in combina-
ion wi h sa elli e posi ions o desc ibe he
o age selec ion o ca ibou in Wes G een-
land. The ege a ion maps o he wo a eas
a e based on Landsa TM sa elli e da a and
co e s in o al 51,483 km2. The p esen a ion
desc ibes he da a p ocessing and ieldwo k
necessa y o ob aining eliable ege a ion
maps om he A c ic egion. The mapping
esul ed in 7 ege a ion ela ed co e ypes.
Due o he la ge clima ic g adien be ween
he coas al and inland egions he mapped
ypes a e no consis en h oughou he
mapped a ea. An analysis o he plan di-
s ibu ion wi hin each ege a ion ype a
di e en loca ions along he g adien was
he e o e done. All esul s a e dis ibu ed on
a da a-CD, om which he maps and de-
sc ip ions can be downloaded and used.
The accu acy o he maps was assessed
using bo h adi ional me hods and uzzy
echniques. No all co e ypes a e mapped
wi h he same deg ee o accu acy and mos
o he unce ain y is ela ed o he lack o
e ain co ec ion. High- esolu ion digi al
e ain models co e ing he en i e a ea o
he wo egions do no exis .
Fou een (14) emale ca ibous in he wo
egions we e colla ed wi h sa elli e posi ion
ansmi e s in 1996 and 1997. The ans-
mi e s ha e deli e ed posi ions du ing he
pe iod om 1997 o 1999 desc ibing he mi-
g a ions o he ca ibou du ing wo ull yea s.
The mig a ion pa e ns a e analysed and
seasonal home anges o he indi idual as
well as g ouped emales ha e been p epa-
ed. The mo emen analysis shows ha he
pa e ns a e no uni o m among he ca ibou
wi hin he Nuuk egion, bu consis ed o
bo h s a iona y animals, ha s ayed sum-
me and win e in he same a ea, and mi-
g a ing animals, which mo ed o o he
a eas du ing cal ing and be ween summe
and win e . The u ilisa ion dis ibu ion o
he animals was used in combina ion wi h
he ege a ion maps o analyse he o age
selec ion o he colla ed animals. The esul s
om his showed he p e e ence o he ani-
mals in he Nuuk egion o lichen compa-
ed wi h he animals in he Kange lussuaq
egion bu also ha p e e ences changed
h ough he yea . Home anges and u ilisa-
ion pa e ns o he colla ed animals a e
also p esen ed on he da a-CD wi h he e-
ge a ion maps.
2. Reindee lichens and UV-B
mapping, u u e scena ios
E ic S een Hansen, Bo anical Museum,
Uni e si y o Copenhagen, Denma k
Di e en physical and chemical cha ac e-
is ics o he complex o p oblems associa ed
wi h ul a iole adia ion and he s a ospe-
ic ozone deple ion caused by CFC-gases
a e ou lined. Plan esponses o UV-B adia-
ion will be discussed, and examples bo h
among phane ogams and lichens (Ce a ia
islandica, Cladonia mi is) will be p esen ed.
Li ing o ganisms ha e de eloped he ol-
lowing s a egies o minimise damage indu-
ced by UV adia ion: (1) o ganisa ion and
mo emen o o ganelles o educe he
abso p i e a ea o mo e he o ganelles ou
o he adia ion a ea, (2) syn hesis o sc ee-
Session II
Mapping impo an a iable and Key Tools - Abs ac s
18
ning compounds, which abso b and dissi-
pa e he UV adia ion as luo escence o
hea , (3) syn hesis o accesso y enzymes o
accesso y pigmen s o p o ec cells om ac-
i e o ms o oxygen and (5) mechanisms o
epai he damage o nucleic acids. – The
e ec s o UV-B adia ion a y be ween spe-
cies and wi hin a ie ies o he same spe-
cies. The de elopmen al s age o he issue
also in luences he esponse. UV-B o en
causes a educed biomass, and he adia ion
also in luence on he compe e i e ecology
be ween plan species and wi h o he o ga-
nisms. Some u u e scena ios om he
God håbs jo d a ea in Wes G eenland and
he Zackenbe g a ea in Eas G eenland will
be discussed.
3. Aims and me hods in g azing
ecology: Case s udies om
Wes - G eenland and
No wegian alpine habi a s
Gunna Aus heim, Depa men o
Bo any, No wegian Uni e si y o Science
and Technology, T ondheim, No way
The i s s udy ocuses on e ec s o eindee
g azing on A c ic und a ege a ion on he
wes coas o G eenland. Two di e en e-
ge a ion-moni o ing echniques ha e been
examined. (1) Small-scale communi y pa -
e ns in pe manen plo s. This app oach
ocuses on epea ed measu es o changes in
plan communi y pa e ns in eindee g azed
a eas. A modi ica ion o he poin in e cep
me hod – (c . ITEX manual) is used o samp-
ling plan communi y da a. (2) Measu es o
lichen co e and biomass wi hin 100 x 4
quad a es in a win e g azed a ea a No d-
lande no h o Nuuk (205 km2). The ap-
p oach ocused on lichen co e , heigh and
dis u bance. Finally he s udy will e alua e
me hods o moni o ing ege a ion in ein-
dee g azed a eas on he wes coas o
G eenland.
The second s udy ocuses on g azing ecolo-
gy in No wegian alpine habi a s: “Su-
s ainable use o ou lying land o li es ock
g azing: ecological e ec s o sheep g azing
in alpine habi a s”. Ou main aim is o iden-
i y me hods o e alua ing he sus ainabili-
y o sheep g azing in alpine habi a s. The
gene al me hod will be o explo e he ecolo-
gical e ec s o sheep g azing a a high and
in e media e le el. Ou esponse a iables
a e plan s, oden s, insec s and he sheep
hemsel es, in bo h a p oduc i e (Hol, Bus-
ke ud coun y) and an unp oduc i e egion
(Se esdal-Ves hei, Ves -Agde and Aus -
Agde coun ies). This app oach will gi e us
he possibili y o es ima e s ocking le els
wi h a s ong e sus an in e media e g a-
zing p essu e in he wo con as ing habi-
a s.
4) De elopmen o a na ional
moni o ing sys em o
landscapes in Sweden
Jon Moen, Dep . o Ecology and En i on-
men al Science, Umeå Uni e si y, Umeå,
Sweden
A new na ionwide landscape moni o ing
sys em in Sweden is cu en ly being de e-
loped. The sys em will co e all habi a y-
pes, i.e., including moun ains, o es s, we -
lands, ag icul u al and u ban land, and is
based on a hie a chical sampling scheme
wi h emo e sensing and ield isi s. A o al
o abou 500 si es a e planned, and abou
80 o hese will be in moun ains a eas. A
su ey was conduc ed o de e mine he mo-
ni o ing needs o he a ious au ho i ies,
i.e., which a iables needed inclusion in he
sys em. The sampling will be based on e-
mo e sensing o 5 x 5 and 1 x 1 km squa es
whe e, among o he hings, land co e clas-
ses will be measu ed. A se ies o plo s and
ansec s will be laid ou in hese squa es
and de ailed ege a ion da a ga he ed. I will
ocus on a iables discussed in he moun ains
a eas. The moni o ing sys em will be ini ia-
ed in 2003 and he planned e isi a e o
he si es is e e y 5 yea s.
19
5. Plan -he bi o e ela ionships
in he Alps. P esen a ion o e-
sea ch plans
Anne Loison, Labo a oi e de Biomé ie e
de Biologie E olu i e, Uni e si é Lyon,
F ance
S udying he dynamics o la ge he bi o e
communi ies and he impac o la ge he bi-
o e communi ies on landscape and plan
di e si y equi es long- e m s udies. So a
in Eu ope, s udies ha e ocused mainly on
single-species dynamics and on he ela ion-
ship be ween domes ic ungula es and pas-
u e biomass. I p esen ed a ne wo k-based
p ojec , which aims a in es iga ing he me-
chanisms o plan -he bi o e ela ionships
om he soil componen o he human com-
ponen , in a single si e. We di ided ou p o-
jec s in 3 pa s. The i s ocuses on he unc-
ioning o he bi o e communi ies, bo h wild
and domes ic. We will explo e he de e mi-
nan o o age and habi a selec ion, eeding
egimes, in a- and in e -speci ic compe i-
ion, and he dynamics a he communi y
le el. The second pa will ocus on he
plan s and he landscape, wi h one sec ion
on pas u es, one on he o es -pas u e eco-
one, and one on o es egene a ion. Fo
bo h hese pa s, we will ha e an his o ical
app oach compa ing plan and he bi o e
pa e ns in moun ainsides wi h di e en
his o y o use and managemen , and an ex-
pe imen al app oach. The las componen is
he s akeholde ’s poin o iew and mana-
gemen o his g azing sys em in a mul iuse
con ex . This p ojec will be based in he e-
gional pa k o Les Bauges in he no he n
Alps and bene i om long- e m moni o ing
and esea ch o he he bi o e componen s.
I ga he s se e al ins i u es, bo h esea ch
and managemen , in F ance, and aims a
being pa o a la ge ne wo k on he s udy
o g azing sys ems in Eu ope. G eenland
would be a na u al pa ne i a s udy could
be conduc ed on he ca ibou/muskox/ha e
he bi o e communi y.
6. P e ious and ongoing ege a-
ion moni o ing in Wes
G eenland
K is jana Mo z eld , G eenland Ins i u e
o Na u al Resou ces, Nuuk, G eenland
G eenland wi h i s a ea o 2,106,073 km2
has app oxima ely 407,440 km2 ice- ee
a ea. In con as o o he No dic coun ies,
he e is no p i a e owne ship o land. G een-
land lies in six A c ic clima ic zones anging
om high o low A c ic. The lo a o G een-
land, bo anical composi ion and plan di-
e si y is ai ly well explo ed. The e a e 513
known species o ascula plan s. 49 o
hese a e classi ied as ulne able o endan-
ge ed. A p o ec ed si es in sou he n G een-
land wi h summe empe a u e abo e 10oC,
longe g owing season and su icien p eci-
pi a ion, g ows he whi e bi ch Be ula pubes-
cens ssp. o uosa and owan So bus g oen-
landica o es s. Since GN was es ablished in
1995, ege a ion wo k has been emphasized
on ange o he la ge he bi o es, eindee ,
muskoxen and sheep.
In he la e 1970s’, con en ional ege a ions
mapping was ca ied ou in sou h G een-
land and he a eas ca ying capaci y ega -
ding domes ic sheep pas u ing was e alua-
ed. These ege a ions maps ha e la e been
digi ized. In 1996 ege a ion mapping was
ca ied ou wi h sa elli e pho og aphs on
domes ic eindee ange a Iso oq, Sou h
G eenland. The eindee a ming was es ab-
lished in 1973 and bo h numbe o animals
and he size o he a ea ha e la e been in-
c eased o app ox. 1,500 km2. In 1996 he
g azing e ec s was es ima ed and one o
he sub-a eas (app oxima ely 275 km2, cal-
ing a ea) was ound o be se ious o e g a-
zed, howe e mos o he o he sub-a eas
we e in mode a e o in good g azing con-
di ion. In he yea s 1997 o 2000 ege a ion
we e mapped wi h help o sa elli e pho o-
g aphs in wo a eas o eindee and muskox
ange in Wes G eenland, Nuuk, Sisimiu -
Kange lussuaq, and one o domes ic sheep
pas u es in Sou h G eenland. These a eas
20
co e app ox. 76,000 km2.Vege a ion analy-
ses we e based on he ITEX-concep o es i-
ma ion o plan communi ies and co e age.
Fu he mo e, plan p e e ence du ing win-
e was in es iga ed by analysing aeces and
umen con en om eindee in wo a eas,
Kange lussuaq and Nuuk/Akia. The Nuuk/-
Akia a ea has abundan eindee lichens, in
con as o he Kange lussuaq a ea. The
main esul was ha he in ake o ood was
signi ican ly di e en be ween he wo a eas.
Reindee in Akia a e mo e lichen, while in
Kange lussuaq hey a e mo e g aminoids
and dwa sh ubs. In Kange lussuaq he e-
males had wo se body condi ion ( a ese -
es) and had g ea e oo h wea compa ed
o emales in Akia. In Akia he emales had
signi ican lowe con en o umen han in
Kange lussuaq. These esul s indica e ha
he emale eindee in Akia inhabi s be e
ange du ing win e wi h a highe nu ien
in hei ood compa ed o he emales in
Kange lussuaq.
Se ious soil e osion is aking place in he
sheep a ming a ea in Va nah e i in sou-
he n G eenland. Th ee hypo heses ha e
been launched as explana ion o e osion; 1)
he No se a ming and ex ensi e ag icul u-
al u iliza ion o he land a ound 1000 A.D.,
2) p esen day sheep a ming, and 3) wo se-
ning clima e and inc eased sands o m ac i-
i y eco ded a ound 1300 A.D. The a ea
has been mapped on ae ial pho og aphs by
classi ying e osion acco ding o e osions
o ms and by applying s anda d scales o
assess he se e i y o soil e osion. All map-
ping da a we e digi alized, and analysed
ia geog aphical in o ma ion sys em (GIS).
A 5 yea e- ege a ion p ojec was ini ia ed
in 2000. The pu pose o his p ojec is o help
he na u al ege a ion co e he e oded
a eas. P elimina y esul s a e p omising.
21
1. In e play be ween muskoxen
and eindee g azing: Habi a
and he bi o e popula ion
sus ainabili y
Rene an de Wal and Jus in I ine, CEH
Bancho y, Hill o B a hens, Bancho y, UK
To unde s and plan -he bi o e in e ac ions
in G eenland we need o unde s and he
in e ac i e e ec s o he majo g aze s musk-
ox and eindee . C i ical o he pe o mance
o la ge he bi o es is he quali y o hei ha-
bi a , as demons a ed in he close ela ion-
ships be ween lichen s ands and eindee
pe o mance in No he n Scandina ia. Al-
hough eindee densi ies, and hus hei
impac on he ege a ion, ha e luc ua ed
subs an ially du ing he las cen u y, he e-
in oduc ion o a second la ge he bi o e
(muskoxen) o he Wes coas o G eenland,
has adically changed he ela ionship be-
ween la ge g aze s and hei ood supply
on G eenland. Whe e und a ege a ion in
he pas has been subjec o seasonal g a-
zing a a iable in ensi y by he mig a o y
ca ibou, muskoxen a e mo e seden a y and
apply a yea - ound g azing p essu e in
a eas whe e hey ha e es ablished. This lea-
es limi ed oppo uni y o swa ds o eco-
e om g azing and will esul in a musk-
ox-d i en ege a ion succession away om
lichen- ich o g aminoid domina ed und a.
The implica ions o lichen loss, pa icula ly
in eindee win e ing g ounds may ha e
signi ican impac s o he popula ion dyna-
mics o his species. Cu en ly, all muskoxen
popula ions on he Wes coas o G eenland
a e expanding in o ca ibou domina ed a eas.
The e o e, i is bo h imely and inc easingly
c ucial o in es iga e he compe i i e in e -
ac ions be ween hese wo he bi o e species
and p edic hei combined u u e e ec on
he ege a ion.
The Kange lussuaq a ea o Wes G eenland
p esen s an ideal oppo uni y o de e mine
he consequences o muskox expansion o
bo h ca ibou popula ions and hei habi a .
Th ough he e ec ion o ca e ully designed
empo a y (seasonal) and pe manen exclo-
su es, he di e en ial impac o hese wo
he bi o es (and A c ic ha es) will be de e -
mined. This will allow he bi o e-speci ic
plan species selec ion o be in es iga ed
and, o e he longe e m, he impac o each
he bi o e on he plan communi y s uc u e
can be de ec ed. Secondly, he bi o e in e -
ac ions on animal pe o mance and i ness
could be es ed by ocussing hun ing/cul-
ling e o s in such a way as o educe he
abundance o muskox ela i e o eindee in
one main a ea and con as his wi h o he
a eas ha ha e di e en a ios in he densi-
ies o hese wo main he bi o es. Combi-
ned wi h die selec ion s udies and in o ma-
ion om he animal densi y manipula ions,
his p ojec will gene a e p edic ions on he
e ec o compe i ion be ween hese species
on he abundance o each o he and hei
impac on he ege a ion. F om his, simple,
eliable indica o s o he bi o e pe o mance
and ege a ion condi ion will be de eloped
which will acili a e a mo e quan i a i e ap-
p oach o he se ing o hun ing quo as.
Speci ic objec i es:
Session III
Fu u e plans in G eenland, coope a ion and ne wo king
– Abs ac s
es whe he compe i i e in e ac ions
be ween muskox and ca ibou do occu ,
in es iga e he mechanisms ha a e
in ol ed,
de elop indica o s o g azing p essu e o
assis in planning a sus ainable ha es .
1.
2.
3.
22
2. Popula ion di ision and
a iabili y in densi y and popu-
la ion dynamics among
G eenlandic eindee
Anne Loison, Labo a oi e de Biomé ie e
de Biologie E olu i e, Uni e si é Lyon,
F ance
S udies on ca ibou beha iou , o aging and
habi a selec ion ha e been pe o med main-
ly in he Kange lussuaq a ea, which is easi-
ly accessible. I is only e y ecen ly ha a
ew indi iduals ha e been ma ked wi h sa-
elli e colla s in wo di e en a eas, allow-
ing be e insigh s on spa ial beha iou o be
ob ained. The i s esul s poin o complex
spa ial beha iou , whe e indi iduals om
he same a ea exhibi di e en seasonal
mo emen pa e ns. When ollowing up on
such de ailed indi idual s udies i is impo -
an o unde s and he in e ac ion be ween
indi iduals, how popula ion dis ibu ion
may change wi h inc easing densi y, and
whe e esou ce compe i ion may occu .
Howe e , hese de ailed s udies can only
occu on a small ange o he coas . In he
mean ime, ca ibou a e moni o ed and ma-
naged on he basis o a di ision in o 4 egi-
ons: No h, Cen al, Sou h, Paamiu , whe e
popula ions a e assumed o luc ua e in he
same ex end om yea o yea . This may
mask a eali y ha is mo e complex, whe e
each egion could hos se e al popula ions
wi h a ying le els o densi y and di e en
popula ion dynamics. As an al e na i e o
ma k and moni o indi iduals, we sugges
o use gene ics and GIS o desc ibe he po-
pula ion s uc u e in ela ion o he habi a
agmen a ion along he Wes Coas . The e-
cen ad ance in gene ics and analysis o
gene ic da a allow now o assess gene ic
ba ie , gene lows and popula ion s uc u e
wi hou p e-concei ed assump ion abou
he spa ial s uc u e. We will use hese new
me hods and examine how he gene ic s uc-
u e co esponds wi h landscape ea u es.
3. Clima e and he bi o es -
in luence o empe a u e and
Co2 on biomass and
p oduc i i y
Ch is ian Pede sen, Dep . o Biology,
Pennsyl ania S a e Uni e si y, Uni e si y
Pa k, USA
C i ical o he p edic ion o clima e change
and de elopmen o clima e models is he
unde s anding o he bi o es on he p oduc-
i i y esponse o ege a ion o clima e
change. The in e ac ion be ween he bi o es,
empe a u e and CO2 is impo an o plan
species composi ion, p oduc i i y and bio-
mass p oduc ion in he A c ic. He bi o es
migh ha e a la ge e ec on C seques a ion
and C exchange be ween ege a ion and
he a mosphe e. This s udy will in es iga e
he cumula i e esponse o A c ic ege a-
ion o simula ed clima e change and he bi-
o es in na u al ield se ings. The s udy
will s a summe 2002 in Kange lussuaq
and ha e a minimum 5-yea ime span. We
will cons uc la ge enclosu es o exclude
ca ibou om ce ain a eas. By using en i-
onmen al chambe s in he g azed and un-
g azed a eas, manipula ion o empe a u e
and CO2 concen a ion will be pe o med.
We will ocus on unc ional plan g oups
like g aminoids, sh ubs, o bs, b yophy es
and lichens and hei esponse o g azing
by ca ibou. C seques a ion po en ial is la -
gely dependen on plan unc ional g oups
a he han plan species pe se. By moni o-
ing he change in biomass and co e o he
plan unc ional g oups o e ime, we will
be able o p edic he e ec o la ge he bi o-
es and clima e change on he C seques a-
ion po en ial in he A c ic.
in es iga e clima e and he bi o e/in lu-
ence o emp and CO2 on biomass and
p oduc i i y
esponse o A c ic ege a ion o simula-
ed clima e change in na u al ield se -
ing
impo ance o in e ac ions be ween he -
bi o e emp and CO2 o species composi-
1.
2.
3.
23
4. Fu u e needs & plans:
Ca ibou and muskoxen
popula ions e ec s on ange
L. Ch is ine Cuyle , G eenland Ins i u e
o Na u al Resou ces, Nuuk, G eenland
Today GN has a weal h o new in o ma ion,
as a di ec esul o he s udies o e he pas
i e yea s, plus his o ical sou ces. Rega ding
ca ibou, he e exis s his o ical in o ma ion
on ange condi ion and abundance, indices
o body condi ion and size, popula ion es i-
ma es and he d s uc u es, e ili y, ange
ideli y, pa asi es, die , and he annual ha -
es eco ds. Rega ding muskoxen, he e
exis s indices o body condi ion and size,
abundance changes o e he pas 40 yea s
a Kange lussuaq, minimum coun s and
he d s uc u es, die , and he annual ha -
es eco ds. Fo bo h species, local pe sons
ha e been in ol ed in moni o ing and ai-
ned in me hods and echniques.
Immedia e u u e plans o 2002 include an
analysis o esou ce selec ion by ca ibou plus
u he minimum coun s and he d s uc u-
es, which in ol e he use and aining o
locals. -Rega ding ege a ion and win e
ange in Kange lussuaq he e a e planned
ini ial s udies o muskoxen ange and he
possible ange.
In he long- e m, 2003-, a ision s a emen
o he di ec ion o he bi o e/ ange s udies
a GNI is necessa y. Bo h summe and win-
e ange mus be conside ed. In e ac ions
wi h o he he bi o es, e.g., A c ic ha es,
geese, migh also be add essed. Rega dless,
i is impo an o ge he message o ou i-
sion ou o he b oade academic communi-
y in o de o a ac collabo a ion. We need
o iden i y he key indices o measu ing
change and he mechanisms o why chan-
ges occu . Bea ing in mind, manage s will
s ill insis on ou p o iding hem wi h
“numbe s”, i.e., popula ion size es ima es.
In o de o buy ime we can ecommend
he bi o e densi ies, which could conse e
ange quali y and a ailabili y un il be e
knowledge is ob ained. This wo kshop
es ablished a ne wo k o se e al leading
scien is s and ins i u ions. I unding can be
ound hen u u e collabo a ion would p o-
ide a be e scien i ic ounda ion o ca i-
bou and muskoxen ha es ad ice.
5. Range Use o Wes G eenland
Ca ibou in ela ion o habi a ,
clima e and dis u bance
Mikkel Tams o , Na ional En i onmen al
Resea ch Ins i u e, Dep. Fo A c ic
En i onmen ,, Roskilde, Denma k
We sugges a p ojec ha uses emo e sen-
sing and GPS colla s o moni o ange use,
mig a ions and beha iou o ca ibou in
a eas subjec o dis u bance om mining
ac i i ies, hun ing, ou ism e c. Home ange
and mig a ion pa e ns will be used in com-
bina ion wi h exis ing e ain and ege a-
ion knowledge o documen he e ec s on
he ca ibou o age selec ion and ange use
in o de o compa e anges.
In Eas G eenland we ha e sugges ed a p o-
jec on: Musk-ox ange ange in he Zacken-
be g a ea using GPS colla s and ela e e-
sul s o clima e change. (F om Eas G een-
land da a on muskoxen and clima e exis
om a ious p ojec s ha s a ed in 1995
(BIO-BASIS-p og amme - GEO-BASIS,
CLIMATE BASIS and he MARINE BASIS).
6. Vege a ion a iabili y, dis i-
bu ion, adia ion e ec s and
coas inland g adien s
E ic S een Hansen, Bo anical Museum,
Uni e si y o Copenhagen, Denma k
4.
ion p oduc i i y, biomass accumula ion
in he A c ic
in luence o he bi o e on C seques a ion
and C exchange be ween ege a ion and
a mosphe e
1. Con inued s udies o coas -inland ege-
a ion g adien s (God håbs jo d, Zacken-
be g, Sco esby Sund e c., see: Lund e al.
2000)
24
Addi ional s udies o he e ical dis i-
bu ion o plan s
Con inued in es iga ion and mapping o
plan s in ”whi e spo s” in eindee g a-
zing a eas
Fu he s udies o lichen biomass and
lichen con en s o eindee aeces in ein-
dee g azing a eas
Imp o emen o he me hods used in
e alua ion o g azing deg ees wi h he
pu pose o ob aining a be e adap a ion
o G eenland condi ions
Con inued lichen g ow h a e s udies
Con inued s udies o plan esponses o
UV-B adia ion and gene al ”heal h con-
di ion” o lichens
Measu emen s o snow dep hs and o he
pa ame e s impo an o plan commu-
ni ies in eindee g azing a eas.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
25
Ques ion 1 & 2:
Wha is sus ainable managemen o
A c ic und a ecosys ems? And wha
a e he main scien i ic challenges
ela ed o a sus ainable managemen
o plan -he bi o e in e ac ions in he
A c ic und a?
Sus ainable managemen , besides sus ain-
abili y in ha es o li ing esou ces should
also include conse a ion o he en i on-
men and biological biodi e si y. To do his
we need o unde s and he in e ela ionship
be ween ecosys em, clima e and human im-
pac . Wi hin his ega d his wo kshop o-
cused on e es ial mammals, in a and in-
e ela ionships, he bi o e in e ac ion wi h
ege a ion, clima e and pa asi e a iables as
well as human ha es and o he impac s
(dis u bance e c.) in he Wes G eenland e-
gion. Pa icula ca e is needed in es ablish-
ing baseline knowledge and in unde s an-
ding and moni o ing he en i onmen al con-
di ions and changes in o de o main ain a
sus ainable use o hese li ing esou ces.
Ungula e popula ions’ sensi i i y depends
on s ochas ic e en s, a ios win e o sum-
me g ounds and quali y and quan i y o
ood. S ochas ic esponses a e dependen on
bo h demog aphic and spa ial pa ame e s.
The la ge spa ial scale co e ed by G eenlan-
dic ungula es (no h-sou h g adien ) implies
ha big di e ences could be expec ed.
G eenland Ins i u e o Na u al Resou -
ces’ ole in la ge he bi o es & o e g azing
Rega ding la ge he bi o es and ange,
G eenland Ins i u e o Na u al Resou ces
has o de elop a long- e m moni o ing
which is compa able wi h u u e assess-
men s. Howe e , on a sho e e m, he e is
need o a quick and cos -e ec i e me ho-
dology o ha e an idea o apid habi a
assessmen , animal’s numbe s, sh ub
heigh , soil e osion e c. A mul idisciplina y
esea ch p og amme would subs an ially
suppo in eg a ed and adap i e esou ce
managemen and moni o ing. A long- e m
s a egy unded by 5y s udies in collabo a-
ion wi h alliances om ab oad - based on
collabo a i e und aising e o seems o o -
e he mos ealis ic possibili y o gain he
needed knowledge. Also explo a ion o he
exis ing in o ma ion and in eg a ion in o
he planning needs o be ca ied ou . The
o e all s udies should be planned coope a-
i ely and in eg a ed o each o he among
all pa ies ( esea ch ins i u ions) planning
s udies in G eenland.
Ques ion 3 & 4:
Me hods and ools in g azing. How
could he main p oblems ela ed o
plan –he bi o e in e ac ions in
A c ic sys ems be challenged and
wha in o ma ion do he managemen
agencies need?
The ha es o ungula es is p esen ly based
on a quo a sys em whe e he cen al and
local managemen (municipali ies) issues
licenses based on applica ions om hun e s.
To enable socie y o make he mos o he
ha es i is clea ly p e e able o ha e as
p edic able ha es as possible. Especially
when quo as a e high, as o eindee du-
ing ecen yea s, i seems di icul o ill he
quo as. The majo pa o he quo a (75%) is
issued among he p o essional hun e s o o -
e o sale a he local ma ke s (b e ) a he
same ime as mos o he popula ion ha e
eindee mea om own spo s ha es ,
hus he ma ke is o e ull. A he same ime
as he na u e o hun and e e ina ian egu-
la ions don’ allow his mea o be u ned
in o he comme cial ma ke . P edic abili y
in he quo as could allow o building an
indus y a ound he ha es , hus make i
possible o dispose a la ge pa o he
Session IV
Ques ions
32
Da e Time Speake /Chai Ti le
10.30 G oups + plenum Ques ion 4: Sus ainabili y in a ha es ed A c ic
sys em. Wha in o ma ion do he managemen
agencies need?
12.00 LUNCH
13.00 Chai : A ild Landa Con inued session III: Fu u e plans in
G eenland, coope a ion and ne wo king
Plenum Summa y
13.00 2-3 g oups + plenum Wha is missing in he p oposed p ojec s when
looking back a decision on managemen needs?
Plenum De ining he common denomina o s o p ojec
plans
2-3 g oups + plenum Fu u e p ojec co-ope a ion wi hin G eenland
Plenum Fu u e ne wo king?
A ild Landa Lessons lea n /concluding ema ks?
19.00 Fa ewell dinne a he Na u e Ins i u e
33
Appendix 2
Add esses wo kshop pa icipan s
NAME ADRESS PHONE/FAX E-MAIL
Gunna
Aus heim
No wegian Uni e si y o
Science & Technology, N-7491
T ondheim, No way
(+47) Phone:
73596031 Fax:
73596100
Gunna .Aus heim@che
mbio.n nu.no
Ch is ine
Cuyle
G eenland Ins i u e o Na u al
Resou ces, P.O.Box 570, 3900
Nuuk, G eenland
(+299) Phone:
321095 Fax:
325957
Cuyle @na u .gl
Panipek
Dao ama
Minis y o ishe ies, hun ing
and se lemen , P.O.Box 269,
3900 Nuuk, G eenland
(+299) Phone:
345000 Fax:
324704
[email protected]
E ic S een
Hansen
Bo anical Museum, Uni e si y
o Copenhagen, Go he sgade
130, DK-1123 Copenhagen K,
Denma k
(+45) Phone:
35322189
e ich@bo .ku.dk
Jus in I ine CEH Bancho y, Hill o
B a hens, Bancho y AB344YS,
UK
(+44) Phone:
1330826335 Fax:
1330823303
[email p o ec ed]
A ild Landa G eenland Ins i u e o Na u al
Resou ces, P.O.Box 570, 3900
Nuuk, G eenland
(+299) Phone:
321095 Fax:
325957
a ild@na u .gl
Anne Loison UMR-CNRS 5558, Labo a o ie
de Biome iee , Biologie
E olu i e, 69622
VILLEURBANNE Cedex,
F ance
(+33) Phone:
472448111
Loison@biomse .uni -
lyon1.
Jon Moen Dep . o Ecology and
En i onmen al Science, Umeå
Uni e si y, SE-90187 UMEÅ,
Sweden
(+46)
Phone: 907869647
Fax: 907866705
[email protected]
K is jana G.
Mo z eld
G eenland Ins i ue o Na u al
Resou ces, P.O.Box 570, 3900
Nuuk, G eenland
(+299)
Phone: 321095 Fax:
325957
k is jana@na u .gl
Ch is ian
Pede sen
Dep . o Biology Penn. S a e
Uni e si y, 208 Muelle Lab.,
Uni e si y Pa k, PA 16802,
USA
(+1)
Phone: 8148638162
[email protected]
Mikkel
Tams o
Na ional En i onmen al
Resea ch Ins i u e, Dep. Fo
A c ic En i onmen ,
F ede iksbo g ej 399, P.O. Box
358, DK-4000 Roskilde,
Denma k
(+45) Phone:
46301932 Fax:
46301914
mp @dmu.dk
Rene an de
Wal
CEH Bancho y, Hill o
B a hens, Bancho y AB344YS,
UK
(+44) Phone:
1330826337 Fax:
1330823303
[email p o ec ed]
2
Ti le: Moni o ing la ge he bi o e e ec s on ege a ion in G eenland
- Wo kshop epo
Edi ed by: A ild Landa
T ansla ion: Bjø n Rosing
Funding: No dic Council (No dic A c ic Resea ch P og amme) and
G eenland Ins i u e o Na u al Resou ces
Se ies:Technical Repo No. 47, 2002
Publishe : G eenland Ins i u e o Na u al Resou ces
Co e pho o: A ild Landa
ISBN: 87-90024-83-4
ISSN: 1397-3657
Layou : Ki s en Rydahl
P in ing: Oddi P in ing L d., Reykja ik, Iceland
P in s: 100
Re e ence: Landa, A. (ed.) 2002. Moni o ing la ge he bi o e e ec s on ege a ion in
G eenland – Wo kshop epo . G eenland Ins i u e o Na u al Resou ces.
Technical Repo No. 47. 33 pp.
Key wo ds: Ca ibou, g azing, he bi o es, muskoxen, O ibos moscha us, Rangi e
a andus, eindee .
A ailable om:G eenland Ins i u e o Na u al Resou ces
P. O . Box 570
DK-3900 Nuuk
G eenland
Phone: +299 32 10 95
Fax: +299 32 59 57
www.na u .gl
36
