In e na ional Jou nal o Cu en Science Resea ch and Re iew
ISSN: 2581-8341
Volume 08 Issue 11 No embe 2025
DOI: 10.47191/ijcs /V8-i11-28, Impac Fac o : 8.048
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In luence o Clima e Va iabili y on The Dynamics o Land Use Land Co e
in he Sub-Soudanian Sec o : The Case o he Badenou Classi ied Fo es ,
No he n Cô e D'i oi e
KOUASSI N'Zibla Roch-Ghislaine1*, KOUAKOU Amani Abell Mike2, SILUÉ Pagadjo ongo Adama3,
NANAN Kouassi Kouman Noël4, YAO N'Guessan Oli ie 5, Bohoussou C is el Na acha6
1Wes A ica Science Se ice Cen e on Clima e Change and Adap ed Land Use (WASCAL), G adua e Resea ch P og amme on
Clima e Change and Biodi e si y, Uni e si é Félix Houphouë -Boigny, 22 BP 582 Abidjan 22, Cô e d'I oi e
2Wes A ican Science Se ice Cen e on Clima e Change and Adap ed Land Use (WASCAL), G adua e Resea ch P og amme on
Clima e Change and Land Use, Kwame Nk umah Uni e si y o Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana
3Dépa emen de Biologie Végé ale, UFR Sciences Biologiques, Uni e si é Pele o o Gon Coulibaly (UPGC), BP 1328 Ko hogo,
Cô e d'I oi e.
4,6Na u al En i onmen Labo a o y and Biodi e si y Conse a ion, Depa men o Bioscience Uni e si é Félix Houphouë -Boigny,
22 BP 582 Abidjan 22, Cô e d'I oi e
5Labo a o y o Sys ema ics, He ba iums and Bo anical Muses, Na ional Flo is ic Cen e , Depa men o Bioscience Uni e si é
Félix Houphouë -Boigny, 22 BP 582 Abidjan 22, Cô e d'I oi e
ABSTRACT: In a con ex o global change ma ked by clima e e olu ion, opical o es ecosys ems a e unde inc easing p essu e
ha h ea ens hei in eg i y and biodi e si y. This s udy quan i ies he impac o clima ic pa ame e s on he e olu ion o land
use/co e in he Badenou Classi ied Fo es (no he n Cô e d'I oi e) be ween 1990 and 2022. By c oss- e e encing Landsa images
and clima ic da a ( empe a u es, p ecipi a ion, PDSI, SPI) ia Google Ea h Engine, and applying s a is ical es s (Spea man
co ela ions, PCA, eg essions), signi ican ela ionships we e highligh ed. The esul s show a dis inc ulne abili y o na u al
ecosys ems o clima ic s esses. Dense d y o es s and galle ies eg ess wi h d ough (PDSI: ρ = -0.502, p = 0.003). The low densi y
sh ub sa annah declines sha ply wi h ising empe a u es (Tmax: ρ = -0.613, p < 0.0001). Wa e bodies dec ease du ing d y pe iods
(PDSI: ρ = -0.545, p = 0.001). An h opogenic dynamics p esen con as ing esponses. Fallow lands dec ease wi h empe a u e
(Tmax: ρ = -0.413, p = 0.017), while pe ennial c ops expand hei each unde hese same condi ions (Tmax: ρ = +0.413, p = 0.017).
An inc ease in ba e soils and buil -up a eas is co ela ed wi h humid condi ions (SPI: ρ = +0.362, p = 0.039). This esea ch
demons a es ha clima ic a iables, pa icula ly empe a u es and d ough indices, a e majo explana o y ac o s o landscape
ans o ma ions. These quan i ied esul s p o ide an essen ial scien i ic basis o he de elopmen o adap i e managemen policies,
econciling biodi e si y p ese a ion and local de elopmen in a con ex o global change.
KEYWORDS: Badenou Classi ied Fo es , Clima e change, Land Use Land Co e change, I o y Coas , Sub-Sudanese zone.
I. INTRODUCTION
In 1979, he in e na ional communi y, conce ned by he h ea o clima e change linked o an h opogenic emissions,
o ganised a Wo ld Clima e Con e ence in Gene a (IPCC, 2023). I was du ing his con e ence ha he In e go e nmen al Panel on
Clima e Change (IPCC) i s de ined he e m 'clima e change'. Acco ding o he IPCC (2021), clima e change is mani es ed by a
pe cep ible inc ease in he in ensi y and equency o ex eme empe a u es, no ably hea wa es and hea y p ecipi a ion, as well as
ag icul u al and ecological d ough s in some egions. Mos scien i ic analyses ha e shown ha global wa ming is la gely caused by
an h opogenic ac i i ies, pa icula ly he elease o g eenhouse gases in o he a mosphe e (A doin e al., 2003; Sighomnou, 2004).
As a esul , conce ns ha e g own signi ican ly in ecen decades ega ding he inc ease in his global su ace empe a u e (Uni ed
Na ions En i onmen P og amme, 2022).
Because o his si ua ion, coun ies and e i o ies a e ulne able depending on hei speci ic clima ic condi ions. Clima e
a iabili y is a global phenomenon ha signi ican ly a ec s o es ecosys ems by al e ing hei s uc u es and dynamics. This
In e na ional Jou nal o Cu en Science Resea ch and Re iew
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phenomenon is pa icula ly acu e in A ica, whe e he consequences a e mani es ed h ough dese i ica ion (Co ne , 2022; Yao e
al., 2018). Cô e d'I oi e is no spa ed om hese majo cu en clima ic uphea als, which cause loods and d ough s in o es ed
a eas. Indeed, acco ding o Diawa a e al., (2014), he majo impac s on he coun y's ecosys ems o e he pas h ee decades a e
due o changing empe a u es, al e ed ain all pa e ns, longe d ough pe iods, and inc eased e apo anspi a ion. I no ac ion is
aken o mi iga e hese e ec s, he coun y will ace he combined impac o ising empe a u es (+2 deg ees Celsius), a ying
ain all (-9% in May and +9% in Oc obe ), and ising sea le els (30 cm) by 2050 (Wo ld Bank, 2018).
In his con ex , a ious s udies ha e been conduc ed in Cô e d’I oi e. These ha e ocused on he combined e ec o clima e
a iabili y and an h opogenic ac i i ies on land (Ogbuji and Adejuwon, 2006), on biodi e si y and ecosys em se ices (Achieng
e al., 2016), and on ecosys ems in A ica (Al Hamndou & Requie -Desja dins, 2008; Omo oso e al., 2023). Fu he mo e, his
s udy was ini ia ed o assess speci ically he impac o clima e a iabili y on he spa io- empo al dynamics o he Badenou Classi ied
Fo es . Indeed, due o i s loca ion in no he n Cô e d'I oi e, his classi ied o es is likely o be in luenced by a ious clima ic
a iables. Simila ly, esea ch in he sub-Sudanian sec o has e ealed changes in d ough pe iods, which ha e become inc easingly
longe o e ecen decades. Based on his obse a ion, i is necessa y o conduc a s udy o unde s and he con ibu ion o clima e
a iabili y o land use dynamics in o de o an icipa e and plan cu en and u u e measu es. To his end, emo e sensing p o es o
be he ideal me hodology, enabling a eliable classi ica ion and desc ip ion o land use and land co e , o which clima ic a iables
can be co ela ed. This s udy will ely on sa elli e da a and ield su eys o quan i y a ia ions in o es co e and o unde s and
biodi e si y dynamics in esponse o clima e a iabili y.
The objec i e o his s udy is o analyse he in luences o clima e a iabili y on he spa io- empo al dynamics o he
Badenou Classi ied Fo es o e a pe iod o mo e han h ee decades. (1) We will examine how he Badenou Classi ied Fo es adap s
o clima e change; his can p o ide aluable in o ma ion o long- e m conse a ion managemen and adap a ion s a egies in he
ace o u u e clima e scena ios. (2) To unde s and he ecosys em dynamics o he Badenou Classi ied Fo es , which can con ibu e
o guiding sus ainable de elopmen policies by in eg a ing ecological conside a ions in o egional and na ional planning.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
A. S udy A ea
The Badenou Classi ied Fo es is loca ed 30 km om Ko hogo and co e s 26,980 hec a es. The o es s ands like a e dan
oasis in he hea o he I o ian sa annah. The GPS coo dina es a e 9° 41' 63" o 9° 51' 63" No h la i ude and 5° 32' 06" Wes
longi ude (Figu e 1). I was es ablished by Dec ee N°3499/SE/5 on 29 No embe 1937, and i s managemen is en us ed o
SODEFOR. The o es lies wi hin a Sudano-Guinean clima e, cha ac e ised by wo dis inc seasons, which is ypical o he sub-
Sudanian phy ogeog aphical zone (Guillaume and Adjanohoun, 1971). The mean annual empe a u es ange be ween 26.07°C
and 28.60°C, wi h peak hea in Feb ua y-Ma ch ( eaching up o 29°C) and coole pe iods in Augus (d opping o 24°C).
P ecipi a ion, on he o he hand, mean 1178 mm pe yea , shaping a landscape whe e lush ege a ion h i es. Unde he in luence
o his gene ous clima e, he Badenou Classi ied Fo es is home o a ascina ing mosaic o ege a ion landscapes. Galle y o es s,
d y dense o es s, open o es s, wooded sa annahs, ee sa annahs and sh ub sa annahs coexis , c ea ing a ich and aluable
biodi e si y. This di e si y o habi a s a ac s abundan and a ied auna. Nume ous mammals, bi ds, ep iles and amphibians
inhabi he o es , con ibu ing o he agile balance o his unique ecosys em. Fu he mo e, i con ains se e al i e s, including he
Vaka, Badenou, Kodjalogo, Loua, Na ounloho and he Bandaman. I de i es i s name om he Badenou Ri e which lows h ough
i s cen al pa . The Badenou Classi ied Fo es , wi h i s na u al beau y and ecological ichness, cons i u es an in aluable easu e o
Cô e d'I oi e. I s p o ec ion and sus ainable managemen a e essen ial o p ese e his unique na u al he i age o u u e gene a ions.
In e na ional Jou nal o Cu en Science Resea ch and Re iew
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Figu e 1. Geog aphical loca ion o he Badenou Classi ied Fo es
B. Ca og aphic and Clima ic Da a
The ca og aphic da a consis o he digi al con ou o he s udy a ea, which is he Badenou Classi ied Fo es , and a ious o he
laye s o ec o s ( oad ne wo k, locali ies, hyd og aphic ne wo k, and adminis a i e di ision) ex ac ed om he BNETD da abase.
Rega ding he sa elli e images, hey we e downloaded om he Uni ed S a es Geological Su ey (USGS) websi e
(h p://ea hexplo e .usgs.go /). The sa elli e images used da e om he 1990s, 2002, 2012, and 2022. An a e age in e al o 10
yea s was chosen be ween he da es, as his is he minimum du a ion o pe cei ing changes in ege a ion. They a e de i ed om
scene 197-53 o Badenou, and om senso s (Landsa TM o he yea 1990, Landsa ETM+ o he yea s 2002 and 2012, and
Landsa OLI o he yea 2022 (Table 1). These images da e om he pe iod o he majo d y season, when he cloud co e and
cloudiness a es a e he lowes (Cha elain, 1996). Fu he mo e, hey we e acqui ed du ing he same pe iod o educe issues ela ed
o sola angles, phenological changes in ege a ion, and di e ences in soil mois u e.
Mo eo e , da a ela ing o clima ic pa ame e s such as ain all (mon hly and annual) and maximum, minimum and mean
empe a u es (Tmax, Tmin, Tmean) we e collec ed a he Ko hogo wea he s a ion o hose ha we e a ailable. Missing da a we e
collec ed om he Clima e Engine websi e (Clima eEngine.o g). E alua ion o he dynamics o clima ic a iables om 1990 o
2022 in he di e en s udy a eas. The clima ic a iables conside ed in his s udy a e p ecipi a ion (mon hly and annual), maximum,
minimum, and mean empe a u es (Tmax, Tmin, Tmean) and d ough indices such as he S anda dized P ecipi a ion Index (SPI)
and he Palme D ough Se e i y Index (PDSI). These pa ame e s a e gene ally conside ed as componen s o he clima e and
en i onmen ha mos in luence he beha iou o o es i es and he dynamics o ege a ion (Guiguindibaye e al., 2013; Ago,
2016; Vissin, 2007). Indeed, empe a u e is conside ed one o he main ac o s in luencing he a e o plan de elopmen . Highe
empe a u es p edic ed by clima e change and he isk o mo e ex eme he mal e en s will impac plan p oduc i i y. Acco ding o
Ha ield and P uege (2015), he la e d ies hem ou and weakens hem in he ace o wa e s ess.
In e na ional Jou nal o Cu en Science Resea ch and Re iew
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Table 1. Landsa image da a om 1990 o 2022 used o he Land use/co e (LULC) dynamics o Badenou Classi ied Fo es
(BCF)
YEARS
1990
2002
2012
2022
Ca ego ies
Landsa 4 TM
Landsa 7 ETM+
Landsa 7 ETM+
Landsa 9 OLI/TIR
Acquisi ion da e
29/12/1990
22/12/2002
16/01/2012
13/12/2022
Pa h/Row
197/53
197/53
197/53
197/53
C. Me hods
Assessmen o Clima ic Va iables dynamics om 1990 o 2022
To assess he po en ial clima ic d i e s o land use and land co e change in he Badenou Classi ied Fo es , a empo al
analysis o key me eo ological a iables was conduc ed o he pe iod 1990–2022. This analysis ocused on empe a u e egimes,
p ecipi a ion pa e ns, and de i ed d ough indices o cha ac e ise he clima ic s esses ac ing on he o es ecosys em.
Tempe a u e and p ecipi a ion egimes
Time-se ies da a o maximum, minimum, and mean mon hly empe a u es, alongside o al mon hly p ecipi a ion, we e
acqui ed o he s udy a ea. A desc ip i e s a is ical analysis was pe o med o quan i y in e annual a iabili y and iden i y
signi ican long- e m ends. Fo empe a u e, linea eg ession models we e applied o he annual ime se ies o de e mine he a e
o wa ming o e he 33 yea s. P ecipi a ion da a we e agg ega ed annually and seasonally o e alua e luc ua ions in o al ain all
and i s in a-annual dis ibu ion.
D ough Indices Calcula ion
To mo e beyond aw p ecipi a ion and cap u e pe iods o hyd ological de ici c i ical o ege a ion heal h, wo es ablished
d ough indices we e compu ed:
S anda dised P ecipi a ion Index (SPI)
The SPI was calcula ed o cha ac e ise me eo ological d ough . This index quan i ies p ecipi a ion anomalies a mul iple
imescales (McKee e al., 1993). This allows o he classi ica ion o condi ions in o disc e e ca ego ies o we ness and d yness
(Be gaoui and Alouini, 2001). The SPI's u ili y lies in i s abili y o di ec ly link p ecipi a ion de ici s a p ima y d i e o ege a ion
s ess o po en ial changes in o es co e dynamics (McKee e al., 1993). The in e p e a ion o he SPI calcula ion esul s was made
based on he SPI classes and hei deg ee o d ough o humidi y (Table 2). Nega i e SPI alues co espond o a d y yea , while
posi i e alues indica e we yea s. The SPI was e alua ed using he ollowing equa ion:
SPI = Rain all Index o yea i; Pi = he o al ain all o yea i; Pmean = a e age annual ain all obse ed o e he en i e
se ies; σ = S anda d de ia ion o he annual ain all obse ed o a gi en se ies.
Table 2. Classi ica ion o d ough acco ding o SPI alues (Mckee, Doesken and Kleis , 1993).
SPI Classes
SPI˃2
1.5˂SPI˂1.99
1.0˂SPI˂1.49
-0.99
˂SPI˂0.99
-1˂SPI˂-
1.49
-
1.5˂SPI˂-
1.99
SPI˂-1.99
Le el o
d ough o
humidi y
Ex eme
humidi y
(IL)
High humidi y
(WH)
Mode a e
humidi y (WM)
Nea o he
no mal
Mode a e
d ough
(DM)
High
d ough
(DH)
Ex eme
d ough
(DE)
Palme D ough Se e i y Index (PDSI)
To p o ide a mo e comp ehensi e assessmen o soil mois u e a ailabili y, he Palme D ough Se e i y Index was also calcula ed.
Unlike he SPI, which is based solely on p ecipi a ion, he PDSI inco po a es a simpli ied wa e balance model ha accoun s o
empe a u e-in luenced e apo anspi a ion and soil wa e echa ge. Thus, i is classi ied as a me eo ological d ough index and
quan i ies he depa u e o wa e om he soil su ace (S oboda and Fuchs, 2016).
SPI = 𝑷𝒊−𝑷𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒏
𝝈
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This makes i pa icula ly ele an o assessing ecological and ag icul u al d ough , as i mo e di ec ly e lec s he mois u e s ess
expe ienced by ege a ion. The s anda dised measu e o he PDSI (Table 3), anges om −4 (d y) o +4 (we ), wi h alues below
−3 ep esen ing se e e o ex eme d ough (Palme , 1965). Desc ip i e and end analyses we e e alua ed in he same manne
mon hly o e he pe iod (1990-2022) h ough ime se ies da a. The PDSI can be o mula ed acco ding o he ollowing equa ion:
X(i) is he PDSI esul o he i- h mon h, z(i) is he mois u e anomaly index o he i- h mon h, X(i-1) is he PDSI amoun
o he p e ious mon h, α and β a e he clima ic coe icien s o he PDSI.
Table 3. PDSI ca ego isa ion o d ough se e i y (Palme , 1965)
PDSI Values
D ough Ca ego ies
4.00 ou mo e
Ex emely we
3.00 o 3.99
Ve y we
2.00 o 2.99
Mode a ely we
1.00 o 1.99
Sligh ly we
0.50 o 0.99
Beginning o a we pe iod
0.49 o -0.49
Close o no mal
-0.50 o -0.99
Beginning o d ough
-1.00 o -1.99
Sligh ly d ough
-2.00 o -2.99
Mode a e d ough
D. Analysis o he spa io empo al dynamics o Land Use/Co e
P e-p ocessing h ough adiome ic and a mosphe ic co ec ion made i possible o co ec ce ain da a e o s caused by
he ime lag du ing image acquisi ion and ex ac ion o he s udy a ea. These co ec ions p o ided clea images o calcula ing
indices such as NDVI, Tasseled cap and PCA, and o applying colou composi ions (Table 4). The colou composi ion allows he
es ablishmen o he 327 aining plo s. These plo s we e ca ied ou h ough he iden i ica ion o he di e en land use/co e classes.
Each plo was assigned a label co esponding o he class o which i belongs (Aka e al., 2022). The classes o land use ypes in
Badenou Classi ied Fo es a e Galle y Fo es , Dense d y o es , Open Fo es /Wooded sa anna, T ee sa anna/Sh ub sa anna, Low
dense sh ub sa anna, Fallow land, Pe ennial c op, Ba e soil/Rock ou c op/Ag icul u al de elopmen and wa e body. Among he
classi ica ion algo i hms, maximum likelihood has been used. This me hod consis s o sea ching o objec s simila o e e ence
objec s (Jou naux, 2006). The classi ica ions we e i s ca ied ou based on he aining poin s ha guided he choice o egions o
in e es (ROIs) o he land co e classes p oduced on he mos ecen Landsa 9 OLI/TIRS images om 2022. Then he Assessmen
o he mapping esul was possible using he con usion ma ix. The classi ica ions ob ained in as e o ma we e expo ed o A cGIS
10.8 so wa e o con e sion o ec o o ma . This s age was ollowed by he p oduc ion o s a is ics and ca og aphic edi ing. The
s a is ical analyses ocused on calcula ing he a ea o Land Use/Co e o each classes.
Table 4. Bands used o he colou composi ions in he Badenou Classi ied Fo es
Yea s
1990
2002
2012
2022
Colou composi ion
(bands)
4/ 7/ 3
4/ 7/ 3
4/ 5/ 3
5/ 7/ 4
X(i) = 𝚭(𝒊)
𝜶+𝜷𝑿(𝒊−𝟏)
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E. Analysis o he In luence o Clima ic Va iabili y on Land Use/Co e Dynamics
A Spea man’s ank o de co ela ion analysis was conduc ed o e alua e he in luence o key clima ic pa ame e speci ically
minimum, mean, and maximum empe a u e, o al annual p ecipi a ion, he Palme D ough Se e i y Index (PDSI), and he
S anda dized P ecipi a ion Index (SPI) on he dynamics o Land Use Land Co e (LULC) wi hin he Badenou Classi ied Fo es .
The esponse a iables consis ed o he a eal ex en o each LULC class ac oss h ee dis inc ansi ion pe iods (1990-2002, 2002-
2012, and 2012-2022). This non-pa ame ic me hod was selec ed due o i s sui abili y o cap u ing mono onic, po en ially non-
linea ela ionships wi hou assuming no mali y in he da a, and o i s obus ness o ou lie s (Sokal and Rohl , 2012). These
cha ac e is ics a e pa icula ly ad an ageous in ecological s udies, whe e h eshold d i en esponses and non-no mal da a
dis ibu ions a e common. The esul ing co ela ion ma ix iden i ies signi ican mono onic associa ions be ween clima ic a iabili y
and changes in LULC a eas, p o iding insigh in o he po en ial clima ic d i e s o obse ed landscape ans o ma ions.
III. RESULTS
A. Clima e a iabili y o he Badenou Classi ied Fo es
Tempe a u e luc ua ion
By analysing he empe a u es wi hin BCF, i is obse ed ha he mean, minimum, and maximum empe a u es display
a ied bu ela i ely simila ends o e he s udied pe iod (Figu e. 2). The mean annual empe a u es be ween 1990 and 2022 ange
om 26.07°C (1992) o 28.60°C (2021), co esponding o an o e all inc ease o 2.5°C o e he 30 yea s. The yea 2021 eco ded
he highes empe a u e in he se ies, while he yea s 1992 and 2012 showed alues below he mean. The analysis o minimum
empe a u es om 1990 o 2022 e eals signi ican in e annual a iabili y, wi h luc ua ions a ound an a e age o 20.89°C. The
lowes alues we e eco ded in 1992. Maximum empe a u es om 1990 o 2022 show ma ked in e annual a iabili y, wi h no able
luc ua ions o e ime. The a e age maximum empe a u e o e his pe iod is 35.69°C, indica ed by a e e ence line on he g aph.
Dynamics o P ecipi a ion
The analysis o annual p ecipi a ion be ween 1990 and 2022, highligh s signi ican in e annual a iabili y in he BCF egion
(Figu e. 3). The eco ded alues ange om 888.8 mm in 2015, he d ies yea , o 1410.9 mm in 2003, which ep esen s one o he
highes ain all peaks. The mean p ecipi a ion o e he en i e s udied pe iod is 1178 mm, wi h a s anda d de ia ion o 111.8 mm,
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
35.00
40.00
45.00
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
Tempe a u e (°C)
Yea s
Minimum Tempe a u e (° C) Mean Tempe a u e (°C)
Maximum Tempe a u e (°C)
Figu e 2. T end cu es o empe a u e a iables in he Badenou Classi ied Fo es om 1990 o 2022
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indica ing a humid opical clima e. Some yea s s and ou o pa icula ly low le els o p ecipi a ion, such as 2015 and 2017, wi h
888.8 mm and 976.3 mm, espec i ely. Con e sely, he yea s 2003 and 2018 eco ded p ecipi a ion le els signi ican ly abo e he
mean, eaching 1410.9 mm and 1334.6 mm, espec i ely. These luc ua ions e lec an al e na ion be ween pe iods o high humidi y
and episodes o wa e de ici . O e he en i e 32 yea s analysed, no clea end o inc easing o dec easing p ecipi a ion appea s.
The s anda dised p ecipi a ion index (SPI)
Figu e 4. Cu e o p ecipi a ion luc ua ions in he Badenou Classi ied Fo es om 1990 o 2022
The s anda dised p ecipi a ion index (SPI) alues a BCF luc ua e egula ly, illus a ing clima ic cycles whe e some yea s
a e cha ac e ised by a wa e de ici while o he s eco d a p ecipi a ion su plus (Figu e. 4). The yea s 2005 (SPI = -1.33, mode a e
d ough ), 2015 (SPI = -2.59, ex eme d ough ), and 2017 (SPI = -1.80, se e e d ough ) a e dis inguished by s ongly nega i e indices,
indica ing pe iods o ma ked d ough . While 2000 (SPI = 1.48, mode a e humidi y), 2003 (SPI = 2.08, ex eme humidi y), 2018
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
P ecipi a ion (mm)
Yea s
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
SPI
Yea s
SPI- SPI+
Figu e 3. T end cu e o he SPI in he Badenou Classi ied Fo es om 1990 o 2022
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(SPI = 1.40, mode a e humidi y) and 2022 (SPI = 1.08, mode a e humidi y) show dis inc ly posi i e alues, indica ing episodes o
excessi e p ecipi a ion. The dis ibu ion o ex eme alues shows an in ensi ica ion o ain all a iabili y a e he 2000s, wi h mo e
p onounced al e na ions be ween d ough s and wa e su pluses.
Palme D ough Se e i y Index (PDSI)
The e olu ion o he Palme D ough Se e i y Index (PDSI) a BCF be ween 1990 and 2022, highligh s signi ican
luc ua ions be ween pe iods o d ough and humidi y. Be o e 2015, he alues oscilla ed a ound ze o, wi h a ela i ely balanced
al e na ion be ween d ie and we e phases (Figu e. 5). Howe e , he PDSI classi ica ion able (Table V) highligh s a p edominance
o d ough pe iods, ep esen ing 63.63% o he yea s s udied, wi h a no able dis ibu ion be ween mild d ough s (18.18%), mode a e
d ough s (18.18%), se e e d ough s (15.15%) and ex eme d ough s (12.12%).
Table 5. Dis ibu ion o yea s o s udy acco ding o PDSI ca ego ies a BCF
PDSI
Ca ego ie
s
Ligh
Humidi y
Beginning o
Humid Pe iod
Nea
No mal
Beginning
o
D ough
Mild
D ough
Mode a e
D ough
Se e e
D ough
Ex em
e
D ough
Ligh
Humidi
y
Yea s
1991,
1995,
2010
2019
1994,
1996,
2001,
2003,
2004,
2005,
2008
2011
2002,
2007,
2009,
2014,
2015,
2018
1990,
1993,
1999,
2000,
2006, 2012
1992,
1997,
2013,
2017,
2020
1998,
2016,
2021,
2022
1991,
1995,
2010
Numbe
o Yea s
3
1
7
1
6
6
5
4
3
P opo io
n (%)
9.09
3.03
21.21
3.03
18.18
18.18
15.15
12.12
9.09
Figu e 5. T end cu e o he PDSI in he Badenou Classi ied Fo es om 1990 o 202
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
PDSI
Yea s
PDSI- PDSI+
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B. Dynamics o Land Use Land Co e in he Badenou Classi ied Fo es
The mapping o he Land Use Land Co e (LULC) o he ege a ion a BCF disc imina ed 8 classes o he yea s 1990, 2002,
2012 and 2022 (Figu e. 7). These a e galle y o es /dense d y o es (GF/DSF), open o es /wooded sa annah (OF/WS), ee
sa annah/sh ub sa annah (TS/SS), spa sely popula ed sh ub sa annah (LDSS), allow (FL), pe ennial c op (PC), ba e land/ ock
ou c op/ Ag icul u al de elopmen (BL/RO/AD) and wa e bodies (WB). The o e all accu acies o he a ious classi ica ions o
he 1990, 2002, 2012 and 2022 images a e 95.98%, 95.60%, 92.65% and 94.39% espec i ely o Landsa TM, 7 ETM, 7 ETM and
OLI-TIRS. The Kappa coe icien s a e alued a 0.93; 0.91; 0.87 and 0.87 espec i ely o images om 1990, 2002, 2012 and 2022.
The spec a o p opo ions (%) and a eas in hec a es o land use/co e in he BCF a y om yea o yea (Table 6). In
1990, he BCF was cha ac e ised by a s ong p edominance o ee sa annah/sh ub sa annah, occupying 43% o 14121.73 ha o he
o al a ea (Figu e. 8). In 2002, he landscape was s ill cha ac e ised by a p edominance o sa annah en i onmen s, wi h he ee
sa annah/sh ub sa annah class co e ing 42% equi alen o 13641.77 ha o he o al a ea. A he same ime, he o es co e shows
a no able eo ganisa ion. In 2012, a signi ican change in ege a ion co e was obse ed, wi h a ma ked inc ease in he ee
sa annah/sh ub sa annah class, co e ing 51% o 1,686.12 ha o he o al a ea. galle y o es s/dense d y o es s con inue o decline,
now accoun ing o 13%, while open o es s/wooded sa annahs ha e inc eased signi ican ly o 21%. In 2022, he landscape is
cha ac e ised by he ma ked p edominance o ee sa annah/sh ub sa annah, which occupies mo e han 53%, equi alen o 17555.26
ha o he s udy a ea. In e ms o galle y o es /dense d y o es , we no e a sligh inc ease, accoun ing o a ound 19% o he su ace
a ea, while open o es /wooded sa annah ell om 21% o 6%.
Figu e 7. LULC classi ica ion map o BCF in 1990, 2002, 2012 and 2022
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Ci e his A icle: KOUASSI N'Zibla Roch-Ghislaine, KOUAKOU Amani Abell Mike, SILUÉ Pagadjo ongo Adama, NANAN
Kouassi Kouman Noël, YAO N'Guessan Oli ie , Bohoussou C is el Na acha (2025). In luence o Clima e Va iabili y on The
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D'i oi e. In e na ional Jou nal o Cu en Science Resea ch and Re iew, 8(11), pp. 5716-5731. DOI:
h ps://doi.o g/10.47191/ijcs /V8-i11-28
