Ci a ion: Volpa i, M.; Mazzola, E.;
Bo e o, M.C.; Bisello, A. The Role o
Posi i e Ene gy Dis ic s h ough he
Lens o U ban Sus ainabili y P o ocols
in he Case S udies o Salzbu g and
Tampe e. Buildings 2024,14, 7.
h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/
buildings14010007
Academic Edi o : Ra ik Bela bi
Recei ed: 20 Oc obe 2023
Re ised: 5 Decembe 2023
Accep ed: 8 Decembe 2023
Published: 19 Decembe 2023
Copy igh : © 2023 by he au ho s.
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Swi ze land.
This a icle is an open access a icle
dis ibu ed unde he e ms and
condi ions o he C ea i e Commons
A ibu ion (CC BY) license (h ps://
c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/
4.0/).
buildings
A icle
The Role o Posi i e Ene gy Dis ic s h ough he Lens o U ban
Sus ainabili y P o ocols in he Case S udies o Salzbu g
and Tampe e
Ma co Volpa i 1,2,* , Elena Mazzola 3, Ma a Ca la Bo e o 1and Ad iano Bisello 2
1Dipa imen o In e a eneo di Scienze, P oge o e Poli iche del Te i o io, Poli ecnico di To ino,
10135 Tu in, I aly; [email p o ec ed]
2Ins i u e o Renewable Ene gy, Eu ac Resea ch, 39100 Bolzano, I aly; [email p o ec ed]
3Dipa imen o di Ingegne ia Ci ile, Edile e Ambien ale, Uni e si àdegli S udi di Pado a, 35131 Padua, I aly;
[email p o ec ed]
*Co espondence: [email p o ec ed] o [email p o ec ed]
Abs ac : To achie e he ambi ious CO
2
emission educ ion a ge s se by he Sus ainable De el-
opmen Goals, i is c ucial o ac on ci ies. Indeed, ci ies a e esponsible o 67% o he wo ld’s
p ima y ene gy consump ion and abou 70% o ene gy- ela ed CO
2
emissions. To suppo he u ban
ene gy ansi ion, a b oad implemen a ion o ze o-emission dis ic s o , e en be e , posi i e ene gy
dis ic s (PEDs) is expec ed. PEDs can be de ined as ene gy-e icien and ene gy- lexible u ban a eas
ha aim o p o ide a su plus o clean ene gy o he ci y by using enewable ene gies. Howe e ,
in de eloping he PEDs concep , i is necessa y o conside no only he echnical issue o ene gy
sys ems bu also he en i onmen al, social, and economic sphe es. To be e ec i e, i is impo an
o p o ide decision-make s wi h ools such as U ban Sus ainabili y p o ocols o PEDs, which can
e ec i ely assess he complexi y o he impac s a PED migh ha e on o he u ban ans o ma ions
om a mul i-s akeholde pe spec i e. LEED o Neighbo hood De elopmen , BREEAM Commu-
ni ies, and CASBEE o Ci ies a e he mos widely used and known p o ocols in he wo ld o he
e alua ion o dis ic s. These ce i ica ion p o ocols we e es ablished be o e he concep o PEDs and,
he e o e, a e no conside ed. Howe e , hey exhibi some sha ed cha ac e is ics which pe mi he
e alua ion o PEDs’ sus ainabili y. In ac , h ough his esea ch, an a emp is made o analyze how
he implemen a ion o sus ainabili y p o ocols in exis ing PED p ojec s can imp o e sus ainabili y,
bu also how PED p ojec s can imp o e e alua ion sys ems h ough in e en ions ha ha e no been
conside ed so a . To es a me hodology ha could be ex ended in u u e case s udies, an analysis o
h ee o he wo ld’s bes -known ce i ica ion sys ems, LEED-ND, BREEAM-CM, and CASBEE-UD,
was conduc ed on wo comple ed PEDs case s udies, Tampe e and Salzbu g.
Keywo ds: neighbo hood assessmen ools; LEED-ND; BREEAM-CM; CASBEE-UD; u ban sus ainabili y;
posi i e ene gy dis ic
1. In oduc ion
The In e na ional Ene gy Agency has placed g ea emphasis on educing CO
2
emis-
sions in ci ies and ela ed sys ems. Ci ies accoun o mo e han 50% o he global popu-
la ion, 80% o he global GDP, wo- hi ds o global ene gy consump ion, and mo e han
70% o annual global ca bon emissions [
1
–
3
].These ac o s a e expec ed o inc ease signi i-
can ly in he coming decades: i is an icipa ed ha by 2050 mo e han 70% o he wo ld’s
popula ion will li e in ci ies, esul ing in massi e g ow h in demand o u ban ene gy
in as uc u e [
2
,
4
,
5
]. F om his pe spec i e, i is known ha u ban de elopmen in he
coming yea s will ha e o shi om simple building solu ions o posi i e-ene gy neighbo -
hoods and dis ic s [
6
]. Clima e ac ion in ci ies, dis ic s, and neighbo hoods is essen ial o
achie e he ambi ious ne -ze o emissions goals. All o his, along wi h o he inno a i e
Buildings 2024,14, 7. h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/buildings14010007 h ps://www.mdpi.com/jou nal/buildings
Buildings 2024,14, 7 2 o 24
concep s de eloped in he pas o ci ies o he u u e, will be c ucial o achie ing he goals
he Uni ed Na ions has se o hemsel es in he a eas o ene gy and clima e change [
7
].
Wi h he new pe spec i e indica ed a he Wo ld Economic Fo um in 2015, esea ch and
inno a ion plans o ci ies aim o igo ously add ess se e al global challenges ha a ec
ou ci ies and socie y: heal h and sa e y, digi iza ion, ene gy, and clima e change as he
p io i y [
4
,
5
,
8
]. The a ea o Sma Ci ies and Communi ies was al eady de ined as a p io i y
and s a egic di ec ion by bo h he p e ious Eu opean Ho izon 2020 p og am [
4
,
9
] and
he 17 Sus ainable De elopmen Goals es ablished by he UN and he 2030 Agenda [
10
].
O e ime, howe e , i became appa en ha inancing la ge sma ci y p ojec s a he u ban
le el was a complex ask, wi h a huge demand o esou ces and in es men [
11
]. Fo his
eason, he Eu opean communi y wan ed o ocus e o s on smalle u ban a eas, such
as blocks, pilo dis ic s, and neighbo hoods [
12
–
14
], owa ds a widesp ead and capilla y
sma land concep o ini ia e a mo e unc ional awa eness o he opic by exploi ing and
incen i izing local co-design acco ding o loca ion [
4
]. The e o e, as highligh ed in he
Ho izon 2020 p ojec s ha ini ially ocused on he ene gy e iciency o buildings and local
p oduc ion o enewable ene gy on-si e, he e has been a b oadening o in e es in he u ban
dis ic [
9
]. Indeed, in ecen yea s, o suppo he u ban ene gy ansi ion, he concep
has become e en mo e ambi ious, mo ing om highly e icien buildings close o ene gy
neu ali y (nZEB) o ze o-emission buildings (ZEB) [
15
]. As a esul o his p ocess o
educing CO
2
emissions, he a ious an h opological ac ions wi h he g ea es impac ha e
been included, suppo ing and p omo ing ene gy sha ing, was e hea eco e y, elec ic
mobili y, and ene gy s o age, and he scope has been b oadened o include he implemen-
a ion o ze o-emission dis ic s o , be e s ill, posi i e ene gy dis ic (PEDs) unde his
heading [
12
,
16
–
19
]. Suppose a ze o-emission dis ic combines he buil en i onmen and
i s associa ed se ices o educe ha m ul emissions as much as possible. In ha case, a PED
combines he buil en i onmen , mobili y, and sus ainable p oduc ion and consump ion
o inc ease ene gy e iciency, make he dis ic ene gy sel -su icien by exploi ing ene gy
su pluses, educe g eenhouse gas emissions o ze o om i s incep ion, and c ea e added
alue o he ci izens who use, wo k, and li e in hese spaces [
12
,
16
,
18
]. PEDs also equi e
in eg a ion be ween buildings, use s, ene gy ne wo ks, mobili y se ices, and in o ma ion
sys ems. Al hough he ans o ma ion o a neighbo hood is bene icial o many s akeholde s
in ol ed, poin s o ag eemen a e no always ound ha make all p ojec s sus ainable and
easible [
7
,
20
–
23
]. The concep o sus ainabili y conce ns he con inui y o economic, social,
and en i onmen al aspec s o human socie y and he non-human en i onmen , wi hou
comp omising hese aspec s o u u e gene a ions [
24
]. S a ing om he ou lined con ex ,
he e a e cu en ly no sus ainabili y assessmen sys ems inhe en o PEDs, as hey a e
also newly c ea ed, and hus canno e en be compa ed o each o he , excep abou PED
cha ac e is ics alone. Knowing ha se e al in e na ional assessmen p o ocols a he neigh-
bo hood o u ban scale deal wi h sus ainabili y in gene al, one assumes ha hey could
help in his ega d. In gene al, he ole o hese g een assessmen ools is he de elopmen
o a sys em o measu emen o all he sus ainabili y goals in a dis ic , which a e mo e
easily compa ed wi h cu en and pas u ban p ac ices and o he g een dis ic s [
25
,
26
].
The main hema ic a eas a e ene gy, wa e , ma e ial use, and indoo quali y and com o :
each a ea is e alua ed on i s ne use; in o he wo ds, i he building p oduces o euses
esou ces, he e alua ion is abou i s e iciencies and i s pe cen age o eused, ecycled, o
i gin ma e ials [
27
]. Ce i ica ion p o ocols ha e been in oduced o gi e an e alua ion
based on a common se o c i e ia [
24
]. As PEDs a e ela i ely young compa ed o he la es
upda es o he di e en ce i ica ion p o ocols, a lack o c i e ia ha enhance he added
alue o posi i e ene gy dis ic s is known in he li e a u e [
23
,
25
,
26
,
28
–
31
]. The au ho s
conside a ce i ica ion p o ocol ha enhances hei po en ial and could be essen ial o hei
de elopmen , which, howe e , is no conside ed o he same ex en in cu en p o ocols.
In ac , h ough his esea ch, an a emp is made o analyze how he implemen a ion o
sus ainabili y p o ocols in exis ing PED p ojec s can imp o e he concep o sus ainabili y,
bu also how PED p ojec s can imp o e e alua ion sys ems h ough in e en ions ha ha e
Buildings 2024,14, 7 3 o 24
no been conside ed so a . To es a me hodology ha could be ex ended in u u e case
s udies, an analysis o h ee o he wo ld’s bes -known ce i ica ion sys ems was conduc ed
on wo comple ed PED case s udies, which a e a ailable on he PED-EU-NET websi e and
will be ca ied ou in Sec ion 1.1. The esea ch opic is inno a i e bo h because no p o ocols
ha e been ound o PEDs and because he e a e no publica ions on he applica ion o hese
p o ocols o PEDs.
1.1. Ce i ica ion P o ocols in he Wo ld o U ban Dis ic s
O e he yea s, many ce i ica ion p o ocols ha e been de eloped and cons uc ed
o assess he sus ainabili y o neighbo hoods. O e all, hei common goal is o es ablish
dis inc p ocedu es, s anda ds, and me ics o di ec sus ainabili y- ela ed aspec s o u -
ban de elopmen schemes du ing he planning and execu ion s ages [
32
]. In addi ion,
ce i ica ion sys ems c ea e a olun a y ma ke engine, wi h he possibili y o e alua ing
and ma ke ing de elopmen p ojec s as ‘sus ainable’ [
24
]. Unlike p inciples, ce i ica ion
sys ems add ess he sus ainabili y o an a ea using a p ede ined se o c i e ia and assess-
able indica o s. In his way, hey also p o ide a a he p ecise de ini ion o sus ainable
de elopmen . The c i e ia, o c edi s gained o he c i e ia, a e hen agg ega ed, some imes
wi h a weigh ing, o p o ide a ce i ica e, label, and/o communicable g ade (e.g., ‘gold’ o
‘excellen ’) o he p ojec [
32
]. The ce i ica e, label, and/o g ade unc ion se e as ools o
benchma king and ma ke ing he sus ainabili y o a speci ic u ban de elopmen . Howe e ,
he agg ega ion weigh ing and complexi y o he ools make i di icul o unde s and wha
he esul ( o e o label) means in e ms o wha has been e alua ed. Fu he mo e, i can
obscu e he ex en and ways in which u ban de elopmen con ibu es o sus ainabili y [
27
].
P e ious s udies [
24
,
27
,
32
] ha e epo ed se e al sho comings o ce i ica ion sys ems o
neighbo hoods and ha e p oposed new me hods and c i e ia. Howe e , hese s udies ha e
mainly ocused on he con en o he p o ocols and c i e ia by inco po a ing new me hods
o c i e ia calcula ion. Along he lines o p e ious wo k, o ex end he analysis o PEDs
and he ype o s uc u e o he ce i ica ion p o ocol and indica o s, in his esea ch, an
analysis o h ee o he wo ld’s bes -known ce i ica ion sys ems was unde aken: LEED
o Neighbo hood De elopmen (LEED-ND), BREEAM Communi ies (BREEAM-C), and
CASBEE o Ci ies (CASBEE-UD). This s udy di e s om p e ious wo ks because i analy-
ses and discusses he exis ing ce i ica ion p o ocols o u ban dis ic s, as well as abou
how sus ainable de elopmen is de ined in hem, h ough he e alua ion o ce i ica ion
p o ocols and comple ed PED case s udies. The aim is o e alua e possible imp o emen s
o exis ing ce i ica ion p o ocols and u u e PEDs p ojec s. In ac , he pape consis s o
ou sec ions. The i s sec ion desc ibes he cu en ce i ica ion p o ocols and p o ides a
desc ip ion based on he mos up- o-da e li e a u e o he de ini ion o a posi i e ene gy
dis ic , desc ibing he complexi y i b ings wi hin a mul i-s akeholde u ban con ex .
The second sec ion iden i ies and desc ibes he p oposed me hodology o iden i ying
possible imp o emen s be ween cu en u ban a ings and case s udies by p esen ing a
low cha o he algo i hm de ised by he au ho s. Immedia ely a e wa d, he sus ain-
abili y ce i ica es chosen o conduc he s udy and he case s udies selec ed o apply he
me hodology a e p esen ed.
In he hi d sec ion, he me hodology is applied by iden i ying possible c i e ia simila
o he cha ac e is ics o he PEDs and e-e alua ing he alues o he selec ed c i e ia. In he
ou h sec ion, he esul s a e analyzed wi h he di e en con igu a ions o med and hei
desc ip ions. Finally, he conclusions o he s udy and u u e de elopmen s a e p esen ed.
1.2. Fea u es and Applica ion o PED: A Complex U ban Dis ic
Resea ch all a ound he wo ld is s ill s uggling o ind a unique de ini ion o PEDs.
F om an ene gy- ocused pe spec i e, a PED is seen as an ene gy-sel -su icien and ca bon-
neu al u ban dis ic . Indeed, posi i e ene gy means ha ene gy dis ic s also play an
impo an ole in p oducing excess ene gy using enewable ene gy sou ces and eeding i
back in o he g id [
12
,
13
]. Howe e , widening he pe spec i e, i is expec ed ha PEDs will
Buildings 2024,14, 7 4 o 24
inc ease he quali y o li e in ci ies, help achie e he COP21 goals, and imp o e Eu opean
capabili ies and knowledge, becoming a global model [
16
]. Mo eo e , conside ing he keen
in e es o he Eu opean Commission o deli e a leas 100 PEDs by 2050 and he cu en
si ua ion o Eu opean ci ies [
13
], i is necessa y o add ess his concep no only o new
a eas o u ban de elopmen and he cons uc ion o new buildings and neighbo hoods
bu especially o he ede elopmen o he exis ing building s ock [
16
]. The discussion
also o en s a s om he local dimension o ci y blocks, up o he u ban dimension. In
his ega d, some in e es ing esea ch on exis ing ools o suppo decision-making owa d
clima e neu ali y in ci ies and dis ic s has been al eady ca ied ou [
7
]. In an a emp a
ex eme simpli ica ion, i can be said ha PEDs mus s ike an op imal balance be ween
ene gy e iciency, ene gy lexibili y, and local ene gy p oduc ion, in u n also achie ing
in eg a ed sus ainabili y based on en i onmen al, economic, and social ea u es [
12
]. Fo
PEDs, se e al s akeholde s such as ci ies and public bodies, indus y and business, e-
sea ch and academia, ci izens and ci ic socie y, and p i a e and p o essional s akeholde s
play a cen al ole in he ene gy ansi ion. Sa is ying ou comes o posi i e ene gy build-
ings/dis ic s equi es he in ol emen o a wide ange o di e en s akeholde s igh
om he beginning. The e o e, inc easing he knowledge o PEDs, public communica-
ion, dissemina ion, and public engagemen among he public is i al [
33
]. PEDs a e pa
o complex sys ems [
34
] p ecisely because people, buildings, ci ies, and mobili y a e all
e y complica ed [
9
] sys ems ha , i in e wined, gi e ise o combina ions o la ge [
8
]
and uncon ollable si ua ions ha would lead he dis ic o be he dange i sel [
35
]; his
is one o he many easons why i is complex o e alua e PEDs wi h cu en ce i ica e
p o ocols. These p o ocols un o una ely do no e alua e he posi i e bene i s o making
such an imp o emen in an u ban dis ic . Table 1lis s he main cha ac e is ics desc ib-
ing PEDs in he i s column. The au ho s p esen de ini ions o he cha ac e is ics in
column 2 based on he In e na ional Ene gy Agency—ANNEX 83 g oup [
17
], COST AC-
TION [
15
], and he PED-EU-NET [
13
]—and as iden i ied in he e e ence li e a u e lis ed in
column 3. In column 4, he pa ame e s and alues a e iden i ied using he same me hod-
ology as in oduced abo e, and quali a i e–quan i a i e modali ies o he e alua ion o
hese cha ac e is ics ha e been selec ed om he e e ence li e a u e in column 3.
Table 1. This able shows all he cha ac e is ics common o PEDs. Columns 2 and 4 p esen a p oposed
de ini ion and e e ence pa ame e s and alues aken om he li e a u e.
PED Cha ac e is ic De ini ion Re . Pa ame e s and Value
Ene gy
Ene gy e iciency
Ene gy e iciency in PED is he quan i a i e and measu able
ela ionship be ween a esul achie ed wi h a machine o
p ocess using enewable ene gy and he ene gy used o
achie e i .
[6,14,16,18]
The sys em’s yields a e
well wi hin in e na ional
benchma ks
Ene gy lexibili y
Ene gy lexibili y in PED is a concep based on he
gene a ion o (local) ene gy om enewable sou ces, which
is dis ibu ed in a egion-wide ne wo k whe e, hanks o he
use o compu e op imiza ion sys ems, i is edis ibu ed
acco ding o whe e i is mos needed.
[12,16,18,36]kWh consumed ≤kWh
p oduced
[12,36–38]Ene gy su plus
ans e con ac
Ene gy su plus
The PED has as i s basic p inciple he p oduc ion o ene gy
om enewable sou ces. Whe e possible, and espec ing he
o he indica o s, i aims o pu sue an ene gy su plus o
make ene gy p oduc ion p o i able o he dis ic .
[12,36,38,39]Wi h ene gy su plus kWh
consumed < kWh p oduced
[12,14,36,40]
Balanced—wi hou
ene gy su plus kWh
consumed = kWh
p oduced
Buildings 2024,14, 7 5 o 24
Table 1. Con .
PED Cha ac e is ic De ini ion Re . Pa ame e s and Value
Nea ly ze o-ene gy
buildings and
ne -ze o-ene gy
dis ic s
NZEBs and NZEDs a e e y high-pe o mance
buildings/neighbo hoods, aiming o high sus ainabili y
and ene gy sa ings. They aim o p oduce e y low ca bon
emissions and o be powe ed by enewable ene gy sou ces.
One me hod o analysis is Li e Cycle Assessmen .
[6,12,16,36,41]
Li e Cycle
Assessmen —Ma e ial
ecycling and e-use
Renewable ene gy
p oduc ion
Renewable ene gy is ene gy om enewable esou ces
na u ally eplenished on a human ime scale. Renewable
esou ces include sunligh , wind, wa e mo emen , and
geo he mal hea . In PEDs, bo h indi idual echnological
solu ions joined by he g id and concen a ed local
p oduc ion ha is subsequen ly edis ibu ed in o he g id
ollowing he ule o he g ea es e iciency and leas was e
o ene gy is en isaged.
[31,42,43]kWh consumed ≤kWh
p oduced
Ene gy Communi y
Ene gy communi ies a e a pa icula o m o o ganiza ion
based on he p oduc ion and sel -consump ion o elec ici y.
They a e sys ems ha allow an en i e communi y o bene i
om enewable ene gy p oduced locally, ei he by
indi idual ci izens o by local businesses in ol ed in
he ini ia i e.
[10,12,44,45]Renewable Ene gy
Communi ies con ac
U ban and local
de elopmen ,
eal es a e
Technological
solu ions
Th ee o he mos impo an eal es a e e olu ions will
condi ion and enhance he echnological solu ions o a PED,
aiming o good inancial e u ns, and will be able o
s imula e he de elopmen o his concep o li ing in
quali y spaces.
[41,46,47]
1. AIoT—in eg a ion
in o measu emen
and epo ing
[2,45,47,48]
2. Aba emen
in elligence—p edic i e
analy ics o simula e
emissions o e ime
[5,6,31,49]3. Ca bon o se ing and
o se in eg a ion
Sec o coupling and
c oss-sec o ial
in eg a ion
Va ies om s a e o s a e and om sec o o sec o . In
pa icula , i mus be emphasized ha he Eu opean Union
will gi e an upda e on how his mechanism will wo k.
[4,21,26]
Inc eased quali y o
wo k and
li e—sensi i i y analysis
and su ey
New business
models, he u u e
ole o “ci izen
ene gy communi ies”
(CEC) and
“ enewable ene gy
communi ies” (REC)
A inancial model in ol ing he ope a ion o RECs and
CECs. CECs a e uni ed wi h RECs by geog aphical
p oximi y: ci izens connec ed unde he same
medium- ol age s a ion can be membe s o a REC and sha e
he enewable ene gy p oduced by he REC’s ins alla ions.
[39,41–45]Renewable Ene gy
Communi ies con ac .
Ac i e in ol emen
o p oblem owne s
and ci izens
Co-ac i e pa icipa ion wi h owne s, ci izens, and o he s in
he changes in and ans o ma ions o u ban dis ic s
and ci ies.
[25,30,49]Sensi i i y analysis
and su ey
U ban a eas o
g oups o connec ed
buildings
De elop zones and small neighbo hoods wi h small
unc ions o op imize consump ion and ne wo ks. [7,9,11,12]U ban ins umen s—
Regula o y plan
Exis ing building
s ock is main
challenge o
achie ing clima e
neu ali y
U ban de elopmen models ha in eg a e exis ing and new
buildings, no jus u ban ans o ma ions. [9,36,39,41]U ban ins umen s—
Regula o y plan
Buildings 2024,14, 7 6 o 24
Table 1. Con .
PED Cha ac e is ic De ini ion Re . Pa ame e s and Value
Resilience and
secu i y o
ene gy supply
I am designing o special and complica ed con ex s
conside ing he de elopmen o ene gy secu i y solu ions
such as hacke a acks on he dis ic ’s ene gy
managemen sys em.
[17,18,37,50]Adminis a i e and
poli ical ac ion plan
In as uc u e
G een and blue
in as uc u es a e
impo an building
blocks o clima e
change adap a ion
s a egies on he
dis ic and
neighbo hood le els
U ban design o main aining o imp o ing he clima e
con ex , making i ene gy-posi i e o ha ness enewable
ene gy om blue co ido s and o egula e he mic oclima e
and en i onmen al quali y wi h g een lungs in he dis ic .
[42,51–53]
kWh o geo he mal
wa e consumed ≤kWh
o geo he mal
wa e p oduced
[25,51,54,55]
CO2p oduced in he
dis ic ≤CO2abso bed
by na u al g een lungs
in he dis ic
De eloping he ole
o mobili y in he
PED Re e ence
F amewo k
In elligen design o u ban mobili y, exploi ing whe e
possible he dis ic ’s ene gy su plus o he anspo
se ice sys em.
[2–4,56]
kWh consumed ≤kWh
p oduced by su plus o
he dis ic s
People
Inclusi eness,
ackling he
a o dabili y o
housing, and
igh ing ene gy
po e y as he main
aspec s o
inclusi eness
Socio-economic sys ems o educe po e y and e-in eg a e
g oups o people who a e unable o access se ices in o he
economic sys em.
[9,20,26,33]U ban ins umen s—
Regula o y plan
[5,9,21]Adminis a i e and
poli ical ac ion plan
Quali y o li e
Income and wo k, housing, heal h, educa ion, quali y o he
en i onmen , pe sonal sa e y, ci ic engagemen , wo k–li e,
balance, in as uc u e and se ices, mobili y, cul u e and
leisu e, economic con ex , demog aphic con ex .
[16,20,27,33]
OCSE
indica o —Poli ical
ac ion plan
Regula o y
sandboxes, li ing
labs, and es ing
en i onmen s
A li ing lab is an in as uc u e o he expe imen a ion o
new echnologies unde eal condi ions in a limi ed
geog aphical con ex and o e a limi ed pe iod, o es hei
easibili y and deg ee o use ulness o end use s (ci izens,
businesses, bene icia ies, e c.). In e ac ion wi h use s
enables con inuous imp o emen o he echnology o
imp o e i s cha ac e is ics wi h a iew o i s applica ion on
a la ge scale.
[25,57]
Social and
Inclusi e Ac ion
Adminis a i e and
poli ical ac ion plan
2. Ma e ials and Me hods
This pape aims o analyze he in insic cha ac e is ics o u ban PED ce i ica ion
p o ocols and compa e hem wi h he aspec s ha cha ac e ize some o he case s udies,
o iden i y possible elemen s o imp o emen bo h o he p o ocols and o u u e PED
p ojec s. To achie e his, a me hodology has been de eloped, as illus a ed in he Figu e 1.
Speci ically, in Figu e 1i is p oposed, on he one hand, o analyze he p o ocols by selec ing
all he c i e ia on which PED aspec s a e included and, on he o he hand, o compa e
hese p ojec p oposals wi h he aspec s o he PED p ojec s implemen ed. Th ee di e en
scena ios can be de i ed om his compa ison:
•
The p o ocol’s in e nal alues ela ed o a pa icula issue (e.g., p esence o pho o-
ol aics o communi y in ol emen ) a e add essed in he same way by equi ing he
same quan i a i e le el, so no u he imp o emen measu es a e equi ed.
Buildings 2024,14, 7 7 o 24
•
The in e nal ea u es o he p o ocol a e be e han he case s udies, so imp o emen s
can be made o he case s udies and possible u u e p ojec s.
•
The in e nal aspec s o he case s udies a e be e han wha is ecommended in he
ce i ica ion schemes, so possible addi ions o he la e can be conside ed o PED
p ojec s.
Buildings 2024, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 7 o 24
iden i y possible elemen s o imp o emen bo h o he p o ocols and o u u e PED
p ojec s. To achie e his, a me hodology has been de eloped, as illus a ed in he Figu e
1. Speci ically, in Figu e 1 i is p oposed, on he one hand, o analyze he p o ocols by
selec ing all he c i e ia on which PED aspec s a e included and, on he o he hand, o
compa e hese p ojec p oposals wi h he aspec s o he PED p ojec s implemen ed. Th ee
diffe en scena ios can be de i ed om his compa ison:
• The p o ocol’s in e nal alues ela ed o a pa icula issue (e.g., p esence o pho o ol-
aics o communi y in ol emen ) a e add essed in he same way by equi ing he
same quan i a i e le el, so no u he imp o emen measu es a e equi ed.
• The in e nal ea u es o he p o ocol a e be e han he case s udies, so imp o emen s
can be made o he case s udies and possible u u e p ojec s.
• The in e nal aspec s o he case s udies a e be e han wha is ecommended in he
ce i ica ion schemes, so possible addi ions o he la e can be conside ed o PED
p ojec s.
Figu e 1. Flowcha o he me hodology used, whe e PCn is he n- h PED c i e ion selec ed in an
u ban a ing sys em and PAn is he n- h PED aspec selec ed om a case s udy. P oduced by he
au ho s.
2.1. Cha ac e is ics o he Ce i ica ion P o ocols Chosen
2.1.1. LEED o Neighbo hoods De elopmen (LEED-ND)
S a ing wi h one o he mos widely used ce i ica ion sys ems in he wo ld o i s
simplici y o unde s anding, he U.S. G een Building Council (USGBC) launched LEED in
2000. Since i s incep ion, LEED has g own o encompass mo e han 16,000 p ojec s in he
USA and mo e han 30 coun ies [28]. This ool p omo es sus ainable building and de el-
opmen p ac ices h ough a sui e o epo ing and ecognizes p ojec s ha a e commi ed
o be e en i onmen al and heal h pe o mance [20]. LEED in ends o encou age all ci ies
o measu e and imp o e pe o mance, ocusing on ou comes om ongoing sus ainabili y
effo s [37]. To le e age a globally consis en me hod o pe o mance measu emen o a
s eamlined and da a-based pa hway o LEED ce i ica ion o ci ies [58]. Fo hese ea-
sons, he U.S. G een Building Council (USGBC), he Cong ess o he New U banism
(CNU), and he Na u al Resou ces De ense Council (NRDC)—o ganiza ions ha ep e-
sen leading design p o essionals, p og essi e builde s and de elope s, and he en i on-
men al communi y—ha e collabo a ed o design a a ing sys em o neighbo hood
Figu e 1. Flowcha o he me hodology used, whe e PCn is he n- h PED c i e ion selec ed in
an u ban a ing sys em and PAn is he n- h PED aspec selec ed om a case s udy. P oduced by
he au ho s.
2.1. Cha ac e is ics o he Ce i ica ion P o ocols Chosen
2.1.1. LEED o Neighbo hoods De elopmen (LEED-ND)
S a ing wi h one o he mos widely used ce i ica ion sys ems in he wo ld o i s
simplici y o unde s anding, he U.S. G een Building Council (USGBC) launched LEED
in 2000. Since i s incep ion, LEED has g own o encompass mo e han 16,000 p ojec s in
he USA and mo e han 30 coun ies [
28
]. This ool p omo es sus ainable building and
de elopmen p ac ices h ough a sui e o epo ing and ecognizes p ojec s ha a e com-
mi ed o be e en i onmen al and heal h pe o mance [
20
]. LEED in ends o encou age all
ci ies o measu e and imp o e pe o mance, ocusing on ou comes om ongoing sus ain-
abili y e o s [
37
]. To le e age a globally consis en me hod o pe o mance measu emen
o a s eamlined and da a-based pa hway o LEED ce i ica ion o ci ies [
58
]. Fo hese
easons, he U.S. G een Building Council (USGBC), he Cong ess o he New U banism
(CNU), and he Na u al Resou ces De ense Council (NRDC)—o ganiza ions ha ep esen
leading design p o essionals, p og essi e builde s and de elope s, and he en i onmen al
communi y—ha e collabo a ed o design a a ing sys em o neighbo hood planning and
de elopmen based on he combined p inciples o sma g ow h, New U banism, and g een
in as uc u e and building [
24
]. The goal o he pa ne ship o NRDC and USGBC was
o es ablish a na ional leade ship s anda d o assessing and ewa ding en i onmen ally
supe io g een neighbo hood de elopmen p ac ices wi hin he amewo k o he LEED
®
G een Building Ra ing Sys em™. The esul o hei e o was named LEED-ND [
58
]. The
LEED-ND c i e ia o sus ainable neighbo hoods [
28
] in ci ies a e ci ed in Table 2. This
able p esen s he LEED-ND c i e ia [
14
], which, ollowing he me hodology ou lined
abo e, a e gene ally acknowledged as PED cha ac e is ics [
5
] by he scien i ic communi y
in ol ed [12].
Buildings 2024,14, 7 8 o 24
Table 2. This able shows all c i e ia wi h hei sco es wi hin he LEED-ND ce i ica ion p o ocol; he
c i e ia in g ey we e selec ed as common conce ning he cha ac e is ics o PEDs.
Sma Loca ion and Linkage 28
C edi P e e ed Loca ions 10
C edi B own ield Remedia ion 2
C edi Access o Quali y T ansi 7
C edi Bicycle Facili ies 2
C edi Housing and Jobs P oximi y 3
C edi S eep Slope P o ec ion 1
C edi Si e Design o Habi a o We land and Wa e Body Conse a ion 1
C edi Res o a ion o Habi a o We lands and Wa e Bodies 1
C edi
Long-Te m Conse a ion Managemen o Habi a o We lands and Wa e Bodies
1
Neighbo hood Pa e n and Design 41
C edi Walkable S ee s 9
C edi Compac De elopmen 6
C edi Mixed-Use Neighbo hoods 4
C edi Housing Types and A o dabili y 7
C edi Reduced Pa king Foo p in 1
C edi Connec ed and Open Communi y 2
C edi T ansi Facili ies 1
C edi T anspo a ion Demand Managemen 2
C edi Access o Ci ic and Public Space 1
C edi Access o Rec ea ion Facili ies 1
C edi Visi abili y and Uni e sal Design 1
C edi Communi y Ou each and In ol emen 2
C edi Local Food P oduc ion 1
C edi T ee-lined and Shaded S ee scapes 2
C edi Neighbo hood Schools 1
G een In as uc u e and Buildings 31
C edi Ce i ied G een Buildings 5
C edi Op imize Building Ene gy Pe o mance 2
C edi Indoo Wa e Use Reduc ion 1
C edi Ou doo Wa e Use Reduc ion 2
C edi Building Reuse 1
C edi His o ic Resou ce P ese a ion and Adap i e Reuse 2
C edi Minimized Si e Dis u bance 1
C edi Rainwa e Managemen 4
C edi Hea Island Reduc ion 1
C edi Sola O ien a ion 1
C edi Renewable Ene gy P oduc ion 3
C edi Dis ic Hea ing and Cooling 2
C edi In as uc u e Ene gy E iciency 1
C edi Was ewa e Managemen 2
C edi Recycled and Reused In as uc u e 1
C edi Solid Was e Managemen 1
C edi Ligh Pollu ion Reduc ion 1
PROJECT PED TOTALS (Ce i ica ion es ima es) 80
PROJECT TOTALS (Ce i ica ion es ima es) 100
Buildings 2024,14, 7 9 o 24
2.1.2. BREEAM Communi ies
The second impo an ce i ica ion p o ocol is BREEAM, in oduced in 1990; i was
he wo ld’s i s en i onmen al assessmen me hod o new building designs [
58
]. I uses a
balanced sco eca d app oach wi h adable c edi s o enable he ma ke o decide how o
achie e op imum en i onmen al pe o mance o he p ojec . BREEAM has come a long
way, and i is now employed on a global scale. The subjec s in his a ing sys em all in o i e
assessmen ca ego ies, which a e e alua ed h ough sui able c i e ia: Go e nance, Social
and Economic well-being, Resou ces and Ene gy, Land use and Ecology, and T anspo
and Mo emen [
29
]. As sus ainabili y p oblems equen ly impac all h ee dimensions
o sus ainabili y—social, en i onmen al, and economic—i is di icul o classi y hem.
The e o e, BREEAM aims o e alua e each p oblem’s in en by assessing he abo e i e
ca ego ies, shedding ligh on he issue. A six h ca ego y p omo es inno a ion, which
demons a es he impo ance o inding inno a i e solu ions o sol e he p oblem.
The ca ego ies a e as ollows, wi h a b ie desc ip ion o hei o e all goals [29]:
•
Go e nance (GO) p omo es he in ol emen o he communi y in decision-making
ega ding he de elopmen ou comes unde he in luence o he design, cons uc ion,
and ope a ion.
•
Social and Economic well-being (SE) con empla es socie al and economic ac o s in lu-
encing heal h and well-being such as su icien housing and a ailabili y
o employmen .
•
Resou ces and Ene gy (RE) add esses he sus ainable use o na u al esou ces and he
educ ion in ca bon emissions.
•Land use and Ecology (LE) encou ages sus ainable land use and ecological enhancemen .
•
T anspo and Mo emen (TM) add esses he design and p o ision o anspo a ion and
mo emen in as uc u e o p omo e he use o sus ainable means o anspo a ion.
•
Inno a ion (Inn) p omo es employing inno a i e solu ions in he a ing whe e hey
help ob ain en i onmen al, social, and/o economic bene i s in a way ha is no looked
a elsewhe e in he scheme.
This sus ainabili y s anda d o igina ed in he UK in 1990, c ea ed by he go e nmen al
Building Resea ch Es ablishmen (BRE). Acco ding o da a published on i s o icial websi e,
BREEAM is he mos widely used building sus ainabili y ce i ica ion s anda d in he wo ld,
boas ing mo e han 16,000 ce i ied p ojec s in mo e han 50 coun ies, o aling, acco ding
o he go e ning body, mo e han 40 million squa e me e s ce i ied, including o ices, e ail
buildings, schools, indus ial buildings, and mo e.
BREEAM aims o ensu e ha i s s anda ds p o ide social and economic bene i s
whils amelio a ing he en i onmen al impac s o he buil en i onmen [
29
]. As a esul ,
BREEAM is especially likely o pu a alue on de elopmen s acco ding o hei sus ainabili y
bene i s [
32
]. BREEAM highligh s he issues and oppo uni ies ha b ing abou a e olu ion
in de elopmen a he ea lies s age o he design p ocess. The a ing sys em add esses
majo en i onmen al, social, and economic sus ainabili y objec i es ha ha e an impac on
la ge-scale de elopmen p ojec s [
24
]. O e iews o he assessmen i ems a e displayed in
Table 3. Table 3also shows he selec ion o BREEAM Communi ies c i e ia [
29
] conside ed
by he au ho s, a e ca e ul s udy, o be common o he PED cha ac e is ics ag eed upon by
he scien i ic communi y in ol ed [12].
2.1.3. CASBEE o Ci ies
The las ce i ica ion sys em analyzed is he mos widely used h oughou Asia and is
he CASBEE; his ac onym means Comp ehensi e Assessmen Sys em o Buil En i on-
men E iciency (CASBEE) [
24
]. This is a me hod o assessing and sco ing he en i onmen-
al pe o mance o buildings and he buil en i onmen .
Buildings 2024,14, 7 16 o 24
he p esen a ion o he me hodology bu also whe he , quan i a i ely, some o he c i e ia
we e sligh ly o much be e o wo se han he espec i e aspec s o he case s udies o be
e alua ed. Tables 6–8compa e all he c i e ia selec ed o he PEDs om he LEED—ND
ce i ica ion p o ocol wi h he cha ac e is ics o he wo selec ed case s udies: in he i s col-
umn, he c i e ia selec ed om he ce i ica ion p o ocols a e shown (
Table 6—LEED—ND
;
Table 7—BREEAM—CM; Table 8—CASBEE—UD); in he second column, in whi e, he
Salzbu g Geneis case s udy and i s essen ial s a egies and cha ac e is ics a e p esen ed;
and in he las column, in whi e, he Tampe e, Ilokkaanpuis o, case s udy is p esen ed. The
c i e ia in g ey co espond o he cha ac e is ics. The bes solu ions a e p esen ed in da k
g een and ligh g een, he good solu ions.
Buildings 2024, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 16 o 24
Figu e 3. Flowcha o he me hodology used, whe e PCn is he n- h PED c i e ion selec ed in an
u ban a ing sys em and PAn is he n- h PED aspec selec ed om a case s udy. In his g aph, he e
is he possible applica ion and he consequences. P oduced by he au ho s.
Fo LEED-ND, i was possible o no e ha , as desc ibed in Table 6, LEED-ND, com-
pa ed o he cha ac e is ics o he PED case s udies, alues access o quali y ansi , local
ood p oduc ion, and was ewa e managemen , which a e neglec ed by he s udied PEDs.
Con e sely, LEED-ND neglec s ene gy su plus, p oducing mo e ene gy han consumed,
new business models, and he u u e ole o “Ci y Ene gy Communi ies” (CECs) and “Re-
newable Ene gy Communi ies” (RECs) conce ning bo h case s udies and na u e-based so-
lu ions (NBSs) o Tampe e only.
Table 6. This able shows all c i e ia selec ed o PED om he LEED-ND ce i ica ion p o ocol wi h
he cha ac e is ics o he wo case s udies selec ed, p oduced by he au ho s based on Tables 1–5.
LEED-ND o PEDs Co espond-
ing C i e ia
01—Salzbu g Geneis Dis-
ic , Speci ic Aspec s o
PED F amewo k
Co espond-
ing C i e ia
02—Tampe e, Ilokkaanpuis o,
Speci ic Aspec s o PED F ame-
wo k
N° Sma Loca ion and Linkage Ene gy Ene gy
1 P e e ed Loca ions 16, 17, 18,
24,26 Ene gy e iciency 16, 17, 18,
24,26 Ene gy e iciency
2 Access o Quali y T ansi 24, 25 Ene gy lexibili y 24, 25 Ene gy lexibili y
3 Bicycle Facili ies No enough ene gy su plus Ene gy su plus, p oducing mo e
ene gy han consumed
4 Housing and Jobs P oximi y 16, 17, 18, 24,
26
Nea ly ze o-ene gy build-
ings and ne -ze o-ene gy
dis ic s
16, 17, 18, 24,
26
Nea ly ze o-ene gy buildings and
ne -ze o-ene gy dis ic s 5 Si e Design o Habi a o We land
and Wa e Body Conse a ion
Figu e 3. Flowcha o he me hodology used, whe e PCn is he n- h PED c i e ion selec ed in an
u ban a ing sys em and PAn is he n- h PED aspec selec ed om a case s udy. In his g aph, he e is
he possible applica ion and he consequences. P oduced by he au ho s.
Buildings 2024,14, 7 17 o 24
Table 6. This able shows all c i e ia selec ed o PED om he LEED-ND ce i ica ion p o ocol wi h
he cha ac e is ics o he wo case s udies selec ed, p oduced by he au ho s based on Tables 1–5.
LEED-ND o PEDs
Co esponding
C i e ia
01—Salzbu g Geneis
Dis ic , Speci ic Aspec s o
PED F amewo k
Co esponding
C i e ia
02—Tampe e,
Ilokkaanpuis o, Speci ic
Aspec s o PED F amewo k
N◦Sma Loca ion and Linkage Ene gy Ene gy
1 P e e ed Loca ions
16, 17, 18, 24,26
Ene gy e iciency
16, 17, 18, 24,26
Ene gy e iciency
2 Access o Quali y T ansi 24, 25 Ene gy lexibili y 24, 25 Ene gy lexibili y
3 Bicycle Facili ies No enough ene gy su plus Ene gy su plus, p oducing
mo e ene gy han consumed
4 Housing and Jobs P oximi y
5Si e Design o Habi a o We land
and Wa e Body Conse a ion
16, 17, 18,
24, 26
Nea ly ze o-ene gy buildings
and ne -ze o-ene gy dis ic s
16, 17, 18,
24, 26
Nea ly ze o-ene gy buildings
and ne -ze o-ene gy dis ic s
Neighbo hood Pa e n and Design 13, 16, 17,
24, 25, Ene gy p oduc ion 13, 16, 17,
24, 25, Ene gy p oduc ion
6 Walkable S ee s
7 Mixed-Use Neighbo hoods 17, 24, 25, Ene gy Communi y 17, 24, 25,
Na u e-Based Solu ions (NBS)
8 Housing Types and A o dabili y U ban and local
de elopmen , eal es a e
U ban and local
de elopmen , eal es a e
9 Connec ed and Open Communi y
10 T anspo a ion Demand Managemen 3, 5, 10, Technological solu ions 3,5,10, Technological solu ions
11 Access o Ci ic and Public Space 12 Sec o coupling and
c oss-sec o ial in eg a ion 12 Sec o coupling and
c oss-sec o ial in eg a ion
12 Communi y Ou each
and In ol emen
13 Local Food P oduc ion
New business models, u u e
ole o “ci izen ene gy
communi ies” (CECs) and
“ enewable ene gy
communi ies” (RECs)
New business models, u u e
ole o “ci izen ene gy
communi ies” (CECs) and
“ enewable ene gy
communi ies” (RECs)
14 T ee-lined and Shaded S ee scapes
15 Neighbo hood Schools 9, 12, 15, Ac i e in ol emen o
p oblem owne s and ci izens 9, 12, 15, Ac i e in ol emen o
p oblem owne s and ci izens
G een In as uc u e
and Buildings
16 Ce i ied G een Buildings 12, 17, U ban a eas o g oups o
connec ed buildings 12, 17, U ban a eas o g oups o
connec ed buildings
17 Op imize Building Ene gy
Pe o mance 18
Exis ing building s ock is
main challenge o achie ing
clima e neu ali y
18
Exis ing building s ock is
main challenge o achie ing
clima e neu ali y
18 Building Reuse
19 Indoo Wa e Use Reduc ion
20 Ou doo Wa e Use Reduc ion 18, Resilience and secu i y o
ene gy supply 18, Resilience and secu i y o
ene gy supply
21 Rainwa e Managemen In as uc u e In as uc u e
22 Hea Island Reduc ion 5, 14, 19, 20,
21, 22
G een and blue
in as uc u es a e impo an
building blocks o clima e
change adap a ion s a egies
on he dis ic and
neighbo hood le els
5, 14, 19, 20,
21, 22
G een and blue
in as uc u es a e impo an
building blocks o clima e
change adap a ion s a egies
on he dis ic and
neighbo hood le els
23 Sola O ien a ion 2, 3, 6, 7, 10, 14 2, 3, 6, 7, 10, 14
24 Renewable Ene gy P oduc ion
De eloping he ole o mobili y
in he PED Re e ence F amewo k
De eloping he ole o mobili y
in he PED Re e ence F amewo k
25 Dis ic Hea ing and Cooling People People
26 In as uc u e Ene gy E iciency 8, 9, 8, 9,
27 Was ewa e Managemen
inclusi eness, ackling he
a o dabili y o housing, and
igh ing ene gy po e y as he
main aspec s o inclusi eness
Inclusi eness, ackling he
a o dabili y o housing, and
igh ing ene gy po e y as he
main aspec s o inclusi eness
28 Ligh Pollu ion Reduc ion 5 Quali y o li e Quali y o li e
PROJECT TOTALS
(Ce i ica ion es ima es) 9, 12 Regula o y sandboxes, li ing
labs, and es ing en i onmen s 9, 12 Regula o y sandboxes, li ing
labs, and es ing en i onmen s
Fo LEED-ND, i was possible o no e ha , as desc ibed in Table 6, LEED-ND, com-
pa ed o he cha ac e is ics o he PED case s udies, alues access o quali y ansi , local
ood p oduc ion, and was ewa e managemen , which a e neglec ed by he s udied PEDs.
Con e sely, LEED-ND neglec s ene gy su plus, p oducing mo e ene gy han consumed,
new business models, and he u u e ole o “Ci y Ene gy Communi ies” (CECs) and
Buildings 2024,14, 7 18 o 24
“Renewable Ene gy Communi ies” (RECs) conce ning bo h case s udies and na u e-based
solu ions (NBSs) o Tampe e only.
Table 7. This able shows all c i e ia selec ed o PEDs om he BREEAM Communi ies ce i ica ion
p o ocol wi h he cha ac e is ics o he wo case s udies selec ed.
BREEAMS-CM o PEDs
Co esponding
C i e ia
01—Salzbu g Geneis
Dis ic , Speci ic Aspec s o
PED F amewo k
Co esponding
C i e ia
02—Tampe e,
Ilokkaanpuis o, Speci ic
Aspec s o PED F amewo k
N◦Go e nance N◦Ene gy N◦Ene gy
1 Consul a ion and engagemen 3, 17, 20, 21,
22, 24 Ene gy e iciency 3, 17, 20, 21,
22, 24 Ene gy e iciency
2 Design e iew 13, 17 Ene gy lexibili y 13, 17 Ene gy lexibili y
3 Communi y managemen o acili ies 17 No enough ene gy su plus 17 Ene gy su plus, p oducing
mo e ene gy han consumed
Social and economic well-being
4 Economic impac 13, 17, 20, 22 Nea ly ze o-ene gy buildings
and ne -ze o-ene gy dis ic s 13, 17, 20, 22 Nea ly ze o-ene gy buildings
and ne -ze o-ene gy dis ic s
5 Demog aphic needs and p io i ies 13, 16, 17,
24, 25, Ene gy p oduc ion 13, 16, 17,
24, 25, Ene gy p oduc ion
6 Flood isk assessmen
7 Noise pollu ion Ene gy Communi y
Na u e Based Solu ions (NBS)
8 Housing p o ision U ban and local
de elopmen , eal es a e
U ban and local
de elopmen , eal es a e
9Deli e y o se ices, acili ies,
and ameni ies 12, 15, 17, 20 Technological solu ions 12, 15, 17, 20 Technological solu ions
10 Public ealm Sec o coupling and
c oss-sec o ial in eg a ion
Sec o coupling and
c oss-sec o ial in eg a ion
11 Mic oclima e 3, 12, 15, 27 3, 12, 15, 27
12 U ili ies
13 Adap ing o clima e change
New business models, u u e
ole o “ci izen ene gy
communi ies” (CECs) and
“ enewable ene gy
communi ies” (RECs)
New business models, u u e
ole o “ci izen ene gy
communi ies” (CECs) and
“ enewable ene gy
communi ies” (RECs)
14 G een in as uc u e
15 Inclusi e design 8, 10, Ac i e in ol emen o
p oblem owne s and ci izens 8, 10, Ac i e in ol emen o
p oblem owne s and ci izens
16 Ligh pollu ion
Resou ces and ecology 10, 18, 20, u ban a eas o g oups o
connec ed buildings 10, 18, 20, u ban a eas o g oups o
connec ed buildings
17 Ene gy s a egy
18 Exis ing buildings
and in as uc u e
19 Wa e s a egy
18, 20, 22,
Exis ing building s ock is
main challenge o achie ing
clima e neu ali y
18, 20, 22,
Exis ing building s ock is
main challenge o achie ing
clima e neu ali y
20 Sus ainable buildings
21 Low impac ma e ials
22 Resou ce e iciency
22 Resilience and secu i y o
ene gy supply 22 Resilience and secu i y o
ene gy supply
23 T anspo ca bon emissions In as uc u e In as uc u e
Land use and ecology
24 Ecology s a egy
25 Land use
6, 11, 13, 14, 17,
18, 19, 20, 22,
24, 25, 26,
G een and blue in as uc u es
a e impo an building blocks
o clima e change adap a ion
s a egies on he dis ic and
neighbo hood le els
6, 11, 13, 14, 17,
18, 19, 20, 22,
24, 25, 26,
G een and blue in as uc u es
a e impo an building blocks
o clima e change adap a ion
s a egies on he dis ic and
neighbo hood le els
26 Rainwa e ha es ing
T anspo and mo emen
7, 17, 23, 27, 28,
29, 30, 31
De eloping he ole o mobili y
in he PED Re e ence F amewo k
7, 17, 23, 27, 28,
29, 30, 31
De eloping he ole o mobili y
in he PED Re e ence F amewo k
27 T anspo assessmen People People
28 Sa e and appealing s ee s
29 Cycling ne wo k 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
Inclusi eness, ackling he
a o dabili y o housing, and
igh ing ene gy po e y as he
main aspec s o inclusi eness
1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
Inclusi eness, ackling he
a o dabili y o housing, and
igh ing ene gy po e y as he
main aspec s o inclusi eness
30 Access o public anspo quali y o li e quali y o li e
31 Cycling acili ies
PROJECT TOTALS
(Ce i ica ion es ima es)
Regula o y sandboxes, li ing
labs, and es ing en i onmen s
Regula o y sandboxes, li ing
labs, and es ing en i onmen s
Buildings 2024,14, 7 19 o 24
Table 8. This able shows all c i e ia selec ed o PEDs om CASBEE o Ci ies ce i ica ion p o ocol
wi h he cha ac e is ics o he wo case s udies selec ed. P oduced by he au ho s.
CASBEE o Ci ies o PEDs
Co esponding
C i e ia
01—Salzbu g Geneis
Dis ic , Speci ic Aspec s o
PED F amewo k
Co esponding
C i e ia
02—Tampe e,
Ilokkaanpuis o, Speci ic
Aspec s o PED F amewo k
N◦Q1—En i onmen Ene gy Ene gy
1 Rainwa e u iliza ion 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9 Ene gy e iciency 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9 Ene gy e iciency
2
Reduc ion in amoun o ainwa e
discha ge: Rainwa e -pe meable
su aces and equipmen
27 Ene gy lexibili y 27 Ene gy lexibili y
3 In-a ea esou ce ci cula ion No enough ene gy su plus Ene gy su plus, p oducing
mo e ene gy han consumed
4 G ound g eening
5 Roo op g eening 4, 5, 6, 7, 9 Nea ly ze o-ene gy buildings
and ne -ze o-ene gy dis ic s 4, 5, 6, 7, 9 Nea ly ze o-ene gy buildings
and ne -ze o-ene gy dis ic s
6 Wall g eening 7 Ene gy p oduc ion 7 Ene gy p oduc ion
7 Na u al esou ces
8 Land o m Ene gy Communi y
Na u e Based Solu ions (NBS)
9En i onmen ally conside a e
buildings
U ban and local
de elopmen , eal es a e
U ban and local
de elopmen , eal es a e
Q2—Socie y
10 Compliance Technological solu ions Technological solu ions
11 A ea managemen 9, 27 Sec o coupling and
c oss-sec o ial in eg a ion 9, 27 Sec o coupling and
c oss-sec o ial in eg a ion
12 Disas e p e en ion o a ious
in as uc u es
13 Disas e p e en ion acan space
and e acua ion ou e
New business models, u u e
ole o “ci izen ene gy
communi ies” (CECs) and
“ enewable ene gy
communi ies” (RECs)
New business models, u u e
ole o “ci izen ene gy
communi ies” (CECs) and
“ enewable ene gy
communi ies” (RECs)
14 Con inui y o business and li e in
he block
15 T a ic sa e y 11, 27 Ac i e in ol emen o
p oblem owne s and ci izens 11, 27 Ac i e in ol emen o
p oblem owne s and ci izens
16 C ime p e en ion
17 Con enience 12, 17 U ban a eas o g oups o
connec ed buildings 12, 17 U ban a eas o g oups o
connec ed buildings
18 His o y and Cul u e
19 Conside a ion o he o ma ion o
ownscape and landscape
18
Exis ing building s ock is
main challenge o achie ing
clima e neu ali y
18
Exis ing building s ock is
main challenge o achie ing
clima e neu ali y
20 Ha moniza ion wi h he pe iphe y
Q3—Economy 18 Resilience and secu i y o
ene gy supply 18 Resilience and secu i y o
ene gy supply
21
The de elopmen o a ic acili ies:
le el o oads, e c. In as uc u e In as uc u e
22 Usabili y o public anspo a ion 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
G een and blue
in as uc u es a e impo an
building blocks o clima e
change adap a ion s a egies
on he dis ic and
neighbo hood le els
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
G een and blue
in as uc u es a e impo an
building blocks o clima e
change adap a ion s a egies
on he dis ic and
neighbo hood le els
23 Logis ics managemen 21, 22, 23, 28 21, 22, 23, 28
24
Consis ency wi h and
complemen ing uppe -le el
planning
De eloping he ole o mobili y
in he PED Re e ence F amewo k
De eloping he ole o mobili y
in he PED Re e ence F amewo k
25 Non-housing People People
26 Block managemen 11, 20, 25,
27, 28
11, 20, 25,
27, 28
27
Possibili y o make demand/supply
sys em sma
Inclusi eness, ackling he
a o dabili y o housing, and
igh ing ene gy po e y as he
main aspec s o inclusi eness
Inclusi eness, ackling he
a o dabili y o housing, and
igh ing ene gy po e y as he
main aspec s o inclusi eness
28 Upda abili y and expandabili y quali y o li e quali y o li e
PROJECT TOTALS
(Ce i ica ion es ima es) 18, 19, 20 Regula o y sandboxes, li ing
labs, and es ing en i onmen s 18, 19, 20 Regula o y sandboxes, li ing
labs, and es ing en i onmen s
Fo BREEAM-CM, i was possible o no e ha , as desc ibed in Table 7, BREEAM Com-
muni ies, conce ning he cha ac e is ics o he wo PED case s udies, alues demog aphic
needs and p io i ies; deli e y o se ices, acili ies, and ameni ies; and sa e and appealing
Buildings 2024,14, 7 20 o 24
s ee s, which a e neglec ed by he PEDs. Con e sely, BREEAM Communi ies neglec s
ene gy su plus; ene gy communi ies; p oducing mo e ene gy han is consumed; new busi-
ness models; he u u e ole o “ci y ene gy communi ies” (CECs) and “ enewable ene gy
communi ies” (RECs); and egula o y sandboxes, li ing labs, and es ing en i onmen om
bo h case s udies and na u e-based solu ions (NBSs) o Tampe e only.
Fo CASBEE-UD, i was possible o no e ha , as desc ibed in Table 8, he compa ison
o he cha ac e is ics o he wo PED case s udies enhances c ime p e en ion, which is
neglec ed by he PED. Con e sely, CASBEE o Ci ies neglec s ene gy su plus; p oduc-
ing mo e ene gy han is consumed; new business models; he u u e ole o “ci y ene gy
communi ies” (CECs) and “ enewable ene gy communi ies” (RECs); and egula o y sand-
boxes, li ing labs, and es ing en i onmen s conce ning bo h case s udies and na u e-based
solu ions (NBSs) o Tampe e only.
4. Discussion and Conclusions
Ci ies and new neighbo hoods will inc easingly ha e o be sus ainable in all aspec s
(economic, social, and en i onmen al) gi en he da a on clima e change and emissions om
he u ban en i onmen . In ecen yea s, he EEA and he EU ha e de eloped he concep o
posi i e ene gy dis ic s (PEDs), which a e de ined as u ban dis ic s wi h ze o ne annual
ene gy impo s and ze o ne CO
2
emissions wo king owa ds excess enewable ene gy
p oduc ion in eg a ed in o an u ban and egional ene gy sys em. Being a new concep , he
i s p ojec s and ealiza ions a e coming o li e bu canno be e alua ed h ough de ined
pa ame e s and/o ce i ica ion sys ems. In his con ex , u ban a ing sys ems can help
h ough hei in e nal quan i a i e s uc u es (c i e ia and pa ame e s). Fo his eason, in
his esea ch, an a emp was made o ind simila elemen s o imp o emen s ha could be
implemen ed in cu en p o ocols h ough he implemen a ion o an analysis me hodology.
Subsequen ly, his me hod was used o e alua e wo case s udies (Salzbu g and Tampe e)
and analyze h ee p o ocols (LEED-ND; BREEAM-CM; CASBEE-UD).
As seen in Tables 6–8, o in Figu e 4, a ca e ul analysis o he esul s showed ha as he
su ey me hodology a ies, so does he judgmen and goodness o he assessmen . This is
mainly because he h ee s udied sus ainabili y assessmen sys ems a e based on di e en
s uc u es, wi h unequal weigh s o hei a ious c i e ia.
The so e poin o hese p o ocols a he momen , apa om he ac ha hey do no
ha e an e alua ion and classi ica ion pa ela ed o he ene gy communi y and PEDs,
is ha hey will be used o u ban neighbou hoods ha a e di icul o compa e wi h
o he s because, wi hou a ce i ying body o alida e hem, hey will no ha e su icien
c edibili y and spendabili y in he eal es a e ma ke .This causes, especially o he economic
componen o inancing, a bo leneck ha limi s he expansion o his applica ion o he
ad an age o o he applica ions ha do no ep esen he eal needs and clima e goals o
be achie ed.
In addi ion, his pape has b ough ou weaknesses bu has also highligh ed a possible
way o wa d. Fi s and o emos , ha ing iden i ied a me hodology o iden i ying im-
p o emen s o he ce i ica ion p o ocols and he PED case s udies conce ning he s a ing
cha ac e is ics o he PEDs, his s udy has made i possible o a i e a he alida ion o
he cu en u ban a ing sys em as a s a ing poin o he possible de elopmen o new
se o PED c i e ia wi hin he ce i ica ion p o ocols, which could also become he basis o
he de elopmen o pa ame e s and e e ence alues o iden i ying and e alua ing a PED
conce ning an ene gy communi y, as opposed o a dis ic ha does no aim o become
one. Indi ec ly, an a enue was opened on how o achie e his, as he compa ison ha was
conduc ed in Tables 6–8iden i ied when he need o imp o emen conce ned he u ban
a ing sys em o he PEDs in he case s udies, highligh ing he weaknesses and s eng hs o
one o he o he .
Fu he mo e, his pape , being a pionee in e e y hing, could become a e e ence ha
will help he majo pa en -holding b ands w i ing u ban a ing sys ems o upda e hei
cu en p o ocols conce ning he e alua ion and alo iza ion o posi i e ene gy dis ic s and,
Buildings 2024,14, 7 21 o 24
indi ec ly, o ene gy communi ies, o p opose new u ban p o ocols speci ically designed o
alo ize PEDs.
Buildings 2024, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 21 o 24
Figu e 4. Flowcha o he me hodology used. This g aph shows he g oupings o he diffe en im-
p o emen s o he case s udies on he igh and he ce i ica ion p o ocols on he le . P oduced by
he au ho s.
Fu he mo e, his pape , being a pionee in e e y hing, could become a e e ence ha
will help he majo pa en -holding b ands w i ing u ban a ing sys ems o upda e hei
cu en p o ocols conce ning he e alua ion and alo iza ion o posi i e ene gy dis ic s
and, indi ec ly, o ene gy communi ies, o p opose new u ban p o ocols speci ically de-
signed o alo ize PEDs.
Possible u u e de elopmen s, s a ing om he me hod ou lined, could conce n he
ollowing aspec s:
• The use o he same me hodology o assess and in eg a e u he p o ocol sys ems,
diffe en om hose cu en ly used. I I is sufficien o analyze a a ing sys em in e -
nally, iden i ying i s PED cha ac e is ics and compa ing hese wi h he case s udies
examined. In his ega d, hese u he analyses could eed in o he possible imp o e-
men s o he PED sys em by implemen ing he ea u es absen in he p o ocols exam-
ined in his pape ;
• The implemen a ion o a new PED p o ocol, s a ing om he elemen s ha de ine i
and imp o ed by he ea u es highligh ed in g een in he p e ious ables and coming
om he p o ocols;
• The imp o emen o he p o ocols aken in o conside a ion wi h he addi ion o PED
cha ac e is ics h ough he implemen a ion o wha is highligh ed in g een in he las
ables conce ning he case s udies.
Au ho Con ibu ions: Concep ualiza ion, M.V. and A.B.; me hodology, M.V. and E.M.; alida ion,
E.M., M.C.B. and A.B.; o mal analysis, M.V. and M.C.B.; in es iga ion, M.V. and E.M.; esou ces,
M.V. and E.M.; w i ing—o iginal d a p epa a ion, M.V.; supe ision, A.B. and M.C.B.; unding
acquisi ion, A.B. and M.C.B. All au ho s ha e ead and ag eed o he published e sion o he man-
usc ip .
Figu e 4. Flowcha o he me hodology used. This g aph shows he g oupings o he di e en
imp o emen s o he case s udies on he igh and he ce i ica ion p o ocols on he le . P oduced by
he au ho s.
Possible u u e de elopmen s, s a ing om he me hod ou lined, could conce n he
ollowing aspec s:
•
The use o he same me hodology o assess and in eg a e u he p o ocol sys ems, di -
e en om hose cu en ly used. I I is su icien o analyze a a ing sys em in e nally,
iden i ying i s PED cha ac e is ics and compa ing hese wi h he case s udies exam-
ined. In his ega d, hese u he analyses could eed in o he possible imp o emen s
o he PED sys em by implemen ing he ea u es absen in he p o ocols examined in
his pape ;
•
The implemen a ion o a new PED p o ocol, s a ing om he elemen s ha de ine i
and imp o ed by he ea u es highligh ed in g een in he p e ious ables and coming
om he p o ocols;
•
The imp o emen o he p o ocols aken in o conside a ion wi h he addi ion o PED
cha ac e is ics h ough he implemen a ion o wha is highligh ed in g een in he las
ables conce ning he case s udies.
Au ho Con ibu ions: Concep ualiza ion, M.V. and A.B.; me hodology, M.V. and E.M.; alida-
ion, E.M., M.C.B. and A.B.; o mal analysis, M.V. and M.C.B.; in es iga ion, M.V. and E.M.; e-
sou ces, M.V. and E.M.; w i ing—o iginal d a p epa a ion, M.V.; supe ision, A.B. and M.C.B.;
unding acquisi ion, A.B. and M.C.B. All au ho s ha e ead and ag eed o he published e sion o
he manusc ip .
Funding: This esea ch ecei ed unding om Eu ac Resea ch. This p ojec has ecei ed unding
om he Eu opean Union’s Ho izon 2020 p og am unde g an ag eemen no. 101079902.
Buildings 2024,14, 7 22 o 24
Da a A ailabili y S a emen : Da a a ailable in a publicly accessible eposi o y ha does no issue
DOIs a his link: h ps://pedeu.ne /.
Acknowledgmen s: This wo k was de eloped wi hin he con ex o he In e na ional Ene gy Agency
(IEA) Ene gy in Buildings and Cons uc ion (EBC) Annex 83 wo king g oup on Posi i e Ene gy
Dis ic s. The esea ch leading o hese esul s has been done in he amewo k o he Eu opean
p ojec P oLigh .
Con lic s o In e es : The au ho s decla e no con lic o in e es and he unde s had no ole in he
design o he s udy.
Re e ences
1.
IEA. CO
2
Emissions in MT by Sec o , Wo ld 1990–2018. A ailable online: h ps://www.iea.o g/da a-and-s a is ics (accessed on
10 Oc obe 2023).
2. Olho , A.; Ch is ensen, J.M. Emissions Gap Repo 2018; UNEP DTU Pa ne ship: Copenhagen, Denma k, 2018.
3.
Uni ed Na ions En i onmen P og amme. The Emissions Gap Repo 2017: A UN En i onmen Syn hesis Repo ; UN: New Yo k, NY,
USA, 2017. [C ossRe ]
4.
Eu opean Commission. Economic App aisal Vademecum 2021–2027—Gene al P inciples and Sec o Applica ions. 20 Sep embe
2021. A ailable online: h ps://ec.eu opa.eu/ egional_policy/en/in o ma ion/publica ions/guides/2021/economic-app aisal-
ademecum-2021-2027-gene al-p inciples-and-sec o -applica ions (accessed on 12 Sep embe 2023).
5. Long, Y.; Sha i i, A.; Huang, L.; Chen, J. U ban ca bon accoun ing: An o e iew. U ban Clim. 2022,44, 101195. [C ossRe ]
6.
Becchio, C.; Bo e o, M.; B a i, M.; Co gna i, S.; Dell’Anna, F.; Mondini, G. In eg a ed Assessmen s and Ene gy Re o i : The
Con ibu ion o he Ene gy Cen e Lab o he Poli ecnico di To ino. In Values and Func ions o Fu u e Ci ies; Mondini, G.,
Oppio, A.,
S anghellini, S., Bo e o, M., Abas an e, F., Eds.; Sp inge In e na ional Publishing: Cham, Swi ze land, 2020; pp. 365–384.
[C ossRe ]
7.
Suppa, A.R.; Ca ana, G.; Binda, T. Suppo ing he EU Mission ‘100 Clima e-Neu al Ci ies by 2030: A Re iew o Tools o
Suppo Decision-Making o he Buil En i onmen a Dis ic o Ci y Scale. In Compu a ional Science and I s Applica ions—ICCSA
2022 Wo kshops, Malaga, Spain, 4–7 July 2022; Ge asi, O., Mu gan e, B., Mis a, S., Rocha, A.M.A.C., Ga au, C., Eds.; Sp inge
In e na ional Publishing: Cham, Swi ze land, 2022; pp. 151–168.
8.
Olazabal, M.; De Gopegui, M.R. Adap a ion planning in la ge ci ies is unlikely o be e ec i e. Landsc. U ban Plan. 2021,
206, 103974. [C ossRe ]
9.
Lwasa, S.; Se o, K.C. U ban sys ems and o he se lemen s. In Clima e Change 2022: Mi iga ion o Clima e Change; Con ibu ion
o Wo king G oup III o he Six h Assessmen Repo o he In e go e nmen al Panel on Clima e Change; IPCC: Gene a,
Swi ze land, 2022.
10.
K oll, C.; Wa chold, A.; P adhan, P. Sus ainable De elopmen Goals (SDGs): A e We Success ul in Tu ning T ade-O s in o
Syne gies? Palg a e Commun. 2019,5, 140. [C ossRe ]
11.
Bo e o, M.; Assumma, V.; Cap ioli, C.; Dell’O o, M. Decision making in u ban de elopmen : The applica ion o a hyb id
e alua ion me hod o a c i ical a ea in he ci y o Tu in (I aly). Sus ain. Ci ies Soc. 2021,72, 103028. [C ossRe ]
12.
Gua ino, F.; Bisello, A.; F ieden, D.; Bas os, J.; B une i, A.; Cellu a, M.; Fe a o, M.; Fiche a, A.; Giancola, E.; Haase, M.; e al.
S a e o he A on Sus ainabili y Assessmen o Posi i e Ene gy Dis ic s: Me hodologies, Indica o s and Fu u e Pe spec i es. In
Sus ainabili y in Ene gy and Buildings; Li lewood, J.R., Howle , R.J., Jain, L.C., Eds.; Sp inge Na u e Singapo e: Singapo e, 2022;
pp. 479–492.
13.
Bossi, S.; Gollne , C.; Theie ling, S. Towa ds 100 posi i e ene gy dis ic s in Eu ope: P elimina y da a analysis o 61 Eu opean
cases. Ene gies 2020,13, 6083. [C ossRe ]
14.
Muñoz, I.; He nández, P.; Pé ez-I iba en, E.; Ped e o, J.; A izabalaga, E.; He moso, N. Me hodology o in eg a ed modeling
and impac assessmen o ci y ene gy sys em scena ios. Ene gy S a egy Re . 2020,32, 100553. [C ossRe ]
15.
Aboagye, P.D.; Sha i i, A. U ban clima e adap a ion and mi iga ion ac ion plans: A c i ical e iew. Renew. Sus ain. Ene gy Re .
2024,189, 113886. [C ossRe ]
16.
De kenbae a, E.; Vega, S.H.; Ho s ede, G.J.; an Leeuwen, E. Posi i e ene gy dis ic s: Mains eaming ene gy ansi ion in u ban
a eas. Renew. Sus ain. Ene gy Re . 2022,153, 111782. [C ossRe ]
17. IEA EBC. IEA EBC—Annex 83—Posi i e Ene gy Dis ic s; IEA EBC: Pa is, F ance, 2022.
18.
Albe -Sei ied, V.; Mu auskai e, L.; Massa, G.; Aelenei, L.; Bae , D.; K angsås, S.G.; Alpagu , B.; Mu ule, A.; Poko ny, N.
De ini ions o posi i e ene gy dis ic s: A e iew o he s a us quo and challenges. In Sus ainabili y in Ene gy and Buildings;
Sp inge : Be lin/Heidelbe g, Ge many, 2021; pp. 493–506.
19.
Mo eno, A.G.; Vélez, F.; Alpagu , B.; He nández, P.; Mon al illo, C.S. How o achie e posi i e ene gy dis ic s o sus ainable
ci ies: A p oposed calcula ion me hodology. Sus ainabili y 2021,13, 710. [C ossRe ]
20.
Bisello, A. Assessing Mul iple Bene i s o Housing Regene a ion and Sma Ci y De elopmen : The Eu opean P ojec SINFONIA.
Sus ainabili y 2020,12, 8038. [C ossRe ]
21.
Pizzo ni, M.; Calda ice, O.; Tollin, N. A me hodological amewo k o assess he u ban con en in clima e change policies. Valo i
Valu azioni 2021,27, 123–132. [C ossRe ]
Buildings 2024,14, 7 23 o 24
22.
G a akos, S.; T igg, K.; Landaue , M.; Chelle i, L.; Dhakal, S. Analy ical amewo k o e alua e he le el o in eg a ion o clima e
adap a ion and mi iga ion in ci ies. Clim. Chang. 2019,154, 87–106. [C ossRe ]
23.
Cease, B.; Kim, H.; Kim, D.; Ko, Y.; Cappel, C. Ba ie s and incen i es o sus ainable u ban de elopmen : An analysis o he
adop ion o LEED-ND p ojec s. J. En i on. Manag. 2019,244, 304–312. [C ossRe ] [PubMed]
24.
Mazzola, E.; Mo a, T.D.; Pe on, F.; Romagnoni, P. P oposal o a me hodology o achie ing a LEED O+M ce i ica ion in his o ic
buildings. Ene gy P ocedia 2017,140, 277–287. [C ossRe ]
25.
Awadh, O. Sus ainabili y and g een building a ing sys ems: LEED, BREEAM, GSAS, and Es idama c i ical analysis. J. Build. Eng.
2017,11, 25–29. [C ossRe ]
26.
Illankoon, I.M.C.S.; Tam, V.W.Y.; Le, K.N. En i onmen al, Economic, and Social Pa ame e s in In e na ional G een Building
Ra ing Tools. J. P o . Issues Eng. Educ. P ac . 2017,143, 05016010. [C ossRe ]
27.
Bosche o, P.; Bo e, A.; Mazzola, E. Compa a i e Re iew o Neighbo hood Sus ainabili y Assessmen Tools. Sus ainabili y 2022,
14, 3132. [C ossRe ]
28.
LEED. Checklis : LEED Neighbo hood De elopmen . Sep embe 2023. A ailable online: h ps://www.usgbc.o g/ esou ces/
neighbo hoodde elopmen - 2009-checklis -xls (accessed on 17 Sep embe 2023).
29.
BREEAM. BREEAM Communi ies. 2014. A ailable online: h ps://b eg oup.com/p oduc s/b eeam/b eeam- echnical-
s anda ds/b eeam-commun ies/ (accessed on 13 Sep embe 2023).
30.
CASBEE o Ci ies, .2015. 2021. A ailable online: h ps://sus ainable-in as uc u e- ools.o g/ ools/casbee- o -ci ies/ (accessed
on 13 Sep embe 2023).
31.
Almu ai i, K.; Dehshi i, S.S.H.; Dehshi i, S.J.H.; Mos a aeipou , A.; Jahangi i, M.; Techa o, K. Technical, economic, ca bon oo p in
assessmen , and p io i izing s a ions o hyd ogen p oduc ion using wind ene gy: A case s udy. Ene gy S a egy Re . 2021,
36, 100684. [C ossRe ]
32.
Wangel, J.; Wallhagen, M.; Malmq is , T.; Finn eden, G. Ce i ica ion sys ems o sus ainable neighbo hoods: Wha do hey
ce i y? En i on. Impac Assess. Re . 2016,56, 200–213. [C ossRe ]
33.
Bisello, A.; G illi, G.; Bales , J.; S ellin, G.; Ciolli, M. Co-bene i s o sma and sus ainable ene gy dis ic p ojec s: An o e iew o
economic assessmen me hodologies. In SSPCR 2015: Sma and Sus ainable Planning o Ci ies and Regions; Sp inge In e na ional
Publishing: Cham, Swi ze land, 2017; pp. 127–164. [C ossRe ]
34. Bacca ini, D. The concep o p ojec complexi y, a e iew. In . J. P oj. Manag. 1996,14, 201–204. [C ossRe ]
35.
Agos ini, P.; Pizzol, L.; C i o, A.; D’Alessand o, M.; Zabeo, A.; Ma comini, A. Regional isk assessmen o con amina ed si es
Pa 3: Spa ial decision suppo sys em. En i on. In . 2012,48, 121–132. [C ossRe ]
36.
Binda, T.; Bo e o, M.; Bisello, A. E alua ing Posi i e Ene gy Dis ic s: A Li e a u e Re iew. In New Me opoli an Pe spec i es;
Calab ò, F., Della Spina, L., Man iñán, M.J.P., Eds.; Sp inge In e na ional Publishing: Cham, Swi ze land, 2022; pp. 1762–1770.
37.
Ka ne , K.; Theissing, M.; Kienbe ge , T. Modeling o ene gy e iciency inc ease o u ban a eas h ough syne gies wi h indus ies.
Ene gy 2017,136, 201–209. [C ossRe ]
38.
Bisello, A.; An oniucci, V.; Ma ella, G. Measu ing he p ice p emium o ene gy e iciency: A wo-s ep analysis in he I alian
housing ma ke . Ene gy Build. 2020,208, 109670. [C ossRe ]
39.
Dawodu, A.; Cheshmehzangi, A.; Sha i i, A.; Oladejo, J. Neighbo hood sus ainabili y assessmen ools: Resea ch ends and
o ecas o he buil en i onmen . Sus ain. Fu u es 2022,4, 100064. [C ossRe ]
40.
Escalan e, H.; Cas o, L.; Gau hie -Ma adei, P.; De La Vega, R.R. Spa ial decision suppo sys em o e alua e c op esidue ene gy
po en ial by anae obic diges ion. Bio esou . Technol. 2016,219, 80–90. [C ossRe ]
41. ZEBRA. D5.1 Nea ly Ze o-Ene gy Building (nZEB) Technology Solu ions, Cos Assessmen and Pe o mance. 2016.
42.
Keçeba¸s, A. Pe o mance and he mo-economic assessmen s o geo he mal dis ic hea ing sys em: A case s udy in A yon, Tu key.
Renew. Ene gy 2011,36, 77–83. [C ossRe ]
43.
Banda a, A.; Hemapala, K.T.M.U.; He a h, A. Op imal Sizing and Economic E alua ion o a Pho o ol aic In eg a ed Ene gy
Sys em—A Case S udy o a Semi-U ban A ea in S i Lanka. In P oceedings o he 2020 5 h IEEE In e na ional Con e ence on
Recen Ad ances and Inno a ions in Enginee ing (ICRAIE), Jaipu , India, 1–3 Decembe 2020. [C ossRe ]
44.
Rehman, H.U.; Reda, F.; Paiho, S.; Hasan, A. Towa ds posi i e ene gy communi ies a high la i udes. Ene gy Con e s. Manag.
2019,196, 175–195. [C ossRe ]
45. Isaac, S.; Shubin, S.; Rabinowi z, G. Cos -Op imal Ne Ze o Ene gy Communi ies. Sus ainabili y 2020,12, 2432. [C ossRe ]
46.
Dahash, A.; Ochs, F.; Tosa o, A. Techno-economic and exe gy analysis o ank and pi he mal ene gy s o age o enewables
dis ic hea ing sys ems. Renew. Ene gy 2021,180, 1358–1379. [C ossRe ]
47.
Synne a, A.; Laska i, M.; Gup a, R.; Pisello, A.L.; San amou is, M. De elopmen o Ne Ze o Ene gy Se lemen s Using Ad anced
Ene gy Technologies. P ocedia Eng. 2017,180, 1388–1401. [C ossRe ]
48.
Dell’Anna, F.; Bo e o, M. G een p emium in buildings: E idence om he eal es a e ma ke o Singapo e. J. Clean. P od. 2021,
286, 125327. [C ossRe ]
49.
Bo e o, M.; Dell’anna, F.; Mo gese, V. E alua ing he ansi ion owa ds pos -ca bon ci ies: A li e a u e e iew. Sus ainabili y 2021,
13, 567. [C ossRe ]
50.
Moghadam, S.T.; Lomba di, P. An in e ac i e mul i-c i e ia spa ial decision suppo sys em o ene gy e o i ing o building
s ocks using Commun iyVIZ o suppo u ban ene gy planning. Build. En i on. 2019,163, 106233. [C ossRe ]
Buildings 2024,14, 7 24 o 24
51.
Rosasco, P.; Pe ini, K.; Magliocco, A.; Ca aneo, E. Expe imen al p ojec o a g een acade: Moni o ing and economic e alua ion.
Going. Ambien . Min. 2018,155, 53–64.
52.
Calise, F.; Den ice d’Accadia, M.; Macaluso, A.; Vanoli, L.; Piacen ino, A. A no el sola -geo he mal igene a ion sys em
in eg a ing wa e desalina ion: Design, dynamic simula ion, and economic assessmen . Ene gy 2016,115, 1533–1547. [C ossRe ]
53.
Tan, M.; Keçeba¸s, A. The modynamic and economic e alua ions o a geo he mal dis ic hea ing sys em using ad anced
exe gy-based me hods. Ene gy Con e s. Manag. 2014,77, 504–513. [C ossRe ]
54.
Wang, H.; Zhang, S.; Bi, X.; Cli , R. G eenhouse gas emission educ ion po en ial and cos o bioene gy in B i ish Columbia,
Canada. Ene gy Policy 2020,138, 111285. [C ossRe ]
55.
Teo ónio, I.; Sil a, C.M.; C uz, C.O. Eco-solu ions o u ban en i onmen s egene a ion: The economic alue o g een oo s.
J. Clean. P od. 2018,199, 121–135. [C ossRe ]
56.
Niu, C.; Zhang, W. Causal e ec s o mobili y in e en ion policies on in aci y lows du ing he COVID-19 pandemic: The
mode a ing ole o zonal loca ions in he anspo a ion ne wo ks. Compu . En i on. U ban Sys . 2023,102, 101957. [C ossRe ]
57.
Eu opean Commission. Clima e Posi i e Ci cula Communi ies. 2021. A ailable online: h ps://co dis.eu opa.eu/p ojec /id/10
1036723 (accessed on 22 Sep embe 2023).
58. A abi, S.; Golabchi, M.; Da abpou , M. Sus ainable De elopmen in Ci ies: A Quali a i e App oach o E alua e Ra ing Sys ems.
Ci . Eng. J. 2018,4, 2990. [C ossRe ]
Disclaime /Publishe ’s No e: The s a emen s, opinions and da a con ained in all publica ions a e solely hose o he indi idual
au ho (s) and con ibu o (s) and no o MDPI and/o he edi o (s). MDPI and/o he edi o (s) disclaim esponsibili y o any inju y o
people o p ope y esul ing om any ideas, me hods, ins uc ions o p oduc s e e ed o in he con en .
