Co esponding au ho : Moonu Sh es ha
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E ec i eness o S uc u ed Educa ional In e en ion on Knowledge Rega ding
P e en i e Measu es o Va icose Vein among Teache s o Selec ed Schools o
Bhak apu
Moonu Sh es ha 1, , K i isha P ajapa i 2 and Soniya Rai 3
1 E e es College o Nu sing, Pu banchal Uni e si y, Ka hmandu Nepal.
2 Sakshyam Heal h Ca e and Rehabili a ion cen e, Bhak apu , Nepal.
3 Sil e line Hospi al, Eme gency Depa men , Ka hmandu, Nepal.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(02), 1041-1046
Publica ion his o y: Recei ed on 05 July 2025; e ised on 12 Augus 2025; accep ed on 14 Augus 2025
A icle DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.30574/wja .2025.27.2.2940
Abs ac
Backg ound: Va icose eins a e enla ged, wis ed eins ha o en a ec he lowe limbs, pa icula ly among indi iduals
engaged in p olonged s anding occupa ions such as eaching. P e en i e educa ion is i al in minimizing i s occu ence.
Objec i es: To assess he e ec i eness o a s uc u ed educa ional in e en ion on he knowledge ega ding p e en i e
measu es o a icose eins among school eache s o selec ed school o Bhak apu .
Me hodology: P e-expe imen al one g oup p e- es pos - es design was used. Fi y- ou school eache s om
Khwop ing English Academy we e selec ed using enume a i e sampling. A s uc u ed ques ionnai e assessed
knowledge le els be o e and a e a 40–45-minu e eaching session. Da a analysis was conduc ed using SPSS 27,
employing desc ip i e and in e en ial s a is ics.
Resul s: P e- es esul s e ealed ha 44.4% had inadequa e knowledge and 55.6% had mode a ely adequa e
knowledge, wi h no pa icipan s sco ing in he adequa e ange. Pos -in e en ion, 55.6% achie ed adequa e knowledge.
The mean p e- es sco e was 8.78, which inc eased o 13.61 in he pos - es . The di e ence was s a is ically signi ican
(p < 0.001).
Conclusion: The s uc u ed educa ional in e en ion was e ec i e in signi ican ly imp o ing he knowledge o school
eache s ega ding p e en i e measu es o a icose eins.
Keywo ds: Va icose Veins; School Teache s; S uc u ed Educa ional In e en ion; P e en i e Measu es; Knowledge
1. In oduc ion
Va icose eins, de i ed om he La in wo d " a ix" meaning wis ed, a e abno mally swollen eins ha a e a leas 3
millime e s in diame e when measu ed while s anding1.These eins a e cha ac e ized by hei enla ged and wis ed
appea ance and he backwa d low o blood ( e lux). While mos commonly seen in he legs, a icose eins can de elop
in o he pa s o he body, including he esophagus2.
Age, gende , occupa ion, p egnancy, amily his o y, smoking habi s, body mass index (BMI), obesi y le els, exe cise
pa e ns, gene ic p edisposi ion, and li es yle choices a e all ac o s ha can con ibu e o he de elopmen and
p og ession o a icose eins. Addi ionally, ch onic enous wall damage, gene ic a ia ions, and pe sis en high blood
p essu e in he eins may also play a ole in he disease p ocess3.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(02), 1041-1046
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Se e al p o essions ha in ol e p olonged s anding and speci ic pos u es a e associa ed wi h a highe incidence o
a icose eins. These p o essions include nu ses, heal hca e p o essionals, educa o s, den is s, salon wo ke s, secu i y
gua ds, bake y and depa men s o e wo ke s, au omo i e echnicians, and hose in he ou ism and en e ainmen
indus ies. The isk o de eloping a icose eins is pa icula ly ele a ed among women aged 30 and olde who engage
in p olonged s anding wo k, compa ed o men in simila ci cums ances4.
Globally, a icose eins a ec 10% o 30% o popula ion. In he USA he p e alence is app oxima ely 4,500 pe 100,000
people, a ec ing 22 million women and 11million men5. The p e alence o a icose ein in India is 46.7% among
emales and 27.8% among males. Fu he mo e 49.3% o emales and 18.9% o males exhibi enous symp oms1.
Acco ding o he Annual epo o he Depa men o Heal h Se ices (DOHS) o Nepal o 2071/72) Nepal, Va icose ein
incidence is (70.77%) in male and (29.23%) in emale.
A s udy was conduc ed on 135 eache s in Dhulikhel municipali y o assess hei isk o a icose eins. Resea che s
used a con enience sampling me hod and collec ed da a h ough a ques ionnai e de eloped by Robin Man
Ka macha ya. The majo i y o pa icipan s we e young adul s aged 20-30 (43.7%), and mos we e emale (78.5%). A
signi ican numbe (45.2%) expe ienced occasional ingling sensa ions in hei legs. O e hal o he eache s (56.3%)
we e iden i ied as being a isk o de eloping a icose eins. S a is ical analysis e ealed ha age, BMI, and yea s o
wo k expe ience we e signi ican ly associa ed wi h he isk o a icose eins6.
A desc ip i e s udy was conduc ed in p ima y school o Au angabad o assess he knowledge ega ding a icose eins
among he eache s in selec ed p ima y schools. A sample o 50 eache s we e selec ed using non- p obabili y
con enien sampling echnique and s uc u ed knowledge ques ionnai e we e used o da a collec ion. The
s udy e ealed ha majo i y 76% had an a e age knowledge, 18% had poo knowledge and only 6% had good
knowledge ega ding a icose eins7.
An e alua i e esea ch app oach wi h p e-expe imen al design was conduc ed in selec ed p i a e school o Chennai o
assess he e ec i eness o s uc u e eaching p og am on knowledge ega ding p e en ion and managemen o a icose
ein. A sample o 60 eache s we e selec ed using non - p obabili y con enien sampling echnique and da a was
collec ed using sel - s uc u ed ques ionnai e. The s udy e ealed ha he 67% o he sample had inadequa e knowledge
while mode a ely adequa e knowledge was obse ed in 30% o sample and 3% ha e adequa e knowledge. In he pos -
es he e was ma ked imp o emen in he knowledge o he sample wi h majo i y 37% gained adequa e knowledge
and 53% gained mode a ely adequa e knowledge, and 10% had inadequa e knowledge8.
Va icose eins a e pa icula ly common and end o ha e highe p e alence among indi idual in occupa ion ha
equi ed p olonged s anding such as eaching. Va icose ein has become se ious heal h conce n o millions o people
wo ldwide and mos o he eache s a e unawa e ega ding a icose ein. So, he e is need o sp ead awa eness among
eache s ega ding p e en i e measu es o a icose eins.
2. Ma e ial and Me hods
P e expe imen al one g oup p e es pos - es design was used o assess he e ec i eness o educa ional in e en ion
on knowledge o a icose ein and i s p e en ion. The esea ch was conduc ed in Khwop ing English Academy School
Bhak apu . This school was es ablished in 2000 AD. I is si ua ed in he hea o His o ical ci y Bhak apu . This school
has good numbe o s uden s a ound 1000+ and a ound 50 eache s a e engaged in eaching. The s udy popula ion was
all eache s wo king in Khwop ing English Academy school o Bhak apu . All eache s o al 54 engaged in Khwop ing
English Academy was aken as sample o s udy. Enume a i e sampling echnique was adop ed o selec ing sample o
s udy. S uc u ed sel -adminis e ed ques ionnai e was used.
Validi y o he Ins umen was es ablished by de eloping he ques ionnai e on he basis o li e a u e e iews and
consul ing wi h esea ch ad iso and subjec expe s. P e- es ing o he ins umen was done among 10% o he
esponden s in Su yadeep English Seconda y School o Bhak apu . Fo mal pe mission was ob ained om he conce ned
au ho i y o Khwop ing English Academy School a e submi ing an o icial app o al le e om E e es College o
Nu sing. A s uc u ed ques ionnai e was de eloped, consis ing o demog aphic a iables and knowledge-based
ques ions ega ding p e en i e measu es o a icose eins. The pu pose and objec i es o he s udy we e clea ly
explained o all pa icipan s o ensu e anspa ency and olun a y pa icipa ion. Ve bal in o med consen was ob ained
om each pa icipan be o e he dis ibu ion o he ques ionnai e. A p e- es was conduc ed using he s uc u ed
ques ionnai e o assess he pa icipan s' baseline knowledge ega ding p e en i e measu es o a icose eins. A e he
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(02), 1041-1046
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p e- es , a s uc u ed educa ional in e en ion was deli e ed o he pa icipan s. The session las ed app oxima ely 40–
45 minu es and co e ed key concep s ela ed o a icose eins. A pos - es using he same ques ionnai e was
adminis e ed se en days a e he in e en ion. Adminis a i e app o al was ob ained om he Resea ch Commi ee o
E e es College o Nu sing and he conce ned au ho i y o Khwop ing English Academy, Bhak apu . The objec i es and
pu pose o he esea ch we e clea ly explained o all pa icipan s. Ve bal and w i en consen we e ob ained om each
pa icipan p io o da a collec ion. Con iden iali y and anonymi y o all pa icipan s we e s ic ly main ained
h oughou he esea ch p ocess.
Demog aphic da a was analyzed using equency and pe cen age. F equency and pe cen age we e used o he
dis ibu ion o samples based on hei knowledge ega ding p e en i e measu e o a icose ein. Mean and s anda d
de i a ion was used o assess p e and pos - es knowledge o school eache s ega ding p e en ion o a icose eins.
Pai ed‘ ’ es was used o e alua e he e ec i eness o s uc u ed eaching p og am on he knowledge o school eache s
ega ding p e en i e measu es o a icose eins.
3. Resul s
3.1. Analysis o Socio demog aphic Va iable
Table 1 F equency and Pe cen age Dis ibu ion o he Demog aphic Va iables o he Responden s N=54
Cha ac e is ics
F equency
Pe cen age
Age
20-25
26-30
31-35
36-40
41-45
46-50
9
20
10
9
4
2
16.7%
37%
18.5%
16.7%
7.4%
3.7%
Gende
Male
Female
5
49
9.3%
90.7%
Educa ional S a us
Highe Seconda y Le el
Unde g adua e Le el
Pos G adua e Le el
8
38
8
14.8%
70.4%
14.8%
Family Backg ound
Medical Backg ound
Non-Medical Backg ound
7
47
13%
87%
P e ious Knowledge o Va icose Veins
Yes
No
1
53
1.9%
98.1%
Table 1 shows ha majo i y o esponden s (18.5%) we e be ween age g oup o 31-35 and majo i y o esponden s
(90.7%) we e emale. Majo i y o esponden s (70.4%) had comple ed educa ion quali ica ion o unde g adua e le el.
Majo i y o esponden s (87%) had non-medical amily backg ound and majo i y (98.1%) does no had p e ious
knowledge o a icose eins.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(02), 1041-1046
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Table 2a P e en i e Measu es Rega ding Va icose Veins N=54
Cha ac e is ics
P e es
Pos es
F eq
%
F eq
%
Can main aining a heal hy weigh help p e en he de elopmen o a icose eins?
Co ec esponse
(Yes)
Inco ec esponse
45
9
83.3%
16.7%
54
0
100%
0.0%
Is i bene icial o wea comp ession s ockings o help p e en a icose eins?
Co ec esponse
(Yes)
Inco ec esponse
22
32
40.7%
59.3%
44
10
81.5%
18.5%
Table 2 shows ha 83.3% o esponden s co ec ly iden i ied ha main aining a heal hy weigh can help p e en he
de elopmen o a icose eins in he p e- es , inc easing o 100% in he pos - es . Addi ionally, awa eness o he
bene i s o wea ing comp ession s ockings imp o ed signi ican ly— om 40.7% co ec esponses in he p e- es o
81.5% in he pos - es
Table 2b P e en i e Measu es Rega ding Va icose Veins N=54
Cha ac e is ics
P e es
Pos es
F eq
%
F eq
%
Can c ossing legs o ex ended pe iods help p e en he a icose eins?
Co ec esponse
(No)
Inco ec esponse
35
19
64.8%
35.2%
38
16
70.4%
29.6%
Can ele a ing he legs when si ing o es ing help p e en he a icose eins?
Co ec esponse
(Yes)
Inco ec esponse
38
16
70.4%
29.6%
48
6
88.9%
11.1%
Table 2 shows ha 64.8% o esponden s co ec ly answe ed “No” o whe he c ossing legs o ex ended pe iods helps
p e en a icose eins in he p e- es , which sligh ly imp o ed o 70.4% in he pos - es . Rega ding whe he ele a ing
he legs when si ing o es ing helps p e en a icose eins, co ec esponses inc eased om 70.4% in he p e- es o
88.9% in he pos - es , indica ing a posi i e imp o emen in knowledge on p e en i e beha io s.
Table 3 F equency and Pe cen age Dis ibu ion o Knowledge o School Teache s Rega ding P e en ion o Va icose
Veins N=54
Le el o Knowledge
P e es
Pos es
F equency
Pe cen age
F equency
Pe cen age
Inadequa e (<50%)
24
44.4%
0
0.0%
Mode a ely Adequa e (50-75%)
30
55.6%
24
44.4%
Adequa e (>75%)
0
0.0%
30
55.6%
Table 3 shows ha be o e he in e en ion, 44.4% o esponden s had inadequa e knowledge (less han 50%), and
55.6% had mode a ely adequa e knowledge (50-75%), wi h no esponden s demons a ing adequa e knowledge
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(02), 1041-1046
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(>75%). A e he in e en ion, none had inadequa e knowledge, 44.4% had mode a ely adequa e knowledge, and
55.6% achie ed adequa e knowledge, indica ing a subs an ial o e all imp o emen in pa icipan s’ unde s anding o
a icose eins.
Table 4 Mean and S anda d De ia ion o P e and Pos -Tes Knowledge Sco es o School Teache s N=54
Mean
S anda d de ia ion
P e es
8.778
2.138
Pos es
13.61
2.201
Table 4 Shows The mean knowledge sco e inc eased om 8.78 (±2.14) in he p e- es o 13.61 (±2.20) in he pos - es .
This indica es a signi ican imp o emen in o e all knowledge ollowing he in e en ion, wi h a consis en le el o
a ia ion among pa icipan s in bo h es s.
Table 5 Mean, S anda d De ia ion and ‘ ” Value o P e-Tes and Pos - Tes Knowledge Sco es N=54
Mean
S anda d de ia ion
alue
p alue
P e es
8.778
2.14
-11.883
<0.001
Pos es
13.61
2.20
Table 5 shows ha he mean knowledge sco e signi ican ly inc eased om 8.78 (±2.14) in he p e- es o 13.61 (±2.20)
in he pos - es . The pai ed - es yielded a - alue o -11.883 wi h a p- alue < 0.001, indica ing ha he imp o emen in
knowledge a e he in e en ion is s a is ically signi ican . Hypo hesis H1 was accep ed. Hence i can be in e ed ha
he s uc u ed educa ional in e en ion was e ec i e in inc easing he knowledge o school eache s ega ding
p e en i e measu es o a icose ein.
4. Discussion
This s udy was conduc ed o assess he e ec i eness o a s uc u ed educa ional in e en ion on knowledge ega ding
p e en i e measu es o a icose eins among school eache s in Bhak apu . The indings indica ed a s a is ically
signi ican imp o emen in knowledge ollowing he educa ional in e en ion, suppo ing he hypo hesis ha
s uc u ed eaching imp o es awa eness and unde s anding o a icose ein p e en ion.
A s udy conduc ed by among 60 school eache s in Chennai. In he p e- es , 67% had inadequa e knowledge and only
3% had adequa e knowledge. A e he in e en ion, 37% demons a ed adequa e knowledge and 53% had mode a ely
adequa e knowledge. This imp o emen end mi o s he shi in he p esen s udy om 0% o 55.6% adequa e
knowledge, ein o cing he e ec i eness o s uc u ed eaching p og ams in inc easing awa eness abou a icose
eins8.
A s udy conduc ed a simila p e-expe imen al s udy in Go akhpu , which ound ha 45% o eache s had inadequa e
knowledge p io o in e en ion and only 2% had adequa e knowledge. A e he in e en ion, 90% o pa icipan s
demons a ed adequa e knowledge9. This subs an ial imp o emen closely aligns wi h ou indings, al hough he gain
in he cu en s udy was sligh ly lowe (55.6%), he pa e n o imp o emen emains consis en .
A s udy conduc ed a desc ip i e s udy among p ima y school eache s in Au angabad and epo ed ha 76% had
a e age knowledge, 18% had poo knowledge, and only 6% had good knowledge. These igu es highligh he gene ally
low baseline awa eness among eache s, which alida es he need o educa ional in e en ions as demons a ed in ou
s udy7.
The cu en s udy also ound ha 98.1% o pa icipan s had no p io knowledge abou a icose eins. This highligh s a
signi ican gap in p e en i e heal h educa ion among eache s. Pos -in e en ion imp o emen s in esponses o
ques ions on de ini ion, causes, isk ac o s, symp oms, diagnosis, and p e en i e s a egies such as exe cise,
comp ession s ockings, leg ele a ion, and die indica e ha he educa ional session was e ec i e and comp ehensi e.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(02), 1041-1046
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5. Conclusion
The e was a signi ican lack o knowledge among school eache s ega ding p e en i e measu es o a icose eins
be o e he in e en ion. The s uc u ed educa ional in e en ion signi ican ly imp o ed he knowledge le el o he
esponden s, wi h mo e han hal achie ing adequa e knowledge pos -in e en ion. The s udy con i ms ha s uc u ed
educa ional p og ams a e an e ec i e s a egy o enhance awa eness o occupa ional heal h isks among school
eache s.
Compliance wi h e hical s anda ds
Acknowledgmen s
Resea che would like o exp ess special hanks o all he pa icipan s and Khwop ing English Academy School,
Bhak apu o hei aluable esponse.
Disclosu e o con lic o in e es
No con lic o in e es o be disclosed
S a emen o in o med consen
In o med and w i en consen was ob ained om all indi idual pa icipan s included in he s udy.
Re e ences
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