Co esponding au ho : Ligia ION
Copy igh © 2025 Au ho (s) e ain he copy igh o his a icle. This a icle is published unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion Liscense 4.0.
Resea ch on he g owing pa icula i ies o some basil geno ypes (Occimum basilicum)
om sou he n Romania
Mădălin Vasile CHIUOARU, Gab iela BUTNARIU, Daniel NAGY, Ma ia ADOCHIȚEI and Ligia ION *
Uni e si y o Ag onomic Sciences and Ve e ina y Medicine o Bucha es , Facul y o Ho icul u e, 59 Ma as i Bl d, Dis ic
1, Bucha es , Romania.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(02), 1094-1101
Publica ion his o y: Recei ed on 05 July 2025; e ised on 10 Augus ; accep ed on 13 Augus 2025
A icle DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.30574/wja .2025.27.2.2935
Abs ac
Basil (Ocimum basilicum) is a species o in e es due o i s a oma ic and he apeu ic p ope ies. The geno ype o basil
signi ican ly in luences he ola ile oil con en , due o gene ic di e ences ha de e mine he abili y o each a ie y o
syn hesize and accumula e ola ile compounds. These compounds a e esponsible o he a oma, he apeu ic
p ope ies, and biological ac i i y o he plan . Biome ic de e mina ions ha e allowed basil geno ypes o be classi ied
in o h ee g oups: weak geno ypes o small s a u e (40-50 cm), such as dwa basil, Spicy Gloge basil, G eek basil, Siam
Queen basil, medium igou geno ypes, 60-90 cm, such as Swee Basil, Pe sian Basil, G and Ve Basil, Da k Opal Red Basil,
and he hi d g oup is he g oup o igo ous geno ypes, all, 90-110 cm, such as Cinnamon Basil, Holy Basil, A ican Basil,
Se a im Basil, and Buzău A oma ic Basil. The a e age g een mass depends on he geno ype and en i onmen al
condi ions. This pa ame e is closely ela ed o and in luences he con en o ola ile subs ances ha a e so aluable in
plan p ocessing. The highes a e age g een mass was eco ded in he Buzău A oma ic geno ype wi h a alue o 360.32
g, he Siam Queen Basil geno ype wi h 291.48 g, Da k Opal Red Basil wi h 290.56 g, and Cinnamon Basil wi h 290.10 g.
The a e age alues o he seed ge mina ion pe iod a y om geno ype o geno ype, being in insic alues o each
geno ype cha ac e is ic ma ked in hei gene ic s uc u e. The lowes a e age ge mina ion pe iod alues we e eco ded
o he Swee Basil geno ypes, wi h 10 days, ollowed by he Buzău A oma ic Basil geno ype, wi h a e age alues o
10.33 days. O he alues we e eco ded o he Se a im basil geno ypes, wi h a e age alues o 11 days, ollowed by
Macedon basil wi h 11.33 days.
Keywo ds: Ocimum basilicum; Geno ypes; Pa hogen; Masă e de; Compuși bioac i i
1. In oduc ion
Conside ed a sac ed plan , basil is p esen in he cul u e o many peoples, no jus ou s. In India, whe e i o igina ed, i
was ele a ed o he s a us o a sac ed plan , cul i a ed in specially designa ed a eas a ound sh ines. Thus, only he king
could ha es i , ollowing a i ual ha emains unknown. A Hindu une als, i is cus oma y o ba he he head in wa e
wi h basil, accompanied by placing a basil lea on he ches o he deceased [14], [12], [13], [2].
In he Middle Ages, in o de o ha es basil, i was necessa y o pu i y he igh hand by washing i wi h wa e om
h ee di e en sou ces, ollowed by he use o an oak b anch, and he ou i had o be made o impeccable linen ma e ials.
In Egyp , his plan was used o embalming he dead, and in Roman cul u e i also had healing p ope ies, being used
no only in gas onomy.
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This he baceous plan species is dis inguished by i s e ical s em wi h nume ous b anches, ha ing a e amucula e
sec ion and pubescence on he lowe pa . I g ows in he o m o a bush and can each a heigh o up o 30-130 cm,
depending on he cul i a . [10], [11], [6], [15]. This annual plan can also adap o pe ennial c ops, p o ided ha he
soil and clima e condi ions a e a o able. Basil seeds all o he g ound and sel -seed, which acili a es he es ablishmen
o a pe ennial c op. The lea es a e a anged opposi ely on he s em and ha e a pe iole 0.8-1 cm long. The lea es a e
o a e-lanceola e in shape, measu ing be ween 2 and 4 cm in wid h and 4 o 10 cm in leng h, wi h poin ed ips and
sligh ly se a ed edges, ha ing a wa y appea ance, and he su ace is smoo h and el e y. Depending on he a ie y,
hey come in di e en shapes, sizes, and colo s, wi h a speci ic ag ance cha ac e is ic o he species, being ex emely
a oma ic. The oo has a ib ous, well-b anched s uc u e ha pene a es he uppe laye o he soil. [9], [4], [5], [1].
The lowe s ha e homozygous cha ac e is ics, displaying whi e, pink, o pu ple colo s, depending on he speci ic a ie y.
They a e o ganized in g oups o 5-10 in e minal pseudo e icils, each g oup o lowe s being suppo ed a he base by
lea es ans o med in o b ac s, which se e o p o ec he u u e seeds. They bloom h oughou he summe un il
au umn, when he os s appea . The calyx is pen agonal in shape, wi h a comple e uppe pe al and a lowe pe al
segmen ed in o ou small lobes. The lowe s uc u e includes ou s amens and a pis il, he la e suppo ed by he
lowe pe al. Pollina ion is ca ied ou by pollina ing insec s, being an en omophilous p ocess. Fou o al achenes de elop
inside he bilabia e calyx, and he ui is an indehiscen nu con aining ou small, da k b own seeds. [3], [8], [7].
2. Ma e ial and me hods
The plan ma e ial used in he s udy consis s o basil geno ypes om sou he n Romania, in su icien numbe s o
conduc a meaning ul s udy o he g ow h cha ac e is ics o basil geno ypes (Figu es 1., 2., 3., 4.) included in he s udy:
2.1. A oma ic Basil om Buzau – Ocimum basilicum L. – common basil –. SCDL Buzau a ie y
(su sa/sou ce: o iginal)
Figu e 1 A oma ic basil om Buzau - Ocimum basilicum
2.2. Se a im pu ple basil – Ocimum basilicum a . iolaceum Ale . - SCDL Buzau a ie y
(su sa/sou ce: o iginal)
Figu e 2 Pu ple basil Se aphim Ocimum basilicum a . iolaceum
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2.3. Swee basil L1 – Ocimum basilicum L. swee basil Geno ese basil – o igin I aly
(su sa/sou ce: o iginal)
Figu e 3 Swee basil Geno ese Ocimum basilicum L
2.4. Lemon basil L2 – Ocimum basilicum L. – o igin Spain.
(su sa/sou ce: o iginal)
Figu e 4 Limone o basil - Ocimum basilicum
The esea ch was conduc ed o e h ee g owing seasons, om 2021 o 2024, and in ol ed measu emen s o he
pheno ypic cha ac e is ics o di e en basil geno ypes, namely g ow h a e a 15 days, plan heigh , a e age bush
diame e , a e age shoo leng h, and a e age numbe o shoo s pe plan . O he cha ac e is ics s udied include he g een
mass weigh o basil o he 16 geno ypes s udied ( able 1) o e he h ee yea s alloca ed o he esea ch. O he esea ch
add essed he a e age alues o he ge mina ion pe iod o he 16 geno ypes s udied o e he h ee yea s alloca ed o
he esea ch.
Table 1 Plan ma e ial basil plan biome ics o he 16 geno ypes s udied
N c .
Geno ypes s udied
A e age heigh o he plan (cm)
1.
A oma ic Basil om Buzau
75,50
2
Pu ple basil Se a im
77,10
3
Swee basil L1
62,20
4
Lemon basil L2
73,30
5
G eek basil
30,21
6
Basil wi h salad lea es L4
84,40
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7
G and Ve Basil L5
60,30
8
Pe sian basil
52,48
9
Spicy Globe Basil L7
37,51
10
A ican basil L8
118,00
11
Holy basil a . K ishna L9
78,10
12
Macedonian basil
60,85
13
Dwa basil Sma ald
29,40
14
Da k Opal ed basil
56,56
15
Siam Queen Basil
51,48
16
Basil cinnamon
110,50
(su sa/sou ce o iginală)
3. Resul s and discussion
Table 2. p esen s he esul s o he biome ic analyses o he basil geno ypes s udied du ing he h ee yea s alloca ed o
he esea ch. These showed ha , in e ms o a e age plan heigh , he alues a ied depending on he geno ype and
anged om 29.40 cm o he Dwa Basil geno ype, ollowed by he G eek Basil geno ype wi h 30.21 cm. The highes
alues o his pa ame e we e eco ded o he A ican Basil geno ype a 118 cm, ollowed by he Cinnamon Basil
geno ype a 110.50 cm. The e we e also middle alues o mos geno ypes, such as A oma ic Buzău wi h 75.50 cm, Swee
Basil wi h 62.20 cm, Pe sian Basil wi h 52.48 cm, Da k Opal Basil wi h 56.56 cm, ( igu e 1. and igu e 5b) and Siam Queen
Basil wi h alues o 51.48 cm. Rega ding he pa ame e – a e age bush diame e , he lowes alues we e eco ded o
he Da k Opal geno ype wi h 36.10 cm, ollowed by he Dwa Basil geno ype wi h 37.20 cm, and he highes alues we e
eco ded o he geno ypes wi h 85.60 cm, ollowed by he A ican Basil geno ype wi h alues o 80.87 cm. (Figu e 1.4.)
A e age alues we e eco ded o mos geno ypes, such as G and Ve basil wi h alues o 55.34 cm, Basil Se a im 55.00
cm, and Holy basil 52.77 cm.
(su sa/sou ce o iginală)
Figu es 5 a)A ican Basil Plan s and b)Da k Opal Basil
In e ms o g ow h a e a 15 days, he lowes alues we e eco ded o he Da k Red Basil geno ypes, wi h alues o
3.28 cm, ollowed by he Siam Queen Basil geno ypes, wi h 4.30 cm, and Spicy Globe Basil, wi h 4.70 cm. The highes
alues we e eco ded o he Cinnamon Basil geno ype wi h 85.60 cm and A ican Basil wi h 80.87 cm. The g ow h a e
was ela i ely accele a ed, wi h mos geno ypes eco ding g ow h be ween 5 and 7 cm in 15 days o ege a ion. In e ms
o he a e age shoo leng h pa ame e , he highes alues we e eco ded o he Cinnamon Basil geno ype wi h 97.30
cm, ollowed by he Buzău A oma ic Basil geno ype wi h alues o 80.30 cm, A ican Basil wi h a alue o 77.62 cm, and
he Lemon Basil geno ype wi h alues o 70.10 cm. (Figu e 3.) The lowes alues we e eco ded o he Dwa basil 11
geno ype, wi h 80 cm, Busuioc limone o, wi h 19.30 cm, Busuioc Spicy Globe, wi h 26.41 cm, and Busuioc Siam Queen,
wi h 28.61 cm. (Figu e 4. and igu e 6) In e ms o he a e age numbe o main shoo s, he highes alues we e eco ded
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o he G eek basil 15, Spice Globe basil wi h 10, A oma de Buzău, Salad lea basil, Pe sian basil, and Cinnamon basil
geno ypes wi h a alue o 9.
(su sa/sou ce o iginală)
Figu es 6 Lemon basil and Siam Queen basil
Table 2 Resul s ega ding basil plan biome ics o he 16 geno ypes s udied, o e he 3 yea s alloca ed o he esea ch
N
c .
Geno ypes
s udied
A e age heigh
o he plan
(cm)
A e age
diame e o he
bush (cm)
G ow h a e
a 15 days
(cm)
A e age
shoo leng h
(cm)
A e age
numbe o
main shoo s
1.
A oma ic Basil
om Buzau
75,50
60,60
5,50
80,30
9,0
2
Pu ple basil
Se a im
77,10
55,00
6,10
70,00
8,0
3
Swee basil L1
62,20
43,05
6,20
64,20
5,0
4
Lemon basil L2
73,30
64,10
5,90
70,10
6,0
5
G eek basil
30,21
40,23
4,52
19,30
15,0
6
Basil wi h salad
lea es L4
84,40
65,56
7,10
60,20
9,0
7
G and Ve Basil
L5
60,30
55,34
5,52
37,50
5,0
8
Pe sian basil
52,48
49,02
6,00
32,00
9,0
9
Spicy Globe
Basil L7
37,51
46,00
4,70
26,41
10,0
10
A ican basil L8
118,00
80,87
7,42
77,62
8,0
11
Holy basil a .
K ishna L9
78,10
52,77
5,46
54,42
7,0
12
Macedonian
basil
60,85
70,15
5,10
54,40
6,0
13
Dwa basil
Sma ald
29,40
37,20
4,00
11,80
7,0
14
Da k Opal ed
basil
56,56
36,10
3,28
30,10
4,0
15
Siam Queen
Basil
51,48
46,29
4,30
28,61
7,0
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16
Basil cinnamon
110,50
85,60
6,10
97,30
9,0
(su sa/sou ce o iginală)
The esul s o he biome ic measu emen s allowed he basil geno ypes o be classi ied in o h ee g oups: weak
geno ypes o small s a u e (40-50 cm), such as Dwa basil, Spicy Gloge basil, G eek basil, Siam Queen basil; medium
igou geno ypes, 60-90 cm, such as Swee Basil, Pe sian Basil, G and Ve Basil, Da k Opal Red Basil; and he hi d g oup
is he g oup o igo ous geno ypes, all, 90-110 cm, such as Cinnamon Basil, Holy Basil, A ican Basil, Se a im Basil, and
Buzău A oma ic Basil.
Table 3 Resul s ega ding he weigh o g een mass o basil o he 16 geno ypes s udied, o e he 3 yea s alloca ed o
he esea ch
N c .
Geno ypes s udied
A e age g een mass weigh (in lo escences and lea es) (g)
1.
A oma ic Basil om Buzau
360,32
2
Pu ple basil Se a im
240,12
3
Swee basil L1
145,12
4
Lemon basil L2
236,20
5
G eek basil
150,56
6
Basil wi h salad lea es L4
263,40
7
G and Ve Basil L5
220,30
8
Pe sian basil
260,48
9
Spicy Globe Basil L7
169,51
10
A ican basil L8
199,00
11
Holy basil a . K ishna L9
288,11
12
Macedonian basil
185,85
13
Dwa basil Sma ald
135,40
14
Da k Opal ed basil
290,56
15
Siam Queen Basil
291,48
16
Basil cinnamon
290,10
(sou ce o iginal)
Table 3 shows he esul s o he g een mass weigh pa ame e (in lo escences and lea es), which is impo an o he
dis illa ion p ocess and he p oduc ion o essen ial oils. The highes a e age g een mass was eco ded o he A oma
de Buzău geno ype wi h a alue o 360.32 g, ollowed by he Siam Queen basil geno ype wi h 291.48 g, Red Da k Opal
basil wi h 290.56 g, and Basil cinnamon wi h 290.10 g. The a e age g een mass depends on he geno ype and
en i onmen al condi ions. This pa ame e is closely ela ed o and in luences he con en o ola ile subs ances ha a e
so aluable in plan p ocessing. The ge mina ion pe iod o basil seeds is an impo an pa ame e ha a ies om
geno ype o geno ype. Fo his pu pose, obse a ions ela ed o seed ge mina ion we e made. They we e sown on Ma ch
12 o all geno ypes, in he same spaces and condi ions.
Resul s ega ding he a e age ge mina ion pe iod (p esen ed in Table 4.) a e also a pa ame e ha a ies mainly
depending on he geno ype, so ha he longes a e age ge mina ion pe iod was eco ded o he Holy Basil a . K ishna
geno ype wi h 25 days, ollowed by he Pe sian basil geno ype wi h an a e age alue o 16.66 days, he G eek basil
geno ype wi h a e age alues o 14.66 days, as well as he Limine o basil geno ype wi h a e age alues o 14.66 days
and he dwa basil geno ype wi h a e age alues o 14.66 days, hen he Cinnamon Basil geno ypes, wi h a e age alues
o 14 days. The lowes alues o he a e age ge mina ion pe iod we e eco ded o he Swee Basil geno ypes wi h 10
days, ollowed by he Buzău A oma ic Basil geno ype wi h a e age alues o 10.33 days. O he alues we e eco ded o
he Se a im basil geno ypes, wi h a e age alues o 11 days, ollowed by Macedon basil, wi h 11.33 days.
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Table 4 Resul s ega ding he a e age alues o he ge mina ion pe iod o he 16 geno ypes s udied, o e he 3 yea s
alloca ed o he esea ch
N
c .
Geno ypes
s udied
Ge mina ion
pe iod (days) -
2022
Ge mina ion
pe iod (days) -
2023
Ge mina ion
pe iod (days) -
2024
A e age numbe o
days o ge mina ion
1.
A oma ic Basil
om Buzau
10
11
10
10,33
2
Pu ple basil
Se a im
11
12
10
11,00
3
Swee basil L1
10
9
11
10,00
4
Lemon basil L2
15
14
15
14,66
5
G eek basil
16
15
13
14,66
6
Basil wi h salad
lea es L4
13
12
14
13,00
7
G and Ve Basil
L5
10
11
12
11,00
8
Pe sian basil
17
17
16
16,66
9
Spicy Globe
Basil L7
13
12
13
12,66
10
A ican basil L8
14
12
13
13,00
11
Holy basil a .
K ishna L9
25
24
26
25,00
12
Macedonian
basil
11
12
11
11,33
13
Dwa basil
Sma ald
15
14
15
14,66
14
Da k Opal ed
basil
14
13
14
13,66
15
Siam Queen
Basil
15
12
14
13,66
16
Basil cinnamon
14
14
14
14,00
(sou ce o iginal)
4. Conclusions
The conclusions o he biome ic de e mina ions allowed he basil geno ypes o be classi ied in o h ee g oups: weak
geno ypes o small s a u e (40-50 cm), such as Dwa basil, Spicy Gloge basil, G eek basil, Siam Queen basil; medium
igou geno ypes, 60-90 cm, such as Swee Basil, Pe sian Basil, G and Ve Basil, Da k Opal Red Basil; and he hi d g oup
is he g oup o igo ous geno ypes, all, 90-110 cm, such as Cinnamon Basil, Holy Basil, A ican Basil, Se a im Basil, and
Buzău A oma ic Basil. The a e age g een mass depends on he geno ype and en i onmen al condi ions. This pa ame e
is closely ela ed o and in luences he con en o ola ile subs ances ha a e so aluable in plan p ocessing. The highes
a e age g een mass was eco ded in he Buzău A oma ic geno ype wi h a alue o 360.32 g, he Siam Queen Basil
geno ype wi h 291.48 g, Da k Opal Red Basil wi h 290.56 g, and Cinnamon Basil wi h 290.10 g. The conclusion ega ding
he a e age alues o he seed ge mina ion pe iod a ies om geno ype o geno ype, being in insic alues o each
geno ype cha ac e is ic ma ked in hei gene ic s uc u e. The lowes a e age ge mina ion pe iod alues we e eco ded
o he Swee Basil geno ypes wi h 10 days, ollowed by he Buzău A oma ic Basil geno ype wi h a e age alues o 10.33
days. O he alues we e eco ded o he Busuioc Se a im geno ypes, wi h a e age alues o 11 days, ollowed by Busuioc
Macedon wi h 11.33 days.
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Compliance wi h e hical s anda ds
Disclosu e o con lic o in e es
No con lic o in e es o be disclosed.
Re e ences
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