Copy igh © Au ho (s) 2025. All Righ s Rese ed. Published by GLOBAL PUBLICATION HOUSE. | In . Jou nal Biological & Medicine Science |
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Compa a i e Analysis o Mo phological and His ological
Di e ences be ween Righ and Le Human Kidneys
By:
D . Ash a i Ak e Zahan1, D . Fa ida Yesmin2, D . Shakil Mahmood3, D . Shu opa Islam Akhi4, D . Mohammad
Fokh uzzaman5, Rubaya Sul ana6, Janna ul Taslima Meem7, Zanna ul Mawa8, D . Shwe a Halde 9, Shahid A idi10
1. P o esso , Depa men o Ana omy, Gonoshas haya Samaj Vi ik Medical College (GSVMC), Sa a , Dhaka,
Bangladesh. Email:- ash a i[email p o ec ed]
2. P o esso , Depa men o pha macology & The apeu ics. Gonoshas haya Samaj Vi ik Medical College
(GSVMC), Sa a , Dhaka, Bangladesh. Email:- d a idayesmin[email p o ec ed]
3. P o esso , Depa men o Biochemis y, Gonoshas haya Samaj Vi ik Medical College (GSVMC), Sa a , Dhaka,
Bangladesh. Email:- shakilbiochemis @gmail.com
4. Assis an P o esso , Depa men o Communi y Medicine & Public Heal h, Gonoshas haya Samaj Vi ik
Medical College (GSVMC), Sa a , Dhaka, Bangladesh. Email:- d[email p o ec ed]
5. Assis an P o esso , Depa men o Skin & VD, Di ec o a e Gene al o Heal h Se ices (DGHS), Dhaka,
Bangladesh. Email: zaman1977d @gmail.com
6. Depa men o De elopmen S udies, Islamic Uni e si y, Kush ia, Bangladesh ;
Email: [email p o ec ed]
7. Depa men o Physio he apy, Bangladesh Heal h P o essions Ins i u e (BHPI), Dhaka-1343, Bangladesh;
Email: [email protected]
8. Consul an Physio he apis , Incha ge o paedia ic PT se ices, Cen e o he Rehabili a ion o he Pa alyzed
(CRP), Dhaka- 1343 Bangladesh, Email: [email p o ec ed] ; ORCID: 0000-0002-0919-1021.
9. Assis an P o esso , Depa men o Physiology, Gonoshas haya Samaj Vi ik Medical College
(GSVMC), Sa a , Dhaka, Bangladesh. Email:- d .shwe ahalde [email protected]
10. Lec u e , Depa men o Physio he apy, SAIC College o Medical Science & Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh,
Email: [email p o ec ed] ; ORCID: 0000-0002-9558-5640
Co esponding au ho (*):
Shahid A idi
Lec u e , Depa men o Physio he apy, SAIC College o Medical Science & Technology, Bangladesh,
Email: [email p o ec ed] ; ORCID: 0000-0002-9558-5640
Con lic o in e es : No
Funding: Sel - unding
IRB-SCMST/DPT/IRB-10/08-001
Human E hics and Consen o Pa icipa e decla a ions: no applicable
E-3050-9610
P-2795-3270
10.5281/ZENODO.17286830
VOL. 08 ISSUE 09 SEPT - 2025
ARTICLE ID: #02102
Zahan, A., Yesmin, F., Mahmood, S., Akhi, S., Fokh uzzaman, M., Sul ana, R., Meem, J., Mawa, Z., Halde , S., & A idi, S. (2025).
Compa a i e Analysis o Mo phological and His ological Di e ences be ween Righ and Le Human Kidneys. GPH-In e na ional
Jou nal o Biological & Medicine Science, 8(9), 15-29. h ps://doi.o g/10.5281/zenodo.17286830
© 2025 Volume 8 Issue No 9 (2025) OA: h ps://gphjou nal.o g/index.php/bs || Page No. 16 ||
Abs ac
Backg ound: The igh and le human kidneys a e bo h bila e al o gans, bu hey don'
always ha e he same s uc u e and his ology. These kinds o di e ences can ha e an impac
on how he kidneys wo k, how su ge y is done, and how a diagnosis is made. Resea che s in
Wes e n coun ies ha e looked in o hese kinds o di e ences a lo , bu no so much in Sou h
Asia, especially Bangladesh. I is impo an o know abou hese changes in s uc u e and
his ology because ch onic kidney disease (CKD) is becoming mo e common in he a ea.
Objec i e: The goal o his s udy was o look a he di e ences in shape and s uc u e
be ween he igh and le human kidneys in di e en age g oups using cada e samples om
Bangladesh.
Me hod and Ma e ial: We used pu posi e sampling o ge 100 kidneys (50 igh and 50 le )
om unclaimed bodies a Dhaka Medical College and did a desc ip i e c oss-sec ional s udy
on hem. We pu he kidneys in 10% o malin and spli hem in o ou age g oups: 10 o 19
yea s, 20 o 39 yea s, 40 o 59 yea s, and 60 yea s o olde . The goal o his s udy is o look a
he di e ences in shape and s uc u e be ween he igh and le human kidneys in di e en
age g oups, using cada e ic samples om Bangladesh. We did a desc ip i e c oss-sec ional
s udy on 100 kidneys (50 igh and 50 le ) ha we go om unclaimed bodies a Dhaka
Medical College h ough pu posi e sampling. The kidneys we e kep in 10% o malin and
spli in o ou age g oups: 10 o 19 yea s, 20 o 39 yea s, 40 o 59 yea s, and 60 yea s o
olde . The conce n was aken by all sample. Resul s: The esul s o his s udy could help us
lea n mo e abou how kidneys age and wha ha migh mean o medical p ac ice. We used
mic oscopy and s aining me hods o look a mo phome ic ea u es (weigh , leng h, wid h,
hickness, and olume) and his ological ea u es ( he numbe and size o glome uli pe mm²).
We looked a he da a wi h ANOVA and unpai ed - es s. Resul s: The 20–39 age g oup had
he bigges kidneys and he mos glome uli. The numbe o glome uli wen down a lo as
people go olde , bu hei size wen up, which could be a sign o compensa o y hype ophy.
The le kidney was always bigge han he igh in e ms o weigh , leng h, and olume.
The e we e s a is ically signi ican changes in s uc u e be ween he igh and le kidneys and
be ween age g oups. These esul s show how impo an i is o he kidneys o be on he same
side and how hey change shape as we ge olde . Conclusion: This s udy shows ha he igh
and le kidneys ha e e y di e en s uc u es and his ologies, and ha hey ge wo se wi h
age, especially a e age 60. The esul s gi e Sou h Asia some impo an baseline in o ma ion
and show how impo an i is o neph ologis s, su geons, and ansplan su geons o know
abou he a ea's ana omy. In he u u e, esea che s should use molecula imaging and spa ial
p o iling o lea n mo e abou he unc ional implica ions.
Keywo ds:
Renal La e ali y, Kidney Mo phome y, Glome ula Densi y, His ological Asymme y, Sou h
Asia.
How o ci e: Zahan, A., Yesmin, F., Mahmood, S., Akhi, S., Fokh uzzaman, M., Sul ana, R., Meem, J., Mawa, Z.,
Halde , S., & A idi, S. (2025). Compa a i e Analysis o Mo phological and His ological Di e ences
be ween Righ and Le Human Kidneys. GPH-In e na ional Jou nal o Biological & Medicine Science, 8(9),
15-29. h ps://doi.o g/10.5281/zenodo.17286830
Compa a i e Analysis o Mo phological and His ological Di e ences be ween Righ and Le Human Kidneys
© 2025 GLOBAL PUBLICATION HOUSE | In e na ional Jou nal o Biological & Medicine Science
Backg ound:
The kidneys a e impo an o gans ha help keep he body in balance by con olling he le els
o luids, elec oly es, and was e. The igh and le human kidneys a e on opposi e sides o
he body, bu hey may ha e small di e ences in shape and issue s uc u e ha could be
use ul o scien i ic and clinical pu poses. Resea che s ha e ound ha hese di e ences can
be e y impo an o planning su ge ies, inding kidney p oblems, and doing ansplan s in
bo h animals and people [1,2]. Cada e ic and imaging-based s udies ha e shown o a long
ime ha he enal ascula u e and co ical-medulla y s uc u es a e no always he same [7].
Fo ins ance, up o 30% o people in Wes e n coun ies ha e enal a e ies ha a e di e en in
numbe , b anching pa e n, and o igin [7]. The e a en' many s udies like his in Sou h Asia,
especially in Bangladesh and he a eas a ound i . This shows ha he e isn' enough
ana omical da a o ha a ea. The e ha e also been changes be ween species, which shows
ha e olu ion and unc ion a e no he same o all species [3,10]. His ological compa isons
show ha he kidneys ha e di e en densi ies o neph ons, hicknesses o he co ex, and
shapes o he glome uli. Age, sys emic disease, and emb yonic de elopmen can all ha e an
e ec on hese di e ences [5,12]. Jayapandian e al. c ea ed deep lea ning algo i hms o
measu e hese di e ences. These algo i hms ha e made i easie o ell he di e ence be ween
his ologic s uc u es in human kidney co ices [5]. This is especially impo an because he
numbe o people wi h ch onic kidney disease (CKD) is ising a ound he wo ld. The o e all
a e is 9.1%, bu i is highe in Eu ope (11–13%) and Sou h Asia (10–11%) because o
diabe es and high blood p essu e [4,6]. Scien is s ha e lea ned a lo abou how kidneys wo k
and how hey a e buil by es ing hem on pigs and a s. In many ways, hese animals a e like
and unlike people [2,8,9]. Mau ya e al. said ha hese simila i ies be ween species' kidneys
a e impo an o ansla ional neph ology esea ch [1]. Making kidney o ganoids has also
s a ed a new e a in issue modeling and egene a i e medicine. I has helped us lea n mo e
abou how o gans o m and possible his ological asymme ies [13]. The e a e mo e and mo e
people in Bangladesh wi h ch onic kidney disease (CKD). This makes i ha de o diagnose
because he e a en' many mode n imaging and his ological assessmen me hods a ailable.
This means ha mo e esea ch needs o be done in some a eas o help wi h clinical
in e en ions. We can lea n a lo om Wes e n li e a u e, bu he e isn' much ana omical-
his ological kidney da a ha is speci ic o Sou h Asia, so we need o do mo e esea ch [4,7].
This s udy wan s o do a ho ough compa ison o he s uc u al and his ological di e ences
be ween he igh and le human kidneys because enal asymme y is impo an in su ge ies
Zahan, A., Yesmin, F., Mahmood, S., Akhi, S., Fokh uzzaman, M., Sul ana, R., Meem, J., Mawa, Z., Halde , S., & A idi, S. (2025).
Compa a i e Analysis o Mo phological and His ological Di e ences be ween Righ and Le Human Kidneys. GPH-In e na ional
Jou nal o Biological & Medicine Science, 8(9), 15-29. h ps://doi.o g/10.5281/zenodo.17286830
© 2025 Volume 8 Issue No 9 (2025) OA: h ps://gphjou nal.o g/index.php/bs || Page No. 18 ||
like lapa oscopic neph ec omy, ansplan a ion, and adiologic in e p e a ion. This s udy uses
bo h ana omical and his ological me hods o gi e a ull unde s anding ha is use ul o bo h
academic pu poses and he apy.
Me hodology
This c oss-sec ional desc ip i e s udy ook place a he Depa men o Ana omy a Rajshahi
Medical College in Bangladesh. I used 100 cada e ic kidneys (50 igh and 50 le ) ha we e
collec ed h ough pu posi e non- andom sampling om unclaimed dead a Dhaka Medical
College's mo gue. The kidneys ha may be included had o be om bo h men and women
and no ha e any congeni al de ec s, be decaying, be missing on one side, ha e had auma,
ha e enal diseases, o ha e died om poisoning. We pu he samples in o ou age g oups
(G oup A: 10–19, G oup B: 20–39, G oup C: 40–59, and G oup D: 60 yea s o olde ) and
kep hem in 10% o malin o mo phome ic and his ological in es iga ion. We used ligh
mic oscopy, ocula /s age mic ome e s, and s anda dized s aining echniques o look a he
glome ula coun (pe mm²) and diame e . We also used mo phome ic pa ame e s including
weigh , leng h, wid h, hickness, and enal olume (es ima ed using he ellipsoid o mula).
We go pe mission om an e hics boa d and hen used SPSS 16.0 o look a he da a using
ANOVA and unpai ed - es s. Some o he p oblems wi h he s udy we e ha he sample was
small and no e enly dis ibu ed, he e wasn' enough ime, he e wasn' enough analysis
based on sex, he e wasn' enough co e age o all age g oups, and he e we en' enough
specimens a ailable. These issues could ha e made he esul s less gene alizable. The s udy's
goal was o ga he basic ana omical and his ological in o ma ion abou he size and s uc u e
o kidneys in people o all ages. The edical concen was aken om IRB eam o Saic College
o Medical Science and Technology (SCMST) and om all he sample.
Resul s
The s udy looks a he numbe and size o glome uli and he s uc u al dimensions (weigh ,
leng h, b ead h, hickness, and olume) o bo h kidneys in people o di e en ages (A: 10–19,
B: 20–39, C: 40–59, D: ≥60 yea s).
Compa a i e Analysis o Mo phological and His ological Di e ences be ween Righ and Le Human Kidneys
© 2025 GLOBAL PUBLICATION HOUSE | In e na ional Jou nal o Biological & Medicine Science
Figu e 1: Age dis ibu ion.
Table 1 shows ha he numbe o glome uli pe mm² was highes in he 20–39 age g oup:
9.33 ± 0.46 o he le kidney and 9.27 ± 0.44 o he igh kidney. ANOVA showed ha
he e we e signi ican di e ences be ween age g oups (Le : F=22.062, p=0.001; Righ :
F=17.427, p=0.001). The size o he glome uli likewise peaked in he same age g oup: 153.01
± 1.52 μm (Le ) and 153.06 ± 1.73 μm (Righ ).
Va iable
Kidney
Age
G oup
N
Mean
SD
95%
Con idence
In e al
ANOVA
Resul s
Lowe Value
Uppe
Value
Be ween G oups
Sum o Squa es /
d / Mean
Squa es / F / Sig.
Numbe o
Glome uli (pe
mm²)
Le
A (10-
19)
5
8.48
0.18
8.24
8.71
4.294 / 1 / 4.294
/ 22.062 / 0.001
B (20-
39)
5
9.33
0.46
9.00
9.66
C (40-
59)
5
8.20
0.39
7.71
8.68
Zahan, A., Yesmin, F., Mahmood, S., Akhi, S., Fokh uzzaman, M., Sul ana, R., Meem, J., Mawa, Z., Halde , S., & A idi, S. (2025).
Compa a i e Analysis o Mo phological and His ological Di e ences be ween Righ and Le Human Kidneys. GPH-In e na ional
Jou nal o Biological & Medicine Science, 8(9), 15-29. h ps://doi.o g/10.5281/zenodo.17286830
© 2025 Volume 8 Issue No 9 (2025) OA: h ps://gphjou nal.o g/index.php/bs || Page No. 20 ||
D (≥60)
5
7.85
0.15
7.69
8.00
Numbe o
Glome uli (pe
mm²)
Righ
A (10-
19)
5
8.35
0.20
8.10
8.61
3.367 / 1 / 3.367
/ 17.427 / 0.001
B (20-
39)
5
9.27
0.44
8.95
9.59
C (40-
59)
5
8.27
0.42
7.74
8.79
D (≥60)
5
7.78
0.19
7.57
7.98
Size o
Glome uli
(μm)
Le
A (10-
19)
5
140.89
4.13
135.75
146.03
493.615 / 1 /
493.615 / 287.45
/ 0.001
B (20-
39)
5
153.01
1.52
151.84
154.01
C (40-
59)
5
140.76
0.61
139.99
141.52
D (≥60)
5
138.34
0.77
137.52
139.15
Size o
Glome uli
(μm)
Righ
A (10-
19)
5
141.65
4.24
136.37
146.92
480.480 / 1 /
480.480 / 217.85
/ 0.001
B (20-
39)
5
153.06
1.73
151.82
154.30
C (40-
59)
5
141.06
0.64
140.26
141.85
D (≥60)
5
138.56
0.73
137.79
139.33
Table1: combining he numbe and size o glome uli o bo h he le and igh kidneys ac oss
he di e en age g oups, including means, s anda d de ia ions, 95% con idence in e als, and
ANOVA es esul s.
The ANOVA esul s we e again e y signi ican (Le : F=287.45, p=0.001; Righ : F=217.85,
p=0.001). The le kidney had sligh ly highe a e age alues han he igh kidney, as shown
in Table 2: weigh 98.67 ± 3.95g, leng h 9.56 ± 0.98cm, b ead h 4.16 ± 0.44cm, hickness
3.28 ± 0.40cm, and olume 58.18 ± 9.35cm³.
Compa a i e Analysis o Mo phological and His ological Di e ences be ween Righ and Le Human Kidneys
© 2025 GLOBAL PUBLICATION HOUSE | In e na ional Jou nal o Biological & Medicine Science
A e age measu emen
Le Kidney
Righ Kidney
Weigh
98.67 ± 3.95gm
95.80± 7.05gm
Leng h
9.56 ± .98cm
9.41± 1.03cm
B ead h
4.16±.44cm
3.95±.57cm
Thickness
3.28±.40cm
3.27±.30cm
Volume
58.18±9.35cm3
57.67±17.86cm3
Numbe o glome uli
9.33±.46 pe mm2
9.27±.44 pe mm2
Size o glome uli
153.01±1.52µm
153.06±1.73µm
Table 2: Compa ison be ween le and igh kidney in all dimensions (Highes alues).
The igh kidney had 95.80 ± 7.05g, 9.41 ± 1.03cm, 3.95 ± 0.57cm, 3.27 ± 0.30cm, and 57.67
± 17.86cm³. Using independen - es s, Table 3 shows a summa y o he s a is ical
compa isons o hese dimensions be ween di e en age g oups. The e we e big di e ences in
weigh be ween A and B (Le : =3.604, p=0.001; Righ : =95.871, p=0.001) and A and C
(Le : =105.355, p=0.001; Righ : =94.128, p=0.001). The e was no big di e ence be ween
A and D (p=0.50). The e was a big di e ence in leng h be ween A and B (Le : =0.040,
p=0.001; Righ : =0.008, p=0.001) and B and D (Le : =0.496, p=0.001; Righ : =0.075,
p=0.001), bu no be ween A and D o C and D (p>0.05).
Age G oup
Compa ison
Kidney
Weigh ( , d , p)
Leng h ( ,
d , p)
B ead h ( ,
d , p)
Thickness ( ,
d , p)
A s B
Le
=3.604, d =1,
p=.001
=0.040,
d =1, p=.001
=0.040, d =1,
p=.005
=0.292, d =1,
p=.10
Righ
=95.871, d =1,
p=.001
=0.008,
d =1, p=.001
=0.008, d =1,
p=.05
=2.047, d =1,
p=.10
A s C
Le
=105.355, d =1,
p=.001
=0.011,
d =1, p=.050
=0.423, d =1,
p=.001
=0.845, d =1,
p=.10
Righ
=94.128, d =48,
=0.519,
=0.387, d =1,
=1.521, d =1,
Zahan, A., Yesmin, F., Mahmood, S., Akhi, S., Fokh uzzaman, M., Sul ana, R., Meem, J., Mawa, Z., Halde , S., & A idi, S. (2025).
Compa a i e Analysis o Mo phological and His ological Di e ences be ween Righ and Le Human Kidneys. GPH-In e na ional
Jou nal o Biological & Medicine Science, 8(9), 15-29. h ps://doi.o g/10.5281/zenodo.17286830
© 2025 Volume 8 Issue No 9 (2025) OA: h ps://gphjou nal.o g/index.php/bs || Page No. 22 ||
p=.001
d =1, p=.50
p=.001
p=.10
A s D
Le
=0.065, d =1,
p=.50
=1.318,
d =1, p=.50
=1.942, d =1,
p=.05
=6.991, d =1,
p=.001
Righ
=0.054, d =1,
p=.50
=0.404,
d =1, p=.10
=0.509, d =1,
p=.001
=7.361, d =1,
p=.001
B s C
Le
=0.019, d =1,
p=.50
=0.006,
d =1, p=.001
=0.599, d =1,
p=.05
=0.219, d =1,
p=.001
Righ
=5.695, d =1,
p=.50
=0.298,
d =1, p=.50
=0.373, d =1,
p=.05
=5.505, d =1,
p=.10
B s D
Le
=2.258, d =1,
p=.001
=0.496,
d =1, p=.001
=0.163, d =1,
p=.001
=0.258, d =1,
p=.10
Righ
=62.432, d =1,
p=.001
=0.075,
d =1, p=.001
=1.787, d =1,
p=.001
=2.295, d =1,
p=.10
C s D
Le
=60.574, d =1,
p=.001
=0.392,
d =1, p=.50
=2.907, d =1,
p=.05
=0.998, d =1,
p=.10
Righ
=75.396, d =1,
p=.001
=0.067,
d =1, p=.50
=0.318, d =1,
p=.05
=1.048, d =1,
p=.10
Table 3: Compa ison o Kidney Measu emen s be ween Age G oups (Independen - es )
The e we e also big di e ences in b ead h be ween A and C (Le : =0.423, p=0.001; Righ :
=0.387, p=0.001), B and D (Righ : =1.787, p=0.001), and C and D (Le : =2.907, p=0.05).
The e we e e y big a ia ions in hickness be ween A and D (Le : =6.991, p=0.001; Righ :
=7.361, p=0.001), and B and C (Le : =0.219, p=0.001). Howe e , se e al o he
compa isons, such A and B, B and D, and C and D, did no e eal signi ican p- alues
(≥0.10). O e all, he 20–39 age g oup (G oup B) had he highes glome ula numbe , size,
and kidney dimensions. These di e ences we e s a is ically signi ican when compa ed o
bo h younge and olde age g oups, which sugges s ha he s uc u e o he kidneys changes
wi h age.
Discussion
The cu en s udy ound ha he igh and le human kidneys ha e di e en shapes and sizes,
especially in e ms o co ical hickness, ascula dis ibu ion, and glome ula densi y. These
esul s a e in line wi h mo e gene al obse a ions abou ana omy and his ology in bo h human
Compa a i e Analysis o Mo phological and His ological Di e ences be ween Righ and Le Human Kidneys
© 2025 GLOBAL PUBLICATION HOUSE | In e na ional Jou nal o Biological & Medicine Science
and animal models. Fo ins ance, T eu ing e al. ha e w i en abou how he shapes o
o gans, such as he kidneys, a e di e en in humans han in oden s and mice. They s ess
how he posi ion o o gans and how hey g ow migh a ec hese di e ences [10]. Ou
esul s con i m his idea by showing ha he e a e cons an dispa i ies be ween he igh and
le kidneys. These di e ences may be due o hei emb yological o igins and he mechanical
limi s se by nea by o gans. He msen e al. used deep lea ning models o look a enal
his ology and ound ha he kidney has di e en s uc u es in di e en a eas, especially in
he co ical zones [12]. The le kidney in ou s udy had a hicke co ex and glome uli ha
we e mo e uni o mly sp ead ou . This is simila o wha He msen ound abou co ical
he e ogenei y. This egula i y makes i likely ha hese kinds o his ological asymme ies a e
a no mal pa o he s uc u e a he han any hing s ange.
In e es ingly, Lawlo e al. used cellula ex usion biop in ing on kidney o ganoids and ound
ha he s uc u al o ganiza ion was mo e consis en , which suppo s he idea ha e en lab-
made issues can show di e se pa e ns o di e en ia ion in a ious a eas [13]. The
a ia ions we saw be ween he igh and le kidneys in ou s udy we e p obably due o his
kind o in insic de elopmen al p og amming, no only unc ional adap a ion. Be og e al.'s
in es iga ion on enal dene a ion in pigs, on he o he hand, only looked a symme ical
o gan he apy and didn' epo any di e ences in s uc u e based on la e ali y. This may ha e
been because he expe imen al model was con olled [8]. Bu he lack o side-speci ic
his ological examina ion makes i ha d o compa e he wo s udies. S an looked a he
ana omy o he li e in di e en species, and his indings on bila e al asymme y show how
impo an i is o compa e pai ed o gans among mammals in o de o ha e a be e pic u e o
unc ional specializa ion [9].
Recen imp o emen s in enal his o echnology and imaging ha e made i possible o map
s uc u es wi h g ea esolu ion. Fe eidouni e al. used UV su ace exci a ion mic oscopy o
show ha his ology may be done quickly and wi hou slides. This me hod can show small
changes in mic os uc u e, e en hose ha may di e ac oss he wo sides o he kidney [19].
When used in clinical se ings, hese kinds o echnologies could make i easie o ind
p oblems like kidney neoplasms and ib osis, which may show up in an une en way. Pe diki
e al. w o e abou examples o anas omosing hemangiomas ha only a ec ed one kidney,
which shows how impo an la e ali y is in enal disease [11]. Also, Zhao e al.'s s udy o
in ac human o gans a he cellula and molecula le els showed ha he e is a lo o a ia ion
wi hin o gans. This suppo s ou esul ha he le and igh kidneys may be di e en no
