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A LORAWAN-BASED IOT ARCHITECTURE FOR REAL-TIME FLOOD SENSING
AND SAFETY NOTIFICATION VIA SMS
Hidea Tali ongan
P o esso , School o G adua e S udies, No hwes e n Mindanao S a e College o Science and
Technology, Philippines
Febb Kimbe ly Joy B. Edaño
S uden , School o G adua e S udies, No hwes e n Mindanao S a e College o Science and
Technology, Philippines
He be L. Limo
Diana Rose O. Cabisada
Jessel S. Re illeza
No hwes e n Mindanao S a e College o Science and Technology, Philippines
ABSTRACT
Flooding con inues o h ea en many communi ies, pa icula ly whe e wa e le el moni o ing and wa ning
p ocesses emain manual and slow. This s udy aims o design and simula e a sma lood managemen sys em
ha au oma es wa e le el de ec ion, long ange da a ansmission, and SMS based ale no i ica ion. The
pu pose o he esea ch is o add ess delays in in o ma ion low du ing lood e en s and o p o ide an e icien
mechanism ha suppo s imely disas e p epa edness and esponse. A design and simula ion app oach was
employed o de elop he sys em a chi ec u e, in eg a ing LoRaWAN o emo e da a communica ion and an
SMS ga eway o he au oma ed dissemina ion o ale s.
Resul s om he simula ion show ha he sys em achie ed s able long- ange ansmission, low powe
consump ion, and a e y accep able success a e in sending SMS ale s once h eshold le els we e eached.
Dashboa d componen s, message o ma s, and moni o ing unc ions pe o med acco ding o he expec ed design
equi emen s. These indings indica e ha he sys em is easible, eliable, and sui able o enhancing ea ly
wa ning capabili ies in lood p one communi ies. Fu he ield es ing and e en ual deploymen a e
ecommended o alida e he sys em’s pe o mance in eal en i onmen al condi ions and expand i s ea u es o
g ea e disas e esilience.
Keywo ds:
Wi eless Communica ion, Flood Moni o ing, Disas e P epa edness, Communi y, Ul asonic Senso
INTRODUCTION
Floods a e majo h ea s o li es and p ope y in many pa s o he [7], [12] and emain esponsible o a
signi ican po ion o disas e ela ed a ali ies and a ec ed popula ions [14]. As hese e en s con inue o occu
in a ious egions, hey highligh he inc easing ulne abili y o communi ies o na u al haza ds. Since looding
is ine i able esul ing om he na u al ain all uno p ocess [18] his means ha he e is a need o an ea ly
wa ning sys em o loods o educe po en ial casual ies, enhance he e icacy o disas e isk educ ion e o s,
and play an essen ial pa in boos ing adap abili y o loods. This emphasizes he impo ance o p epa edness
and he necessi y o sys ems ha can espond p omp ly o lood ela ed condi ions.
The wo ldwide damage caused by looding has been ex emely se e e in ecen decades [9], showing he
widesp ead impac o his na u al phenomenon. Flood has he cos lies damaged p ope ies and a ec s mos
people among all na u al disas e s [20]. I may cause e osion o land slippage [21] and cause many damages o
ag icul u al lands and esiden ial a eas which demons a es how looding con inues o dis up bo h he
en i onmen and human se lemen s [23]. These e ec s con ibu e o long e m challenges o communi ies and
equi e mo e e ec i e s a egies o minimize losses.
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A lood managemen s udy was s a ed by esea che s such as Uma, Hassan, Sung, and Loong. Conce ning he
well-de ined p ocedu es o lood managemen and isk educ ion, Uma adap ed he s ages o ope a ional isk
managemen in his esea ch on lood isk and lood managemen [23], Hassan men ioned key ac o s o u u e
lood isk managemen in hei s udy on he dilemmas and pa hways o dealing wi h lood p oblems [12], Sung
has s a ed p e e ence choice models in his s udy on moun ainous a eas choices o eloca ion o lood ee a eas
[21], and Loong s a ed he impo ance o IoT de ices o lood o ecas ing models. Acco ding o Sung e al.,
p olonged looding and ain ha e caused de as a ion and p oblems in low-lying a eas [21]. In hei indings,
Des a e al., summa ized basic key poin s om au ho s, including highland and lowland in e ac ion p ocesses
and how he ac i i ies o highland a eas may con ibu e in e ms o looding in low-lying a eas.
Acco ding o he a icle “IOT Sys em: Wa e Le el Moni o ing o Flood Managemen ” by Hassan e al. 2020,
loods a e a common na u al disas e a ound he wo ld. I endange s people and causes dea h, inju y, damage,
and signi ican p ope y loss. Floods a e ega ded as a common calami y in Malaysia, mo e speci ically he
wea he du ing he end o he yea . Wi h he ad ancemen o echnology, wa ning sys ems o lood
managemen ha e p og essed quickly. The Sho Message Se ice (SMS) o he Global Sys em o Mobile
Communica ions is used by hese de ices o le people know ahead o ime. Fo he implemen a ion, i uses he
A duino boa d o manage he en i e sys em and GSM shields o ansmi ing da a. These se e as a ounda ion
o hese ea ly wa ning sys ems. The model assesses he wa e le el using senso s such as a loa swi ch senso .
Da a collec ion ollows analyzing he le el o eme gency based on he h eshold le el se . When a h eshold
alue is igge ed, a wa ning message is hen sen o he communi y. SMS is used o connec he a ious sys em
componen s o e he GSM ne wo k.
Based on Ragnoli e al., “Flooding is a common phenomenon in bo h ypes o en i onmen in u al and u ban
a eas. Due o ce ain geog aphical ea u es, he se e i y o looding di e s, such as he p esence o i e s o
lakes nea a esiden ial a ea” [16]. The design, implemen a ion, and es esul s a e p esen ed in his pape o a
LoRa based lood moni o ing sys em es ed in a eal wo ld scena io. Using a modula app oach, he sys em is
capable o being linked o a ious pe iphe als o senso s wi hou changing oo much on he ha dwa e and he
whole sys em’s a chi ec u e. A de ice linked o senso s and a mic ocon olle ha is a ached o a LoRa wi eless
module o sending da a. The in o ma ion is subsequen ly handled and kep in a web o ma , whe e a
no i ica ion ea u e is es ablished in case o looding.
Soh e al. in “Ri e bank Moni o ing using Image P ocessing o Ea ly Flood Wa ning Sys em ia IoT” desc ibe
a sys em ha obse es i e wa e le els using image p ocessing by analyzing he di e ence be ween he wa e
heigh as well as he wa e le el on he i e bank. The assessed lood in ensi y is ansmi ed o an IoT pla o m
ha ale s indi iduals when a c i ical h eshold is me .
In he s udy “ De elopmen o a sma sensing uni o LoRaWAN-based IoT lood moni o ing and wa ning
sys em in ca chmen a eas” by Zaka ia e al, hey ha e de eloped a new way using a model o de ec ing ea ly
lood wa ning signs conside ing ha hei sys em is use iendly and p o ide eal ime da a. In sensing wa e
le el da a, hey ook ad an age o ul asonic sensing de ices, which help in ale ing in in-cha ge o ices and
possible a ec ed indi iduals o a p obable looding. The sys em also in eg a es ea u es ha allow he
communi y o inqui e on he cu en o ac ual wa e le el, speci ically i s s a us on he selec ed a ea o
moni o ing h ough he dashboa d o a mobile applica ion. The aim o hei s udy is o gi e knowledge o he
p epa a ion o ci izens whene e a lood is coming. Thei wo k u ilizes A duino as he b ain o he sys em
connec ed wi h pe iphe als such as ul asonic senso s moni o ed h ough web-based dashboa d.
Based on he p ojec o Hashemi-Beni e al., which is “ A low cos IoT based deep lea ning me hod o wa e
gauge measu emen o lood moni o ing”, hey analyzed he echnical challenges o lood moni o ing de ices.
As i s lood de ec ion me hod, hei sys em used image p ocessing and used se e al senso s which a e g ound
based came a/ CCTV Came as, wa e le el senso s, ain all senso s and came a based gauge sys ems o
di e en pu poses o inc ease he eliabili y. Quan i ying key pa ame e s in lood de ec ion, speci ically
p ecipi a ion a e, image based in o ma ion, and algo i hmic pe o mance, he ga he ed da a is p omp ly
ansmi ed o he public in eal- ime.
Acco ding o a li e a u e by Des a e al., 2024, na u al phenomena such as loods and hea y ain all a e
ine i able and some imes unexpec ed ha can cause minimal o majo casual ies and des uc ion o many homes
and in as uc u es. To a oid majo e ec s o hese na u ally occu ing phenomena, Flood Moni o ing Sys ems
(FMS) a e buil o his eason. Many agencies, mos commonly he ci il p o ec ion agencies uses a ious ypes
o sys em designed o moni o lood le els. Howe e , mos o hese sys ems a e e y expensi e and di icul o
use and main ain. Mos con en ional channel lock ga es a e manually ope a ed and lack eal- ime moni o ing o
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wa e le els, which can lead o channel o e lows and lash loods. Elec onic de ices, especially au oma ed
elec onic de ices, play an impo an ole in ou mode n li e. The ad ancemen o elec onic de ices o
nanoscale dimensions has led o imp o emen s in mic ocon olle a chi ec u es and hei da a p ocessing
capabili ies. Clima e change s ands as a signi ican challenge ha has con ounded global leade s, esul ing in he
hinning o he ozone. Few coun ies in he wo ld ha e been hi by a de as a ing hu icane ha caused billions
o dolla s in p ope y damage and housands o dea hs.
Based on he a icle “Design o In o ma ion Moni o ing Sys em Flood Based In e ne o Things (IoT)” esea ch
has been done by ea lie esea che s o help c ea e ca as ophe in o ma ion and communica ion sys ems. Analog
echnology, web based digi al echnology, mobile applica ions, and o he ad ancemen s ha e all been made in
sys em esea ch and de elopmen [1]. The e ha e been g adual changes in echnology, such as he in oduc ion
o ea ly de ec ion and wa ning sys em o lood ha communica e p ecipi a ion heigh in o ma ion in eal- ime
[14]. One ul asonic senso is used in he s udy as bo h he inpu and ou pu componen s, wi h he web se e
ac ing as he ou pu componen . In addi ion o using web based ou pu on hese kind o sys ems, he e a e
in o ma ion sys ems ha u ilizes GSM o communica ion, such as he p o o ype i e moni o ing in o ma ion
sys em, Building Based GSM Module [18].
In he u al a ea o Mozambique, LoRaWAN is e alua ed in e ms o i s connec i i y and eliabili y on bo h
dis ance and e ain ele a ion. LoRaWAN has imp o ed he co e age e en in he use o only basic ha dwa e [8],
[24], making i a good pai o in eg a ion o ea ly lood wa ning sys ems. Also, LoRaWAN is a low powe ed
connec i i y making i good o ba e y powe ed senso s and ac ua o s [15], [19]. Rela ed o hese indings many
esea ches ha e also used Lo aWAN along wi h o he senso s and modules o lood wa ning [17] such as high-
pe o mance p essu e senso [22].
In he pape "De elopmen and Implemen a ion o an IoT Based Ea ly Flood De ec ion and
Moni o ing Sys em U ilizing Time Se ies Fo ecas ing o Real-Time Ale s in Resou ce Cons ained
En i onmen s” [13], looding is one o he na u al calami ies ha canno be p e en ed. I occu ed oo quickly
and impac ed a la ge numbe o houses and li es. Be o e his, he majo i y o he sys ems ha ha e been c ea ed
ha e only been a ge ed a a ew a eas. In addi ion, because hey lack any in o ma ion o s a is ics ega ding he
wea he , he bulk o he popula ion is unawa e o when he lood will occu . All he p oblems wi h he cu en
me hod can be ixed wi h a sma IoT lood moni o ing sys em [11]. The sugges ed echnique wo ks well in
u ban and u al se ings. In Malaysia, a mix o na u al and human elemen s leads o looding. His o ically,
Malaysians a e a i e ine communi y, as ea ly inhabi an s es ablished hemsel es along he banks o he
peninsula's majo i e s. Combined wi h na u al elemen s like hea y monsoon ains, se e e con ec i e s o ms,
inadequa e d ainage, and a ious local in luences, loods ha e become a equen occu ence in he li es o
many Malaysians. Based on his a icle, he web-based IoT pla o m is u ilized, and i o e s an open API se ice
ha s o es and e ie es senso da a, displaying he li e sensed da a on dashboa ds. The sugges ed sys em will
o e an uncomplica ed and undamen al moni o ing in e ace, adequa e in o ma ion on lood le els, and
upcoming sho e m wa e le el o ecas s.
Th ough he use o published a icles, ga he ed ideas ha a e simila o he me hods, such as he s udy o
Siddique e al. abou he use o Wi eless senso ne wo ks (WSNs) [4] and he need o a eliable wa ning sys em
ha gi es an ea ly de ec ion ea u e o lood disas e s in he s udy o Soh e al. a e conside ed as a help in
de eloping he said au oma ed sys em. The ga he ed da a can be conside ed bene icial o he sys em and should
be included, such as Flood Haza d Mapping, he s udy o Basnya e al., which has a i al componen o
app op ia e planning in lood p one a eas. Unlike o he s udies, like Hassan e al. ha ha e a lood moni o ing
sys em h ough he use o Sho Message Se ice (SMS) ia Global Sys em o Mobile Communica ions (GSM)
[6] o sending ale no i ica ions, he p ojec will use LoRaWan o a oid in e up ion in case o a powe ou age
and signal in e e ence.
OBJECTIVES
Disas e isk educ ion and managemen o ices ha e s a o moni o wa e le els in he highlands and manually
ale hei o ice h ough adio when an eme gency le el is obse ed. The said sys em is said o be implemen ed
o lood ale s. The o ice hen ala ms he communi y h ough a si en wa ning. Howe e , p oblems s ill su ace
wi h hei exis ing sys em due o some delays wi h hei manual sys em. To p o ide a majo change and solu ion
o he exis ing p oblem, his p ojec aims o design and simula e a (1) Wa e Le el Senso de ice (a p o o ype)
and a so wa e o Flood Sa e y No i ica ion B oadcas Sys em, and (2) pe o m a simula ion o he de ice and
he so wa e o p esen i s signi icance o add ess he eal wo ld si ua ion o lood inciden s.
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METHODOLOGY
Resea ch Design. The Agile me hod will be used o speci y which asks will be comple ed a each
s age o he web sys em de elopmen p ocess. I is a de ailed plan o managing a p ojec by b eaking i down
in o phases. I en ails cons an clien collabo a ion and con inuous imp o emen a e e y s age. The li e cycle is
a me hodology o enhancing so wa e quali y and he de elopmen p ocess as a whole.
Figu e 1 Agile Model
The ollowing a e he phases o he model:
Plan: Se up he i s and equipmen necessa y o p oduc ion op imiza ion. To es ablish he beginning poin and
condi ion
Design: The clien is in ol ed in he p ojec om he beginning, and hei eedback is essen ial. We selec ed
echnologies like A duino and LoRa and e iewed op ions wi h he clien .
De elopmen : equen ly deli e ed using sp in s. Tes ing eedback and any adjus men s mus be made
immedia ely.
Tes : To ensu e ha he p ocess is ope a ing as in ended, hese GV epo s
Deploymen : Th ough egula eedback, he clien con ibu es o he sys em imp o emen
Re iew: This is o gua an ee ha essen ial me ics a e success ully e iewed and acked
Launch: The s aged elease o he comple e sys em p ojec is being p epa ed o he whole.
Analysis. Weigh ed mean and hema ic analysis we e applied as s a is ical echniques o examine he da a
ecei ed om su ey ques ionnai es dis ibu ed o he pa icipan s o his s udy o de e mine he deg ee o
sys em app o al. The 3 poin Like scale was used o abula e and analyze he da a.
Ra ing Scale:
The end use will be gi en a su ey o m o comple e o he collec ion o da a and in o ma ion(s). I is a h ee
i em su ey ques ionnai e whe e esponses a e a ed in 3-1-poin sco es wi h espec i e e bal in e p e a ions.
Poin s Ve bal In e p e a ion
3 poin s Ve y Accep able
2 poin s Accep able
1 poin No Accep able
The Like scale is s uc u ed and weigh ed as ollows: e y accep able = 3, accep able = 2, and no accep able =
1. The ollowing decision ule was used:
Range o he Weigh ed Mean
Range o he Weigh ed
Mean
Range o he Weigh ed
Mean
2.8 – 3.0
3
Ve y Accep able
(Func ionali ies a e well
unde s ood by he use )
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1.9 – 2.7
2
Accep able (Func ionali ies
o he sys em a e
somewha unde s ood by
he use o accep ed wi h a
mino condi ion)
1.0 – 1.8
1
No Accep able (The
unc ionali ies o he
sys em a e no unde s ood
and a e no clea o he
use )
1.9 – 2.7
2
Accep able (Func ionali ies
o he sys em a e
somewha unde s ood by
he use o accep ed wi h a
mino condi ion)
(Table 1, Like Scale)
Cu en Technical Si ua ions. Cu en ly, he s a manually moni o s he wa e le el in a dam and
epo s o he o ice whene e a ce ain le el is no iced h ough adio.
Figu e 2 Cu en Technical Si ua ion
Design o So wa e, Sys em, and P ocesses. Con inuous da a gene a ion by he senso s (acco ding o he se
ime in e al) will be sen h ough a sola -powe ed LoRaWan ( ansmi e ) o he ecei ing LoRaWan. The
ecei ed da a will hen be shown as a g aph o display his o ical da a. When ce ain wa ning le els a e eached,
he sys em sends he ale message o he egis e ed phone numbe s in he sys em’s da abase h ough SMS,
which will be ansmi ed o he nea es cell owe . F om he cell owe , he eme gency message is passed o an
SMS cen e (SMSC). F om he cen e , he message is o wa ded o he nea es cell owe o he communi y
phone numbe s ha a e egis e ed in he sys em.
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Figu e 3 Sys em A chi ec u e
Con ex Diag am. Figu e 4 p esen s a isual summa y o he en i ies ha a e pa o and included in he sys em.
The diag am depic s he co e unc ionali ies o a sys em along wi h he pa icipan s ha engage wi h i . The
diag am ea u es h ee p ima y pa icipan s: he adminis a o , he egis e ed con ac numbe o he communi y,
and he wa e le el senso ha gains alue om he sys em. The unc ions on he on end a e p ima ily
managed by he use , while he admin akes ca e o he back end o adding in o ma ion.
Figu e 4 Con ex Diag am
Da a Flow Diag am. The Flood Sa e y No i ica ion B oadcas Sys em’s DFD Figu e 5 p esen s a summa y o
he sys em's comp ehensi e da a managemen . One node signi ies he p ima y p ocess, ou side en i ies (use s),
and in o ma ion (inpu s and ou pu s). This le el illus a es he comple e s uc u e as one bubble, ea u ing
incoming and ou going indica o s ha show da a inpu and ou pu .
Figu e 5 Da a Flow Diag am
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Func ional Decomposi ion Diag am. The Func ional Decomposi ion Diag am ep esen s he whole unc ion
and all he necessa y sub- asks needed o comple e he sys em. The sys em has he admin along wi h i s ask o
con ol he sys em. This b eaks down he la ge p ocess o he sys em o show he o e all p ocesses.
Figu e 6 Func ional Decomposi ion Diag am
En i y Rela ionship Diag am. The En i y Rela ionship Diag am ep esen s he ela ionship be ween wo
en i ies whe e he da abase ha will be c ea ed is deno ed. Each class will keep ack o and sa e in o ma ion.
The i e and communi y da a a e used o un he sys em. Each class has a ibu es ha desc ibe he objec 's
p ope ies and s a e. Some o he classes also ha e ac ions o unc ions a ailable o hem.
Figu e 7 En i y Rela ionship Diag am
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
O e iew o Simula ion and Findings. The designed and simula ed LoRaWAN–SMS Flood Sa e y
No i ica ion B oadcas Sys em demons a ed an e ec i e capabili y o suppo ea ly wa ning e o s in disas e
p one a eas. The simula ion esul s show ha he sys em success ully collec ed wa e le el da a om senso
nodes, ansmi ed he in o ma ion h ough LoRaWAN, and dissemina ed wa ning messages ia SMS when
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h eshold le els we e eached. These indings align wi h p e ious s udies con i ming he eliabili y o
LoRaWAN ne wo ks o long ange, low powe lood moni o ing applica ions [3], [5], [25].
The o e all pe o mance indica es ha he sys em can enhance disas e p epa edness by enabling imely ale s
and educing dependence on manual moni o ing. The dashboa d de eloped o he simula ion also p o ided eal
ime isualiza ion o wa e le el condi ions, suppo ing as e in e p e a ion and decision making, an indica o
consis en wi h ea lie IoT-based moni o ing esea ch (Te e al., 2024; [2].
Ha dwa e De ices. The igu e shows ha on he igh side a e he wo a duino and LoRa shields ( ansmi e )
wi h an enna and ul asonic senso s used o sense wa e le el om he i e . The le side is he LoRa shield
( ecei e ) wi h an enna, which will be connec ed o a compu e and used o ecei e da a om he wo LoRa
ansmi e s. In he op le co ne is he GSM module connec ed o he A duino. The GSM sends messages
au oma ically when he sys em ecei es wa e le el da a ha is conside ed as Le el 1, 2 o 3.
Figu e 8 En i y Rela ionship Diag am
A duino sc ip s mus be uploaded i s o he A duino mic ocon olle boa d o he buil p o o ype o wo k
p ope ly. To see i he sc ip p oduces he desi ed esul s, i was e alua ed wi h he use o he A duino IDE in a
es en i onmen . The py hon sc ip s mus un o he GSM and LoRa shield o s a ecei ing and sending
messages i condi ions a e me .
Figu e 9 Recei ing Da a
Func ionali y Tes ing. Table 2 displays he esponses om he o ice in-cha ge o he p o ided ques ionnai e,
which consis s o 15 en ies. The ques ionnai e con ains, o he i s column, he pe o mance e alua ion o i s
key a ibu es. Fo he second column, he weigh ed mean o each i em and o he las column is he a ing
which is he in e p e a ion o he weigh ed a e age. These i ems a e answe ed by i e (5) admin pa icipan s
om he o ice in-cha ge o disas e and isk p epa edness. F om hese esul s, he indings showed ha all he
i ems o pe o mance e alua ion o he key a ibu es a e e y accep able. Thus, making he sys em iable o
i s in ended pu pose.
Range o he Weigh ed Mean
Weigh ed Mean
Ra ing
1. The sys em allows he adminis a o
o iew he wa e le el in e e y da e.
3.0
Ve y Accep able
2. The sys em allows he adminis a o
3.0
Ve y Accep able
Volume-09 Issue 11, No embe -2025 ISSN: 2456-9348
Impac Fac o : 8.232
In e na ional Jou nal o Enginee ing Technology Resea ch & Managemen
(IJETRM)
h ps://ije m.com/
IJETRM (h p://ije m.com/) [389]
(Table 2, O e iew and Key Pe o mance A ibu es)
Message Deli e y and Ale Pe o mance. Table 3 displays he esponses om he o ice in-cha ge o he
p o ided ques ionnai e, which consis s o 15 en ies. The ques ionnai e con ains, o he i s column, he
pe o mance e alua ion o he message deli e y. Fo he second column, he weigh ed a e age o each
ques ion and o he las column is he a ing which is he in e p e a ion o he weigh ed a e age. These i ems
a e answe ed by i e (5) admin pa icipan s om he o ice in-cha ge o disas e and isk p epa edness. F om
hese esul s, he indings showed ha all he i ems o pe o mance e alua ion o message deli e y, a e e y
accep able. Thus, making he sys em iable in e ms o wa ning message deli e y.
o edi and upda e hei accoun .
3. The sys em allows he adminis a o
o iew he de ails o he sys em.
3.0
Ve y Accep able
4. The sys em allows he adminis a o
o add wa ning messages.
3.0
Ve y Accep able
5. The sys em allows he adminis a o
o edi , dele e and upda e he wa ning
messages.
3.0
Ve y Accep able
6. The sys em allows he adminis a o
o iew he messages.
3.0
Ve y Accep able
7. The sys em allows he adminis a o
o add new con ac s.
3.0
Ve y Accep able
8. The sys em allows he adminis a o
o show en ies o con ac s.
3.0
Ve y Accep able
9. The sys em allows he adminis a o
o edi , dele e and upda e he con ac s.
3.0
Ve y Accep able
10. The sys em allows he adminis a o
o iew he de ails o he con ac s.
3.0
Ve y Accep able
11. The sys em allows he adminis a o
o sea ch he egis e ed con ac s.
3.0
Ve y Accep able
12. The sys em allows he adminis a o
o add a new senso .
3.0
Ve y Accep able
13. The sys em allows he adminis a o
o edi , dele e and upda e he senso .
3.0
Ve y Accep able
14. The sys em allows he adminis a o
o iew he de ails o he senso .
3.0
Ve y Accep able
15. The sys em allows he adminis a o
o iew he map.
3.0
Ve y Accep able
