D1.1 Requirements Baseline for Biodiversity of the Coastal Ocean: Monitoring with Earth Observation (BiCOME)

Ea h Obse a ion Science o Socie y” elemen o Fu u eEO-1 BIODIVERSITY+
PRECURSORS
Biodi e si y o he Coas al Ocean: Moni o ing wi h
Ea h Obse a ion
D1.1 Requi emen s Baseline
Issue 5.0
Da e 9 Sep embe 2022
Re .: BiCOME-DEL-1.1
ESA con ac no. 4000135756/21/I-EF
ESA con ac no. 4000135756/21/I-EF Page 2 o 56
EUROPEAN SPACE AGENCY
CONTRACT REPORT
The wo k desc ibed in his epo was done unde ESA con ac .
Responsibili y o he con en s esides in he au ho o o ganisa ion ha p epa ed i .
ESA con ac no. 4000135756/21/I-EF Page 3 o 56
P ojec name: Biodi e si y o he Coas al Ocean: Moni o ing wi h Ea h Obse a ion (BiCOME)
Documen i le: D1.1: Baseline equi emen s
Re e ence no.: BiCOME-DEL-1.1
Issue da e: 9 Sep embe 2022
Issue and e ision: 5.0; ela ed o SPTM 5.0
ESA con ac no.: 4000135756/21/I-EF
O ganiza ion: Plymou h Ma ine Labo a o y, P ospec Place, PL1 3DH, Plymou h
Name
Company o Ins i u e
Signa u e
P epa ed by
Vic o Ma inez Vicen e
(VMV); S e anie
B oszei (SB); Shubha
Sa hyend ana h (SS);
Kim Hockley (KH)
PML
Dimos T aganos (DT);
A i Pu i Pe iwi (AP)
DLR
Pie e Ge nez (PG);
Lau en Ba illé (LB);
Bede Da ies (BD);
Simon Oi y (SO)
UN
Re iewed by
Ma ia Helene-Rio (MHR)
ESA
26 h Oc obe 2022,
Ja ie Concha (JC)
ESA
Dis ibu ion
lis
Ma ia Helene-Rio
ESA/ESRIN
ESA con ac no. 4000135756/21/I-EF Page 4 o 56
Ve sion
Da e
Au ho ed
Modi ica ions
1.0
18-No -2021
VMV
Ini ial d a
2.0
11-Jan-2022
SB, VMV
Inco po a ing Ea ly adop e con ibu ions om
in e iews and SAG eedback
3.0
16-Feb-2022
VMV, SO, PG, LB,
BD, AP, DT
Majo e iew aking in o accoun eedback om he
o he Biodi e si y + p ojec s
3.1
07-Ma ch-22
SS
Addi ional inpu s
3.2
21-Ma ch-22
VMV
Pos -KO+1 inco po a ing commen s. Ve sion sen o
ESA o inal commen s and SAG
3.3
18-May-22
VMV, KH, DT
Inco po a ing commen s om SAG. Final e sion.
4.0
25-July-22
VMV, KH, DT, LB, PG
Inco po a ing inal commen s om ESA MHR, JC
5.0
09-Sep -22
VMV,KH,DT,LB,PG
Inco po a ing Commen s om ESA MHR, JC
BiCOME
D1.1 Baseline Re iew
Re .: 4.0
Da e: 30 June 22
ESA con ac no. 4000135756/21/I-EF Page 5 o 56
Ac onyms
AC
A mosphe ic Co ec ion
ATBD
Algo i hm Theo e ical Basis Documen
CBD
Con en ion on Biological Di e si y
CMEMS
Cope nicus Ma ine Se ices
EBV
Essen ial Biodi e si y Va iable
ECV
Essen ial Clima e Va iable
ESA
Eu opean Space Agency
EOV
Essen ial Ocean Va iable
EUMETSAT
Eu opean O ganisa ion o he Exploi a ion o Me eo ological Sa elli es
CERTO
Cope nicus E olu ion - Resea ch o ha monised and T ansi ional wa e Obse a ion
DESIS
DLR Ea h Sensing Imaging Spec ome e
EnMAP
En i onmen al Moni o ing and Analysis P og am
GOOS
Global Ocean Obse ing Sys em
IPBES
In e go e nmen al Science Policy Pla o m on Biodi e si y and Ecosys em Se ices
DESIS
DLR Ea h Sens-ing Imag-ing Spec- om-e- e
OCCCI
Ocean Colou Clima e Change Ini ia i e
PRISMA
Hype spec al P ecu so and Applica ion Mission
PVR
P oduc Valida ion Repo
SDG
UN Sus ainable De elopmen Goals
EnMAP
En i onmen al Moni o ing and Analysis P og am
SPTM
Science and Policy T aceabili y Ma ix
VENµS
Vege a ion and En i onmen moni o ing on a New Mic oSa elli e
PVR
P oduc Valida ion Repo

BiCOME
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Da e: 30 June 22
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Table o Con en s
1 In oduc ion ................................................................................................................................. 10
1.1 Pu pose and scope .............................................................................................................. 10
2 F amewo k and o ma o he e ised SPTM .............................................................................. 11
2.1 Aligning b oad scien i ic ques ions wi h policy d i e s ....................................................... 12
2.2 Connec ing scien i ic ques ions and policy d i e s wi h emo e sensing h ough Essen ial
Ocean and Biodi e si y a iables .................................................................................................... 17
3 In e idal ecosys ems .................................................................................................................. 22
3.1 Science ques ions ................................................................................................................ 22
3.2 Policy ques ions ................................................................................................................... 23
3.3 In e idal Ea ly Adop e s speci ic equi emen s ................................................................. 24
3.4 Algo i hms a ailable ............................................................................................................ 27
3.5 Da ase s a ailable ................................................................................................................ 28
3.6 Po en ial limi a ions o he app oach ................................................................................. 29
3.7 Conclusions .......................................................................................................................... 29
4 Sub idal ecosys ems .................................................................................................................... 31
4.1 Science ques ions ................................................................................................................ 31
4.2 Policy ques ions ................................................................................................................... 32
4.3 Sub idal Ea ly Adop e s speci ic equi emen s ................................................................... 32
4.4 Algo i hms ........................................................................................................................... 34
4.5 Da ase s ............................................................................................................................... 34
4.6 Po en ial limi a ions om he app oach ............................................................................. 35
4.7 Conclusions .......................................................................................................................... 36
5 Pelagic ecosys ems ...................................................................................................................... 37
5.1 Science ques ions ................................................................................................................ 37
5.2 Policy ques ions ................................................................................................................... 39
5.3 Pelagic Ea ly Adop e s Speci ic Requi emen s .................................................................... 40
5.4 Algo i hms ........................................................................................................................... 42
5.5 Da ase s ............................................................................................................................... 46
5.5.1 Phy oplank on blooms and seascapes ........................................................................ 46
5.5.2 Floa ing ege a ion ...................................................................................................... 46
5.6 Challenges and po en ial limi a ions om he app oach ................................................... 47
5.7 Conclusions .......................................................................................................................... 47
6 Gene al conclusions .................................................................................................................... 48
7 Re e ences ................................................................................................................................... 49
Appendix 1: Glossa y ........................................................................................................................... 55
BiCOME
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Lis o igu es
Figu e 1: Sequen ial p ocess o he cons uc ion o he Science and Policy T aceabili y Ma ix (SPTM)
in he sp eadshee . The numbe ed i ems co espond o he abs in he sp eadshee . 11
Figu e 2: Expanding he ela ionship be ween Essen ial Ocean Va iables (EOV) and Essen ial
Biodi e si y Va iables (EBV). F om Mulle -Ka ge MBON (2021) slide, ci ing Pe ei a e al. (2017)
and F amewo k o Ocean obse ing (GOOS, 2012). 18
Lis o ables
Table 1 Lis o Essen ial Ocean Va iables om Milosla ich e al. (2018) wi h he eme ging EOV
p oposed in his epo . Codes a e de ined o he Science and Policy T aceabili y Ma ix. Some
EOV a e no included in BiCOME bu on he associa ed ESA biodi e si y p ojec BOOMS:
Biodi e si y in he Open Ocean: Mapping, Moni o ing and Modelling. .................................. 12
Table 2: Selec ed sec o s and Knowledge gaps ele an o coas al ecosys ems and o emo e sensing
om he non-exhaus i e lis o Knowledge Gaps in Appendix 4 o he IPBES epo (IPBES, 2019)
................................................................................................................................................... 13
Table 3: Selec ion o he scien i ic ques ions and di ec d i e s ela ed he Essen ial Ocean Va iable:
Mac oalgal canopy co e and composi ion in he in e idal en i onmen . The mac oalgal
canopy co e will no be add essed in BiCOME explici ly, bu as a seconda y pa o seag ass
canopy co e , he e o e he e is no explici SPTM o in e idal mac oalgal canopy co e . The
scien i ic ques ions a e de i ed om Milosla ich e al. (2018) e iew. Also included in his able
is he link o knowledge gaps iden i ied h ough IPBES and IPBES Na u e’s Con ibu ion o
people (NCP). ............................................................................................................................ 14
Table 4 Selec ion o he scien i ic ques ions and di ec d i e s ela ed he Essen ial Ocean Va iable:
Seag ass canopy co e and composi ion in he in e idal en i onmen and add essed in
BiCOME. A b oade lis o ques ions is gi en in sp eadshee sp m_in e idal_seag ass_ 3.5, ab
1_Scien i ic ques ions, bu hese a e no included in he BiCOME s udy. The scien i ic ques ions
a e de i ed om Milosla ich e al. (2018) e iew. Also included in his able is he link o
knowledge gaps iden i ied h ough IPBES and IPBES Na u e’s Con ibu ion o people (NCP).15
Table 5: Selec ion o he scien i ic ques ions and di ec d i e s ela ed he Essen ial Ocean Va iable:
In e eb a e abundance and composi ion in he in e idal en i onmen and add essed in
BiCOME. A b oade lis o ques ions is gi en in sp eadshee
sp m_in e idal_in e eb a es_ 3.5, ab 1_Scien i ic ques ions, bu hese a e no included in
he BiCOME s udy. The scien i ic ques ions a e de i ed om Milosla ich e al. (2018) e iew.
Also included in his able is he link o knowledge gaps iden i ied h ough IPBES and IPBES
Na u e’s Con ibu ion o people (NCP). .................................................................................... 15
Table 6: Selec ion o he scien i ic ques ions and di ec d i e s ela ed he Essen ial Ocean Va iable:
seag ass co e in he sub- idal en i onmen and add essed in BiCOME. A b oade lis o
ques ions is gi en in 0_Scien i ic ques ions, bu hese a e no included in he BiCOME s udy.
The scien i ic ques ions a e de i ed om Milosla ich e al. (2018) e iew. Also included in his
able is he link o knowledge gaps iden i ied h ough IPBES and IPBES Na u e’s Con ibu ion
o people (NCP). ....................................................................................................................... 16
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Table 7: Selec ion o he scien i ic ques ions and di ec d i e s ela ed he Essen ial Ocean Va iable:
Mac oalgal co e and composi ion in he epipelagic en i onmen and add essed in BiCOME. A
b oade lis o ques ions is gi en in 0_Scien i ic ques ions, bu hese a e no included in he
BiCOME s udy. The scien i ic ques ions a e de i ed om Milosla ich e al. (2018) e iew. Also
included in his able is he link o knowledge gaps iden i ied h ough IPBES and CBD Na u e’s
Con ibu ion o people (NCP). .................................................................................................. 16
Table 8: Selec ion o he scien i ic ques ions and di ec d i e s ela ed he Essen ial Ocean Va iable:
Phy oplank on biomass and di e si y in he epipelagic en i onmen and add essed in BiCOME.
A b oade lis o ques ions is gi en in 0_Scien i ic ques ions, bu hese a e no included in he
BiCOME s udy. The scien i ic ques ions a e de i ed om Milosla ich e al. (2018) e iew. Also
included in his able is he link o IPBES Gaps and IPBES Na u e’s Con ibu ion o people (NCP).
................................................................................................................................................... 17
Table 9 Essen ial Biodi e si y Va iables (EBV) classes and EBV names om
h ps://geobon.o g/eb s/wha -a e-eb s/ (Ma ch 2022). Explana ion o EBV class is om
Skidmo e e al. (2021). .............................................................................................................. 19
Table 10: Rela ionship be ween he gene ic ques ions (Sec ion 2.1) o in e idal seag ass canopy
co e sp m_in e idal_seag ass_ 3.5.1, ab 01_Scien i ic ques ions. Re e ences suppo ing
ques ions a e in he SPTM. ....................................................................................................... 23
Table 11: Rela ionship be ween he gene ic ques ions (Sec ion 2.1) o in e idal seag ass canopy
co e sp m_in e idal_in e eb a es_ 3.5, ab 01_Scien i ic ques ions. Re e ences suppo ing
ques ions a e in he SPTM. ....................................................................................................... 23
Table 12: Summa y o Ea ly Adop e s equi emen s, esea ch ocus and eason o join BiCOME .... 24
Table 13: S akeholde equi emen s o he Maison Baie, Mon Sain -Michel ................................... 25
Table 14: In e idal Ea ly Adop e SMBB cu en e sus ideal su ey scales ...................................... 26
Table 15: In e idal Ea ly Adop e Bio-Li o al cu en e sus ideal su ey scales ............................. 27
Table 16: Cha ac e is ics o di ec de ec ion o in e idal EOV om emo e sensing. NA is no a ailable
in BiCOME ................................................................................................................................. 28
Table 17: Summa y o equi emen s o in e idal seag ass om scien i ic and Ea ly adop e s ....... 30
Table 18: Summa y o equi emen s o in e idal in e eb a es om scien i ic and Ea ly adop e s 30
Table 19: Rela ionship be ween he gene ic ques ions (Sec ion 2.1) o sub idal seag ass composi ion
sp m_sub idal_seag ass_ 3.5, ab 01_Scien i ic ques ions. ..................................................... 32
Table 20: BANP Ea ly Adop e s esea ch ocus, eason o moni o ing and eason o joining BiCOME
................................................................................................................................................... 33
Table 21: Sub idal Ea ly Adop e cu en e sus ideal su ey scales (bo h s akeholde s ep esen ed in
his able) .................................................................................................................................. 33
Table 22 Algo i hms co esponding o he sub idal seag ass ............................................................. 34
Table 23 Summa y o equi emen s o sub idal seag ass om scien i ic and Ea ly adop e s .......... 36
Table 24: Rela ionship be ween he gene ic ques ions (Sec ion 2.1) o phy oplank on blooms and
biogeog aphy. ........................................................................................................................... 38
Table 25: Rela ionship be ween he gene ic ques ions (Sec ion 2.1) o loa ing ege a ion. ........... 39
Table 26: Pelagic Ea ly Adop e s esea ch ocus, eason o moni o ing and eason o joining BiCOME
................................................................................................................................................... 41
Table 27: Pelagic Ea ly Adop e NERCI a Lake Vembanad cu en e sus ideal su ey scales .......... 41
Table 28: Pelagic Ea ly Adop e Ma inique cu en e sus ideal su ey scales ................................ 42
Table 29: Cha ac e is ics o di ec de ec ion o loa ing ege a ion and phy oplank on blooms om
ocean colou emo e sensing. ................................................................................................... 45
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Table 30 Summa y o equi emen s o epipelagic loa ing ege a ion om scien i ic and Ea ly
adop e s .................................................................................................................................... 48
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communi y composi ion) and on
na u e’s con ibu ions o people
Table 6: Selec ion o he scien i ic ques ions and di ec d i e s ela ed he Essen ial Ocean Va iable: seag ass co e in he
sub- idal en i onmen and add essed in BiCOME. A b oade lis o ques ions is gi en in sp eadshee
sp m_sub idal_seag ass_ 3.5, ab 1_Scien i ic ques ions policy, bu hese a e no included in he BiCOME s udy. The scien i ic
ques ions a e de i ed om Milosla ich e al. (2018) e iew. Also included in his able is he link o knowledge gaps iden i ied
h ough IPBES and IPBES Na u e’s Con ibu ion o people (NCP).
Gene ic Ques ions
Di ec D i e s
IPBES Knowledge Gaps add essed
IPBES Na u e's
con ibu ion o
people
1.- Wha is he s a us o seag ass co e in sub idal
a eas?
2.- Wha a e he changes o seag ass co e in
sub idal a eas?
3.- How is seag ass co e a ec ed by se e e
e en s?
4.- How is seag ass co e a ec ed by
an h opogenic impac s?
Clima e Change-
an h opogenic
p essu es
Da a om moni o ing o
ecosys em condi ion in coas al
wa e s
Mo e comp ehensi e
unde s anding o how human-
caused changes o any Essen ial
Biodi e si y Va iable class (e.g.,
ecosys em s uc u e) ha e
impac s on o he s (e.g.,
communi y composi ion) and on
na u e’s con ibu ions o people
7 Regula ion o
coas al wa e
quali y
10 Regula ion o
de imen al
o ganisms and
biological
p ocesses
Table 7: Selec ion o he scien i ic ques ions and di ec d i e s ela ed he Essen ial Ocean Va iable: Mac oalgal co e and
composi ion in he epipelagic en i onmen and add essed in BiCOME. A b oade lis o ques ions is gi en in sp eadshee
sp m_ loa ing_epipelagic_ 3.42, ab 1_Scien i ic ques ions policy, bu hese a e no included in he BiCOME s udy. The
scien i ic ques ions a e de i ed om Milosla ich e al. (2018) e iew. Also included in his able is he link o knowledge gaps
iden i ied h ough IPBES and CBD Na u e’s Con ibu ion o people (NCP).
Gene ic Ques ions
Di ec D i e s
IPBES Knowledge Gaps add essed
IPBES Na u e's
con ibu ion o
people
1.- Wha is he s a us o mac oalgal co e ?
2.- Wha is he s a us o mac oalgal di e si y?
3.- Wha is he change in mac oalgal co e ?
4.- Wha is he change o mac oalgal di e si y in
he (coas al) ocean?
5.- How a e mac oalgal communi ies a ec ed by
se e e e en s?
6.- A e changes in mac oalgal ex en and
condi ion a ec ing ishes o o he impo an
species?
Changes in land
use;
Clima e change
Da a om moni o ing o
ecosys em condi ion in coas al
wa e s
Mo e comp ehensi e
unde s anding o how human-
caused changes o any Essen ial
Biodi e si y Va iable class (e.g.,
ecosys em s uc u e) ha e
impac s on o he s (e.g.,
communi y composi ion) and on
na u e’s con ibu ions o people
7 Regula ion o
coas al wa e
quali y
10 Regula ion o
de imen al
o ganisms and
biological
p ocesses

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Table 8: Selec ion o he scien i ic ques ions and di ec d i e s ela ed he Essen ial Ocean Va iable: Phy oplank on biomass
and di e si y in he epipelagic en i onmen and add essed in BiCOME. A b oade lis o ques ions is gi en in sp eadshee
sp m_phy oplank on_ 3.4, ab 1_Scien i ic ques ions policy, bu hese a e no included in he BiCOME s udy. The scien i ic
ques ions a e de i ed om Milosla ich e al. (2018) e iew. Also included in his able is he link o IPBES Gaps and IPBES
Na u e’s Con ibu ion o people (NCP).
Gene ic Ques ions
Di ec D i e s
IPBES Knowledge Gaps add essed
IPBES Na u e's
con ibu ion o
people
1.-Wha is he s a us o phy oplank on di e si y
in he (coas al) ocean?
2.-Wha is he change o phy oplank on di e si y
in he (coas al) ocean?
3.-Wha is he biogeog aphy in phy oplank on
communi ies?
4.-Ha e he e been biogeog aphical shi s in
phy oplank on communi ies?
5.-Has he e been a change in ex en and
loca ion o algal blooms?
6-How do we ela e phy oplank on di e si y
change o pollu ion and nu ien s?
7.-How do we ela e phy oplank on di e si y
change o clima e change?
Changes in land
use; changes in
pollu ion and wa e
quali y;
Clima e change
Da a om moni o ing o
ecosys em condi ion in coas al
wa e s
Mo e comp ehensi e
unde s anding o how human-
caused changes o any Essen ial
Biodi e si y Va iable class (e.g.,
ecosys em s uc u e) ha e
impac s on o he s (e.g.,
communi y composi ion) and on
na u e’s con ibu ions o people
4 Regula ion o
clima e
5 Regula ion o
ocean
acidi ica ion
7 Regula ion o
coas al wa e
quali y
10 Regula ion o
de imen al
o ganisms and
biological
p ocesses
2.2 Connec ing scien i ic ques ions and policy d i e s wi h emo e
sensing h ough Essen ial Ocean and Biodi e si y a iables
To ansla e he ques ions o he biodi e si y esea ch and policy communi ies in o equi emen s o
he emo e sensing communi y, i is necessa y o i s in oduce a common language h ough some
de ini ions and choice o e minology.
The i s se o de ini ions and concep s conce n he a iables used. We ha e adop ed he Essen ial
Biodi e si y Va iables (EBV) and Essen ial Ocean Va iables (EOV) concep s (Figu e 2) as ecommended
by GOOS.
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Figu e 2: Expanding he ela ionship be ween Essen ial Ocean Va iables (EOV) and Essen ial Biodi e si y Va iables (EBV).
F om Mulle -Ka ge MBON (2021) slide, ci ing Pe ei a e al. (2017) and F amewo k o Ocean obse ing (GOOS, 2012).
Gene ic Essen ial Biodi e si y Va iables (EBV) cha ac e ising biodi e si y a di e en le els o he
ecosys em (de ined by Pe ei a e al. (2013) and upda ed online (h ps://geobon.o g/eb s/wha -a e-
eb s/ ) a e summa ised in Table 9.
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Table 9 Essen ial Biodi e si y Va iables (EBV) classes and EBV names om h ps://geobon.o g/eb s/wha -a e-eb s/ (Ma ch 2022). Explana ion o EBV class is om Skidmo e e al. (2021).
EBV class
EBV names
Examples o Obse able EBV
1 Species popula ion
(a
local species popula ion)
1 Species dis ibu ion
Species p esence-absence
Occu ence p obabili y
Numbe o indi iduals o single axa
2 Species (popula ion) abundance
Biomass pe axonomic g oup
Densi y o indi iduals o a single axonomic g oup
3 Species (popula ion) s uc u e (Size/ e ical
dis ibu ion)
NA?
2 Species ai s ( ai o an
o ganism o known
species ha can be
moni o ed a a local
le el)
4 Phenology
Timing, such as day o yea o lowe ing,
lea sp ou ing, egg laying, e c. o a pa icula species
5 Na al dispe sion dis ance
NA
6 Mo emen
NA
7 Demog aphic ai s
NA
8 Mo phology ai s (Skidmo e e al.,2021)
Va ia ion in physical a ibu es o o ganisms as body mass, o he same species
9 Physiological ai s (Skidmo e e al.,2021)
Chemical concen a ions, such as lea
ni ogen o phospho us concen a ions.
3 Communi y Composi ion
(composi ion o a
communi y ha can be
moni o ed a a global
le el)
10 Taxonomic and phylogene ic di e si y
The di e si y o species iden i ies, and/o phylogene ic posi ions, o o ganisms in
ecological assemblages.
11 T ai di e si y
The di e si y o unc ional ai s o o ganisms in ecological assemblages.
12 Communi y abundance
The abundance o o ganisms in ecological assemblages
13 Species in e ac ions/in e ac ion di e si y
The di e si y and s uc u e o mul i- ophic in e ac ions be ween o ganisms in
ecological assemblages.
4 Ecosys em s uc u e (an
ecological s uc u e ha
can be moni o ed a a
15 Li e co e ac ion
The ho izon al (o p ojec ed) ac ion o a ea co e ed by li ing o ganisms, such as
ege a ion, mac oalgae o li e ha d co al.
16 Ecosys em ex en and agmen a ion
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global le el)
17 Ecosys em dis ibu ion
ho izon al dis ibu ion o disc e e ecosys em uni s
18 Ecosys em e ical p o ile
The e ical dis ibu ion o biomass in ecosys ems, abo e and below he sea
su ace.
5 Ecosys em unc ioning (an
ecological unc ion
moni o ed o e ime a a
global le el)
19 Ecosys em phenology
NA?
20 P ima y P oduc i i y
NA?
21 Ne ecosys em p oduc ion (Mulle -Ka ge
e al., 2018)
NA?
22 Ecosys em dis u bances
NA?
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Fo each EOV and en i onmen combina ion, he EBV a e de ined and ma ched o he closes emo e
sensing p oduc and algo i hms. Fo cla i y, in ou wo k we will use s a us as a synonym o condi ion,
hus esilience o isks o he ecosys em a e de i ed om ou s a us a iables (Smi e al., 2021) and
no inhe en ly a cha ac e is ic o he ecosys em componen . One impo an assump ion o ou
amewo k is ha he obse able EBV a e ela ed o he s a us o he ecosys em, and, al hough some
o hem imply some changes wi h ime (e.g. phenology, p oduc ion), hese changes a e a sho e
ime scales han he phenomena o in e es .
The ollowing s ep is o link he obse able EBV o ac able emo e sensing a iables. Fo his s ep
we ha e ollowed he p oposal by Skidmo e e al. (2021), linking “ ypical emo e sensing enabled
biodi e si y a iable names” o “ emo e sensing biodi e si y p oduc s”. In he SPTM, we ha e
a ibu ed hem o he combina ion EBV-EOV-Ecosys em and gi en hem a de elopmen le el
(“ ou ine”; “demons a ed in some limi ed cases”; “no ye p o en”; “ob ained om combining
sa elli e wi h models”). This combina ion esul s in a unique code (Remo e sensing p oduc numbe )
linking ques ions o EBV-EOV-Ecosys em-sa elli e p oduc s, which gua an ees aceabili y, o he
ques ions add essed by his p ojec and o u u e p ojec s add essing emaining ques ions.
Fu he mo e, each Remo e sensing p oduc numbe is mapped o he ele an in e na ional
ini ia i es and policies on biodi e si y:
• D i e s ( om Milosla ich e al., 2018; CBD, MSFD)
• Policy ele an (CBD pos 2020)
• Policy ele an (MSFD, WFD)
• CBD Aichi Biodi e si y a ge s
• Sus ainable De elopmen Goals
The Remo e sensing p oduc numbe is linked o he gene al obse a ional p oduc equi emen s
( h eshold/ideal): spa ial co e age; spa ial esolu ion, g ound sampling dis ance, m/pixel; empo al
co e age; empo al equency, equency o obse a ions (e.g. daily, weekly, biweekly, mon hly),
accu acy. The Remo e sensing p oduc numbe is also linked o speci ic equi emen s o he
algo i hms ha will be used in his s udy. To no e he e, di e en algo i hms can be used o
iden i ying he same emo e sensing p oduc in wo ways: 1) di e en algo i hms can be a ailable o
ob ain he same emo e sensing p oduc (e.g. % dominance o Dia oms in one pixel); 2) di e en
algo i hms can be used o di e en species o ins ance in he EBV species dis ibu ions. The emo e
sensing p oduc speci ica ions o algo i hms shee also con ains he desc ip ion o he emo e
sensing inpu da a needed, he minimum and ideal spec al esolu ions equi ed, as well as he non-
emo e sensing inpu da a equi ed (e.g. Look up ables), he cha ac e is ics o he ou pu p o ided
by he algo i hm, and he alida ion da ase ypes and sou ces. This in o ma ion will eed in o D2.1
Biodi e si y + De elopmen Da abase and D2.2 Algo i hm Theo e ical Baseline Documen .
Finally, he emo e sensing p oduc s selec ed o s a us EBV o each EOV-EBV is linked o key global
ques ions o ends/changes and p essu es guided by Milosla ich e al. (2018) o gene al ques ions.
In addi ion, key ques ions a ound ends/change and p essu es a e o mula ed o each case s udy
o ensu e applicabili y o he end use s.

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3 In e idal ecosys ems
In e idal a eas consis ing o so sedimen and eme ging a low ide co e mo e han 10000 km2
wo ldwide along he 35000 km2 o he idal coas line (Mu ay e al. 2019). The main so -sedimen a y
in e idal habi a s (seag ass, mic ophy oben hos
1
, mac oalgae, oys e ee s, and polychae es ee s
e.g. he honeycomb wo m Sabella ia al eola a) a e impac ed by human ac i i ies, bio ic in e ac ions,
and clima e change. Seag ass a e signi ican ly a ec ed by many an h opogenic ac i i ies (McKenzie
e al. 2020), mic ophy oben hos is impac ed by he global educ ion o idal la s (Mu ay e al. 2019),
while he Paci ic oys e is an in asi e species wi h a polewa d expansion (Thomas e al. 2016) which
can impac local habi a s such as polychae e ee s in Wes e n Eu ope (Bajjouk e al. 2020). Wi h he
adap ed spa ial, spec al, empo al cha ac e is ics, EO can assess se e al EBVs o hese habi a s. In
combina ion wi h ele an an h opogenic d i e s and clima e a iables, EO-de i ed in o ma ion can
help answe he main scien i ic ques ions ela ed o he in e idal habi a s as summa ised in he
SPTM. By de ini ion, he in e idal zone is he dynamic on ie a ea be ween he ocean and he
coas line and is al e na i ely subme ged (high ide) and eme ged (low ide). In compa ison wi h
subme ged aqua ic ege a ion (SAV, Vah mäe e al., 2006; Klemas, 2013; Hossain e al., 2015;
T aganos e al., 2018; T aganos, & Reina z 2018; Ku se e al., 2020) and co al ee s EO s udies
(Hochbe g e al., 2003; Mumby e al., 2004; Hedley e al., 2016), he emo e sensing o eme ged
ben hic communi ies has ecei ed much less a en ion, despi e being e y p oduc i e and di e se
ecosys ems.
The aim o his sec ion is h ee- old. Fi s ly, i is o e ine he scien i ic and policy ques ions o he
pelagic ecosys ems, secondly o summa ise he cu en emo e sensing app oaches o measu e
pelagic biodi e si y om emo e sensing, and hi dly o de ine he cha ac e is ics o he da ase s
equi ed o imp o e he con ibu ion o emo e sensing o add essing hose ques ions.
3.1 Science ques ions
Fo he in e idal habi a s, he e a e wo exis ing Essen ial Ocean Va iables (EOVs): seag ass and
mac oalgae, and wo eme ging EOVs: mic obial di e si y and ben hic in e eb a es (Milosla ich e al.
2018). Mic ophy oben hos belongs o he EOV mic obial di e si y while oys e and polychae e ee s
co espond o he EOV ben hic in e eb a es. Fo hese ou EOV, he o e a ching scien i ic ques ions
a e ela ed o 1) he desc ip ion o s a us and changes o hese habi a s, 2) he iden i ica ion and
quan i ica ion o an h opogenic p essu es impac ing hese habi a s, 3) he iden i ica ion and
quan i ica ion o clima e change on hese habi a s, 4) he decon olu ion o an h opogenic and
clima e change e ec s. Fo he wo mac ophy e EOV, he speci ic ques ions a e abou he s a us and
changes o seag ass/mac oalgae co e and associa ed di e si y, he de ec ion o ecological shi s in
esponse o clima e change, he impac o an h opogenic p essu es and se e e e en s (i.e. s o ms,
hea wa es), and he ca bon seques a ion in esponse o dis u bances. The wo eme ging EOVs sha e
he same ques ions abou hei s a us/changes and associa ed di e si y. Fo oys e ee s he main
ques ion is abou biogeog aphical shi s in esponse o clima e change and he impac o his in asi e
species on ecei ing ecosys ems. Fo polychae e ee s he ques ions a e mainly ela ed o
an h opogenic impac s (epibion s om aquacul u e) and se e e e en s. In he amewo k o BiCOME,
1
Unicellula mic oalgae and cyanobac e ia colonizing supe icial sedimen s and o ming la ge bio ilms du ing low ide.
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we will ocus on scien i ic ques ions ela ed o he di e si y o in e idal seag ass meadows (Table 4)
and polychae e ee s (i.e., ee s o he honeycomb wo m Sabella ia al eola a, Table 5). The link is
made mo e explici in Tables 10 and 11 below.
Table 10: Rela ionship be ween he gene ic ques ions (Sec ion 2.1) o in e idal seag ass canopy co e
sp m_in e idal_seag ass_ 5.0, ab 1_Scien i ic ques ions. Re e ences suppo ing ques ions a e in he SPTM.
Gene ic Ques ions
Speci ic Ques ions o BiCOME
1 Wha is he s a us o seag ass co e
in in e idal a eas?
Wha is he ex en and condi ion o seag ass co e ? Mo e speci ically, is i
possible o disc imina e seag ass om g een mac oalgae, and wha is he densi y
and ex en o in e idal seag ass?
2 Wha a e he changes o seag ass
co e in in e idal a eas?
How did he ex en and condi ion o seag ass co e change o e he las
decades? (In e annual a iabili y o seag ass heal h index)
4.- How is seag ass co e a ec ed by
an h opogenic impac s?
Is he e an impac o shell ishing on seag ass co e ?
5.- A e changes in seag ass co e
a ec ing o he impo an species?
Do changes in seag ass co e a ec he bi o ous bi ds? In pa icula , a e
changes in seag ass ex en and condi ion a ec ing B en goose B an a b.
be nicla popula ion, a p o ec ed mig a o y wa e bi d win e ing in seag ass
meadows along he Eu opean A lan ic coas s?
Table 11: Rela ionship be ween he gene ic ques ions (Sec ion 2.1) o in e idal in e eb a e abundance
sp m_in e idal_in e eb a es_ 5.0, ab 1_Scien i ic ques ions. Re e ences suppo ing ques ions a e in he SPTM.
Gene ic Ques ions
Speci ic Ques ions o BiCOME
1 Wha is he s a us o ben hic
in e eb a e abundance?
Wha is he ex en and condi ion o polychae e ee s in in e idal a eas? In
pa icula , wha is he coloniza ion o polychae e ee s by epibion s?
2 Wha is he change in ben hic
in e eb a e abundance?
How did he ex en and condi ion o polychae e ee s change o e he las
decades? (In e annual a iabili y)
3 How a e ben hic in e eb a es
abundance a ec ed by se e e
e en s?
How will polychae e ee s change wi h clima e and an h opogenic p essu es? In
pa icula , does aquacul u e a ec he s a us o polychae es ee s?
3.2 Policy ques ions
All he in e idal si es a e co e ed by na ional (e.g. Na ional Na u e Rese e in F ance), Eu opean (e.g.
Na u a 2000 ne wo k), and in e na ional designa ions (e.g. RAMSAR con en ion on We lands)
ansla ed in o egional/na ional managemen policies. As an example, one o he case-s udy si es in
F ance, he Gul o Mo bihan, has designa ions as a Na u e Rese e, Na u al a eas o ecological,
aunis ic and lo is ic in e es (ZNIEFF), a Bio ope P o ec ion O de , a hun ing ese e, a Na u a 2000
pe ime e (SPA, SCI), and is designa ed as Ramsa si e 517 (h ps:// sis. amsa .o g/ is/517). Zos e a
seag ass beds, Sabella ia ee s and in e idal mud la s a e also OSPAR habi a s iden i ied by he Oslo
and Pa is con en ions (OSPAR) s a egy o he p o ec ion and conse a ion o ecosys ems and
biological di e si y (h ps://www.ospa .o g/wo k-a eas/bdc/species-habi a s/lis -o - h ea ened-
declining-species-habi a s/habi a s).
Seag ass, mac oalgae and polychae e ee s a e bioindica o s (Biological Quali y Elemen , BQE) o he
wa e quali y o he Wa e F amewo k Di ec i e (WFD, 2000/60/EC) and he Ma ine S a egy
F amewo k Di ec i e (MSFD; 2008/56/EC). They a e used o moni o and e alua e he ecological
s a us o ansi ional (es ua ies) and coas al wa e bodies h oughou Eu ope (see in pa icula Table
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4: ques ion 7). Mic ophy oben hos is no ye a biological indica o bu could be an al e na i e o
seag ass and mac oalgae in u bid a eas (T obajo and Sulli an, 2010). Fo seag ass and mac oalgae,
he me ics included in he calcula ion o an Ecological Quali y Ra io (EQR) used o de e mine a wa e
body’s quali y s a us a e he axonomic composi ion (species ichness), he a eal ex en ( o al su ace
occupied by he seag ass meadow o mac oalgal bel s), and densi y o biomass. The EQR should
espond o an iden i ied p essu e (e.g., eu ophica ion o all ma ine plan s). Howe e , sa elli e da a
a e no ecognised o he WFD s a u o y moni o ing and epo ing (Papa hanasopoulou e al., 2019)
e en hough hei imp o ed spa ial and empo al co e age is a s ong a gumen o complemen
con en ional sampling (Zo oli e al., 2021; Oi y and Ba illé, 2021). Sa elli e obse a ion can also help
ill he gaps wi h ega ds o la ge-sized wa e bodies (Papa hanasopoulou e al., 2019). The policies
a e inc easingly eques ing a baseline o hese BQE and he iden i ica ion o a e e ence s a us
agains which o de ec an h opogenic impac s. In many cases, he Di ec i es’ eques ed empo al
measu emen equency o 6 yea s does no allow a clea iden i ica ion o he ends o bioindica o s
and p essu es (Zo oli e al., 2021). Policy ele an speci ic indica o s a e linked o EBV in he SPTM
( ab 2.1_EOV_EBV_STATUS ).
3.3 In e idal Ea ly Adop e s speci ic equi emen s
Th ee in e idal Ea ly Adop e s a e wo king in BiCOME. They a e loca ed a ound B i any and
No mandy in F ance and each ha e sligh ly di e en ques ions hey would like o add ess using Ea h
Obse a ion ools (see nex Tables).
Table 12: Summa y o Ea ly Adop e s equi emen s, esea ch ocus and eason o join BiCOME
Resea ch ocus
Reason o moni o ing
Reason o joining BiCOME
Maison de la
Baie (Mon Sain
Michel Bay)
Measu e epibion s o Sabella ia ee s,
an h opogenic p essu es nea by
Moni o ing he Na u al He i age
o he Bay, es o ing a adi ional
ishe y
To make be e use o RS da a
SMBB
(Bou gneu Bay)
Assess he impac o ec ea ional and
comme cial clam ishing in seag ass
beds, in e ac ions be ween habi a s
and wa e owl and map Sabella ia
ee s in ela ion o an h opogenic
p essu es
To manage Na u a 2000 si es in
he Bay, o he Wa e
F amewo k Di ec i e
To be able o ge mo e and
mo e egula da a han
h ough ieldwo k (bo h spa ial
and empo al ex en )
Bio-li o al
(Sou h o
B i any)
Di e en ia e be ween seag ass and
mac oalgae, assess an h opogenic
p essu es (eg. ancho ing)
To ul il equi emen s o
moni o ing o he Wa e
F amewo k Di ec i e
To co-de elop a me hodology
o di e en ia e be ween
mac oalgae and seag ass
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Maison de la Baie
The Maison de la Baie is an associa ion o p omo e he na u al and human he i age o he bay o
Mon Sain -Michel. While one objec i e o hei mission is en i onmen al educa ion o schools and
he gene al public, hey also moni o he na u al he i age o he bay and a e in ol ed in he
es o a ion o a adi ional ishe y. In addi ion, hey wo k closely wi h he mussel p oduce s o he
Mon Sain -Michel Bay.
Thei moni o ing ac i i ies a e ocused on oys e and mussel epibion s colonising and impac ing he
la ges polychae e ee in Eu ope. Thei cu en in si u moni o ing me hods a e based on he use o
quad a s o assess epibion pe cen co e . They also moni o he ee conse a ion s a us in se e al
sec o s o he ee a ea which is 220 ha in o al (Sain -Anne ee ) in addi ion o a smalle ee
(Champeaux, 4 ha). Moni o ing akes place seasonally wi h he aim o unde s anding he impac o
an h opogenic p essu es in he icini y o he ee s and hei e ec s on hem. They also wan o gain
deepe unde s anding o he unc ioning and in e ac ions o hese ee s. Some o he wo k has been
ca ied ou wi h IFREMER who a e also holding he da a.
They would like o use emo e sensing p oduc s o ge a be e unde s anding o an h opogenic
impac s on he ee s and o assess he conse a ion s a us o he ee s (Table 5: ques ions 1, 2, 5 and
6; RS p oduc s 1.1.1.INV.INT, 1.3.14.INV.INT, 1.4.15.INV.INT, and 1.4.16.INV.INT). Cu en ly, hey a e
no using any sa elli e-de i ed da a and would he e o e like o be ained in he use o QGIS and
would like o ecei e p oduc s in maps and shape iles. Ideally, hey would like o ecei e p oduc s o
assess he use ulness o BiCOME ou pu s 1-2 imes pe yea .
Table 13: S akeholde equi emen s o he Maison Baie, Mon Sain -Michel
Maison de la Baie
Cu en
Bes (Ideal)
Minimum
(Th eshold)
Su ey a ea
Baie o Mon Sain -
Michel
Same
Same
Spa ial esolu ion
1 m2 (in si u quad a es)
10 cm (d one
mul ispec al)
Same
Tempo al
esolu ion
4 yea -1
Same
Same
Le el o de ail o
measu emen s
Epibion s
Epibion s, conse a ion
s a us o ee s
Syndica e Mix e de la Baie de Bou gneu (SMBB)
Ano he Ea ly Adop e , he Syndica e Mix e de la Baie de Bou gneu (SMBB), is esponsible o he
he managemen o Na u a 2000 a eas (FR5200653, FR52120009) including a la ge in e idal
seag ass meadow (Zos e a nol ei) and he second la ges polychae e ee (Sabella ia al eola a) in
F ance a e Mon Sain -Michel Bay. They use in si u seag ass da a p o ided by IFREMER o ul il
Wa e F amewo k Di ec i e commi men s and moni o one polychae e ee in he Bay using in si u
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Unde s anding he d i e s and ex en o biodi e si y loss, he % o seag asses e ec i ely p o ec ed,
and he “winne s” and “lose s” ac oss hese complex, in e connec ed seascape con igu a ions enable
anspa en da a-d i en insigh s in o: a) sui able si es o seag ass es o a ion (Ta ge 1); b) he design
o MPAs o e ec i ely p o ec well-connec ed ho spo s o coas al biodi e si y (Ta ge 2); and c) mo e
in ac seag ass ca bon sinks which can be bundled wi h coas al p o ec ion o biodi e si y
main enance o s eamline inno a i e seag ass p o ec ion inancing mechanisms beyond ca bon
c edi ing allowing nea - u u e biodi e si y esilience. See Table 19E o ! Re e ence sou ce no ound.
o a summa y linking gene al op le el ques ions o speci ic ques ions in BiCOME.
Table 19: Rela ionship be ween he gene ic ques ions (Sec ion 2.1) o sub idal seag ass composi ion
sp m_sub idal_seag ass_ 3.5, ab 1_Scien i ic ques ions.
Gene ic Ques ions
Speci ic Ques ions o BiCOME
1 Wha is he s a us o seag ass co e
in sub idal a eas?
Wha is he ex en and condi ion o seag ass co e ?
2 Wha a e he changes o seag ass
co e in sub idal a eas?
How did he ex en and condi ion o seag ass co e change o e he las
decade?
3 How is seag ass co e a ec ed by
se e e e en s?
How is he ex en and condi ion o seag ass co e impac ed by hea wa es?
4.- How is seag ass co e a ec ed by
an h opogenic impac s?
How is he ex en and condi ion o seag ass co e impac ed by human ac i i ies
such as coas al de elopmen s and hence inc eased coas al eu ophica ion and
dec eased ligh a ailabili y in he local scale?
4.2 Policy ques ions
The IPBES Global Assessmen epo (IPBES, 2019) iden i ied ma ine and coas al a eas as being unde -
sampled and unde s udied. Key knowledge gaps include he lack o in en o ies o unde s udied
ecosys ems such as ocean, coas al, seabed, and we lands. The e is also a lack o da a om moni o ing
ecosys em condi ion (such as heal h o a seag ass bed o mang o e densi y).
Seag ass beds p o ide key ecosys em se ices o coas al communi ies (such as ood p o ision and
bio emedia ion o was e) as well as global communi ies (e. g. clima e egula ion) (Beaumon e al.,
2007; Po s e al. 2014, No dlund e al. 2018). Moni o ing hei ex en , s a us, and changes o hese
a e key o add ess he CBD, IPBES and EU equi emen s. I will help wi h ecosys em-based
managemen , h ea p e en ion (because seag ass beds a e able o educe coas al e osion), and ood
secu i y di ec ly h ough p o iding ish and in e eb a es ound in seag ass beds and h ough
p o ision o nu se y a eas o ju enile ish and in e eb a es (Jackson e al. 2015). Moni o ing om
space is a use ul way o look o de e io a ion h ough an h opogenic p essu es bu also o measu e
es o a ion success (Bandei a, S. Decembe 2021, du ing he EA in e iew). Res o a ion is also an
impo an a ge in he CBD, wi h a a ge o an inc eased ex en o na u al ecosys ems unde Goal A
o he pos 2020 amewo k and Aichi Ta ge 15 dedica ed o he es o a ion o na u al habi a s, a
a ge which has no been achie ed (Sec e a ia CBD, 2020).
4.3 Sub idal Ea ly Adop e s speci ic equi emen s
The sub idal pilo s udies la gely o e lap wi h ma ine sec ions o he Baza u o A chipelago Na ional
Pa k (BANP) in Mozambique, and he Komodo Na ional Pa k, he Kepulauan Waka obi Ma ine
Na ional Pa k and he A u Island in Indonesia. The Indonesian s udy a ea we e added a e he ini ial
Ea ly adop e s su ey, so no speci ic equi emen s a e a ailable. Key ques ions add essed in his

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s udy si e a e o assess sa elli e-de i ed ba hyme y es ima ion as well as o measu e he ex en o
seag ass domina ed ben hic habi a s (Table 20).
The BANP co e s 1400 km2 a ound he Baza u o A chipelago and is an impo an a ea o mega auna,
chie ly dugongs and u les bo h o which depend on heal hy seag ass meadows. In addi ion, a isanal
ishing in seag ass meadows is impo an o local communi ies. This si e needs use - iendly ways o
measu e he ex en o seag ass meadows and o be able o assess changes o e ime. The
s akeholde s o BiCOME a his si e a e he A ican Pa ks o ganisa ion and a uni e si y based ma ine
bo anis . Rega ding he h ee Indonesian case s udies, hose ea u e an a eal ex en o mo e han
15,600 km2 o ho spo s o sub idal biodi e si y o up o 13 seag ass species, 500 co al species and
mo e han 2500 ish species. Liaison wi h local seag ass scien is s highligh ed he impo ance o
mapping he h ee a ge ed case s udies due o he b oade lack o spa ially-explici mapping da a a
sui able egional spa ial scales and accu acies. Fu he liaison is ongoing o ecei e sui able mul i-
empo al ield da a on seag ass and habi a ex en , as well as ba hyme y.
Table 20: BANP Ea ly Adop e s esea ch ocus, eason o moni o ing and eason o joining BiCOME
Resea ch ocus
To ex end hei moni o ing a ea (cu en ly mos ly
ieldwo k, wi h some RS)
Reason o moni o ing
To manage seag ass beds sus ainably, p o ec ion in
he ma ine pa k and o he sake o dugongs, cyclone
damage
Reason o joining BiCOME
To be able o use RS in he egula moni o ing o he
esea ch a ea
Cu en ly, hey s uggle o measu e he ex en o seag ass meadows in he BANP and moni o ing can
only be ca ied ou a i egula in e als o up o wice pe yea . The e is also an u gen need o
unde s and he ecological s a e o he seag ass habi a s and o unde s and he di e si y o seag ass
species and o he species associa ed wi h seag ass beds. The moni o ing ha hey ca y ou and need
o de elop u he is impo an o aid he Mozambique Ocean Go e nance. They do no cu en ly
collec da a o CBD o SDGs bu his will likely be needed in he u u e.
Thei me hods include small scale assessmen o species di e si y o seag ass meadows by ieldwo k,
o example in e idal ansec s o measu e he ex en o seag ass. They ha e ied Google Image
Engine, Landsa and - in o he a eas – d ones and made use o he Allen Co al A las (Allen Co al A las)
and UNEP Seag ass publica ions (Ocean Da a Viewe (unep-wcmc.o g)). All me hods es ed so a
ha e been mode a ely success ul. One issue is he scale o he a ea hey need o assess. Dugongs
mo e o e long dis ances and so ideally hey would like o moni o 3000 km2, which includes he
BANP, o assess all dugong habi a s.
Regula moni o ing abou ou imes a yea o seag ass ex en and s a us will help he s akeholde s
o achie e hei moni o ing goals because hei main in e es is seasonal changes. In pa icula ,
cyclones occu in one season and i is pa amoun o unde s and he impac o hese cyclones on he
sub idal ma ine habi a s. They need de ailed maps o habi a ex en s o ul il ques ions a ound ocean
go e nance o Mozambique. Cu en ly hey see less need o be able o epo o SDGs o CBD bu his
would be a bonus (Table 21).
Table 21: Sub idal Ea ly Adop e cu en e sus ideal su ey scales (bo h s akeholde s ep esen ed in his able)
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Baza u o Na ional Pa k
Cu en
Bes
(Ideal)
Minimum
(Th eshold)
Su ey a ea
Small a eas o BANP
only
3000 km2
1400 km2
Spa ial esolu ion
3 m (bu ieldwo k)
5-10 m
30 m
Tempo al esolu ion
1-2 yea -1
4 yea -1
4 yea -1
Le el o de ail o
measu emen s
Species o seag ass,
dugong acks
Fo ease o access, hey would like o ecei e any BiCOME p oduc s in o m o maps and i possible in
an in e ac i e o ma o allow zooming in and ques ioning he da a. An online ool simila o he Allen
Co al A las ha is upda ed egula ly would be a use ul means o accessing he da a hey need. One
s akeholde also exp essed his wish o any p oduc s o be ex ended o he en i e coun y o including
and sou h o he BANP.
4.4 Algo i hms
Sub idal seag asses a e iden i ied om op ical sa elli e images using machine lea ning algo i hms in
he Google Ea h Engine (GEE) cloud pla o m. A he momen , he a ailable op ical sa elli e images
used o his wo k a e he Sen inel-2 (10-m spa ial esolu ion) and Plane scope (5-m spa ial
esolu ion) NICFI a chi es which a e al eady in eg a ed in o he GEE en i onmen . The Plane scope
images we e ecen ly in oduced in o ou wo k due o i s highe esolu ion as well as clea e seawa e
a ea on he opical a ea, whe e cloud and cloud shadow a e ac s a e abundan in he Sen inel-2
images due o limi ed a ailable p ocessed da a.
As he inpu o he machine lea ning image classi ica ion, we eed he i s 5 bands o Sen inel-2
(coas al ae osol, blue, g een, ed, and ed edge bands), he de i ed objec ea u es (mean, s anda d
de ia ion, median), G ey Le el Co-occu ence Ma ix (GLCM) laye s, and P incipal Componen
Analysis (PCA) laye s oge he wi h he aining da a. The bands a ailable in he Plane scope images
a e blue, g een, ed, and nea in a ed. The e o e, simila o ha o Sen inel-2, we p ocessed he
objec ea u es, GLCM, and PCA laye s om hese bands. Suppo Vec o Machine (SVM) and Random
Fo es (RF) a e selec ed as he classi ica ion me hods (Table 22).
Table 22 Algo i hms co esponding o he sub idal seag ass
Ques io
n
EOV
Remo e sensing
biodi e si y
p oduc s
Remo e
sensing
p oduc
Algo i hm
e e ence
s
SPTM e e ence
1
Seag ass
(sub idal
)
p esence/absence
: seag ass
1.1.1.SEA.SUB
T aganos
e al.
(2018);
Tassi and
SPTM_sub idal_seag ass/2.3_Algo i hm_ eq_in_ a
l
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Vizza i
(2020)
1
Seag ass
(sub idal
)
Seag ass species
di e si y
1.3.11.SEA.SU
B
T aganos
e al.
(2018);
Tassi and
Vizza i
(2020)
SPTM_sub idal_seag ass/2.3_Algo i hm_ eq_in_ a
l
1
Seag ass
(sub idal
)
Seag ass ex en
1.4.11.SEA.SU
B
T aganos
e al.
(2018);
Tassi and
Vizza i
(2020)
SPTM_sub idal_seag ass/2.3_Algo i hm_ eq_in_ a
l
4.5 Da ase s
The ollowing da ase s will be used:
- Inpu da ase s o sub idal seag asses and sa elli e-de i ed ba hyme y (SDB):
o Sen inel 2 L2A a 10m co e ing 100% all ou selec ed s udy si es [2015-2029
(expec ed)]
o Plane Scope su ace e lec ance images a 5m co e ing 100% all ou selec ed s udy
si es (2015-ongoing)
o ENMAP images a 30m, expec ed o co e 100% all ou selec ed s udy si es (when
a ailable; Sep embe 2022 onwa ds)
o T aining da a polygons om Allen Co al A las exis en in and/o in he icini y o ou
selec ed s udy si es (5m esolu ion; pan- opical ben hic habi a maps) (2018-2020)
• Valida ion da ase s:
o P esence/absence da a poin s on seag asses and in-si u collec ed ba hyme y om
WWF (all ou selec ed s udy si es in Mozambique; 2015-2019
o In-si u collec ed alida ion da a poin s om Allen Co al A las p ojec exis en in
and/o in he icini y o all ou selec ed s udy si es (5m esolu ion; pan- opical
ben hic habi a maps) (2018-2020)
o
• P essu es da ase s
o Sea Su ace Tempe a u e (SST) ime se ies (Mozambique and Indonesia) om OCCI
o Ligh a ailabili y (kd490) ime se ies (Mozambique and Indonesia) om OCCI
o Coas al Eu ophica ion (Mozambique and Indonesia) a 4 km be ween 2003-2021
(Mau e e al. 2021)
4.6 Po en ial limi a ions om he app oach
Po en ial limi a ions he e a e he usual shows oppe s in sub idal emo e sensing app oaches: clouds,
wa es, adjacency e ec , con usion be ween simila da k a ge s like seag asses, op ically deep wa e s
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and mac oalgae, and impac o ben hic habi a s on shallow wa e ba hyme y. We will esol e he
limi a ions induced by clouds and wa es by employing mul i- empo al Sen inel-2 composi es ins ead
o single image app oaches. By in eg a ing pe cen ile and/o median mul ispec al image composi es
we au oma ically il e ou he ou lie s o clouds and wa es, which a e common obs acles o e
opical shallow sys ems. The applica ion o POLYMER-co ec ed images will alle ia e he adjacency
e ec by mapping i s spa ially explici impac and educing i in u n on he mul i- empo al
composi es. Adjacency e ec can in luence nea sho e pixels by inc easing he e lec ance o sub idal
pixels due o mixed pixels si ua ion wi h abo e- ide highe - e lec ance sand pixels. This can c ea e a
posi i e bias in ba hyme y and ben hic habi a maps which ce ainly equi es esolu ion be o e
mapping.
The con usion o simila ly looking ( e lec ing) sub idal seag asses, mac oalgae and op ically deep
wa e s will be esol ed by employing wa e column co ec ion app oaches by HYGEOS which will in
u n p oduce ue ben hic e lec ances o seag asses and neighbo ing da k a ge s. In addi ion, we
will employ a dense aining da ase o ben hic habi a s, a s a egy ha we a e con iden i will
accu a ely de ec and di e en ia e seag asses om neighbo ing da k a ge s. Las bu no leas , high-
e lec ing and low- e lec ing habi a s like e y shallow sand and seag asses, espec i ely, can impac
accu a e sa elli e-de i ed ba hyme y es ima ions, especially applying he au oma ed baseline
app oach. We will ackle his limi a ion by in eg a ing mo e ea u e spaces in he au oma ed
ba hyme y es ima ion like ex u e and HSV which will enhance he di e en ia ion o su ace and
ben hic e lec ances, p oducing mo e accu a e and less biased dep h es ima es.
4.7 Conclusions
Table 23 summa ises and compa es he scien i ic and Ea ly adop e s needs. Spa ial esolu ion
equi emen s a e simila among he wo communi ies.
Table 23 Summa y o equi emen s o sub idal seag ass om scien i ic and Ea ly adop e s
Scien i ic needs
(Th eshold/Ideal)
Ea ly adop e s needs
(Th eshold/Ideal)
Spa ial esolu ion
(GSD, m/pixel)
30m/10m o less
30m /5m
Re isi equency
wice a yea (summe ,
win e ) / qua e ly
Qua e ly/Qua e ly
P oduc s cha ac e is ics
Ex en o seag ass
co e age/species o
seag ass
Ex en o seag ass
co e age/species o seag ass
Ou app oach o he mapping o sub idal seag asses he e will be based on a combina ion o well-
es ablished and alida ed coas al aqua ic emo e sensing algo i hms and simple s a is ical p e-
p ocessing o educe en i onmen al in e e ence in he sa elli e-de i ed p oduc s. In addi ion o he
en isaged esolu ions o he common shows oppe s in emo e sensing o unde wa e a ge s like
seag asses, we iden i y one main po en ial u u e a enue ha goes beyond he scope o he BiCOME
p ojec : he po en ial spa ial ha moniza ion and amalgama ion o exis ing big e e ence da a on
seag ass ex en and sa elli e-de i ed ba hyme y, especially owa ds he equi ed scalabili y o ou
he ein algo i hms. We en isage ha he de elopmen o la ge-scale au oma ed aining da a
anno a ions using machine lea ning and big spacebo ne lida da a like ICESa -2 (Thomas e al., 2021)
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would ende simila endea ou s mo e ime and cos e icien , inc easing he ele an au oma ion in
he u u e. Such a po en ial de elopmen would allow scien is s o p oduce syn he ic e e ence da a
which will be used in u n o ain and alida e olde emo ely sensed p oduc s in emo e coas al
aqua ic si es, which usually lack empo ally coinciden in si u da a collec ions, in con as o ou case
s udies and endea ou s in BiCOME.
5 Pelagic ecosys ems
Pelagic ecosys ems include he en i e wa e column om he sea su ace o jus abo e he seabed
and can be di ided by wa e dep h and dis ance om he sho e (Kaise e al., 2011). They ea u e
cons an ly mo ing wa e masses in which oceanog aphic and ea u es such as cu en s, wa es, ocean
on s and su ace u bulence occu a a a ie y o ime scales (Dickey-Collas e al., 2017). Many
ma ine o ganisms depend on he pelagic ecosys em as habi a o some o all o hei li e s ages
(Dickey-Collas e al., 2017). Acco ding o dep h, he pelagic ecosys em can be sepa a ed in o
epipelagic ( op 200m), mesopelagic (200 o 1000 m), ba hypelagic (1000 o 4000 m) and
abyssopelagic (below 4000 m). In BiCOME we will ocus on he epipelagic and on a eas on he coas al
shel down o a dep h o 50 m. This is an ope a ional de ini ion chosen as he baseline o ou s udy.
The epipelagic coas al en i onmen is e y di e se due o compound e ec s o ba hyme y,
sho elines and idal a ia ions
The aim o his sec ion is h ee- old. Fi s ly, i is o e ine he scien i ic and policy ques ions o he
pelagic ecosys ems, secondly o summa ise he cu en emo e sensing app oaches o measu e
pelagic biodi e si y om emo e sensing, and hi dly o de ine he cha ac e is ics o he da ase s
equi ed o imp o e he con ibu ion o emo e sensing o add essing hose ques ions.
5.1 Science ques ions
Biodi e si y includes gene ic di e si y, species di e si y, unc ional di e si y, and ecosys em di e si y.
Gene ic di e si y goes beyond he scope o emo e sensing, so we ocus he e on he o he h ee ypes
o di e si y. Measu es o biodi e si y include abundance, dis ibu ion and s uc u e.
Measu es o pelagic biodi e si y amenable o emo e sensing can be cha ac e ised o wo main
communi ies: loa ing mac o-algal ege a ion and phy oplank on.
Whe eas he con ex o e alua ing he cu en s a us, ends, and d i e s o ends emains common
o pelagic, in e idal, and sub- idal ecosys ems, wha se s pelagic ecosys ems apa om he o he
wo is ha his is a ee- loa ing ecosys em, a he me cy o all physical o cing, whe eas he o he
wo coas al ecosys em ypes a e ancho ed o he g ound and a e ei he ully subme ged all he ime
(sub- idal ecosys ems) o subme ged some o he ime (in e - idal zones). The dynamic, loa ing
na u e o pelagic ecosys ems in oduces a equi emen o highe empo al esolu ion o biodi e si y
obse a ions. Whe eas seasonal ime scales migh be conside ed he dominan mode o in a-annual
a iabili y o sub- idal zones, wi h an added componen o a iabili y associa ed wi h idal cycles o
he in e - idal zone, he pelagic sys em is subjec o a iabili y a a daily scale, and an hou ly scale
becomes mo e impo an he close we ge o he sho e. This dynamic aspec imposes an addi ional
equi emen o being able o obse e no only he mean s a e o he ecosys em and i s biodi e si y

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bu also he a iabili y a ound he mean. The phenology (o he iming o he li e-cycle e en s o e
he cou se o a yea ) o phy oplank on is pa icula ly impo an o he ecosys em as a whole, and
he ine he scale a which we can obse e phy oplank on phenology, he be e equipped we would
be o de ec shi s in phenology in esponse o clima e change. Remo e sensing, wi h i s high spa ial
co e age and high empo al e isi equencies, is pa icula ly impo an o obse a ion o he
ecosys em and i s biodi e si y a app op ia e ime and spa ial scales, and o unde s anding he
cu en s a us and ends in pelagic ecosys ems.
As a i s -o de app oxima ion, one migh a gue ha he close we ge o he land, he highe he
impac o human ac i i ies on ma ine ecosys ems. The e o e, one migh be emp ed o belie e ha
an h opogenic s esses may be la gely igno ed in pelagic, coas al ecosys ems, as we mo e away om
he coas . Bu he wo ld-wide p esence o plas ic pollu ion has aised he awa eness o long- e m
impac s o pollu an s, once hey en e he ma ine ecosys ems. So, a key ques ion o he pelagic
ecosys ems is o iden i y he empo al and spa ial scales a which he impac o pollu an s on
biodi e si y become negligible in he coas al en i onmen . Though many ypes o pollu an s a e
in isible o emo e sensing, sa elli e obse a ions ha e been pa icula ly use ul o iden i ying he
low pa e ns om i e s in o coas al wa e s. Fu he in es iga ions in o sou ces and sinks o
pollu an s a e bes add essed in collabo a ion be ween Ea h Obse a ion and modelling. Such an
e o would be essen ial o go beyond s a us and ends o iden i ying he s esses ha coas al
ecosys ems a e acing; howe e his goes beyond he scope o BiCOME. We ha e iden i ied he
ollowing ques ions ha can be add essed in BiCOME conce ning linkages be ween land and coas al
ecosys ems:
1- How will he di e si y o ma ine bio a in coas al zones change wi h clima e? Wi hin his
p ojec , his ques ion can be add essed h ough s udying he seasonal and in e annual (2000-
2022) a iabili y o pelagic biodi e si y in esponse o clima e change- using ime se ies o
key species (dia oms) co e age, blooms and pelagic habi a s de ined om spec al wa e
quali y changes.
2- How will he di e si y o li e in coas al zones change wi h inc eased human uses? This can be
explo ed in BiCOME by s udying impac o changes in u bidi y and nu ien supply om i e s
and land d ainage, due o land uses on pelagic algae (spec al wa e quali y) be ween 2000
and 2022. We can also explo e he u ili y o ocean-colou da a o in es iga e he occu ences
o nuisance blooms such as loa ing algal ege a ion a use -selec ed si es.
In BiCOME we will es he ques ions abo e, in ela ion o phy oplank on blooms and loa ing
ege a ion. Table 24 and Table 25 highligh he links be ween speci ic BiCOME ques ions and he
highe le el ques ions in Sec ion 2.1. We will in es iga e he po en ial o imp o e he esul s by using
hype spec al da a ( om ASI sa elli e PRISMA o NASA PACE es da a) whe e a ailable and whe e
easible. The empo al changes o ends will be examined using machine lea ning algo i hms as well
as he ela ionships o p essu es (using i e ine u bidi y as a p oxy, whe e a link wi h BIOMONDO
p ojec could be u he de eloped).
Table 24: Rela ionship be ween he gene ic ques ions (Sec ion 2.1) o phy oplank on blooms and biogeog aphy in
sp m_py hoplank on_ 5.0, ab 1_Scien i ic ques ions.
Gene ic Ques ions
Speci ic Ques ions o BiCOME
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1.-Wha is he s a us o
phy oplank on di e si y in he
(coas al) ocean?
Wha is he dia om abundance and dis ibu ion in coas al wa e s
2.-Wha is he change o
phy oplank on di e si y in he
(coas al) ocean?
Wha is he change in dia om abundance in coas al wa e s?
3.-Wha is he biogeog aphy in
phy oplank on communi ies?
Wha is he spec al quali y o he unde wa e ligh ield and seascapes in
coas al wa e s?
4.-Ha e he e been biogeog aphical
shi s in phy oplank on
communi ies?
How will change in di e si y a ec he op ical quali y o wa e ? In es iga e
spec al wa e quali y and associa ed biodi e si y.
5.-Has he e been a change in ex en
and loca ion o algal blooms?
Wha is he change in ex en and loca ion o chlo ophyll blooms in coas al
wa e s? Can we in e communi y s uc u e om chlo ophyll concen a ion?
6-How do we ela e phy oplank on
di e si y change o pollu ion and
nu ien s?
How will he di e si y o ma ine li e in coas al zones change wi h inc eased
human uses? S udying changes in u bidi y and nu ien s om i e s due o land
uses on pelagic algae (Dia oms) and spec al wa e quali y be ween 2000 and
2022.
7.-How do we ela e phy oplank on
di e si y change o clima e change?
How will he di e si y o li e in coas al zones change wi h clima e? S udying he
seasonal and in e annual (2000-2022) a iabili y o pelagic biodi e si y in
esponse o clima e change-induced loods and cyclones pelagic habi a s
de ined om spec al wa e quali y changes
Table 25: Rela ionship be ween he gene ic ques ions (Sec ion 2.1) o loa ing ege a ion in sp m_ loa ing_epipelagic_ 5.0,
ab 1_Scien i ic ques ions.
Gene ic Ques ions
Speci ic Ques ions o BiCOME
1.- Wha is he s a us o mac oalgal
canopy co e ?
Wha is he ex en o co e age o mac oalgal and loa ing ege a ion in coas al
wa e s?
2.- Wha is he s a us o mac oalgal
di e si y?
Wha is he di e si y o mac oalgal ege a ion and loa ing ege a ion in coas al
wa e s?
3.- Wha is he change in mac oalgal
canopy co e ?
Wha is he change in mac oalgal and loa ing ege a ion co e ?
4.- Wha is he change o mac oalgal
di e si y in he (coas al) ocean?
How is he p opo ion o mac oalgal s loa ing ege a ion changing in he
coas al en i onmen ?
5.- How a e mac oalgal communi ies
a ec ed by se e e e en s?
How will he di e si y o li e in coas al zones change wi h clima e? S udying he
seasonal and in e annual (2015-2022) a iabili y o pelagic biodi e si y in
esponse o clima e change-induced loods and cyclones
6.- A e changes in mac oalgal ex en
and condi ion a ec ing ishes o
o he impo an species?
How will change in di e si y a ec ecology and biogeochemis y in coas al
a eas?
5.2 Policy ques ions
Key policy ques ions in he pelagic ha can be add essed h ough BiCOME e ol e a ound coas al
wa e phy oplank on communi ies and p ocesses and he occu ence o algal a s which can be
conside ed as oppo unis ic species.
Se e al o he scien i ic ques ions add ess also key policy needs such as knowledge gaps lis ed in
IPBES Global Assessmen Repo , 2019. A key knowledge gap iden i ied is he lack o moni o ing
ecosys em p ocesses and condi ion, especially in coas al and ma ine a eas. Moni o ing o coas al
p ocesses and ecosys em condi ions is key o unde s anding and managing changes due o
an h opogenic d i e s such as clima e change o land use change.
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In asi e species a e one o he i e main h ea s o biodi e si y iden i ied in he CBD (CBD pos 2020,
2021). In he con ex o he case s udies o BiCOME we would like o add oppo unis ic species o his
g oup because hey can be as ha m ul and in bo h case s udy si es can be conside ed as ei he in asi e
o oppo unis ic. Aichi Ta ge 9 calls o in asi e alien species o be p e en ed and con olled o
which da a is needed o unde s and he condi ion and p ocesses in pelagic ecosys ems. Desc ip o 2
o he MSFD aims o in asi e alien species o be con olled a a le el a which hey do no ad e sely
al e he ecosys em.
Unde Sus ainable De elopmen Goal (SDG) 14 dedica ed o li e below wa e , Ta ge 14.2 is de o ed
o p o ec ing and es o ing ecosys ems wi h he ollowing s a ed goal: “by 2020, sus ainably manage
and p o ec ma ine and coas al ecosys ems o a oid signi ican ad e se impac s, including by
s eng hening hei esilience, and ake ac ion o hei es o a ion o achie e heal hy and p oduc i e
oceans.” Though he s a emen does no explici ly men ion biodi e si y, i is in ima ely linked o
biodi e si y. I migh be sa e o say ha he a ge o 2020 has no been me and ha he condi ion
o many ma ine ecosys ems is s ill in decline (IPBES, 2019). Thinking o how his policy equi emen
may be me equi es us o unde s and coas al biodi e si y: i s s a us and ends and i s s esso s.
Ta ge 14.1 in ac s a es: “By 2025, p e en and signi ican ly educe ma ine pollu ion o all kinds, in
pa icula om land-based ac i i ies, including ma ine deb is and nu ien pollu ion.” The UN has
ecognised wo indica o s o pollu ion, which a e coas al eu ophica ion and ma ine plas ic deb is
densi y. The measu e o coas al eu ophica ion, adop ed by GEO Blue Plane a he Global Scale and
by CMEMS a he le el o Eu opean moni o ing, a e based on sa elli e-based (Ocean Colou Clima e
Change Ini ia i e) da a on chlo ophyll concen a ions. This poin s o how UN le el epo ing
equi emen s on coas al pollu ion a e me h ough he impac o ce ain pollu an s (in his case
nu ien s) on he ma ine ecosys ems.
Though SDG Goal 15 ha deals wi h li e on land men ions he impo ance o biodi e si y, SDG Goal
14 on li e below wa e only goes o he le el o ecosys ems, pe haps in ecogni ion o he huge
challenge in add essing ques ions ela ed o ma ine biodi e si y. This gap in he SDG Policy S a emen
also poin s o ano he impo an ques ion: why does ma ine biodi e si y ma e ? In he long- e m,
answe ing ha ques ion equi es ha we unde s and be e how he ma ine ecosys em, and he
biodi e si y ha unde pins i , unc ions. We can see BiCOME as a small s ep in ha di ec ion,
con ibu ing o ou unde s anding o s a us and a ia ions in coas al biodi e si y.
5.3 Pelagic Ea ly Adop e s Speci ic Requi emen s
Two Ea ly Adop e s a e si ua ed in wo e y di e en ma ine en i onmen s, one in a coas al lagoon
(Lake Vembanad) in India and he o he on he Ca ibbean island o Ma inique (Table 26). Fo ecas ing
he a i al o la ge a s o Sa gassum a e a key need in he Ca ibbean. Fo ecas ing can c ea e a ime
window o o ganise clean-up c ews (EA in e iew wi h Ma inique case s udy si e, Janua y 2022). Fo
Lake Vembanad EAs, o ecas ing is also impo an , as well as being able o ind he exac loca ion o
he seaweed a s and hei ou lines. In bo h cases, his knowledge will enable he emo al o
e adica ion o he oppo unis ic species a s. A e emo al, use o he ocean su ace o boa a ic,
ishe ies and o he use s can hen ca y on sa ely.
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Table 26: Pelagic Ea ly Adop e s esea ch ocus, eason o moni o ing and eason o joining BiCOME
Resea ch ocus
Reason o moni o ing
Reason o joining BiCOME
Lake Vembanad,
India
Ex en o wa e hyacin h a s
and phy oplank on, zooplank on
blooms linked o Chole a
To assess, moni o and manage
heal h h ea s due o Chole a,
and o o ecas and manage WH
a s
They would like be e access o
RS da a in o ma s ha a e easie
o access
Ma inique
Consis en da a wi h li le e o s
o allow o ecas ing o Sa gassum
a s, educed e lec ance, sub
su ace a s
To allow o ecas ing o manage
a s nea and onsho e
To c ea e and es a sc ip o
download and in e p e sui able
da a wi h li le esea che inpu
Nansen En i onmen al Resea ch Cen e (NERCI), India
The s akeholde s a Vembanad Lake a e wo scien is s a he Nansen En i onmen al Resea ch Cen e
(NERCI), India (Table 26). They ca y ou egula moni o ing o he lake and h ee coas al s a ions o
moni o phy oplank on and wa e hyacin h de elopmen . The moni o ing is used o assess clima e
ela ed and seasonal changes as well as o assess heal h h ea s o he local esiden s due o bac e ia
such as Vib io chole a. Cu en ly, hey use in-si u measu emen s o wa e samples collec ed by boa
and aw sa elli e da a downloaded om Cope nicus. The a ea o esea ch is 100 km2.
Table 27: Pelagic Ea ly Adop e NERCI a Lake Vembanad cu en e sus ideal su ey scales
NERCI
Cu en
Bes (Ideal)
Minimum
(Th eshold)
Su ey a ea
100 km2
same
same
Spa ial esolu ion
500 m
5 m
20 m
Tempo al esolu ion
Mon hly
e e y 2-3 days
e e y 16 days
bu eliable
Le el o de ail o
measu emen s
Phy oplank on,
zooplank on, ben hos
To make sa elli e da a mo e accessible o hem hey would like o ha e da a in a geo e e enced as e
o ma o as poin shape iles. They also poin ed ou ha hey a e limi ed by Cope nicus policy o
make da a only a ailable upon eques once i is olde han 30 days (Table 27).
Ea ly Adop e in Ma inique
The Eas e n Ca ibbean islands, Ma inique, Guadalupe and o he s a e nega i ely a ec ed by la ge
loa ing Sa gassum a s. These can span in size o 1 km wide and up o 10 km long. Upon eaching
he islands hey b eak up in o smalle a s, land on beaches, and angle up in co al ee s. They ha e
nega i e e ec s on he local communi ies who need o be able o p edic when such e en s ake
place so ha hey can o ganise clean up eams. The Ea ly Adop e wo ks o he F ench Na ional
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Table 30 Summa y o equi emen s o epipelagic loa ing ege a ion om scien i ic and Ea ly adop e s
Scien i ic needs
(Th eshold/Ideal)
Ea ly adop e s needs
(Th eshold/Ideal)
Spa ial esolu ion
(GSD, m/pixel)
20m / g ea e han 20m
20m/5m
Re isi equency
Weekly/daily o g ea e
o nigh /daily
P oduc s cha ac e is ics
Co e age by loa ing
ege a ion/sepa a ion
among loa ing
ege a ion
Co e age by loa ing
ege a ion/sepa a ion among
loa ing ege a ion and o al
mass (below su ace)
6 Gene al conclusions
The challenges acing he de ec ion o coas al biodi e si y by emo e sensing a e huge. Wa e s a e
op ically-complex (compa ed wi h open-ocean wa e s) which makes i di icul o disen angle he
con ibu ions o he sa elli e signal om biological and abio ic ac o s. Fu he mo e, he ime and
spa ial scales a which he obse a ions ha e o be made o mee scien i ic equi emen s a e a ely,
i e e , me by exis ing ocean-colou senso s, such ha one o en ies o make do wi h senso s
designed p ima ily o land applica ions, wi h adiome ic speci ica ions ha a e less han ideal o
aqua ic applica ions; admi edly, all he scien i ic equi emen s canno be me uniquely h ough
sa elli es, necessi a ing combina ions o in si u and sa elli e obse a ions o de elopmen o indi ec
me hods o de ec he a ge h ough p oxy a iables.
Th ough he ansla ional e o om his epo , we ha e a emp ed o ma ch de ini ions o Essen ial
Biodi e si y Va iables o hose a iables obse able om emo e sensing, o align and con ibu e o
ma ine ecosys ems global obse ing sys ems (Sa e hwai e e al. 2021).
BiCOME is mee ing hese challenges s a egically: we ha e pa i ioned he in es iga ions in o in e -
idal, sub- idal and pelagic en i onmen s, allowing us o ocus on he p oblems speci ic o hose
en i onmen s, and engaging expe s specialising in each o hose en i onmen s; we ha e a ge ed
aspec s o biodi e si y obse a ions om space, which ha e been demons a ed o pe o m
success ully in he pas , while a he same ime explo ing ways in which he bounda ies could be
pushed u he away, using new echnologies on he ho izon, such as hype spec al sa elli e senso s;
we ha e engaged wi h he use communi y om he s a , wi h he objec i e o ailo ing he p oduc s,
o he ex en possible, o mee hei equi emen s; and we plan o explo e di ec as well as indi ec
app oaches o each ou a ge .

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Appendix 1: Glossa y
Te m
De ini ion
Sou ce
Communi y
A communi y o plan s and animals cha ac e ized by a
ypical assemblage o species and hei abundances.
h ps://www.biodi e si ya-
z.o g/con en /communi y-ecological
Popula ion
A g oup o indi iduals o he same species, occupying a
de ined a ea, and usually isola ed o some deg ee om
o he simila g oups. Popula ions can be ela i ely
ep oduc i ely isola ed and adap ed o local
en i onmen s.
h ps://www.biodi e si ya-
z.o g/con en /popula ion
Ecosys em
s uc u e
The biophysical a chi ec u e o an ecosys em. The
composi ion o species making up he a chi ec u e may
a y.
h ps://www.biodi e si ya-
z.o g/con en /ecosys em-s uc u e
Ecosys ems
dynamic complex o plan , animal and mic o-o ganism
communi ies and hei non-li ing en i onmen
in e ac ing as a unc ional uni
CBD de ini ion [URL3]
Ecosys em
unc ional ype
g oups o ecosys ems o pa ches o he land su ace
ha sha e simila dynamics o ma e and ene gy
exchanges be ween he bio a and he physical
en i onmen . The EFT concep is analogous o he
Plan Func ional Types (PFTs) concep , bu de ined a a
highe le el o he biological o ganiza ion. As plan
species can be g ouped acco ding o common
unc ional cha ac e is ics, ecosys ems can be g ouped
acco ding o hei common unc ional beha io .
h ps://en.wikipedia.o g/wiki/Ecosys
em_Func ional_Type
Biome
The la ges communi y uni ha is con enien o
ecognize. In a gi en biome he li e o m o he clima ic
climax ege a ion is uni o m.
Odum (1971) as ci ed in Longhu s
(2007)
P o ince
Sub-basing scale pa i ion based on physical and
biological a iables, wi h geog aphical cons a ins (i.e.
ela ed o a speci ic loca ion in he ocean)
Longhu s (2007)
Seascape
Complex ocean spaces, shaped by dynamic and
in e connec ed pa e ns and p ocesses ope a ing
ac oss a ange o spa ial and empo al scales
Pi man e al (2021)
S a us
The ins an aneous condi ion o an ecosys em.
Cons able e al. (2016)
T end
A gene al endency o di ec ion o change o e long
ime. Such changes may be in he mean and/o
a iabili y o s a us, such as he equency o ex eme
e en s.
Cons able e al. (2016)
A ibu ion
The p ocess o de e mining and assigning he cause o
a end.
Cons able e al. (2016)
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P essu e
The an h opogenic s esso s on ma ine biodi e si y
and ecosys ems.
Cons able e al. (2016)
D i e s
Socie al need ha p oduces a p essu e on he
ecosys em and biodi e si y
Cons able e al. (2016)
Indica o
“Quan i a i e o quali a i e me ic o indices ha
p o ides eliable means o measu e a pa icula
phenomenon o a ibu e - used o measu ing change.
O en linked o a managemen / esea ch ques ion.”
Smi e al. (2021)
Me ic
“A me ic is a calcula ed quan i a i e o composi e
nume ical alue based on one o mo e a iables and
which cons i u es he da a o in o m an indica o .”
Smi e al. (2021)
Index
“An index is a single sco e/me ic made by combining
se e al o he me ics, some imes by s aigh o wa d
addi ion bu o en in mo e complex ways, o measu e
some gi en a iable. A quan i a i e, scaled composi e
a iable ha is used o demons a e he s a e o
impac s o a ious d i e s/p essu es on he
ecosys em.”
Smi e al. (2021)