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E alua ion o peasan p ac ices o maize and cassa a c ops in e c opping wi h oil
palm cul i a ion on he g ow h pa ame e s o oil palm a he imma u e s age
Cécile ZONGO 1, Bini Yao Ch is ophe ADOU 2, *, É ic F ancis SOUMAHIN 1, Dolou Cha lo e TONESSIA 1 and
Kouakou Hilai e TONOH 3
1 Jean Lo ougnon Guédé Uni e si y, Depa men o Ag o o es y, Labo a o y o Plan Physiology and Pa hology, Daloa, Cô e
d’I oi e.
2 Na ional Cen e o Ag onomic Resea ch (CNRA), Oil Palm P og am, La Mé S a ion, Abidjan, Cô e d’I oi e
3 Nangui Ab ogoua Uni e si y, Depa men o Na u al Sciences, Labo a o y o Biology and Imp o emen o Plan
P oduc ion, Abidjan, Cô e d’I oi e.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(02), 1442-1450
Publica ion his o y: Recei ed on 10 July 2025; e ised on 17 Augus 2025; accep ed on 19 Augus 2025
A icle DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.30574/wja .2025.27.2.2999
Abs ac
Compliance wi h echnical i ine a ies in imma u e oil palm g o es is a gua an ee o hei good de elopmen and good
p oduc ion a he adul s age. I is in his con ex ha he p esen s udy aimed o e alua e peasan p ac ices o maize
and cassa a c ops in e c opping wi h oil palm cul i a ion on he g ow h o oil palm a he imma u e s age. To do his,
cul u al sys ems such as oil palm g o es wi hou in e c opping wi h ood c ops (Ta0: Con ol), hose in e c opped wi h
maize c ops (Ta1) and hose in e c opped wi h cassa a cul i a ion (Ta2), cons i u ed he di e en ea men s. The
esul s showed ha peasan p ac ices o maize and cassa a c op in e c oppings nega i ely in luenced he g ow h o oil
palm. The compa ison o he esul s showed ha cassa a cul i a ion has mo e de imen al e ec s on he g ow h o oil
palm, compa ed o ha o maize. I would he e o e be wise o dissocia e oil palm cul i a ion om hose o cassa a and
maize. O he wise, i would be app op ia e o es o e o he soils o he palm g o es, h ough e iliza ion, he mine al
nu ien s expo ed h ough he cassa a and maize ha es s.
Keywo ds: Colla Ci cum e ence; Func ional Lea es; Lea Rank 9; Cul u al Sys em; Mine al Nu ien s
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G aphical Abs ac
1. In oduc ion
Wi h i s scien i ic name Elaeis guineensis Jacq, he oil palm is a monoco yledonous ee plan o he A ecaceae amily [1].
Na i e o Wes A ica, mo e p ecisely he Gul o Guinea, his plan is cul i a ed h oughou he wo ld o he ich oil
con en o i s ui s [2]. I s global p oduc ion is es ima ed a a ound 79.52 million ons [3]. This p oduc ion is mainly
ca ied ou by majo p oducing coun ies such as Malaysia and Indonesia [3].
In Cô e d'I oi e, oil palm p oduc ion c ea es 200,000 jobs, con ibu es o he li elihoods o 2 million people and
gene a es a u no e o 500 billion FCFA [4]. To mee he na ional need and espond o he e e -inc easing global
demand o palm oil, ag icul u al esea ch is wo king o suppo he de elopmen o he oil palm sec o by p o iding
e icien plan ma e ial and echnical i ine a ies adap ed o he apidly changing p oduc ion en i onmen (wa e de ici ,
eplan ing challenges, declining soil e ili y, e c.) [5]. To his end, i has been ecommended ha Pue a ia phaseoloides,
which is a c eeping legume, be used as a co e plan o imma u e oil palm g o es. This plan comba s soil e osion [6].
I also has he ad an age o inc easing he o ganic ma e con en o soils, educing nu ien leaching, imp o ing he
physical s uc u e o soils and allowing easie main enance o plo s [7]. Al hough Pue a ia phaseoloides has hese
ad an ages, i is no used o ood p oduc ion and, mo eo e , is expensi e. Fu he mo e, he ac ha he sha es o
ag icul u al land ob ained h ough inhe i ance a e becoming inc easingly es ic ed in he ace o apid popula ion
g ow h, plan e s a e o ced o cul i a e ood c ops in hei imma u e palm g o es, pa icula ly maize and cassa a, o
ensu e hei ood sel -su iciency. Howe e , p ac ices combining oil palm wi h ood c ops could cause compe i ion o
mine al elemen s and wa e and c ea e condi ions a o able o he sp ead o diseases [8]. This could hinde , in he sho
e m, he ege a i e g ow h o oil palm.
This s udy he e o e aims o e alua e peasan p ac ices o maize and cassa a c ops in e c opping wi h oil palm g o es
on he ege a i e g ow h o oil palm.
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2. Ma e ials and me hods
2.1. Ma e ials
2.1.1. S udy Si e
The ial was conduc ed a he CNRA La Mé Resea ch S a ion. Loca ed in he Sou heas o Cô e d’I oi e, 24 km om
Abidjan, he CNRA La Mé S a ion (Figu e 1) is an expe imen al and p oduc ion si e. I is bo de ed by he illage o
Kongo on o he No h, Aghien Télég aphe o he Sou h, and Ahou oué and he Mé Ri e o he Eas . I s geog aphical
coo dina es a e 05°26’ No h la i ude and 03°50’ Wes longi ude. The a ea has a humid sub opical clima e, pa ly
in luenced by he A iéan clima e along he coas . Rain all is high bu i egula , a e aging 1750 mm pe yea o e he
las en yea s. The e a e wo ainy seasons and wo d y seasons. Tempe a u es a y be ween 24 and 28 °C, wi h a
humidi y le el o 75 o 90% [9]. The soil is e ali ic, de i ed om e ia y sands, e y deg aded, low in po assium, deep,
sandy on he su ace and wi hou coa se elemen s. The dominan clay is o he kaolini e ype, wi h a low exchange
capaci y [10].
Figu e 1 Geog aphical Loca ion o he CNRA Resea ch S a ion a La Mé
2.1.2. Plan Ma e ial
Food c ops such as maize and cassa a in e c opped wi h oil palm g o es (Figu es 2 and 3) cons i u ed he plan ma e ial
used. Maize and cassa a we e all- un. The oil palms a e 3 yea s old. The cul i a ed oil palms come om he C1001F seed
ca ego y, selec ed and dis ibu ed by he CNRA. Since 1995, his seed om he second cycle o ecip ocal ecu en
selec ion (RRS) has been used [9]. I p oduces 25 ons o bunches pe hec a e each yea , wi h an oil con en o 26% and
an indus ial ex ac ion a e o be ween 22 and 23% [9]. I is also known o i s ea ly p oduc ion, i s good esis ance o
usa ium wil and i s economic li espan o app oxima ely 30 yea s. This a ie y is now used o c ea e palm g o es in all
p oduc ion a eas o he Cô e d’I oi e.
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Figu e 2 Maize c ops in e c opped wi h oil palm
g o e
Figu e 3 Cassa a c ops in e c opped wi h oil
palm g o e
2.2. Me hods
2.2.1. Choice o Plo s
The s udy was conduc ed on imma u e s age oil palm g o es (N3: oil palm aged 3 yea s). These oil palm g o es a e
loca ed a he CNRA Resea ch S a ion in La Mé. To be e de ec he impac o maize and cassa a c ops on oil palm c ops,
he plo s chosen a e hose ha ha e no been e ilized since he c ea ion o he oil palm g o es.
2.2.2. Expe imen al De ice
A: Monocul u e o oil palm; B: maize o cassa a c ops in e c opped wi h oil palm g o e; X: Oil palm; : maize o cassa a c ops
Figu e 4 Expe imen al De ice o T ea men s Applied o Oil Palm
The a ional choice o oil palm g o es cons i u ed he expe imen al design. The plan ing o oil palms was ca ied ou
acco ding o he design o an equila e al iangle (s agge ed) o 9 m gi ing a densi y o 143 plan s/ha (Figu e 4A).
Cassa a was plan ed a densi ies om 9771 o 12344 plan s/ha, while maize was sown a densi ies om 50000 o
70500 plan s/ha (Figu e 4B). Depending on he cul u al sys ems, he combina ion o ood c ops wi h ha o oil palm
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cons i u ed he ea men s: hence h ee (3) ea men s (Table 1). The ea men s ( es s and con ols) we e
implemen ed in he same block. Each block was epea ed wo (2) imes.
Table 1 Di e en T ea men s Applied o Imma u e Oil Palms
T ea men s
Desc ip ion
Ta0
3-yea -old oil palm g o es, no in e c opped wi h ood c ops (Con ol)
Ta1
3-yea -old oil palm g o es, in e c opped wi h maize c ops
Ta2
3-yea -old oil palm g o es, in e c opped wi h cassa a c ops
2.2.3. E alua ion o he E ec o Maize and Cassa a C ops In e c opping wi h Oil Palm G o e on G ow h Pa ame e s a he
Imma u e S age o Oil Palms
By ea men , he ag o-mo phological da a conce ned g ow h pa ame e s such as he numbe o unc ional lea es, he
leng h o he lea o ank 9, he ci cum e ence a he colla and he igo index. The collec ion o hese da a was ca ied
ou as soon as he ial was se up and, he ea e , a a equency o wo (2) mon hs. The numbe o unc ional lea es
was de e mined by coun ing on all he oil palm g o es o he ial. Also, he leng h o lea o ank 9 was measu ed using
a ape measu e. The ci cum e ence a he colla o he oil palm was also de e mined by measu emen using a ape
measu e. The igo index (VI), o i s pa , was calcula ed om he ci cum e ence a he colla (C) and he leng h o lea
o ank 9 (L) acco ding o he ollowing o mula:
VI = Log [(L 𝒙 C2)/4π]
VI: igo index; L: lea leng h ank 9; C: ci cum e ence a he neck; π: cons an 3.14
2.3. S a is ical Analyses
S a is ical analyses we e pe o med using SAS so wa e ( e sion 9.4). One-way analyses o a iance we e pe o med on
he means o he di e en pa ame e s. Compa isons o means we e made a he 5% h eshold using he S uden
Newman-Keuls es . The di e en g aphs we e cons uc ed using Excel 2016.
3. Resul s
3.1. In luence o Maize and Cassa a C ops In e c opping wi h Oil Palm G o e on he Numbe o Func ional
Lea es o Oil Palms depending on he T ea men s
Mean alues wi h he same le e a e no signi ican ly di e en acco ding o he 5% Newman-Keuls es ; Ta0: con ol (wi hou ood c ops); Ta1:
h ee-yea -old oil palm g o es in e c opped wi h maize c ops; Ta2: h ee-yea -old palm g o es in e c opped wi h cassa a c ops
Figu e 5 Numbe o Func ional Lea es o Oil Palms acco ding o Di e en T ea men s
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Figu e 5 shows ha he di e en ea men s in luenced he numbe o unc ional lea es (g een lea es) o he oil palm
(P = 0.0001).
T ea men Ta0 (Con ol) p oduced he highes numbe o unc ional lea es pe oil palm (49.97 ± 4.35). This numbe o
unc ional lea es was ollowed by ha exp essed by ea men Ta1 (Maize c op in e c opping wi h oil palm g o e),
which was 40 ± 6.38. In con as , ea men Ta2 (Cassa a c op in e c opping wi h oil palm g o e), wi h a numbe o
unc ional lea es o 34 ± 3.58, displayed he lowes alue.
3.2. In luence o Maize and Cassa a C ops In e c opping wi h Oil Palm G o e on he Leng h o Rank 9 Lea es
acco ding o Di e en T ea men s
Analysis o Figu e 6 shows a signi ican di e ence be ween he leng hs o lea es o ank 9 p esen ed by he di e en
ea men s (P = 0.0001). T ea men Ta0 (Con ol) gene a ed he highes g ow h o lea o ank 9 (428.41 ± 56.51 cm),
while ea men Ta2 (Cassa a c op in e c opping wi h oil palm g o e) displayed he lowes g ow h alue o lea o ank
9 (341 ± 30.35 cm). This alue om Ta2 was lowe han ha p esen ed by ea men Ta1 (Maize c op in e c opping
wi h oil palm g o e) which was 238.06 ± 33.28 cm.
Mean alues wi h he same le e a e no signi ican ly di e en acco ding o he 5% Newman-Keuls es ; Ta0: con ol (wi hou ood c ops); Ta1:
h ee-yea -old oil palm g o es in e c opped wi h maize c ops; Ta2: h ee-yea -old oil palm g o es in e c opped wi h cassa a c ops
Figu e 6 Leng hs o Oil Palm Lea es o Rank 9 acco ding o Di e en T ea men s
3.3. In luence o Maize and Cassa a C ops In e c opping wi h Oil Palm G o e on Colla Ci cum e ence acco ding
o Di e en T ea men s
The di e en ea men s signi ican ly in luenced he adial g ow h o he oil palm c own (P=0.0001) (Figu e 7). The Ta0
ea men (Con ol) induced he highes adial g ow h a 403.57 ± 50.30 cm. This alue was highe han ha exp essed
by he Ta1 ea men (Maize c op in e c opping wi h oil palm g o e; 235.61 ± 23.90 cm), which was also highe han
ha p esen ed by he Ta2 ea men (Cassa a c op in e c opping wi h oil palm g o e), which was 157.38 ± 23.71 cm.
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Mean alues wi h he same le e a e no signi ican ly di e en acco ding o he 5% Newman-Keuls es ; Ta0: con ol (wi hou ood c ops); Ta1:
h ee-yea -old oil palm g o es in e c opped wi h co n c ops; Ta2: h ee-yea -old oil palm g o es in e c opped wi h cassa a c ops
Figu e 7 Oil Palm Colla Ci cum e ences acco ding o Di e en T ea men s
3.4. In luence o Maize and Cassa a C ops In e c opped wi h Oil Palm G o e on he Vigo Index acco ding o
he Di e en T ea men s
Analysis o Table 2 e eals ha he igo index o oil palms signi ican ly changed depending on he ea men s
(P=0.0001). T ea men Ta0 (Con ol) gene a ed a igo index (0.62 ± 0.01) highe han ha exp essed by ea men Ta1
(Maize c op in e c opping wi h oil palm g o e; 0.58 ± 0.01) which was also highe han ha p esen ed by ea men
Ta2 (Cassa a c op in e c opping wi h oil palm g o e) which was 0.54 ± 0.01.
Table 2 Oil Palm Vigo Indices acco ding o Di e en T ea men s
T ea men s
Vigo indices
Ta0
0.62 ± 0.01a
Ta1
0.58 ± 0.01b
Ta2
0.54 ± 0.01c
P
0.0001
Mean alues wi h he same le e a e no signi ican ly di e en acco ding o he 5% Newman-Keuls es .; Ta0: con ol (wi hou ood c ops); Ta1:
h ee-yea -old oil palm g o es in e c opped wi h co n c ops; Ta2: h ee-yea -old oil palm g o es in e c opped wi h cassa a c ops
4. Discussion
This s udy aimed o de e mine he in luence o peasan p ac ices o maize and cassa a c op in e c oppings on he
ege a i e g ow h o oil palm a he imma u e s age.
The g ow h pa ame e s e alua ed we e he numbe o unc ional lea es, he leng h o lea es o ank 9, he ci cum e ence
a he colla and he igo index o he oil palm. Rega ding his e alua ion, he esul s e ealed ha imma u e oil palm
eac ed di e en ly depending on he ea men s applied o hem. Indeed, he highes alues o hese g ow h pa ame e s
we e hose p esen ed by oil palm g o es wi hou in e c opping wi h ood c ops (Con ol).
In e ms o ege a i e de elopmen pe o mance o young oil palm, he maize c ops in e c opping wi h oil palm cul u al
sys em anked second a e oil palm g o es wi hou ood c op in e c opping and be o e hose o he cassa a c ops
in e c opping wi h oil palm cul u al sys em. The mode a e g ow h exp essed by oil palm om he maize c ops
in e c opping wi h oil palm cul u al sys em could explain he ac ha maize is a sho -cycle plan and does no de elop
signi ican shade. Also, maize has he abili y o ix a mosphe ic ni ogen like legumes ia i s ae ial oo s which sec e e a
iscous gel ha hos s ni ogen- ixing mic oo ganisms a e ain [11]. Indeed, ni ogen is an essen ial elemen used o
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(02), 1442-1450
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build all he g een pa s ha ensu e he g ow h and li e o plan s [12]. Simila ly, pa o he nu ien s abso bed by maize
du ing i s g ow h and de elopmen would e u n o he soil h ough he decomposi ion o he s em and lea es by
mic oo ganisms, a e ha es . This is no he case o he cul i a ion o Ja opha cu cas whe e maize does no exp ess
any signi ican impac [13].
The low ege a i e g ow h obse ed in he cassa a c ops in e c opping wi h oil palm cul u al sys em is hough o be
due o nu i ional compe i ion o ni ogen be ween he oil palm and cassa a due o i s ae ial ege a i e de elopmen .
This si ua ion could also be due o he ac ha cassa a is a plan wi h a long ege a i e cycle and signi ican shade
de elopmen , which could hinde he young plan s access o sunligh , hus educing he e iciency o pho osyn hesis.
Du ing he h ee consecu i e yea s o he imma u e phase o he oil palm g o es, maize was g own wice a yea while
cassa a was g own pe manen ly. Du ing his pe iod, maize equi es a signi ican amoun o wa e o i s lowe ing [14]
and o he de elopmen o i s g ains [15]. Fo Sil es e & A audeau [16], i is when he cassa a plan is de eloped ha
i s wa e needs a e g ea e , despi e he ac ha i o e comes many pe iods o p olonged d ough . I would he e o e
be ob ious ha oil palms a e ic ims o p onounced wa e s ess a he imma u e s age when hey a e associa ed wi h
ei he maize o cassa a cul i a ion. This could also explain he ac ha he g ow h alues exp essed by oil palms om
he maize c ops in e c opping wi h oil palm g o e and cassa a c ops in e c opping wi h oil palm g o e cul u al sys ems
a e low compa ed o hose p esen ed by palm g o es wi hou ood c op in e c opping. This educ ion in g ow h alues,
which is mo e p onounced in he cassa a c ops in e c opping wi h oil palm cul u al sys em, is hough o be due o he
ac ha cassa a expo s mo e po assium h ough he ha es o i s ube [17]. Indeed, po assium helps oil palms esis
diseases, d ough s ess and ex eme empe a u es [18, 19, 20]. This si ua ion is hough o be agg a a ed by he ac
ha Wes A ican soils a e poo in po assium [10] and ha , in he con ex o his s udy, he majo mine al nu ien s
expo ed h ough he ha es s we e no e u ned o he soils by e iliza ion ega dless o he cul u al sys em.
5. Conclusion
A he end o his s udy, i should be no ed ha peasan p ac ices o in e c opping maize and cassa a nega i ely
in luence he g ow h o oil palm. Compa ison o he esul s o his s udy showed ha cassa a cul i a ion has mo e
de imen al e ec s on he g ow h o oil palm, compa ed o ha o maize. To ensu e good g ow h o oil palm a he
imma u e s age, i would be wise o dissocia e oil palm cul i a ion om cassa a and maize o , a leas , o educe he
densi y o ood c ops. O he wise, i would be ad isable o e u n o he soils o oil palm g o es, h ough e iliza ion, he
mine al nu ien s expo ed h ough cassa a and maize ha es s.
Compliance wi h e hical s anda ds
Disclosu e o con lic o in e es
No con lic o in e es o be disclosed.
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